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  • Articles  (423)
  • liver  (354)
  • Animals
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • salinity
  • temperature
  • Springer  (423)
  • Medicine  (392)
  • Geography  (31)
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  • Articles  (423)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of sex and bezafibrate on incorporation of blood borne palmitate into lipids of rat liver nuclei (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 214 (2000), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: lipids ; nucleus ; liver ; sex ; bezafibrate ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate whether lipid metabolism in the nuclei is affected by changes in the metabolism of free fatty acids in the liver. The experiments were carried out on 3 groups of rats: 1 - control-male, 2 - female, and 3 - male, treated with bezafibrate (a peroxisome proliferator). The rats received 14C-palmitic acid intravenously. Thirty min later liver samples and blood from the abdominal aorta were taken. The liver nuclei were isolated in sucrose gradient. Lipids were extracted from the nuclei and the liver homogenate and subsequently separated into the following fractions: phospholipids, mono-, di- and triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, cholesterol and cholesterol esters. The radioactivity of each fraction was counted. Furthermore, the content of free fatty acids and the fatty acid binding proteins was measured. It was found that radioactivity was present in each lipid fraction obtained from the liver homogenate and from the nuclei. In the female group, the total radioactivity of lipids in the liver homogenate was lower, whereas in the nuclei it was higher in comparison to the male group. The reduction in the radioactivity in the liver was mostly accounted for by decreased radioactivity in the fraction of triacylglycerols and phospholipids. In the nuclei, the radioactivity of the fraction of phospholipids, free fatty acids and diacylglycerols was elevated. Bezafibrate did not affect the total radioactivity of lipids in the liver and reduced it in the nuclei. In the liver, the drug increased radioactivity mostly in the fraction of phospholipids and reduced it mainly in the fraction of triacylglycerols. In the nuclei, the radioactivity of each lipid fraction examined was reduced. The content of the fraction of free fatty acids in the liver and in the nuclei in the female and in the bezafibrate-treated groups did not differ from the respective value in the control group. The content of fatty acid binding proteins in the nuclei of the female and bezafibrate-treated groups increased in parallel to the elevation in their content in the cytosol. It is concluded that the female sex hormones and bezafibrate influence the transport of selected lipids into the nuclei. The effects seem to be a consequence of the action of these factors directly on the nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007189503183
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary alterations in protein, carbohydrates and fat increase liver protein-turnover rate and decrease overall growth rate in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 209 (2000), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: liver ; nucleic-acid concentrations ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; protein-growth rate ; protein-turnover rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have determined the protein-turnover rates and nucleic-acid concentrations in the liver of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed on two different isocaloric diets: low-protein/high-fat and non-carbohydrate/high-fat. Compared to controls, the partial replacement of protein with fat significantly decreased the protein accumulation rate and protein-retention efficiency in the liver whilst increasing the fractional protein-synthesis and protein-degradation rates as well as protein-synthesis efficiency. The complete replacement of carbohydrates with fat significantly lowered the protein-accumulation rate and protein-retention efficiency, but enhanced both the protein-synthesis and protein-degradation rates as well as protein-synthesis capacity. The protein:DNA and RNA:DNA ratios decreased considerably on both diets. Total DNA decreased in fish on a low-protein/high-fat diet but did not change in those on a non-carbohydrate/high-fat diet. The absolute protein-synthesis rate registered no significant change under any of the nutritional conditions. Both the experimental diets did however raise the fractional protein-synthesis rate significantly, due to enhanced protein-synthesis efficiency when protein was partially replaced with fat and to enhanced protein-synthesis capacity when carbohydrates were completely replaced with fat. Our results show the capacity of the liver to adapt its turnover rates and conform to different nutritional conditions. They also point to the possibility of controlling fish growth by dietary means.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007130906365
