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  • 1
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    The Possibility of a Joint Communique: My Response to Hourdequin (2011)
    White Horse Press
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-05-01
    Beschreibung: This article is a response to Marion Hourdequin, 'Climate, Collective Action and Individual Ethical Obligations', Environmental Values 19 (2010): 443-464. As Hourdequin argues, we have an obligation to reduce our individual emissions of greenhouse gases. This obligation is not, however, to reduce to the level that would be sustainable if everyone else did likewise. We are obligated to make limited reductions in the service of our primary obligation to organise and embrace collective schemes to ensure that everyone reduces emissions and that benefits to the environment are proportionate to the sacrifices made. She and I can agree on the existence of an obligation if she recognises that there is a fundamental difference between the obligations we have to avoid individually harmful actions and our obligations in a tragedy of the commons.
    Schlagwort(e): ethics ; tragedy of the commons ; climate change ; obligations ; collective action ; virtue ; greenhouse gases
    Print ISSN: 0963-2719
    Digitale ISSN: 1752-7015
    Thema: Energietechnik , Philosophie
    Publiziert von White Horse Press
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ethics and cybernetics: Levinasian reflections (2000)
    Springer
    Ethics and information technology 2 (2000), S. 27-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8439
    Schlagwort(e): ethics ; information technology ; Levinas ; neutrality
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract Is cybernetics good, bad, or indifferent? SherryTurkle enlists deconstructive theory to celebrate thecomputer age as the embodiment of “difference.” Nolonger just a theory, one can now live a “virtual” life. Within a differential but ontologically detachedfield of signifiers, one can construct and reconstructegos and environments from the bottom up andendlessly. Lucas Introna, in contrast, enlists theethical philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas to condemn thesame computer age for increasing the distance betweenflesh and blood people. Mediating the face-to-facerelation between real people, allowing and encouragingcommunication at a distance, information technologywould alienate individuals from the social immediacyproductive of moral obligations and responsibilities. In this paper I argue against both of thesepositions, and for similar reasons. Turkle'scelebration and Introna's condemnation of informationtechnology both depend, so I will argue, on the samemistaken meta-interpretation of it. Like Introna,however, but to achieve a different end, I will enlistLevinas's ethical philosophy to make this case.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010060128998
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rethinking the ownership of information in the 21st century: Ethical implications (2000)
    Springer
    Ethics and information technology 2 (2000), S. 49-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8439
    Schlagwort(e): access ; copyright ; ethics ; intellectual property ; new media ; ownership ; patent ; trademark ; trade secret
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract This paper discusses basic concepts and recentdevelopments in intellectual property ownership in theUnited States. Various philosophical arguments havepreviously been put forward to support the creation andmaintenance of intellectual property systems. However, in an age of information, access toinformation is a critical need and should beguaranteed for every citizen. Any right of controlover the information, adopted as an incentive toencourage creation and distribution of intellectualproperty, should be subservient to an overriding needto ensure access to the information. The principlesunderlying intellectual property regimes in the UnitedStates recognize and embody this. In addition, thephilosophical/ethical dimensions of this debate couldalso be structured to support this attitude as well. Intellectual property is fast becoming digitalproperty. New technologies allow owners to extendtheir control of both legitimate uses and misuses ofthe intellectual property. Recent trends demonstratethat the access principle has not always beenparamount in judicial or legislative applications. Thetrend rather is to allow a proprietarianism factor todominate the analysis. Finally, several principles areforwarded which would assist adjudicators and policymakers in reaffirming the basic purpose of theintellectual property law, which is to benefit thepublic at large.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010064313976
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An emerging ontology of jurisdiction in cyberspace (2000)
    Springer
    Ethics and information technology 2 (2000), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8439
    Schlagwort(e): crime ; cyberspace ; ethics ; jurisdiction ; law ; ontology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract The emergence of the new information economy hascomplicated jurisdictional issues in commerce andcrime. Many of these difficulties are simplyextensions of problems that arose due to other media.Telephones and fax machines had already complicatedjurists' determinations of applicable laws. Evenbefore the Internet, contracts were often negotiatedwithout any face-to-face contact – entirely bytelephone and fax. Where is such a contractnegotiated? The answer to this question is critical toany litigation that may arise over such contracts. Thelaws of contract are often quite different from onejurisdiction to the next.The Internet has brought with it new forms ofcommunication which make determining the loci of actseven more complicated. Where are contracts negotiatedwhen they are negotiated in cyberspace? Business isbeing conducted in chat rooms, on web sites, andthrough e-mail. Each of these is technically distinctfrom telephones and fax machines. More importantly,these tools seem ontologically different, in varyingdegrees, from traditional methods of communication.The question is, are these ontological differencessufficient to warrant new legal notions ofjurisdiction in cyberspace?Only a thorough ontological analysis of the parts ofcyberspace and acts ``in'' it can reveal the answers tothe legal questions posed by this new medium.Traditional legal analyses have relied, in part, on acrude legal ontology. That is, courts have grappledwith notions of the topology and mereology of theworld and legal objects when considering questions ofjurisdiction. There is a simpler, theoretically soundmethod for determining legal jurisdiction which isbased upon the notion of ``purposeful direction,'' andwhich treats computer-mediated transactions as justanother form of communication. I will explore thatmethod below.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010024626549
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Consumer Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Indicative, Legitimation, and Regulatory Role in Agricultural and Food Ethics (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 12 (2000), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; consumers ; ethics ; food ; markets ; regulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract Disputes over agriculture and foodproduction have occurred against a background ofdisputed authority with regard to governments,experts, and single issue pressure groups. Consumershave intervened in quite significant ways with manyaltering their buying patterns. The conventionalassessment of consumer ``preferences'' throughaggregated purchases fails to reflect the ethicalnature of significant numbers of purchase decisions.Nevertheless, consumers seem to offer a wider basis onwhich to consider ethical issues. The author proposesthat a valuable inclusion of consumer opinion in thedebates would require a move away from neo-classicaleconomics and the selective inclusion of consumeropinion to unravel the complexity of (aggregated)consumer behavior. It is argued that Hirschman'sframework of ``exit, voice, and loyalty'' is a moreappropriate tool for the understanding of ethics infood consumption.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009590630426
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Darwinian Ethics and Error (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 15 (2000), S. 713-732 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): Darwin ; error theory ; ethics ; evolution ; evolutionary ethics ; Mackie ; naturalistic fallacy ; Ruse
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract Suppose that the human tendency to think of certain actions andomissions as morally required – a notion that surely lies at the heart of moral discourse – is a trait that has been naturallyselected for. Many have thought that from this premise we canjustify or vindicate moral concepts. I argue that this is mistaken, and defend Michael Ruse's view that the moreplausible implication is an error theory – the idea thatmorality is an illusion foisted upon us by evolution. Thenaturalistic fallacy is a red herring in this debate,since there is really nothing that counts as a ‘fallacy’ at all. If morality is an illusion, it appears to followthat we should, upon discovering this, abolish moraldiscourse on pain of irrationality. I argue that thisconclusion is too hasty, and that we may be able usefullyto employ a moral discourse, warts and all, withoutbelieving in it.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006742813396
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Importance of Consistency in Establishing Cognitive-based Trust: A Laboratory Experiment (2000)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 4 (2000), S. 285-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Schlagwort(e): budgeting ; ethics ; trust
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract This paper reports the results of two experiments onthe importance of three trust cues on establishinginterpersonal trust within a business setting. Theliterature (Lewis and Weigert, 1985; Ring, 1996) hasidentified two aspects to trust: a cognitive elementin which trust is the result of a rational calculationby the trustor about how the trustee will behave inthe future, and an emotional element in which trust isthe product of a strong positive affection between thetwo individuals. Most social relations, includingeconomic ones, are based on cognitive trust, whereasemotional trust is the basis for intense personalrelationships, such as love and friendship. Thisstudy focuses on three cognitive-based cues thatengender trust within a dyadic relationship: thefrequency with which the trustee and trustor interact,the competence of the trustee, and the consistency ofthe trustee’s previous behavior. In two experiments,using a budget setting, trust is measured as theperceived reliability of the trustee’s budgetinformation and the estimated time for the trustor tocomplete the budget task. The results reveal that theconsistency of the trustee’s previous behavior is themost important element in engendering cognitive-basedtrust within a dyad.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009870417073
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Measuring the Impact of a Business Ethics Course and Community Service Experience on Students’ Values and Opinions (2000)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 4 (2000), S. 341-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Schlagwort(e): business ethics ; business’ role in the community ; community service ; ethics ; service learning ; undergraduate business students ; values and opinions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract Until now, there has been little research assessingthe impact and extent of business ethics education andservice learning upon students’ values and opinions. This paper studies the influence of these variables byanalyzing 129 junior-level students’ ethical valuesand opinions before and after these experiences. Through the use of the Students’ Values and OpinionsSurvey (SVOS) as a measurement gauge, we foundsignificant support for our hypotheses that a businessethics course and a community service experiencepositively affect students’ values and opinions. Thus, we found desirable improvement in the ethicalvalues and opinions of students after they wereexposed to service learning and business ethicseducation. In addition, we explored the impact ofservice learning by gender and prior communityservice. We did not find a significant difference inthe effect of service learning for men or women, butdid find that prior community service increased thepositive impact for students completing theircommunity service requirement in this study.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009862806641
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A novel method for immobilization of invertase from the thermophilic fungus, Thermomyces lanuginosus (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 151-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Invertases ; immobilization ; phenyl-Sepharose ; thermophilic fungus ; yeast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract An invertase from the thermophilic fungus, Thermomyces lanuginosus was immobilized on phenyl-Sepharose and its properties were studied. Between the soluble and immobilized forms of the invertase, there were not much difference in their optimum pH, K M and V max for sucrose. In contrast, the K M and V max for raffinose changed significantly. The optimum temperature for the immobilized invertase was lower by 10 ∘C. The immobilized invertase showed remarkable stability at 50 ∘C and was less sensitive to inhibition by metal ions. There was no leaching of the enzyme for at least a month when stored in the refrigerator. The method is novel and specific for the thermophilic invertase as a mesophilic invertase (from yeast) did not bind to phenyl-Sepharose.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008901801373
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Studies on anaerobic proteolytic bacteria of Leh, India (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 297-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Anaerobic bacteria ; growth ; protease ; psychrotrophs ; temperature ; volatile fatty acids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Five anaerobic proteolytic bacteria were isolated from water bodies of Leh, India, where the ambient temperature varies from −25 to 25 °C. Isolates showed growth at all temperatures ranging from 5 to 37 °C except SPL-4 and SPL-5 which showed no growth at 5 °C. The cultures could grow and produce proteases on various protein substrates and the yield varied with the substrates. Two of the cultures showed the presence of spores. Acetate was the dominant VFA during hydrolysis of protein substrates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008935425175
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fermentation of a composite finger millet-dairy beverage (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 341-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Composite ; fermentation ; finger millet ; skim milk
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Fermented composite beverages of finger millet and milk are popular, nutritious, traditional foods in many parts of Zimbabwe. With the aim of commercial production, we determined what type of microbial cultures can be used to ferment a composite finger millet and skimmed milk powder gruel and the optimum conditions for its production. Composites containing between 0 and 100% finger millet gruel by volume were inoculated and incubated at various temperatures. The desired pH of 4.5 or less was obtained with incubation at 30 to 45 °C (but not at lower temperatures) with lower pH values being obtained as the temperature increased. YC380 (a yoghurt type bacterial starter culture) produced a pH of 4.5 or less only when skim milk was also present; V2 (another yoghurt type bacterial starter culture) did so at all levels of finger millet gruel and JC (a mixed strain culture developed to ferment cereals) only when finger millet gruel was present. A clear relationship between incubation temperature and syneresis could not be established but syneresis decreased significantly (p 〈 0.05) with increasing proportions of finger millet gruel. A thick product with a set consistency was obtained with YC380 at an incubation temperature of 45 °C and a storage temperature of 7 °C regardless of proportion of finger millet gruel. V2 produced a thick product with a set consistency at an incubation temperature of 45 °C, and storage temperature of 7 °C and when the proportions of finger millet gruel were between 0 and 50%. It appears that yoghurt type bacterial cultures can be successfully used to produce a composite fermented beverage from finger millet and skim milk, but cultures developed for fermentation of cereals are not suitable.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008929403215
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rubber stoppers used with sulphidic media: a note of caution (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 571-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Anaerobes ; hydrogen sulphide ; rubber stoppers ; sulphate reduction ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Common black rubber stoppers, made from natural rubber and styrene–butadiene, may cause a loss of hydrogen sulphide from aqueous media and impede the growth of sulphate-reducing bacteria under thermophilic conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008909530445