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The expression of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in human hepatocellular carcinoma (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 207 (2000), S. 101-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: insulin-like growth factor binding protein ; liver ; cancer ; hepatocellular carcinoma ; liver disease ; insulin-like growth factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Insulin-like growth factors (IGF), IGF receptors and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) play an important role in cell growth and differentiation. The liver is the major source of IGF-1 and at least two IGFBPs (IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3). IGFBPs most often serve to attenuate the effects of IGF at the receptor level and thereby limit IGF-induced cell growth and differentiation. Although changes in IGFBP expression have been described during controlled liver growth such as hepatic regeneration following partial hepatectomy, there is limited knowledge of IGFBPs gene expression in uncontrolled growth or hepatocellular carcinoma. In the present study, we employed Northern blotting techniques to document the expression of IGFBP-1, 3 and 4 in normal human livers, cirrhotic and hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. The results revealed no differences in IGFBP-1, 3 and 4 mRNA levels between normal and cirrhotic tissues. However, the expression of all three IGFBPs mRNA were significantly down regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. These findings are in keeping with IGFBPs playing an important inhibitory role in the development and/or growth of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007010818094
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Successive Approximation Linear Quadratic Regulator for Estuarine Management Problem (2000)
    Springer
    Water resources management 14 (2000), S. 157-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: estuarine management ; fishery harvest ; freshwater inflow ; linear quadratic regulator ; salinity ; successive approximation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract A successive approximation linear quadratic regulator (SALQR)method is applied to solve estuarine management problems to determine the optimal amount of freshwater inflows into baysand estuaries to maximize fishery harvests. Fishery harvests areexpressed in regression equations as functions of freshwaterinflows. The optimization problem is posed as a discrete-timeoptimal control problem in which salinity represents the statevariable and freshwater inflow represents the control variable. A two-dimensional hydrodynamic-salinity transport model, HYD-SAL,is used as the transition to simulate the flow circulation andtemporal and spatial salinity pattern in an estuary system. Thebound constraints for the control and state variables areincorporated into the objective function using a penalty functionmethod to convert the problem into an unconstrained formulation. The SALQR method is applied to the Lavaca-Tres Palacios Estuaryin Texas and the results are compared with those of usingregression equations as the transition equations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026576129765
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    False-positive apoptosis signal in mouse kidney and liver detected with TUNEL assay (2000)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 5 (2000), S. 329-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: false-positive ; immunocytochemistry ; kidney ; liver ; mouse ; TUNEL
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Apoptosis is a physiological, programmed process for the elimination of cells from living organisms. Currently, one of the most frequently used methods to detect apoptosis is TUNEL assay. It has provided valuable information about apoptosis in various tissues. However, the sensitivity and the specificity of TUNEL technique have also been criticized. We detected an intense false-positive apoptotic signal in nude and Balb/c mice kidney and liver. In kidney the signal was confined to the proximal, distal and collecting tubular cells, and in liver to hepatocytes. Both tissues appeared normal in light microscopy, and no DNA ladder formation or increase in caspase-3 enzyme activity was detected. BrdU labelling and Ki-67 immunostaining did not reveal increased cell proliferation in these tissues. On the other hand, false-positive signal was not detected in testis, spleen, pancreas or renal cell carcinoma from the same animals. Also, no false-positive signal was seen in human liver or kidney samples. Although factors known to produce false-positive staining related to sample harvesting, preparation and staining protocols were eliminated, the cause of the false- positive apoptotic signal remains unknown. We conclude that caution must be exercised when examining apoptosis in mouse tissues with TUNEL assay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009631424351
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of Endocrine and Lymphocytopoietic Functions of the Thymus in Human Embryogenesis (2000)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 130 (2000), S. 1001-1004 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: thymus ; liver ; human fetus ; thymaline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The endocrine function of the thymus develops earlier than lymphocytopoietic. Thymalin is produced by epithelial cells in the thymus primordium. It is released into the blood and regulates differentiation of T lymphocytes in the liver, the initial hemopoietic organ. The hormonal and lymphopoietic functions of human thymus are united on weeks 7.5-8 of embryonic life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002882327810
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of phospholipid hepatoprotectors on the course of experimental Reye's syndrome (2000)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 129 (2000), S. 287-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: Reye's syndrome ; 4-pentenoic acid ; eplir ; essentiale ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hepatoprotectors containing phospholipids exert a therapeutic effect in experimental Reye's syndrome in rats induced by 40pentenoic acid. Eplir more effectively than essentiale decreased necrosis of the liver, reduced serum enzymes and bilirubin, alleviated hypoglycemia, suppressed MDA production, and improved ketogenesis and detoxication of ammonium and phenols.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02433909