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evaluation of the maximum specific growth rate of a yeast indicating non-linear growth trends in batch culture (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 613-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Absolute error ; specific growth rate ; yeast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract The maximum specific growth rate (μmax) of an ethanolic D-xylose-fermenting yeast, Pichia stipitis, showing non-linear growth trends in batch culture, was calculated using the rate equation μ2 = (1/Δt) ln(x 2/x 1). The absolute error Δμ, affecting μ2, was derived using an equation given by Borzani (1994). Based on the assumption of linearity of growth curves between two closest time points, the relation between the two rate formulae, μ1 = (1/x¯)dx t /dt and μ2 = (1/Δt) ln(x 2/x 1) was established. In a particular condition, when μ1 = μ2, an equation has been developed, the roots of which are the specific growth rates at different time points.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008980317225
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of temperature, water activity and gas atmosphere on mycelial growth of tempe fungi Rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus and R. microsporus var. oligosporus (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 853-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Carbondioxide ; fungi ; oxygen ; Rhizopus ; solid-substrate fermentation SSF ; tempe modelling ; temperature ; water activity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus and var. oligosporus are used in the manufacture of various Asian fermented foods (tempe, black oncom, sufu). In view of solid-substrate fermentation (SSF) control, mycelial growth of strains of both varieties was tested for sensitivity to fluctuations of temperature, water activity and interstitial gas composition. This was achieved by measuring radial growth as well as biomass dry weight of pre-germinated microcolonies on defined media. The optimum conditions were temperature 40 °C, a w 0.995 and a gas composition of air for the growth of both strains on a model medium. Whereas radial growth rates of var. microsporus and var. oligosporus were similar, biomass growth rates of var. oligosporus were higher than those of var. microsporus under optimum conditions. The temperature-dependent growth of Rhizopus spp. at a w 〉 0.98 could be described by the Ratkowsky Equation. Carbon dioxide (5–10% v/v) inhibited the growth of Rhizopus spp. at non-limiting levels of oxygen. The two strains were able to grow at low (0.5% v/v) oxygen levels, but the mycelial density was rather low. No interrelation of water activity and gas composition was observed, but at high water activity the fungi were more sensitive to changes of temperature. The implications for process control are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008974621698
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Effects of Gender and Setting on Accountants' Ethically Sensitive Decisions (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 24 (2000), S. 299-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): accountants ; business ; decision setting ; ethics ; gender
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract This paper investigates whether gender affects ethically sensitive decisions of a personal or business nature. Data from 51 practicing accountants from both public accounting and private industry suggest that while differences exist between female and male accountants in responses to specific situations, overall responses are quite similar. Statistically significant differences were found for only five of the sixteen ethically sensitive situations. Further, when personal and business situations of a similar nature were paired together, two of the eight differences between personal and business responses were significantly different between females and males. Taken as a whole, the results refute the suggestion that the ethical decision making of organizations may be enhanced as more women enter the business field.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006277331803
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Human Rights and Business Ethics: Fashioning a New Social Contract (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 205-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): corporate social responsibility ; ethics ; globalization ; government ; human rights ; social contract ; U.N. Declaraton of Human Rights
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract This paper argues that widely accepted understanding of the respective responsibilities of business and government in the post war industrialized world can be traced back to a tacit “social contract” that emerged following the second world war. The effect of this contract was to assign responsibility for generating wealth to business and responsibility for ensuring the equitable sharing of wealth to governments. Without question, this arrangement has resulted in substantial improvements in the quality of life in the industrialized world in the intervening period. I argue that with advance of economic globalization and the growing power and influence of multi national corporations, this division of responsibilities is not longer viable or defensible. What is needed, fifty years after the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, is a new social contract that shares responsibilities for human rights and related ethical responsibilities in a manner more in keeping with the vision captured by the post war Declaration. I conclude by suggesting some reasons for thinking that a new social contract may be emerging.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006488202305
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Is It Ethical to Use Ethics as Strategy? (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 21-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): corporate citizenship ; ethics ; social responsibility ; strategy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract Increasingly research in the field of business and society suggests that ethics and corporate social responsibility can be profitable. Yet this work raises a troubling question: Is it ethical to use ethics and social responsibility in a strategic way? Is it possible to be ethical or socially responsible for the wrong reason? In this article, we define a strategy concept in order to situate the different approaches to the strategic use of ethics and social responsibility found in the current literature. We then analyze the ethics of such approaches using both utilitarianism and deontology and end by defining limits to the strategic use of ethics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006422704548
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Communicating about Ethics with Small Firms: Experiences from the U.K. and Spain (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 43-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): communication ; ethics ; small firms ; social responsibility ; Spain ; United Kingdom
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract This article introduces the important issue of communicating with small firms about ethical issues. Evidence from two research projects from the U.K. and Spain are used to indicate some of the important issues and how small firms may differ from large firms in this area. The importance of informal mechanisms such as the influence of friends, family and employees are highlighted, and the likely ineffectiveness of formal tools such as Codes and Social and Ethical Standards suggested. Further resarch in the area of small firms and ethics is essential.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006417425446
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Conflict Between Ethics and Business in Community Pharmacy: What About Patient Counseling? (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 28 (2000), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): business objectives ; community pharmacy ; ethics ; managed care ; moral education ; moral persuasion ; OBRA '90 ; patient counseling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract Patient counseling is a cornerstone of ethical pharmacy practice and high quality pharmaceutical care. Counseling promotes patient compliance with prescription regimens and prevents dangerous drug interactions and medication errors. Counseling also promotes informed consent and protects pharmacists against legal risks. However, economic, social, and technological changes in pharmacy practice often force community pharmacists to choose between their professional obligations to counsel patients and business objectives. State and federal legislatures have enacted laws that require pharmacists to counsel patients, but these laws have had mixed results. This essay argues that community pharmacy's patient counseling conundrum can be solved through additional moral education and moral persuasion, not through additional legal mandates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006280300427
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Business Ethics Auditing – More Than a Stakeholder's Toy (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 9-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): business ethics ; business risk ; conduct risk management ; corporate social responsibility ; ethics ; ethics auditing ; licences to operate ; risk management ; social accountability ; social audits ; social reporting
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract The explosion of interest in responsible corporate citizenship since 1995 has reminded many of the earlier rapid development of interest in environmental management issues. Active stakeholders and lobby groups have successfully exerted pressures on management for improved corporate behaviour. The paper looks at some recent initiatives and draws conclusions about the imprecise terminologies in use. It moves on to consider tools to better manage business risk exposures within the corporation. The example of the “Business Ethics Strategic Survey” is described, together with the attendant benefits it can deliver to company chairmen, Audit Committees and investment fund managers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006414502730
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Employee References: Between the Legal Devil and the Ethical Deep Blue Sea (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 23 (2000), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): applicant ; employee ; employer ; ethics ; human resource ; legal ; reference
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract An employer asked to provide a reference for a former or departing employee is confronted with a number of complex legal and ethical concerns. The issue of references is always controversial, involving a balance of employers' fears of legal liability, interests in providing relevant information to prospective employers, and concerns for fairness to former employees. Recently this topic has been the focus of new attention as the result of a court decision holding a former employer legally liable for wrongs committed by a former employee in a new job. In that case, the former employer had provided a positive reference while neglecting to note certain negative aspects of the former employee'sperformance. This paper addresses legal and ethical aspects of the reference dilemma and incorporates responses of human resource professionals to the question of ethical reference policies and practices.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006218926970
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A Multinational Comparison of Key Ethical Issues, Helps and Challenges in the Purchasing and Supply Management Profession: The Key Implciations for Business and the Professions (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 23 (2000), S. 83-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): business ; ethics ; professionals ; purchasing ; supply management
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents the findings of a study of purchasing and supply management professionals in India conducted to identify the key ethical issues they face in carrying out their work related responsibilities as well as to determine the extent to which various factors appear to be helpful or to present challenges to their efforts to act ethically in the course of their work. The Indian findings are then compared to those for studies conducted among purchasing and supply management professionals in the United States, United Kingdom and Canada. Key findings for the four studies are summarized and implications for business and the professions are presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006279112858
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ma and Sun on Insider Trading Ethics (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 28 (2000), S. 361-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): ethics ; fairness ; insider trading ; rights ; utility
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract Ma and Sun have recently argued that some forms of insider trading are ethically acceptable. We argue that the authors fail to prove three key premises of their argument, which is therefore unsound.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006210930491
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Consequential Utilitarianism: Addressing Ethical Deficiencies in the Municipal Landfill Siting Process (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 26 (2000), S. 289-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): case study ; ethics ; landfill siting ; utilitarianism ; waste management
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract This paper examines ethical concerns of the utilitarian paradigm, the greatest good for the greatest number, advocated by many proponents and consultants in siting landfills. The implications of the consequentialist utilitarian approach are considered through the examination of a landfill-site-search case study in Ontario, Canada. Limitations to such an approach, in terms of differing values, equal consideration, equitable participation, distributive justice and the emphasis on non-quantifiable factors are discussed. Recommendations to improve the process are made based on the ethical analysis of the case study.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006345600415
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Values in Decision-Making Processes: Systematic Structures of J. Habermas and N. Luhmann for the Appreciation of Responsibility in Leadership (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 79-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): business ethics ; communication ; discourse ; ethics ; Habermas ; implicit contracts ; Luhmann ; multicultural organisations ; organisations ; values
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract "Ethical Leadership" in modern multicultural corporations is first the consideration of different personal and cultural value systems in decision-making processes. Second, it is the assignment of responsibility either to individual or organisational causalities. The task of this study is to set the stage for a distinction between rational entities and the arbitrary preferences of individuals in economic decision making processes. Defining rational aspects of behaviour in economics will lead to the formal structures of organisational systems, which are independent of concrete but varying “values”. Luhmann's “Theory of systems of communication” describes the internal dynamic forces of economic communication processes in terms of formal structures. On the other hand Habermas' “Theory of discourse” integrates the previous relationship between individual subjectivity and rational behaviour. Habermas gives an indication of how to separate subjective values and meaning from rational arguments in rational communication processes. The translation of these theoretical structures into practical applications for decision making processes and decision taking acts links the ethical, or value-oriented, context precisely to both individual and organisational areas of responsibility.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006465030955
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Spanish Code for Good Corporate Governance (Olivencia Report): An Ethical Analysis (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 175-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): code ; company boards ; corporate governance ; ethics ; responsability ; stakeholders approach