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liver resistance to toxic effects of CCl4 under conditions of gadolinium chloride depression of Kupffer cells (2000)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 129 (2000), S. 605-607 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: Kupffer cell ; tetrachloromethane ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acute toxic hepatitis was modeled in (CBA×C57B1)F1 mice by single injection of 40% CCl4 in oil. Pretreatment with gadolinium chloride, a selective blocker of Kupffer cells, considerably potentiated damage to hepatocytes leading to generalization of this process, delayed inflammatory infiltration, and inhibited reparative processes. Zymosan administered against the background of gadolinium chloride blockade improved liver resistance to CCl4-induced damage, intensified mononuclear infiltration, and accelerated reparative processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02434890
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolism in perfused rat lived at different terms after short-term hyperthermia (2000)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 129 (2000), S. 350-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: hyperthermia ; liver ; perfusion ; metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The metabolic state of rat liver was studiedin vivo 1, 6, and 18 h after single hyperthermia (42°C). It was shown that intracellular compensatory reactions involved in restoration of the energy state and realization of endogenous cytoprotective mechanisms play a role during recovery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439266
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of 3,4-Benzopyrene on Ultrastructure of Sinusoidal Cells of the Liver in Adult Male Rats (2000)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 130 (2000), S. 1209-1211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: liver ; sinusoidal cells ; endotheliocytes ; Kupffer cells ; lipocytes ; 3,4-benzopyrene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Reorganization of sinusoidal cells (endotheliocytes, Kupffer cells, and Ito cells) in the liver microregion of male rat liver exposed to 3,4-benzopyrene was studied. Synchronous activation of the lysosome-vacuole systems in Kupffer cells and endotheliocyte indicates cooperation of these cells in detoxification of benzopyrene and its metabolites. Ito cells lose lipid inclusions and actively proliferate; the appearance of intermediate forms between lipocytes and fibroblasts attests to activation of fibrogenesis in the liver.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017500622380
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liver resistance to CCl4-induced injury after stimulation of macrophages with various preparations (2000)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 129 (2000), S. 524-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: macrophages ; Kupffer cells ; liver ; CCl 4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Acute toxic hepatitis in male Wistar rats was produced by single injection of 40% CCl4 (0.2 ml per 100 g body weight in oil). Pretreatment with various immunostimulators (bacterial polysaccharides prodigiozan and salmozan; yeast polysaccharides zymosan, peptidoglycan, and mannan; and hydrolytic enzyme egg lysozyme) produced a hepatoprotective effect correlating which the stimulatory influence on macrophages and increasing in the following order: mannan〈peptidoglycan〈zymosan〈lysozyme〈salmozan〈prodigiozan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02434865
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environment factors influence in vitro interspecific interactions between A. ochraceus and other maize spoilage fungi, growth and ochratoxin production (1999)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 146 (1999), S. 43-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: interspecific interactions ; ochratoxin ; Aspergillus ochraceus ; spoilage fungi ; water relations ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of water availability (water activity,aw; 0.995–0.90) and temperature (18–30 °) on in vitro interactions between an ochratoxin producing strain of Aspergillus ochraceus and six other spoilage fungi was assessed in dual culture experiments on a maize meal-based agar medium. Inprimary resource capture of nutrient substrate, A. ochraceus was dominant against many of the interacting species, being able to overgrow and replace A. candidus, and sometimes A. flavus and the Eurotium spp. regardless of aw or temperature. However, with freely available water (0.995 aw) A. alternata and A. niger were dominant, with mutual antagonism between A. ochraceus and A. flavus at 25–30 °C. In the driest conditions tested (0.90 aw) there was also mutual antagonism between A. ochraceus and the two Eurotium spp. Overall, under allconditions tested the Index of Dominance for A. ochraceus was much higher than for other competing species combined suggesting that A. ochraceus wasa good competitive colonist able to replace a numberof other species. However, the growth rate ofA. ochraceus was modified and decreased by the interaction with competitors. Interaction between A. ochraceus and species such as A. alternata (18°C/0.995) and Eurotium spp. (0.995–0.95 and 25–30 °C) resulted in a significant stimulation of ochratoxin production. Theresults are discussed in relation to the effect that environmental factors have on the possible competitiveness of A. ochraceus in the maizegrain ecosystem and the role of ochratoxin in nicheexclusion of competitors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007003316562
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Ca2+ threshold for the mitochondrial permeability transition and the content of proteins related to Bcl-2 in rat liver and Zajdela hepatoma mitochondria (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 194 (1999), S. 251-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: Bcl-2 ; Ca2+ ; hepatoma ; liver ; mitochondrial permeability transition ; tumor cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Zajdela hepatoma mitochondria were able to accumulate two to five times more Ca2+ than rat liver mitochondria before the permeability transition was induced. Pulses of Ca2+ were given in series to determine the Ca2+ threshold by recording changes in [Ca2+] and membrane potential, the permeability transition causing the release of accumulated Ca2+ and collapse of the membrane potential. Hepatoma mitochondria had lower Ca2+ efflux rates, higher net Ca2+ uptake rates and lower phosphorylation rates than liver mitochondria. Since the differences in regard to induction of the permeability transition might be due to higher expression of the Bcl-2 protein in hepatoma cells than in hepatocytes, the transcription of Bcl-2 and the proteins reacting with a Bcl-2 polyclonal antiserum were estimated by Northern and Western blotting, respectively. Hepatoma cells had two Bcl-2 specific mRNA bands of 7 and 2.4 kb, and substantial amounts of the Bcl-2 protein, whereas in liver cells and mitochondria these were not detected. Both cell lines had a reactive band at 19-20 kDa, and hepatocytes a small band at 31-32 kDa. Bcl-2 antibodies stimulated the permeability transition potently in hepatoma mitochondria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006913526643
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective changes in the protein-turnover rates and nature of growth induced in trout liver by long-term starvation followed by re-feeding (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 201 (1999), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: hyperplasia ; hypertrophy ; liver ; nucleic-acid concentration ; protein-growth rate ; protein-turnover rate ; rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ; starvation/re-feeding cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report upon the effects of a cycle of long-term starvation followed by re-feeding on the liver-protein turnover rates and nature of protein growth in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We determined the protein-turnover rate and its relationship with the nucleic-acid concentrations in the livers of juvenile trout starved for 70 days and then re-fed for 9 days. During starvation the total hepatic-protein and RNA contents decreased significantly and the absolute protein-synthesis rate (AS) also fell, whilst the fractional protein-synthesis rate (KS) remained unchanged and the fractional protein-degradation rate (KD) increased significantly. Total DNA content, an indicator of hyperplasia, and the protein:DNA ratio, an indicator of hypertrophy, both fell considerably. After re-feeding for 9 days the protein-accumulation rates (KG, AG) rose sharply, as did KS, AS, KD, protein-synthesis efficiency (KRNA) and the protein-synthesis rate/DNA unit (KDNA). The total hepatic protein and RNA contents increased but still remained below the control values. The protein:DNA and RNA:DNA ratios increased significantly compared to starved fish. These changes demonstrate the high response capacity of the protein-turnover rates in trout liver upon re-feeding after long-term starvation. Upon re-feeding hypertrophic growth increased considerably whilst hyperplasia remained at starvation levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006953917697
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Algae of Lake Bai-Khol (Tuva, Russia) (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: algae ; Lake Bai-Khol ; salinity ; Uvs-Nuur Basin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The algal flora of Lake Bai-Khol, located in the endorheic Uvs-Nuur Basin, Russia, has been studied from collections made in August 1997. 79 taxa belonging to diatoms, blue-green and green algae were present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009019616569
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A spatio-chemical survey of hydrogeothermal springs in Lake Elementaita, Kenya (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 127-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Lake Elementaita ; Lake Nakuru ; origin ; salinity ; thermal springs ; water chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The hydrochemistry of three areas of geothermal activity in the Lake Elementaita basin were surveyed. The results indicated warm temperatures between 30--40°C, high alkalinity (1,200 mg CaCO3/l) and specific conductance (4,300--8,100 µS/cm). pH was above 9 with a high concentration of carbonates, chlorides and sulphates. Apart from playing a significant role in the lake chemistry, lacustrine springs provide a significant source of water supply, particularly during the dry season. However, there is a serious lack of scientific information on the hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the thermal springs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009023717477