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract The aim of this article is to analyse the “Report on good corporate governance” (Olivencia Report) from an ethical point of view. This report was drawn up by a group of experts at the request of the National Commission of the Spanish Stock Exchange Commission (Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores), in winter 1998, and began to be implemented over late 1998. This paper is the result of several sessions of discussions with businessmen and managers about the role that can be played by the Olivencia Report, its virtues and weaknesses. Our general criticism is that this Report sets out from a concept of the company as Shareholder and not as Stakeholder. This approach affects three concrete aspects of the report that we analyse in greater detail: – The affirmation as to the company's ultimate objective. – The role of the independent non-executive consultant. – The role of the vice president. We believe that this code could be very important and useful for guiding future trends in companies governing bodies, but we think that these weaknesses in its approach represent a lack of ethical sensibility and that it does not match the moral level of a modern society.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006469413151
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Out of the Mouths of Babes: Business Ethics and Youths in Asia (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 28 (2000), S. 129-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): ethics ; guanxi ; Machiavellianism ; mianzi ; social responsibility
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract A model of corporate ethics and social responsibility (CESR) was developed and empirically tested among Chinese business undergraduates in Hong Kong and Singapore. As predicted, it was found that CESR beliefs were negatively related to Machiavellianism and two Confucian concepts, guanxi (interpersonal connections) and mianzi (face). CESR beliefs were also lower among Hong Kong than Singaporean youths. The negative effects of guanxi, mianzi, and Machiavellianism were more pronounced for the Hong Kong than Singapore sample. Implications of these findings are discussed and directions for future research suggested.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006225330894
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Taking Humanism Seriously: ``Obligatory'' Anthropocentrism (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 13 (2000), S. 181-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Schlagwort(e): animal rights ; anthropocentrism ; empathy ; environmental ethics ; ethics ; humanism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract Humanism – in the sense that humans alonehave moral standing, or else a surpassing degree of it– has traditionally dominated all of ethicaldiscourse. However, its past formulations havesuccumbed to the temptation merely to stipulate sucha criterion, such as rationality, which nonhumans areoften deemed (without sufficient argument) to failwithout exception. Animal liberationistarguments do exist in counterpoint to traditionalhumanism, but one current difficulty seems to be asimple clash of basic assumptions, with an indecisiveresult. Although the author of this paper is anonanthropocentrist, he attempts to further the moraltheoretical debate by constructing a more powerfulversion of humanism, based in a pursuit of the good,per se. The theory is premised upon viewing humans asgenerally having and leading lives of greater value,in some relevant sense. This essay prefigures theauthor's refutation of humanism, more generally, inthe understanding that such a world view cannot trulybe refuted unless its best version is answered.Whatever the status of this paper's offering of``Obligatory'' Anthropocentrism, the theory can be seento have a great deal more success than itspredecessors in parrying, and apparently outdoing,contemporary animal liberationist philosophies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009507315999
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Patulin and aflatoxin in brown rot lesion of apple fruits and their regulation (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 607-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Aflatoxin ; apple ; fruit oils ; fungi ; patulin ; sodium hypochlorite ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium expansum and Rhizopus stolonifer were the most frequently isolated fungi from healthy apple fruits. Alternaria alternata was the most common organism of rotten apple fruits, followed by A. niger, A. flavus, P. expansum and R. stolonifer. The prevalent type of decay, brown rot lesion, is caused by R. stolonifer followed by A. flavus, A. niger, A. alternata and P. expansum. Sodium hypochlorite had good curative properties against fruit rots. The main natural mycotoxins produced in rotten apple were patulin and aflatoxins. The optimum temperature for patulin production by P. expansum was 15 °C after 15 days. Complete inhibition of patulin formation was attained using 0.2% lemon oil and 〉 90% inhibition using 0.05% lemon and 0.2% orange oils. Also significant inhibition (〉 90%) of aflatoxin production was observed with 0.2% lemon oil.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008982511653
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biochemical characterization of neutral trehalase activity in Saccharomyces boulardii (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 691-694 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Neutral trehalase ; Saccharomyces boulardii ; yeast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Lyophilized cells of the non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii are used in many countries for the treatment of several types of diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal diseases. Although the cells must be viable, their mechanism of action is unknown. The disaccharide trehalose is a protectant against several forms of environmental stress in yeast and is involved in maintaining cell viability. There is no information on the enzymes involved in degradation of trehalose in S. boulardii. The aim of the present study was to characterize trehalase activity in this yeast. Cells of S. boulardii grown in glucose exhibited neutral trehalase activity only in the exponential phase. Acidic trehalase was not detected in glucose medium. Cells grown in trehalose exhibited acid and neutral trehalase activities at all growth stages, particularly in the exponential phase. The optimum pH and temperature values for neutral trehalase activity were determined as 6.5 and 30 °C respectively, the half-life being approximately 3 min at 45 °C. The relative molecular mass of neutral trehalase is 80 kDa and the K m 6.4 mM (±0.6). Neutral trehalase activity at pH 6.5 was weakly inhibited by 5 mM EDTA and strongly inhibited by ATP, as well as the divalent ions Cu++, Fe++ and Zn++. Enzyme activity was stimulated by Mg++ and Ca++ only in the absence of cAMP. The presence of cAMP with no ion additions increased activity by 40%.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008966501012
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ethical Judgements: Does Gender Matter? (2000)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 4 (2000), S. 1-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Schlagwort(e): double standard ; ethical judgement ; ethics ; gender ; information systems
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract A number of studies have addressed the question, ``Whois more ethical, men or women?'' Using ethicaljudgement as a measure of how ethical a person is,some studies have found that women are more ethicalwhile other studies have found no differences betweenthe sexes. This study investigates the influencesthat a character's gender, the evaluator's gender, andthe interaction between the two genders have onethical judgements. We conducted an experiment wheresubjects (evaluators) read a scenario that describedan action taken by a character. We found someevidence to suggest that both women and men applygender-based double standards when making ethicaljudgements. The widest gap in ethical judgementoccurred between the female evaluator/male charactergroup and the male evaluator/male character group. Consistent with prior research, we found that femaleevaluators made ethical judgements more consistentwith those of experts.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009839517482
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ethical Perspectives: Are Future Marketers any Different? (2000)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 4 (2000), S. 207-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Schlagwort(e): business ; business education ; code of ethics ; ethics ; marketing ; teaching ethics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract The notion of ethics in business continues to receive considerable attention. Many universities and professional organizations have attempted to address the issue of ethics by adding ethics courses to the curriculum and by creating codes of ethics for individuals working in that field. A study of students in Australia has shown that students majoring in marketing are more prone to less-than-ethical behavior than are other students. In an attempt to better understand the attitudes of future marketers in the US, we examine the attitudes of marketing majors interms of an ethical practices code and with respect toa set of ethical value statements. The ethical perspectives of marketing majors are compared to thoseof other business majors. In addition, the effect of taking a course in ethics is examined.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009822500621
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Some Evidence on the Ethical Disposition of Accounting Students: Context and Gender Implications (2000)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 4 (2000), S. 379-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Schlagwort(e): accounting ; context differences ; ethics ; ethical disposition ; gender ; students
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract Research into the ethical disposition of students hasbeen popular in recent years. However, research intothe ethical disposition of accounting students inparticular has been sparse. Because of the uniquecharacteristics of those who choose to enter the fieldof accounting, generalizing findings of businessstudents to accounting students may not be valid. Consequently, additional studies of accountingstudents are useful. This study investigates context (academic vs.business)-based and gender-based differences inaccounting students’ ethical intent. We find mixedsupport for gender-based mean differences; theseresults are consistent across context. With regard tocontext we find a greater variability in respondents’behavioral intent in an academic context relative toa business context. We also find gender-baseddifferences in how ethical issues are grouped (thatis, the perceived cognitive structure of ethicalissues). Implications of these findings are discussedwith particular interest relative to education.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009827807550
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Ethics of Burden-Sharing in the Global Greenhouse (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 11 (1999), S. 167-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Schlagwort(e): global warming ; ethics ; distributive justice ; development ; U.S. politics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract The Kyoto Protocol on global warming has provoked great controversy in part because it calls for heavier burdens on wealthy countries than on developing countries in the effort to control climate change. The U.S. Senate voted unanimously to oppose any agreement that does not require emissions reductions in low-income countries. The ethics of this position are examined in this paper which shows that there are good moral reasons for supporting the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol. Such a conclusion follows easily from considerations of distributive justice but can also be supported by more narrowly self-interested arguments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009570100135
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Preadaptation and the Explanation of Human Evolution (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 65-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; explanation ; evolution ; preadaptation ; specialization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract The concept of preadaptation, though useful, continues to trouble evolutionary scientists. Usually, it is treated as if it were really adaptation, prompting such diverse theorists as Gould and Vrba, and Dennett to suggest its removal from evolutionary theory altogether. In this paper, I argue that the as-if sense is ill-founded, and that the sense of preadaptation as a process may be defended as unequivocal and generally useful in evolutionary explanations, even in such problem areas as human evolution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006539827648
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reflections on Ernst Mayr's This is Biology (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 103-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): biology ; creationism ; cultural evolution ; Darwinian revolution ; essentialism ; ethics ; holism ; human nature ; natural selection ; organicism ; physicalism ; science ; teleology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract In this essay I argue that Ernst Mayr's idea that the emergence of evolutionary biology in Western thought was delayed by the pernicious influence of the “false ideologies” of Platonism, Christianity, and “physicalism” is ahistorical and anti-evolutionary, that similar ideas, especially his antipathy to “physicalism,” prejudice his account of the transformation of natural history and medical science into “biology,” that his organicist resolution of the perennial conflict between mechanism and vitalism is an unstable compound of semi-holism and semi-mechanism, that his conception of biology as the true bridge between the sciences and the humanities, ethics, and social theory is open to question (especially as to the adequacy of the theory of natural selection to account for every aspect of human nature), and that his depiction of science as the sovereign key to understanding “everything known to exist or happen in this universe” cannot be justified at the bar of reason.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006544406231
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evolutionary Psychology: The Burdens of Proof (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 211-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; evolutionary psychology ; reasoning
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract I discuss two types of evidential problems with the most widely touted experiments in evolutionary psychology, those performed by Leda Cosmides and interpreted by Cosmides and John Tooby. First, and despite Cosmides and Tooby's claims to the contrary, these experiments don't fulfil the standards of evidence of evolutionary biology. Second Cosmides and Tooby claim to have performed a crucial experiment, and to have eliminated rival approaches. Though they claim that their results are consistent with their theory but contradictory to the leading non-evolutionary alternative, Pragmatic Reasoning Schemas theory, I argue that this claim is unsupported. In addition, some of Cosmides and Tooby's interpretations arise from misguided and simplistic understandings of evolutionary biology. While I endorse the incorporation of evolutionary approaches into psychology, I reject the claims of Cosmides and Tooby that a modular approach is the only one supported by evolutionary biology. Lewontin's critical examinations of the applications of adaptationist thinking provide a background of evidentiary standards against which to view the currently fashionable claims of evolutionary psychology.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006638501739
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Resolving Cross-cultural Ethical Conflict: An Empirical Test of a Decision Tree Model in an Educational Setting (1999)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 3 (1999), S. 37-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Schlagwort(e): conflict ; cross-cultural ; empirical ; ethics ; teaching
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract The authors have previously developed and described a decision tree model for addressing cross-cultural ethical conflicts. The model is intended to provide an ethically sound yet pragmatic tool for decision makers facing such situations. This paper presents the results of an empirical test of the model in an educational setting with a sample of business students. Students trained to use the model demonstrated significantly more flexibility and appropriateness in their decisions on case scenarios than those who were not trained. The implications for use of the model in educational settings and recommendations for future research are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009850702552
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fate of bacterial pathogens in cattle dung slurry subjected to anaerobic digestion (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 335-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Anaerobic digestion ; biogas ; pathogens ; survival ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract The survival of certain pathogenic bacteria was studied in anaerobic batch digesters at room temperature (18–25 °C) as well as at 35 °C under laboratory conditions. The survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi at room temperature was upto 20 days whereas at 35 °C it was only upto 10 days. Shigella dysenteriae was found to be the most sensitive organism which could survive upto 10 days at room temperature and upto 5 days at 35 °C. The longest survival was observed in case of Streptococcus faecalis which could survive upto 35 days at room temperature and 15 days at 35 °C. The survival time of Salmonella typhi increased when the solid contents of the digester were elevated from 9% to 15%.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008906831493