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparisons between the reproductive biology of black breamAcanthopagrus butcheri (Teleostei: Sparidae) in four estuaries with widely differing characteristics (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 179-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: black bream ; estuaries ; fecundity ; fishery management ; length and age at maturity ; salinity ; spawning periods and locations ; water temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The reproductive biology ofAcanthopagrus butcheri has been studied in the permanently open Swan River and intermittently open Moore River estuaries on the lower west coast of Australia (31–32°S) and in the permanently open Nornalup Walpole and normally closed Wellstead estuaries on the southern coast of Western Australia (34–35°S). Trends exhibited by gonadosomatic indices, gonadal maturity stages and the sizes and developmental stages of the oocytes demonstrate thatA. butcheri typically spawns in spring and early summer. However, spawning occurred in salinities ranging from as low as 3.5–8 gL−1 in the Moore River Estuary to as high as 41–45 g L−1 in the Wellstead Estuary. Furthermore, water temperatures during spawning were greater in the two northern estuaries (19.7–28.5°C) than in the two southern and cooler estuaries (17.5–23.4°C). Histological studies strongly indicate thatA. butcheri spawn more than once in a breeding season and demonstrate that the development of its oocytes exhibits group synchronysensu de Vlaming (1983). The ages and total lengths at which, on average, female and maleA. butcheri both first attain maturity in the Swan River Estuary were ca 2 years and ca 215 mm. However, the age at which individual fish in that system reach maturity was influenced by body size. This suggests that the attainment of first maturity at an older age but smaller length in the Moore River and Nornalup Walpole estuaries than is the case in the Swan River Estuary is a consequence of the slower growth rates ofA. butcheri in those estuaries. The combination of the young age (ca 2 years) but small length (ca 145 mm) at which maturity is first attained in the Wellstead Estuary could have resulted from selection pressures brought about by high mortality rates and/or heavy fishing pressure in this estuary. The mean fecundity ofA. butcheri, based on the combined number of yolk vesicle and yolk granule oocytes found in ovaries just prior to the onset of spawning, was 1580×103. The significance of the sizes at first maturity, minimum legal length for capture, mesh selectivity data and closure of certain regions of estuaries to fishing for the management of the recreational and commercial fishery forA. butcheri is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02449931
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salinity of surface waters in the Aral Sea region (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 293-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aral Sea ; salinity ; salinization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract An overview of recent changes insalinity in the surface waters of the Aral sea basinis given. Total dissolved salts (salinity) in mostwaters are higher than admissible values fordrinking water, and ionic composition has changed withtime. Salinity of the `Big Sea' of the Aral was 48g L−1 in 1998, but has decreased to below 21g L−1 in the `Small Sea' due to the building ofa new dam between the two parts of the Aral Sea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009082722430
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A spatio-chemical survey of hydrogeothermal springs in Lake Elementaita, Kenya (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 127-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Lake Elementaita ; Lake Nakuru ; origin ; salinity ; thermal springs ; water chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The hydrochemistry of three areas of geothermal activity in the Lake Elementaita basin were surveyed. The results indicated warm temperatures between 30–40°C, high alkalinity (1,200 mg CaCO3/l) and specific conductance (4,300–8,100 μS/cm). pH was above 9 with a high concentration of carbonates, chlorides and sulphates. Apart from playing a significant role in the lake chemistry, lacustrine springs provide a significant source of water supply, particularly during the dry season. However, there is a serious lack of scientific information on the hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of the thermal springs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442126
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    Hydrological exchange and subsurface water chemistry in streams varying in salinity in south-western Australia (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 361-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aral Sea ; salinity ; salinization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Many streams in Western Australia are naturally saline. In others, especiallyin the south-western corner, land-clearance and other human activities inthe catchment have accelerated rates of salinisation of surface andgroundwater. Trends in surface water salinity are well-documented but theextent of penetration of saline stream water into the sediments has beenlittle studied. As many of these streams have porous sandy beds and theirflows may derive from groundwater, hydrologic exchange patterns betweensurface water and subsurface hyporheic water were hypothesised togovern the water chemistry of such rivers. We predicted high rates ofhydraulic conductivity, leading to a close relationship between surface andsubsurface (to a depth of 50 cm) salinity, and to a lesser extent, pH anddissolved oxygen. Where surface and hyporheic water differed in salinity,other chemical differences were hypothesised to be similarly marked,perhaps resulting from disjunct shallow subsurface aquifers. Triplicatewells were sampled from upwelling and downwelling zones of thirteenstreams ranging in salinity from ca. 0.2 to 18 g L−1. Despite theseemingly-porous sandy beds at many sites, subsurface water chemistryonly 20–40 cm below the bed sometimes differed markedly from surfacewater. For example, hyporheic water was only one-fifth the salinity ofsurface water at some saline sites (e.g., the Tone River) or 20 per