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Morphological development and gibberellin production by different strains of Gibberella fujikuroi in shake flasks and bioreactor (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 753-755 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Conidia ; cultures ; fermentation ; G. fujikuroi ; morphological ; strains
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Strain H-984 of G. fujikuroi grown for 38 h in a shake flask with medium containing 20 g glucose l−1, 3 g yeast extract l−1, 2.5 g NH4NO3 l−1, 0.5 g KH2PO4 l−1, 0.1 g MgSO4 l−1, 1 g CaCO3 l−1, and inoculated into a bioreactor with medium containing 60 g glucose l−1; 1 g NH4Cl l−1; 3 g KH2PO4 l−1 and 1.5 g MgSO4 l−1 produced 1100 mg gibberellic acid l−1.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008976000179
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An evaluation of adaptation options for climate change impacts on agriculture in Kazakhstan (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 25-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; agriculture ; climate change ; Kazakhstan
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Geographie
    Notizen: Abstract Agriculture in Kazakhstan is sensitive to climate, and wheat yields could be reduced up to 70% under climate change. With the transition from a socialist economy to a free market economy, decisions are being made now that will affect Kazakhstan's ability to cope with climate change. A team of Kazakh and American researchers examined the cost-effectiveness and barriers to implementations of adaptation options for climate change. Twelve adaptation options that increase flexibility to respond to climate change were identified using a screening matrix. Four options, forecasting pest outbreaks, developing regional centers for preserving genetic diversity of seeds, supporting a transition to a free market, and reducing soil erosion through the use of changed farming practices, were examined. The Adaptation Decision Matrix (ADM) was then applied to estimate benefits using expert judgment (using an arbitrary numerical scale, not monetary values) and benefits estimates were compared to costs to determine cost-effectiveness. The ADM uses subjective measures of how well adaptation options meet policy objectives. Controlling soil erosion was estimated to have the highest benefits, but the high costs of implementation appears to make it relatively cost-ineffective. Supporting a transition to a free market was ranked as the most cost-effective measure, with regional centers second. However, use of different scales to quantify benefits or different weights can result in regional centers being more cost-effective than the transition to a free market. Regional centers was also judged to have fewer barriers to implementation than a transition to a free market. These results will be incorporated in Kazakhstan's National Action Plan. The ADM and other tools are relatively easy to apply, but are quite subjective and difficult to evaluate. The tools can be quite useful by decision makers to analyze advantages and disadvantages between different adaptation options, but should be supplemented with additional, particularly quantitative analysis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009626526883
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Scale, context, and decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate variability and change (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 137-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; agriculture ; climate change ; decision-making ; variability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Geographie
    Notizen: Abstract This work presents a framework for viewing agricultural adaptation, emphasizing the multiple spatial and temporal scales on which individuals and institutions process information on changes in their environment. The framework is offered as a means to gain perspective on the role of climate variability and change in agricultural adaptation, and developed for a case study of Australian agriculture. To study adaptation issues at the scale of individual farms we developed a simple modelling framework. The model highlights the decision making element of adaptation in light of uncertainty, and underscores the importance of decision information related to climate variability. Model results show that the assumption of perfect information for farmers systematically overpredicts adaptive performance. The results also suggest that farmers who make tactical planting decisions on the basis of historical climate information are outperformed by those who use even moderately successful seasonal forecast information. Analysis at continental scales highlights the prominent role of the decline in economic operating conditions on Australian agriculture. Examples from segments of the agricultural industry in Australia are given to illustrate the importance of appropriate scale attribution in adapting to environmental changes. In particular, adaptations oriented toward short time scale changes in the farming environment (droughts, market fluctuations) can be limited in their efficacy by constraints imposed by broad changes in the soil/water base and economic environment occuring over longer time scales. The case study also makes the point that adaptation must be defined in reference to some goal, which is ultimately a social and political exercise. Overall, this study highlights the importance of allowing more complexity (limited information, risk aversion, cross-scale interactions, mis-attribution of cause and effect, background context, identification of goals) in representing adaptation processes in climate change studies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009636607038
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Science of Adaptation: A Framework for Assessment (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 199-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; climate change ; impact assessment ; response options ; vulnerability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Geographie
    Notizen: Abstract This paper outlines what is meant by "adaptation" to climate change, and how it might be addressed in the IPCC Assessments. Two roles of adaptation in the climate change field are identified: adaptation as part of impact assessment (where the key question is: what adaptations are likely?), and adaptation as part of the policy response (where the central question is: what adaptations are recommended?). The concept of adaptation has been adopted in several fields including climate impact assessment and policy development, risk management, and natural hazards research. A framework for systematically defining adaptations is based on three questions: (i) adaptation to what? (ii) who or what adapts? and (iii) how does adaptation occur? The paper demonstrates that, for adaptation purposes, climate extremes and variability are integral parts of climate change, along with shifts in mean conditions. Attributes for differentiating adaptations include purposefulness, timing, temporal and spatial scope, effects, form and performance. The framework provides a guide for the treatment of adaptation in the IPCC assessments, both in the assessment of impacts and in the evaluation of adaptive policy options.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009652531101
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A Framework and Key Questions for Adapting to Climate Variability and Change (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 215-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Schlagwort(e): climate ; adaptation ; impacts
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Geographie
    Notizen: Abstract There is a critical need to collectively understand, to develop adaptation options to enhance the benefits, and to reduce the social and economic vulnerabilities induced by climate variability and change. This paper uses key questions to help build a framework for adaptation by first organizing the questions into adaptation science, management and option components, including their respective sub-categories. The process of adaptation depends on many factors, including who or what adapts, what they adapt to, how they adapt and what and how resources are used. This conceptual model is designed to organize concepts regarding adaptation, to help stimulate ideas, and to explore the linkages among parts of the adaptation cycle. Predictive models need to be developed to determine the outcomes of planned adaptation strategies. For the best and most realistic evaluation of climate problems, adaptation and impacts should be considered together. This joint approach improves the assessment of the significance and dangers of the current and future climate, as well as the determination of solutions (e.g., how to prepare for a changing climate) and their priorities. Challenges of adaptive management are discussed in terms of a framework with linkages to adaptation science and options. Adaptation research and applications work continue to build on the foundation of science and management frameworks to address the risks and uncertainties in the decision-making process and to identify adaptation options.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009660700150
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Data Requirements for Developing Adaptations to Climate Variability and Change (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 227-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; climate change ; climate variability ; data ; climate applications ; El Niño ; UNFCCC
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Geographie
    Notizen: Abstract An extensive foundation of high quality data and information on the climate and on the biological, environmental and social systems affected by climate is required in order to understand the climate impact processes involved, to develop new adaptation practices, and to subsequently implement these practices. Experience of the impacts of current and past variability of climate and sea level is a prime source of information. Many practices are in use to reduce climate impacts, for example in engineering design, agricultural risk management and climate prediction services, though their roles as adaptations to climate change are not widely appreciated. While there are good data sets on some factors and in some regions, in many cases the databases are inadequate and there are few data sets on adaptation-specific quantities such as vulnerability, resilience and adaptation effectiveness. Current international action under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) pays little attention to adaptation and its information requirements. Furthermore there are trends toward reduced data gathering and to restrictions on access to data sets, especially arising from cost and commercialisation pressures. To effectively respond to the changes in climate that are now inevitable, governments will need to more clearly identify adaptation as a central feature of climate change policy and make a renewed shared commitment to collecting and freely exchanging the necessary data.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009668902876
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Coastal Adaptation to Climate Change: Can the IPCC Technical Guidelines be applied? (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 239-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Schlagwort(e): climate change ; coastal zones ; adaptation ; vulnerability ; IPCC Technical Guidelines
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Geographie
    Notizen: Abstract This paper evaluates the IPCC Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations with respect to the guidance offered for coastal-adaptation assessment. It appears that the IPCC Technical Guidelines focus strongly on implementation. This paper uses both conceptual and empirical information is used in this paper to show that coastal adaptation embraces more than selecting one of the "technical" options to respond to sea-level rise (retreat, accommodate or protect). Coastal adaptation is a more complex and iterative process with a series of policy cycles. To be effective, an expanded adapta-tion framework involving four steps is suggested, including (i) information collection and awareness raising; (ii) planning and design; (iii) implementation; and (iv) monitoring and evaluation. The incom-plete coverage of these four steps in existing coastal-adaptation assessments constrains the development of adaptation strategies that are supported by the relevant actors and integrated into existing management. Researchers and policy-makers are recommended to work together to establish a framework for adaptation that is integrated within current coastal management processes and practices and takes a broader view on the subject.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009681207419
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Risk and Uncertainties, Analysis and Evaluation: Lessons for Adaptation and Integration (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 319-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Schlagwort(e): uncertainty ; risk ; adaptation ; extreme events ; (credible) information ; integrated assessment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Geographie
    Notizen: Abstract This paper draws ten lessons from analyses of adaptation to climate change under conditions of risk and uncertainty: (1) Socio-economic systems will likely respond most to extreme realizations of climate change. (2) Systems have been responding to variations in climate for centuries. (3) Future change will effect future citizens and their institutions. (4) Human systems can be the sources of surprise. (5) Perceptions of risk depend upon welfare valuations that depend upon expectations. (6) Adaptive decisions will be made in response to climate change and climate change policy. (7) Analysis of adaptive decisions should recognize the second-best context of those decisions. (8) Climate change offers opportunity as well as risk. (9) All plausible futures should be explored. (10) Multiple methodological approaches should be accommodated. These lessons support two pieces of advice for the Third Assessment Report: (1) Work toward consensus, but not at the expense of thorough examination and reporting of the "tails" of the distributions of the future. (2) Integrated assessment is only one unifying methodology; others that can better accommodate those tails should be encouraged and embraced.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009619806936
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A Framework for Benefit-Cost Analysis of Adaptation to Climate Change and Climate Variability (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 307-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; climatic change ; economic welfare ; costs and benefits
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Geographie
    Notizen: Abstract The potential damages of climate change and climate variability are dependent upon the responses or adaptations that people make to their changing environment. By adapting the management of resources, the mix and methods of producing goods and services, choices of leisure activities, and other behavior, people can lessen the damages that would otherwise result. A framework for assessing the benefits and costs of adaptation to both climate change and climate variability is described in the paper. The framework is also suitable for evaluating the economic welfare effects of climate change, allowing for autonomous adaptation by private agents. The paper also briefly addresses complications introduced by uncertainty regarding the benefits of adaptation and irreversibility of investments in adaptation. When investment costs are irreversible and there is uncertainty about benefits, the usual net present value criterion for evaluating the investment gives the wrong decision. If delaying an adaptation project is possible, and if delay will permit learning about future benefits of adaptation, it may be preferable to delay the project even if the expected net present value is positive. Implications of this result for adaptation policy are discussed in the paper.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009667706027
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Adaptation to the Impacts of Sea Level Rise in Egypt (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 343-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; climate change ; socioeconomic impacts ; Egypt
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Geographie