cent moresaline in streams with fresh surface water (e.g., the Weld River). At somesites of intermediate salinity (e.g., the Warren River), subsurface water wasup to three times fresher than surface or downwelling water. Percentagesaturation of dissolved oxygen in the hyporheic water was consistently low(〈 40%) whereas pH was more acidic than surface water, presumably dueto microbial activity. Vertical hydraulic conductivity may be limited bylayers of fine sediments and clays, implying that the meso-scale (1–100 cm)hydrological dynamics within the hyporheic zones of these rivers are morecomplex than their sandy beds would indicate. Assumptions of ecosystemdynamics in saline streams must be tempered by an understanding ofhyporheic salinities as subsurface fresher water may support microbial andfaunal assemblages excluded from the surface benthos by high salinity. Insaline streams, as in fresh ones, the hyporheic zone is an importantcomponent of the stream ecosystem and equally prone to disruption byhuman activities.
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    The salinity of hypersaline brines: Concepts and misconceptions (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 55-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Dead Sea ; equation of state ; pycnometry ; salinity ; saturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Some widespread misconceptions about salinity are pointed out, explained and commented on. Definitions, units, and methods of salinity determination recommended for brines of moderate salinities may become unsuitable for highly saline brines. Various salinity units are examined and commented on, and density at a precisely monitored temperature is chosen as the preferable “substitute parameter” for salinity determination of hypersaline brines. It is shown that ambient air density during pycnometric measurements must be known as accurately as required of the brine's density, and that its value must be added to the direct pycnometric measurement. Variations of atmospheric pressure at the time of pycnometry must be taken into account if greater than 15 mB. For a salinity accuracy of ±0.02 per mille, as required for some physical and chemical studies, the temperature of the sample during salinity measurement must be monitored with an accuracy of at least 0.04°C. A definite curve in the ρ-S plane, corresponding to the conversion of salinity to density at a fixed temperature, andvice-versa, does not exist if the brine is saturated in one of its salts. Non-linearity in the equation of state is shown to affect the surface level drop due to evaporation; the effect is negligible at low salinities, but a 10 per cent correction is already required at the salinity found in the northern Red Sea (41 per mille). Reliable reference points for the conversion of absolute salinity to density of highly saline brines are not known, at present, as accurately as desirable; pending the accurate determination of such reference points, a substantial dilution of hypersaline brines (for the purpose of adapting them to conductivity measurements) would multiply the error range by more than a hundred fold. On the other hand, a minute dilution of hypersaline brine samples to prevent salt crystal formation is possible and would not bring about any major increase of the error range in their density (salinity) determination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442137
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    Algae of Lake Bai-Khol (Tuva, Russia) (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: algae ; Lake Bai-Khol ; salinity ; Uvs-Nuur Basin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The algal flora of Lake Bai-Khol, located in the endorheic Uvs-Nuur Basin, Russia, has been studied from collections made in August 1997. 79 taxa belonging to diatoms, blue-green and green algae were present.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442129
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    The salinity of hypersaline brines: Concepts and misconceptions (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 55-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Dead Sea ; equation of state ; pycnometry ; salinity ; saturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Some widespread misconceptions about salinity are pointed out, explained and commented on. Definitions, units, and methods of salinity determination recommended for brines of moderate salinities may become unsuitable for highly saline brines. Various salinity units are examined and commented on, and density at a precisely monitored temperature is chosen as the preferable “substitute parameter” for salinity determination of hypersaline brines. It is shown that ambient air density during pycnometric measurements must be known as accurately as required of the brine's density, and that its value must be added to the direct pycnometric measurement. Variations of atmospheric pressure at the time of pycnometry must be taken into account if greater than 15 mB. For a salinity accuracy of ±0.02 per mille, as required for some physical and chemical studies, the temperature of the sample during salinity measurement must be monitored with an accuracy of at least 0.04°C. A definite curve in the ρ-S plane, corresponding to the conversion of salinity to density at a fixed temperature, and vice-versa, does not exist if the brine is saturated in one of its salts. Non-linearity in the equation of state is shown to affect the surface level drop due to evaporation; the effect is negligible at low salinities, but a 10 per cent correction is already required at the salinity found in the northern Red Sea (41 per mille). Reliable reference points for the conversion of absolute salinity to density of highly saline brines are not known, at present, as accurately as desirable; pending the accurate determination of such reference points, a substantial dilution of hypersaline brines (for the purpose of adapting them to conductivity measurements) would multiply the error range by more than a hundred fold. On the other hand, a minute dilution of hypersaline brine samples to prevent salt crystal formation is possible and would not bring about any major increase of the error range in their density (salinity) determination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009059827435