    Notizen: Abstract Assessment of the vulnerability and expected socioeconomic losses over the Nile delta coast due to the impact of sea level rise is carried out in details. Impacts of sea level rise over the Governorates of Alexandria and Port Said in particular, are evaluated quantitatively. Analysis of the results at Alexandria Governorate indicate that, if no action is taken, an area of about 30% of the city will be lost due to inundation. Almost 2 million people will have to abandon their homeland; 195,000 jobs will be lost and an economic loss of over $3.5 Billion is expected over the next century. At Port Said Governorate results indicate that beach areas are most severely affected (hence tourism), followed by urban areas. The agriculture sector is the least affected sector. It is estimated that the economic loss is over $ 2.0 Billion for 0.50 m SLR and may exceed $ 4.4 Billion for 1.25 m SLR. Options and costs of adaptation are analyzed and presented. Multi-criteria and decision matrix approaches, based on questionnaire surveys are carried out to identify priorities for the two cases. Analysis of these techniques of two options; the current policy (hard protection measures on some vulnerable areas) and no action (stopping these activities) have the lowest scores. Beach nourishment and integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) have the highest scores, however ICZM has high cost measures. The most cost-effective option is the land-use change, however with relatively very high cost measure. It is recommended that an ICZM approach be adopted since it provides a reasonable trade off between costs and cost effectiveness.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009684210570
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Role of Professional Codes in Regarding Ethical Conduct (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 19 (1999), S. 363-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): accountants ; codes of conduct ; engineers ; ethics ; laywers ; professionals
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract This paper investigates the regulation of ethical behavior of professionals. Ethical perceptions of South African professionals operating in the business community (specifically accountants, lawyers and engineers) concerning their need for and awareness of professional codes, and the frequency and acceptability of peer contravention of such codes were sought. The existence of conflict between corporate codes and professional codes was also investigated. Results, based on 217 replies, indicated that the professionals believe that codes are necessary and are relatively aware of the contents of such codes. Despite these ethical tendencies, respondents (particularly lawyers) believe that their peers contravene their professional codes relatively often. No significant differences in ethical tendencies between professionals consulting to and those working in business were found. Many respondents were regulated by more than one code of ethics, but few experienced conflict between such codes. In the events of conflict occurring professionals chose to adhere to their professional code above others.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005899517191
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Group Processes and Performance and Their Effects on Individuals' Ethical Frameworks (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 18 (1999), S. 367-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): business ethics ; cohesiveness ; ethics ; formalism ; groups ; leadership ; performance ; satisfaction ; utilitarianism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract This paper explores the influence of group context on the ethical predispositions of group members. Results indicate that groups exert a powerful influence on individuals' ethical frameworks, and that the patterns of these influences differ depending on the type of ethical framework involved. Individuals' ethical utilitarianism was affected by both leadership style and group cohesiveness. Ethical formalism was most affected by the leadership style in the group.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005785628264
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Effect of National Culture on Whistle-Blowing Perceptions (1999)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 3 (1999), S. 383-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Schlagwort(e): cross-cultural ; decision-making ; ethics ; Hofstede ; whistle-blowing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract Society continues to be concerned about the impact of ethics on decision making. While many researchers have focused on this issue, the increased globalization of today's business suggests that more emphasis should be given to the potential impact of culture on ethical decisions. The current study is based, in part, on the work of Hofstede (1980, 1991) who identified multiple dimensions on which countries differ in terms of culture. As such, it gives consideration to the impact of national culture on ethical decision making. The study focuses on ethical decisions made by U.S. and Taiwanese accounting students and examines cross-cultural differences in business-related ethical perceptions. Results indicated significant differences between the ethical perspectives and judgments of U.S. and Taiwanese accounting students in a whistle-blowing scenario, particularly with respect to Hofstede's individualism dimension. These findings enhance our understanding of cross-cultural ethical differences. The implications of these results are discussed and suggested areas for future research are proposed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009895700644
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ethics in Finance and Public Policy: The Ibercorp Case (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 22 (1999), S. 219-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): banks ; ethics ; finance ; financial markets ; inside information ; preferential treatment ; public policy ; stocks ; tax fraud
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract The "Ibercorp affair" was front-page news in Spain at various times between 1992 and 1995. In itself, there was nothing particularly new about it: a newly formed financial group engaged in legally and ethically reprehensible behaviour that eventually came to light in the media, ruining the company (and the careers of those involved). What aroused public interest at the time was the fact that it involved individuals connected with Spanish public and political life, the media and certain business circles. Above all, it demonstrated the personal, economic, social and political consequences of a business culture based on the pursuit of easy profits at any price (what came to be known as the cultura del pelotazo or "culture of the fast buck"). Again, this is all too familiar in business ethics. But it served to goad Spanish society into a rejection of such behaviour. This article describes the facts and their ethical implications.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006257707175
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Integrating Ethical Issues with Managerial Decision Making in the Classroom: Product Support Program Decisions (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 18 (1999), S. 255-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): competition ; ethics ; experiment ; product support program ; profit levels
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract Literature on the teaching of ethics points to the need for realistic business problems in which students deal with ethical dilemmas. This paper presents the results of an experiment in which students take on the role of a Brand Manager who must decide on the level of support to allocate to four distinct business problems. The problems were presented as business problems including realistic profit and cost considerations, rather than being posed as "ethics cases". Students were able to select from a range of product support levels for each problem. The experiment isolated the factor effects which included level of realism, degree of competition, company situation in terms of fault and profit level, and problem type relative to damage and visibility. Company fault was the most important factor in determining the level of product support allocations. Allocations generally increased when there was an increase in profit level from low to medium. However, there was no additional increase in allocations above the medium profit level. The paper concludes with suggestions on how the results can be used as a springboard for discussion of the integration of ethical considerations in managerial decision making.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005871423821
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Does Marketing Ethics Really Have Anything to Say? – A Critical Inventory of the Literature (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 18 (1999), S. 315-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): business ethics ; business law ; ethics ; marketing and society ; marketing ethics ; marketing law ; public policy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract The material to follow challenges the conceptual uniqueness and contribution of the content of the field of marketing ethics. Based on a comprehensive inspection of the marketing ethics literature, this "review note" (an uncommon genre of academic manuscript – a briefly-presented review highlighting a specific point) concludes that, in terms of pragmatic behavioral guidance as well as conceptual content, marketing ethics has nothing new nor distinctive to offer. Though an initially unexpected conclusion, perhaps, explanation is provided for why marketing ethics' absence of contribution is perfectly natural and appropriate. Evidence also is found to establish that the paper's contrarian-appearing position may not be extremist after all.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017190829683
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Enhanced monoclonal antibody production by gradual increase of osmotic pressure (1999)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 29 (1999), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; antibody production rate ; hybridoma ; intracellular amino acids ; osmotic pressure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract The time length required for the adaptation of AFP-27 hybridoma cells to high osmotic pressure and the effect of a gradual increase of osmotic pressure on monoclonal antibody production were investigated. When the cells were subjected to an increase of osmotic pressure from 300 mOsmol kg-1 to 366 mOsmol kg- 1, the intracellular content of osmoprotective free amino acids reached a maximum level 6 h after the osmotic pressure was increased to 366 mOsmol kg-1. The same time period of 6 h incubation at 366 mOsmol kg-1 was required to obtain a high growth rate of AFP-27 cells at 440 mOsmol kg-1 when the cells were subjected to a two-step increase of osmotic pressure from 300 mOsmol kg-1 to 366 mOsmol kg-1 and then to 440 mOsmol kg-1. The time length for the physiological adaptation of the cells to 366 mOsmol kg-1 was consequently estimated to be 6 h. Osmotic pressure during batch cultivation was gradually increased from 300 mOsmol kg-1 to 400 mOsmol kg-1 with an adaptation time of at least 6 h. The specific growth rates following a gradual increase of osmotic pressure were higher than those at a constant osmotic pressure of 400 mOsmol kg-1, while the specific monoclonal antibody production rate increased with the increase in the mean osmotic pressure. As a result, the cells grown under a gradual increase of osmotic pressure produced higher amounts of monoclonal antibodies than did those grown under constant osmotic pressure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008016806599
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Extracellular production of L-glutaminase by alkalophilic Beauveria bassiana BTMF S10 isolated from marine sediment (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 751-752 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Beauveria bassiana ; fermentation ; L-glutaminase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Beauveria sp. BTMF S10 isolated from marine sediment produced extracellular L-glutaminase. Maximal L-glutaminase yield (46.9 U/ml) was obtained in a medium supplemented with 1% (w/v) yeast extract and sorbitol, 9% (w/v) sodium chloride and 0.2% (w/v) methionine, initial pH 9.0 and at 27  °C after 108 h. This enzyme was inducible and growth-associated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008902111799
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Isolation and characterization of Metolachlor-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 679-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Chloroacetamides ; gene mapping ; herbicide resistance ; yeast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract The herbicide Metolachlor (α-chloroacetamide group) inhibits the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on complete, minimal, and non-fermentative media. Spontaneous and induced resistant mutants showed monogenic segregation patterns. Among the resistant clones, 70% were recessives, 16.4% were partially dominants and 13.4% were dominants. The spontaneous partially dominant mutation Mtc1 was mapped on linkage group XV at 33.3 cM from ade2 and 31.7 cM from his3, in a region that is characterized by the presence of several resistant genes. The recessive mutation mtc2 was located on chromosome IV. Although all the mutants had the ability to grow in the presence of the herbicide, they remained affected in their respiration efficiency, indicating two different mechanism of action of Metholachor on yeast cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008943914292
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Carriers for starter cultures for the production of garri, a fermented food derived from cassava (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 231-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): starter-cultures ; garri ; cassava ; fermentation ; carriers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Garri is a popular food in Nigeria derived from the fermentation of the mash obtained from the enlarged root of the cassava plant, Manihot esculenta Crantz. As currently produced, the mash used for garri production is spontaneously fermented; on account of this, there is great variability in the organoleptic properties and the quantities of residual cyanide in the garri from Nigeria. The use of starter cultures can help ensure uniformity in these properties if dry carriers can be found on which the fermentative organisms can survive for extended periods so as to facilitate the transportation of their carriers to the many small and scattered garri producers. We therefore studied the survival, singly or mixed, on dry starchy substrates derived from locally available crops, of Lactobacillus coryneformis, Lact. delbruckii, and Saccharomyces sp., which are associated with garri production, as carriers for these organisms. After 16 weeks of storage, between 75% and 85% of the organisms survived on yam, coco-yam, cassava in that order, whereas between 40 and 65% survived on rice and garri. Refrigeration at 4 °C did not improve the survival of the organisms, when compared to room temperature (30 °C) for the organisms stores on yam, coco-yam, and cassava. However where the organisms were stored on rice and garri, refrigeration improved the survivability of the organisms by between 10 and 20%.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008867824975
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Detection of yeast by PCR in sucrose solutions using a sample preparation method based on filtration (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 345-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Filtration ; naturally contaminated samples ; PCR ; sample preparation ; sucrose solutions ; yeast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract An assay based on PCR was developed for the detection of yeast in naturally contaminated industrial sugar solutions. A number of characterized as well as non-characterized yeast strains, isolated from samples from a sugar refinery, were detected with the PCR assay. Specificity tests showed that the presence of neither bacteria nor mould resulted in false positive results. A concentration step, based on filtration, was employed prior to the PCR detection in order to reach a detection level of 0.1 c.f.u./ml of naturally contaminated sugar solution. The detection method based on PCR was found to be more rapid (〈5 h) and easier to perform than the slower and more labour-intensive, traditional culturing techniques.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008923302360
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    HA-1-92, A new antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces CDRIL-312: Fermentation, isolation, purification and biological activity (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 425-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Activity ; fermentation ; HA-1-92 ; isolation ; oxohexaene ; Streptomyces
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract A new antifungal antibiotic, HA-1-92, was isolated from the biomass of Streptomyces CDRIL-312, by extracting in butanol and further purified by silica gel column chromatography followed by preparative TLC. The antibiotic is presumed to be an oxohexaene macrolide and showed promising antifungal activity against yeasts and filamentous fungi including human and plant pathogens. It was found to be less toxic in mice than known oxohexaenes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008934808486
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Accounting students and cheating: A comparative study for Australia, South Africa and the UK (1999)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 3 (1999), S. 211-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Schlagwort(e): accounting ; cheating ; education ; ethics ; students