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    Comparisons between the reproductive biology of black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri (Teleostei: Sparidae) in four estuaries with widely differing characteristics (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 179-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: black bream ; estuaries ; fecundity ; fishery management ; length and age at maturity ; salinity ; spawning periods and locations ; water temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The reproductive biology of Acanthopagrus butcheri has been studied in the permanently open Swan River and intermittently open Moore River estuaries on the lower west coast of Australia (31--32 °S) and in the permanently open Nornalup Walpole and normally closed Wellstead estuaries on the southern coast of Western Australia (34--35 °S). Trends exhibited by gonadosomatic indices, gonadal maturity stages and the sizes and developmental stages of the oocytes demonstrate that A. butcher typically spawns in spring and early summer. However, spawning occurred in salinities ranging from as low as 3.5-8 g L−1 in the Moore River Estuary to as high as 41-45 g L−1 in the Wellstead Estuary. Furthermore, water temperatures during spawning were greater in the two northern estuaries (19.7--28.5 °C) than in the two southern and cooler estuaries (17.5--23.4 °C). Histological studies strongly indicate that A. butcheri spawn more than once in a breeding season and demonstrate that the development of its oocytes exhibits group synchrony sensu de Vlaming (1983). The ages and total lengths at which, on average, female and male A. butcheri both first attain maturity in the Swan River Estuary were ca 2 years and ca 215 mm. However, the age at which individual fish in that system reach maturity was influenced by body size. This suggests that the attainment of first maturity at an older age but smaller length in the Moore River and Nornalup Walpole estuaries than is the case in the Swan River Estuary is a consequence of the slower growth rates of A. butcheri in those estuaries. The combination of the young age (ca 2 years) but small length (ca 145 mm) at which maturity is first attained in the Wellstead Estuary could have resulted from selection pressures brought about by high mortality rates and/or heavy fishing pressure in this estuary. The mean fecundity of A. butcheri, based on the combined number of yolk vesicle and yolk granule oocytes found in ovaries just prior to the onset of spawning, was 1580 × 103. The significance of the sizes at first maturity, minimum legal length for capture, mesh selectivity data and closure of certain regions of estuaries to fishing for the management of the recreational and commercial fishery for A. butcheri is discussed.
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    Salinity of surface waters in the Aral sea region (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 8 (1999), S. 293-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Aral Sea ; salinity ; salinization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract An overview of recent changes in salinity in the surface waters of the Aral sea basin is given. Total dissolved salts (salinity) in most waters are higher than admissible values for drinking water, and ionic composition has changed with time. Salinity of the ‘Big Sea’ of the Aral was 48 g L−1 in 1998, but has decreased to below 21 g L−1 in the ‘Small Sea’ due to the building of a new dam between the two parts of the Aral Sea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442116
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    Dependence of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, on high humidity for infection of Rhodnius prolixus (1999)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 146 (1999), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: entomopathogenic hyphomycete ; vector control ; Chagas disease ; Beauveria bassiana ; Rhodnius prolixus ; humidity ; temperature ; incubation time ; mortality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The impact of relative humidity (RH) on the infective potential of the isolate Bb INRA 297 of Beauveriabassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) against first in star nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus Stål. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) was determined. Fungus-treated insects were exposed to RHs ranged from 75 to 100% at 25 °C. Results clearly showed a threshold of humidity at ca. 96% for high and rapid mortality. After initial exposure to increasing periods of 97% (4, 8, 16, 24, 36 and 48 h) and subsequent transfer to constant lower RHs (43, 53,75 and 86%) at a constant 25 °C, an incubation of at least 48 h at 97% RH was necessary to kill all insects. On changing RHs of 97/75% and different regimes of temperature (15/28 °C,20/25 °C, 25/28 °C,and 25/35 °C), at least 72 h of initial exposure at 97% RH for the 15/28 °C regime, 48 h for the 20°/25°C and25/28 °C regimes and 36 h for25/35 °C were needed to kill all insects over a 6-day incubation time. Delayed exposure to favorable moisture condition (97% RH), significantly affected infection for up to a 3-day delay within the various temperature-humidity regimes tested.