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract This paper reports the results of a study of accounting students in three countries who self-reported on their propensity to engage in cheating behaviour when presented with specific rewards, risks and penalties. The professed behaviour examined is indicative of the ethical values held by persons aspiring to the accounting profession and is relevant to the design of their educational experiences. Empirical results show marked differences across the three countries, in the ethical propensities of respondents. In all cases, there is cause for concern, that professed unethical behaviour in the university environment might be replicated in the workplace.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009830308143
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ethical Behavior of Marketing Managers and MBA Students: A Comparative Study (1999)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 3 (1999), S. 321-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Schlagwort(e): ethical behavior ; ethics ; ethical category ; MBA students ; marketing managers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract The ethical tendencies of graduate business students from the United States were examined by analyzing their reactions to ethical dilemmas in a replicated study, which presented a set of ethical problem situations. These dilemmas dealt with coercion and control, conflict of interest, physical environment, paternalism and personal integrity. A comparison of these findings with the previous study of marketing managers indicates that the MBA students exhibited a greater degree of sensitivity to the ethical dimensions of business decision-making. Implications are drawn for business education and further research.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009874007235
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Evolution of Theoretically Useful Traits (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 13 (1998), S. 529-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; optimization ; fitness ; functional ; historical ; evolutionary explanation ; Wright ; Millikan
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract The purely theoretical notion of fitness or optimality that is employed for instance in optimization theory has come under attack from those who think that only a more historically based notion of fitness could have a central role in evolutionary explanation. They argue that the key notion is proven usefulness rather than theoretical usefulness. This paper articulates a notion of theoretical usefulness and defends its role in functional evolutionary explanations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006523004188
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Tragedy of a priori Selectionism: Dennett and Gould on Adaptationism (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 13 (1998), S. 359-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; algorithm ; atavism ; contingency ; deep homology ; Dennett ; development ; disparity ; epicurean selectionism ; evolution ; exaptation ; Gould ; metaphors ; punctuated equilibrium ; selectionism ; spandrels
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract In his recent book on Darwinism, Daniel Dennett has offered up a species of a priori selectionism that he calls algorithmic. He used this view to challenge a number of positions advocated by Stephen J. Gould. I examine his algorithmic conception, review his unqualified enthusiasm for the a priori selectionist position, challenge Dennett's main metaphors (cranes vs. skyhooks and a design space), examine ways in which his position has lead him to misunderstand or misrepresent Gould (spandrels, exaptation, punctuated equilibrium, contingency and disparity), and discuss recent results in developmental biology that suggest that an a priori position does not fill the demands of an evolutionary biology. I conclude by insisting that evolutionary biology is many leveled, complicated, and is carried on an ever shifting and expanding empirical base that when disregarded results in caricature.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006508719300
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ethics and the Ivory Tower: The Case of Academic Departments of Finance (1998)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 2 (1998), S. 17-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Schlagwort(e): ethics ; finance ; shareholder wealth ; business education
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract This study reports the results from a survey of 1,000 finance faculty members within schools of business across the U.S. concerning their knowledge of ethical transgressions as well as their attitudes towards ethics training in the curriculum. Ethical breaches appear most frequently with the unauthorized duplication of licensed software and the misuse of university resources for private consulting activity. Yet knowledge of ethical misconduct is highly segmented, with significant differences in reporting frequency between groups based upon citizenship, academic rank and school size. Contrary to the implications of Hawley (1991), we find there is a widely held belief by finance educators that business ethics has a legitimate role in business curriculums and should be included in finance course work. Further, our respondents strongly reject the notions that ethical practices are inconsistent with the principle of shareholder wealth maximization or that finance is more susceptible to ethical transgressions than other functional areas of business. We conclude that finance faculty are able to serve as legitimate ethical mentors for students and by implication may positively influence future corporate ethical behavior.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009745812749
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of temperatures during pure culture fermentation of Kinema (1998)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 847-850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Kinema ; soybean ; Bacillus subtilis KK2:B10 ; temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Kinema was prepared by fermenting whole cooked soybeans with pure culture of Bacillus subtilis KK2:B10 (MTCC 2756) strain at 35°C, 40°C and 45°C for 24h. Temperature, mesophilic plate counts, relative viscosity, water-soluble nitrogen, formal nitrogen contents and reducing sugars of fermenting soybeans were investigated during fermentation. At higher temperatures the growth rate of B. subtilis KK2:B10 was faster. A remarkable increase in the relative viscosity of kinema was observed at 40°C during fermentation. Water-soluble nitrogen and formol nitrogen to total nitrogen contents increased throughout the 24h of fermentation. Reducing sugars increased during the log phase and then decreased sharply. Kinema matured below 10°C for 1 day after the desired fermentation showed a significant increase in relative viscosity. The quality of kinema was maintained with pure culture fermentation by B. subtilis KK2:B10 at 40°C for 20h and matured at 5°C for 1 day.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008867511369
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microbiological, rheological and aromaticcharacteristics of fermented Uji (an East African Sour Porridge) (1998)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 451-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Aroma ; fermentation ; starter cultures ; uji ; viscosity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Three methods for fermentation of uji were compared in laboratory trials: spontaneous, backslopping (using an inoculum from a previous fermentation) and use of a starter culture of lactic acid bacteria. Spontaneous fermentation resulted in the slowest decrease in pH, while the use of starter culture led to the lowest final pH (3.5). Coliforms were eliminated in less than 8 h using backslopping or starter culture, but increased in numbers during spontaneous fermentation. The viscosity of uji was only marginally affected by the method of fermentation. The aroma profile following spontaneous fermentation contained esters with fruity notes and ethanol and higher alcohols, while mainly organic acids was produced by fermentation with the starter culture. Backslopping led to the lowest production of almost all volatiles identified.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008889900944
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ethics and Accounting Education (1998)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 2 (1998), S. 261-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Schlagwort(e): ethics ; accounting ; education
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract Some aspects of ethics and accounting education are explored in this research. Research findings suggest that there is strong support for the inclusion of ethics in business and accounting curricula. The majority of respondents who responded to the ethics coverage question think that ethics should be integrated with all accounting courses. Moreover, the respondents are of the opinion that there are four main objectives of accounting education. These are: broad-based education, development of balanced skills, development of moral values and practical-biased programmes. The respondents also suggested different ways of implementing these objectives. The study further reveals that in ethics teaching, real examples and case studies should be used.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009743030087
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Are Students Really Less Ethical Than Business Practitioners? (1998)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 2 (1998), S. 347-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Schlagwort(e): ethics ; ethical judgements ; ethical standards ; full-time work experience ; scenario context
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract Past research provides evidence of lower ethical standards amongst the student population when compared to business practitioners, using business-based survey instruments. This study examines the adequacy of this conventional research tool by assessing the influence of scenario context (university or business setting) on ethical intentions using data from 243 commerce tertiary students. Students tended to respond more ethically to issues set in a university context than to equivalent issues in a business setting. The tolerance level for unethical behaviour in both contexts was also found to decline with full-time work experience and age. However, full-time work experience appears to be the major variable influencing ethical ratings set in a business context, whereas age was found to predict the ethical judgements of students in the university scenarios. The overall pattern of responses indicates that ethical standards vary according to scenario context. The study illustrates the importance of considering respondents' exposure to the settings concerned when conducting ethical studies using scenario-based instruments. Respondents should have adequate knowledge and exposure to the type of setting they are asked to evaluate. Results of this study argue for caution in the interpretation of past findings involving student samples responding to ethical issues in business settings.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026460624155
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An Integrated Model for Ethical Decisions in Marketing Research (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 17 (1998), S. 263-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Schlagwort(e): ethics ; decision-making ; marketing ; marketing research
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract While many models of ethical decision-making in marketing have been presented in the literature, no recent attempts have been made to explicitly account for ethical decision-making from a marketing research perspective. We present an ethical framework for marketing research, the various philosophies of ethics, and a few enduring marketing ethical decision-making models, thus laying the foundation for a descriptive model for ethics in marketing research. The authors then develop an integrated model of ethical decision-making that incorporates the perspectives of all parties involved in the process of making ethical marketing research decisions, the various philosophies, and external variables. The proposed model is compared with some of the models considered in the literature and illustrated with a marketing research application.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005711311426
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Russian human geography in the 'wonderland' of globalization (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 45 (1998), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Schlagwort(e): globalization ; national tradition ; Russian human geography inertia ; adaptation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geographie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006845428890
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Transforming the Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) Approach: Observations from the Ranomafana National Park Project, Madagascar (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 11 (1998), S. 17-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Schlagwort(e): biodiversity ; buffer zone ; conservation ; development ; ethics ; international aid ; Madagascar ; national parks ; protected areas ; slash-and-burn
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract Preservation of the biological diversity and ecosystems in protected areas can be achieved through projects linking conservation of the protected areas with improved standards of living for resident peoples within surrounding buffer zones. This is the hypothetical claim of the integrated conservation and development project (ICDP) approach to protected area management. This paper, based on several years of experience with the Ranomafana National Park Project in Madagascar, questions the major assumptions of this approach from ethical and practical perspectives. The four basic strategies available to ICDPs – protected areas, buffer zones, compensation, and economic development – are analyzed and shown to be deficient or untested in the case of Ranomafana. Recommendations are made to explore conservation models other than the western conception of the national park, to modify the notion of a buffer zone outside the protected area, to redistribute money or other resources directly to the poor people living in and around the protected areas, and to eliminate the middle men in the development business. An appeal is made to focus on local education, organization and discipline in order to promote self-determination and self-reliance among resident peoples of protected areas. The paper argues that a public works program, similar to the Roosevelt administration's Civilian Conservation Corps of the 1930s, funded through a hard-currency endowment or other innovative financing mechanism, should be tried as a replacement for the currently questionable ICDP approach at Ranomafana.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007796628731
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Idea of “Ethical Accounting” for a Livestock Farm (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 11 (1998), S. 85-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Schlagwort(e): animal welfare ; consumers ; economics ; environment ; ethics ; planning ; stakeholders
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents the idea of a decision-support system for a livestock farm, called “ethical accounting”, to be used as an extension of traditional cost accounting. “Ethical accounting” seeks to make available to the farmer information about how his decisions affect the interests of farm animals, consumers and future generations. Furthermore, “ethical accounting” involves value-based planning. Thus, the farmer should base his choice of production plan on reflections as to his fundamental objectives, and he should make his final decision only after having seriously considered the various consequences for the affected parties.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009519131191
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of some operating variables on citrate recovery from model solutions by electrodialysis (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 344-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): electrodialysis ; citric acid ; pH ; temperature ; Faraday efficiency ; solute recovery efficiency ; specific energy consumption ; solute flux ; water flux ; feed solute concentration ; electric current density ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The effect of pH and temperature (θ) on the overall performance indicators (i.e., solute recovery, ρ, and Faraday, η, efficiencies; specific energy consumption, ε, solute, JS, and water, JW, fluxes) of batch electrodialytic recovery of citric acid from model solutions was assessed at different values of feed solute concentration (cSf) and electric current density (j). Regardless of the initial feed concentration used, ρ and JS were found to be independent of θ; η and JW exhibited a positive trend with respect to θ, while ε a negative one. At the maximum temperature tested (33°C), as the pH of the feed solution was varied from 3 to 7, ρ increased from 0.90 ± 0.08 to 0.97 ± 0.02, η grew from 0.09 ± 0.02 to 0.50 ± 0.01, JS practically doubled, ε reduced about 8 times, but JW increased from 3 to 4 times. So, the optimal conditions for this technique are to be determined by balancing the savings in the investment and maintenance costs against the energy costs. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:344-350, 1998.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microbiological treatment of industrial wastes containing toxic chromium involving successive use of bacteria, yeast and algae (1998)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 583-585 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Algae ; bacteria ; chromium resistance ; reduction of chromium ; yeast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Bacteria, yeasts, protozoa and algae, observed in industrial effluents from tanneries, were checked for their possible use in the detoxification of polluted water. Two bacterial strains were found to be highly resistant to CrVI. Several bacteria, yeasts and algae were observed to be capable of reducing CrVI to CrIII.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008849814190
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cultivation of microalgae in the solution from the desalting process of soy sauce waste treatment and utilization of the algal biomass for ethanol fermentation (1998)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 839-842 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Microalgae ; soy sauce waste ; ethanol ; fermentation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract The growth of four marine microalgae was examined in a medium prepared from the effluent from the desalting process of soy sauce waste. A strain of Dunaliella that showed abundant growth on soy sauce waste extract was selected, and optimum cultivation conditions were determined. The algal cells produced were disrupted, and saccharified with glucoamylase. The saccharified solution was fermented using Saccharomyces cerevisiae IAM 4140. Stoichiometric study revealed that 11mg of ethanol was produced from 1g (dry cell weight) of Dunaliella cells. This work indicates a new method for removing waste products of the soy sauce production industry.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008860705434
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Review: Ethanol production at elevated temperatures and alcohol concentrations: Part I – Yeasts in general (1998)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 809-821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Alcohol ; ethanol ; thermophilic ; thermotolerant ; yeast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract There are a number of process advantages which could be exploited through the use of thermophilic microorganisms for ethanol production. Energy savings through reduced cooling costs, higher saccharification and fermentation rates, continuous ethanol removal and reduced contamination have stimulated a search for routes to thermophilic or thermotolerant yeasts. These routes have included screening existing culture collections, temperature adaptation, mutagenesis and molecular techniques and finally isolating new strains. Varying success has been achieved, however, the most thermotolerant yeasts have come from fresh isolations from environments which experience high temperatures. Thermotolerant yeasts have been investigated for the following potential applications: simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose, where the high fermentation temperature allows more rapid and efficient enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis; whey fermentation, where high salt and low fermentable substrate concentrations make conditions difficult; and fermentation of D-xylose and cellobiose, which is essential for efficient conversion of woody biomass to ethanol. Ethanol and temperature tolerance are important characteristics for commercial yeast strains. Both characteristics are interactive and generally decrease with increasing temperature and ethanol concentration. Considerable research has been directed towards investigation of fatty acid composition changes in response to these stresses and the role of heat shock proteins in tolerance mechanisms. If thermotolerant yeasts are to be used in commercial processes, bioreactor configuration will play an important part in the design of production processes. Batch and fed-batch systems have been shown to be useful in some circumstances as have continuous flow systems, however, some of the newly isolated thermotolerant yeasts such as Kluyveromyces marxianus do not show the high growth rate under anaerobic conditions that is characteristic of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Various immobilization techniques appear to offer a means of presenting and maintaining high biomass in anaerobic continuous flow reactors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008802704374
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Study on effect of diluent osmotic pressure on yeast cell strength and cell size using a novel micromanipulation technique (1998)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 719-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Coulter counter ; mechanical properties ; micromanipulation ; osmotic pressure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract A new micromanipulation technique which has previously been used to measure the mechanical properties of single animal cells has now been applied to yeast cells. In this study this technique was used to measure yeast cell strength and cell size across a 2l batch fermentation. Alternatively the cell size could also be determined using a Coulter counter while cell measurement was diluted with a conducting fluid (Isoton II). For the cell strength, it was found that the osmotic pressure of diluents did affect cell strength. However, it was also found that there was no significant effect of osmotic pressure of diluents on cell size whether a Coulter counter or micromanipulation was used for measurement. Micromanipulation has been shown to be a powerful technique for measuring the mechanical properties of yeast cells and it will be very useful for studying their behaviour in cell disruption equipment, e.g. high-pressure homogenizers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008892116065
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Studies on fermentative production of rifamycin using Amycolatopsis mediterranei (1998)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 689-691 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Schlagwort(e): Amycolatopsis mediterranei ; fermentation ; media design ; rifamycin production
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract The fermentative production of rifamycin by Amycolatopsis mediterranei (MTCC17) has been studied. Both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the fermentation were determined by optimizing cultural conditions and medium design to improve the production of rifamycin. A pH value of 7.0, a temperature of 26°C, an aeration rate of 250rev/min for a 50ml volume, a level of inoculum of 10% grown aeration for 48h and a fermentation period of 11days were found to be optimum. Among the nitrogen sources, and culture conditions, peanut meal and aeration were found to be critical for rifamycin production respectively. The above mentioned exercise increased the yields of rifamycin from 350mg/l to 2000mg/l.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008801302687
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Student Ethical Perceptions and Ethical Action Propensities: An Analysis of Situation Familiarity (1998)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 2 (1998), S. 305-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Schlagwort(e): ethics ; situation familiarity ; students
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Philosophie , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract Recently McCuddy and Peery (1996) have suggested that business students may not respond the same way to “unfamiliar” business ethical dilemmas as they would to more “familiar” academic ethical dilemmas. The purpose of this study was to present the same students with both “unfamiliar” business dilemmas as well as possibly more “familiar” academic dilemmas in order to examine this issue. Findings of the study revealed that students did not exhibit different perceptions of the unethical actions performed in the academic and accounting/business ethical vignettes. However, the students indicated that both they and their peers would be more likely to act unethically to resolve the dilemmas in the accounting/business cases than in the academic cases. This finding is troubling in that it suggests that students either feel less compelled to act ethically in business, or that they perceive that ethical standards in the business world are generally low when compared to their current educational environment. In addition, the students in the study maintained the same “halo effect” (i.e., the difference between an individual's perception of their likelihood of performing an unethical action compared to their perception of their peers' likelihood to perform the same unethical action) across the two types of ethical dilemma.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009765604591
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of morphology and rheology on the production characteristics of the basidiomycete Cyathus striatus (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 525-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): fermentation ; basidiomycete ; rheology ; morphology ; pellet size ; scale-up ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The influence of the pellet morphology of the basidiomycete Cyathus striatus on the production of the antibiotics striatals A, B, and C was investigated. The main operating parameters in fermenters of different sizes were the tip speed and the volumetric power input. Different methods were developed for quantification of morphological characteristics. The apparent viscosity of the suspension was measured with a cylinder rheometer. Sediment density was measured with a sedimentation apparatus. Particle size distributions were recorded with an image analysis system. By means of the presented measuring methods, morphological characteristics could be determined and enabled an early assessment of the fermentation course and the antibiotics production. During the exponential growth phase of the fungus the relative sediment height correlated with the biomass concentration. The pellet morphology at this stage influenced the later production of striatals. The yield of the striatals was markedly influenced by pellet size and sediment density. Since these morphological characteristics determine the rheological properties of the culture the measurement of the apparent viscosity of the culture in the production phase allowed predictions of the production yield. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59: 525-533, 1998.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Inulase-secreting strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces fructose (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 60 (1998), S. 492-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): yeast ; inulin ; inulase ; fructose ; secretion ; hexokinases ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The gene encoding inulase of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus (INU1Km) was cloned and expressed in the inulin-negative yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells of S. cerevisiae transformed with the INU1Km gene have acquired extracellular inulase activity and were able to grow in the medium with inulin as a sole carbon source. The S. cerevisiae strain was constructed that is capable of heterologous expression of secreted K. marxianus inulase and is defective in fructose uptake due to null-mutations of the hexokinase structural genes HXK1 and HXK2. When grown in inulin-containing media, this strain is capable of accumulating at least 10% glucose-free fructose in the culture liquid. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 60: 492-497, 1998.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Transportation of hazardous wastes (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Risk assessments have been performed to determine the risk associated with the transportation of hazardous wastes through a city. In the course of these assessments, a number of modeling issues arose relating to transportation accident rates, the characterization of incidents, the effect of thermal radiation, the impact of exposure to toxic chemicals, and the threshold for acceptable risk. This paper discusses these issues.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170112
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Process safety update (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. S3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170202
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Burst resistant ribbon wound pressure vessels for ammonia plants (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 98-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This paper presents the design of ribbon wound pressure vessels useful for Ammonia, Urea and Methanol plants. The design is to create a thin shell of 1/5 the total wall thickness required, weld it to the end pieces, and wind 4 to 8 mm thick ribbons of 80 mm width at an angle of 15 to 30 degrees on the inner shell, using a prestress. The ribbons are welded at the ends and an even number of layers are wound cross-helically on to the shell. With more than 7000 vessels over the pressure range of 50 to 350 atmospheres in use in the various chemical industries in China over the past 30 years, their safety record has been excellent. Of particular interest has been the application of this technology in the Ammonia and Urea plants, where the design allows fabrication of these vessels at substantial reduction in cost, and early delivery, when compared to the mono wall technology.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170205
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Safety surveys - looking at key activities in depth (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 20-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Most audits try to look at a representative selection of the plant procedures and equipment. An alternative is a survey, a look in depth at selected procedures (such as those for testing alarms and trips, issuing permits-to-work, controlling modifications, taking samples or testing relief devices) or selected equipment (such as level glasses or equipment for handling LPG). If the procedure or equipment is well-chosen, surveys may make a bigger contribution to safety, per person-hour, than a conventional audit.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170106
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pressure relief system documentation: Equipment based relational database is key to OSHA 1910.119 compliance (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 39-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Under OSHA 1910.119, all Process Safety Management (PSM) facilities are required to keep their pressure relief system design information current. This article demonstrates why a pressure relief system design verification effort must be based on an equipment list, rather than a relief device list, in order to ensure that every piece of equipment is adequately protected. The formerly common practice of simply checking the design bases of all existing relief devices is deficient is deficient since this technique does not systematically ensure that every piece of equipment is protected.The “Berwanger Method” is a step by step process for designing or analyzing a pressure relief system to meet OSHA 1910.119 Process Safety Information (PSI) and Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) mandates. The method uses a relational database which tracks the relationships between protected equipment, potential overpressure scenarios, and protective devices.The challenge facing an operating company does not end once the design basis has been “verified” - the design basis information must also be maintained and be readily accessible to avoid costly reinvention of the wheel down the road. The “Berwanger Method” also addresses these maintenance issues.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170109
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A detailed reaction study of phosphorus trichloride and water (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 49-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: This paper reports on a comprehensive literature search and small scale experimental work on the reaction characteristics of phosphorous trichloride and water. More than 30 tests were conducted, including both closed and open test cells. The water to phosphorus trichloride molar ratio was varied from 1 to 25. When in contact, water and phosphorus trichloride will form two liquid layers with a reaction starting at the interface. The impact of variables on reaction rates including the interface surface area, layer depth, and stirring were investigated experimentally. A reaction rate model that fits all the measured data is presented. Case studies illustrating the use of this data for emergency relief systems and vent containment design are presented in reference. [1].
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170111
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The influence of the geometry of the hot surfaces on the autoignition of vapor/air mixture: Some experimental and theoretical results (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 68-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Two major accidents in the 80's: the summit Tunnel Fire, England and Piper Alpha disaster, an offshore platform in the North Sea; and very recently, possible explosion of the Boeing, TWA flight 800 at New York, makes it imperative that further research into the mechonisms of the ignition of flammable vapor/air mixture in contact with hot surfaces needs to be done. There have been a number of studies of ignition by hot surfaces, but in all these studies the ignition sources were wire, sphere or strip, i.e., most of them were flat surfaces. But to the authors' knowledge, other variables which affect the ignition mechanism such as irregular geometrical shapes have not been studied. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the degree of confinement (or, configuration), size and orientation, of the heated surface affects the ignition temperature of the flammable vapors. The results were obtained by experimentnal and by computational fluid dynamics.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170113
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Examination of protein adsorption in fluidized bed and packed bed columns at different temperatures using frontal chromatographic methods (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 35-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): protein adsorption ; frontal analysis ; temperature ; fluidized bed ; dynamic capacity ; dynamic adsorption rate ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The influences of various experimental parameters on the dynamic adsorption capacity (DAC) and the dynamic adsorption rate (DAR) of a biomimetic affinity silica-based adsorbent in fluidized and packed bed columns operated under plug flow conditions and at different temperatures have been investigated with different inlet concentrations of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and human serum albumin (HSA). The DACs as well as the DARs of both the fluidized and packed beds were examined at 10% saturation (i.e., at the QB value) and the experimental data compared with the corresponding data obtained from batch equilibrium adsorption procedures. Parameters examined included the fluid superficial velocity and protein concentration and their effect on the binding capacity and column efficiency. Consistent with various results reported from this and other laboratories on the behavior of biospecific affinity adsorbents derived from porous silica and zirconia particles, adsorbents prepared from Fractosil 1000 were found to exhibit appropriate rheological characteristics in fluidized bed systems under the experimental conditions. Moreover, changes in temperature resulted in a more significant effect on the breakthrough profiles of HSA compared to HEWL with the immobilized Cibacron Blue F3G-A with Fractosil 1000 adsorbent. This result suggests that temperature effects can possibly be employed profitably in some processes as part of a strategy to enhance column performance with fluidized bed systems for selective recovery of target proteins. At relatively low superficial velocities of the feed, the DARs with HEWL and HSA were similar for both the fluidized and packed bed column systems, whereas, at high superficial velocities, the DARs for these proteins were larger with the packed bed columns. © 1998 John Wiley &, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:35-46, 1988.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Metabolic engineering of bacteria for ethanol production (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 204-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): ethanol ; lignocellulose ; fermentation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Technologies are available which will allow the conversion of lignocellulose into fuel ethanol using genetically engineered bacteria. Assembling these into a cost-effective process remains a challenge. Our work has focused primarily on the genetic engineering of enteric bacteria using a portable ethanol production pathway. Genes encoding Zymomonas mobilis pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase have been integrated into the chromosome of Escherichia coli B to produce strain KO11 for the fermentation of hemicellulose-derived syrups. This organism can efficiently ferment all hexose and pentose sugars present in the polymers of hemicellulose. Klebsiella oxytoca M5A1 has been genetically engineered in a similar manner to produce strain P2 for ethanol production from cellulose. This organism has the native ability to ferment cellobiose and cellotriose, eliminating the need for one class of cellulase enzymes. The optimal pH for cellulose fermentation with this organism (pH 5.0-5.5) is near that of fungal cellulases. The general approach for the genetic engineering of new biocatalysts has been most successful with enteric bacteria thus far. However, this approach may also prove useful with Gram-positive bacteria which have other important traits for lignocellulose conversion. Many opportunities remain for further improvements in the biomass to ethanol processes. These include the development of enzyme-based systems which eliminate the need for dilute acid hydrolysis or other pretreatments, improvements in existing pretreatments for enzymatic hydrolysis, process improvements to increase the effective use of cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes, improvements in rates of ethanol production, decreased nutrient costs, increases in ethanol concentrations achieved in biomass beers, increased resistance of the biocatalysts to lignocellulosic-derived toxins, etc. To be useful, each of these improvements must result in a decrease in the cost for ethanol production. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:204-214, 1998.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    On-line estimation of biomass through pH control analysis in aerobic yeast fermentation systems (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 445-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): on-line control ; pH control ; growth monitoring ; proton titration ; yeast ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The amount of acid or base consumed in yeast cultures has been recently assigned to the pathway of nitrogen assimilation under respiratory conditions with no contribution by carbon metabolism (Castrillo et al., 1995). In this investigation, experiments under respirofermentative conditions have shown that production or consumption of ethanol does not contribute significantly to the specific rate of proton production (qH+), thus extending the previously obtained relationships for all aerobic conditions in which other major acid/base contributions are not involved. Tests in batch and chemostat culture confirm the validity of qH+ as a formal control parameter in aerobic fermentations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:445-450, 1998.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Morphological change and enhanced pigment production of Monascus when cocultured with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Aspergillus oryzae (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 576-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Monascus ; pigment ; fermentation ; coculture ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: When a Monascus isolate, a producer of Monascus pigments, was cocultured with either Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Aspergillus oryzae in a solid sucrose medium, there were significant morphological changes in Monascus culture. Cocultures exhibited cell mass increases of 2 times and pigment yield increases of 30 to 40 times compared to monocultures of Monascus. However, enhanced cell growth, an increase in pigment production, and morphological change did not occur in coculture with Bacillus cereus. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was more effective at enhancing pigment production than Asp. oryzae. Enhanced cell growth and increased pigment production occurred only in conjunction with morphological changes. Culture filtrates of S. cerevisiae were also effective in inducing morphology change in Monascus, similar to culture broths of S. cerevisiae. The hydrolytic enzymes produced by S. cerevisiae, such as amylase, and chitinase, are thought to be the effectors. The commercial enzymes α-amylase and protease from Asp. oryzae both caused a morphological change in Monascus and were effective in enhancing pigment production. However, lysozyme, α-amylase and protease from Bacillus species, protease from Staphylococcus, and chitinase from Streptomyces were not effective. The hydrolytic enzymes which cause a morphological change of Monascus culture and enhancement of pigment production are thought to be capable of degrading Monascus cell walls. An approximate 10-fold increase in pigment production was observed in liquid cocultures with S. cerevisiae. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59: 576-581, 1998.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nonflocculent versus total biomass ratio as a criterion for starting the biomass separation process (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 647-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): biomass separation ; flocculation ; biomass measurement ; yeast ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: We introduce the ratio of nonflocculent versus total biomass as a criterion for starting cell separation from the medium. This criterion can be applied for the automation of the process regardless of the process dynamics. Its minimum indicates the optimum period of time for the start of the separation process with regard not only to nonflocculent cell concentration, but also medium attributes. In contrast to the concentration of nonflocculent cells, which has two minima, first at the beginning of the process and another broader one in the period during which maximum flocculation is present, the ratio has a single minimum and can therefore be implemented as a criterion for cell separation. To calculate the ratio value, in addition to an on-line method for nonflocculent biomass measurement described elsewhere, an on-line method for the total biomass of flocculent yeast is proposed. It is based on the absorbency measurement of the cell biomass, previously deflocculated by EDTA. Therefore, it can be applied in bioprocesses with transparent media and yeast that can be deflocculated by EDTA. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:647-650, 1998.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Metabolic engineering of Serratia marcescens with the bacterial hemoglobin gene: Alterations in fermentation pathways (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 640-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): Vitreoscilla hemoglobin ; metabolic engineering ; fermentation ; acetoin ; 2,3-butanediol ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Serratia marcescens was transformed with plasmid vector pUC8 or pUC8 containing the bacterial (Vitreoscilla) hemoglobin gene (vgb) on either a 2.3-kb fragment (pUC8:15) or 1.4-kb fragment (pUC8:16) of Vitreoscilla DNA. The vgb-bearing strains were compared with the pUC8 transformant and untransformed S. marcescens with respect to growth in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth supplemented with glucose or casein acid hydrolysate. Growth (on a viable cell basis) was similar to that in unsupplemented LB. Total acid excretion (as estimated by medium pH) was similar for all strains in both LB plus 2% casein acid hydrolysate and LB without additions. Acid excretion in LB plus 2% glucose was somewhat greater at up to 10 h in culture for the two vgb-bearing strains; from 10 to 26 h in culture, the pHs of these cultures continued to decrease (to 4.1-4.2), whereas those of the non-vgb-bearing strains returned to near the starting pH (7.4-7.8). Concomitantly, after 26 h of culture in LB plus 2% glucose, the non-vgb-bearing strains had produced about 15 times as much acetoin and about three to four times as much 2,3-butanediol as the vgb-bearing strains. In general, for all strains, much more acetoin and 2,3-butanediol were produced in LB plus 2% glucose than in unsupplemented LB. The exception was acetoin production by the strain bearing vgb on plasmid pUC8:15; after 26 h of culture in LB without supplementation it was between three and four times that of the other strains, and about 50% higher than its level in LB plus 2% glucose. When grown with the 2% casein acid hydrolysate supplement, the strain bearing vgb on plasmid pUC8:15 produced much more acetoin and 2,3-butanediol than the other strains after 26 hours in culture. The results confirm that vgb can significantly alter carbon metabolism and suggest that the use of vgb technology for directed metabolic engineering may be a complicated process, depending in part on medium composition. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:640-646, 1998.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Minimal aerobic sludge retention time in biological phosphorus removal systems (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 60 (1998), S. 326-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): biological phosphorus removal ; poly-hydroxy-alkanoate ; sludge retention time ; aerobic ; temperature ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The methodology for determination of the minimally required aerobic sludge retention time (SRTminaer) in biological phosphorus removal (BPR) systems is presented in this article. Contrary to normal biological conversions, the BPR process is not limited by a SRTmin resulting from the maximum growth rate of the organisms. This is because the aerobic SRT should be long enough to oxidize the amount of poly-hydroxy-alkanoates (PHA) stored in the anaerobic phase. This means that the SRTminaer will primarily depend on the PHA conversion kinetics and the maximal achievable PHA content in the cell (storage capacity). The model for the prediction of the minimally required aerobic SRT as a function of kinetic and process parameters was developed and compared with experimental data used to evaluate several operational aspects of BPR in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system. The model was proved as capable of describing them satisfactorily.© 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 60: 326-332, 1998.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A structured approach for selection among candidate metabolic network models and estimation of unknown stoichiometric coefficients (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): metabolic modeling ; model selection ; parameter estimation ; identification ; yeast ; stoichiometry ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A metabolic network model is one of the cornerstones of the emerging Metabolic Engineering methodology. In this article, special attention is therefore, given to the phase of model building. A five-stage structured approach to metabolic network modeling is introduced. The basic steps are: (1) to collect a priori knowledge on the reaction network and to build candidate network models, (2) to perform an a priori check of the model, (3) to estimate the unknown parameters in the model, (4) to check the identified model for acceptability from a biological and thermodynamic point of view, and (5) to validate the model with new data. The approach is illustrated with a growth system involving baker's yeast growing on mixtures of substrates. Special attention is given to the central uncertainties in metabolic network modeling, i.e., estimation of energetic parameters in the network and the choice of the source of anabolic reducing equivalents NADPH. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:133-138, 1998.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Artikel (Nationallizenzen)
  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Process safety update (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. S3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170102
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    KG: New data and analysis (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 17 (1998), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The design and deflagration pressure relief vents is based on correlations developed for various types of combustible materials and for enclosures of different strengths. The primary guideline for deflagration vent design in the US is NFPA 68 Guide for Venting of Deflagrations [5]. That document gives guidance for the design of vents for enclosures containing flammable gases, specifically hydrogen, coke oven gas, propane, and methane. Application of the guide to other gases is achieved using the KG value. Values of KG are published for a relatively small number of gases, as seen in Table D-1 of NFPA 68. This work present KG data on several additional gases obtained in a laboratory scale test vessel along with analysis of the results with respect to published values of fundamental burning velocity.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.680170104
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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