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    Effect of chorionic gonadotropin on irradiated animals (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 127 (1999), S. 483-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: chorionic gonadotropin ; irradiation ; blood ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chorionic gonadotropin exerts a protective effect on irradiated animals: it increases survival rate and number of peripheral blood leukocytes, improves the structure of liver parenchyma, and increases body weight.
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    Growth-inhibitory activity of bone marrow cells during CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 127 (1999), S. 587-589 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: liver ; CCl 4 ; cirrhosis ; bone marrow ; hemopoiesis ; macrophages ; tumor necrosis factor-α
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract During CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis, cells of the hemopoiesis-inducing microenvironment in the bone marrow of BALB/c mice produced activity inhibiting the growth of erythropoiesis and granulomonocytopoiesis precursors. Stimulation with yeast polysaccharide zymosan increased the inhibitory activity (especially in relation to granulomonocytic precursors). The highest growth-inhibitory activity was produced by the bone marrow adherent fraction (residual bone marrow macrophages). Tumor necrosis factor-α is probably responsible for the inhibition of the growth of myeloid precursors in mice with CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02433285
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    Inhibition and regulation of antioxidant protection, microsomal oxidation, and xenobiotic glucuronidation in cholestatic rats (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 127 (1999), S. 176-179 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: liver ; cholestasis ; biotransformation of xenobiotics ; antioxidant system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An 8-day biliary obstruction in rats caused by ligation of the common bile duct is accompanied by an increase in bilirubin blood content and alanine aminotransferase activity. The hepatic xenobiotic-metabolizing activity (intensities of microsomal oxidation and glucuronidation) decreases in parallel with the inhibition of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase). A comparative study of Heptral, Ursofalk, Essentiale, and Cordiamin (nikethamide) showed that Cordiamin displays the most significant enzymestabilizing activity.
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    Functions of bone marrow hemopoiesis-inducing microenvironment during CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 128 (1999), S. 903-905 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: liver ; cirrhosis ; bone marrow ; hemopoiesis ; macrophages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract During late stages of CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis, production of factors stimulating the growth of erythroid and granulomonocytopoietic precursors by bone marrow adherent and nonadherent fractions of BALB/c mice decreased. Stimulation with the yeast polysaccharide zymosan decreased production of these activities by various bone marrow cells, especially by the adherent fraction.
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    Retinol uptake and metabolism, and cellular retinol binding protein expression in an in vitro model of hepatic stellate cells (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 187 (1998), S. 11-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: vitamin-A ; cellular retinol-binding protein ; liver ; hepatic stellate cells ; lipocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Liver is a major site of retinoid metabolism and storage, and more than 80% of the liver retinoids are stored in hepatic stellate cells. These cells represent less than 1% of the total liver protein, reaching a very high relative intracellular retinoid concentration. The plasma level of retinol is maintained close to 2 μM, and hepatic stellate cells have to be able both to uptake or to release retinol depending upon the extracellular retinol status. In view of their paucity in the liver tissue, stellate cells have been studied in primary cultures, in which they loose rapidly the stored lipids and retinol, and convert spontaneously into the activated myofibroblast phenotype, turning a long-term study of their retinol metabolism impossible. We have analyzed the retinol metabolism in the established GRX cell line, representative of stellate cells. We showed that this cell line behaves very similarly, with respect the retinol uptake and release, to primary cultures of hepatic stellate cells. Moreover, we showed that the cellular retinol binding protein (CRBP-I) expression in these cells, relevant for both uptake and esterification of retinol, responds to the extracellular retinol status, and is correlated to the retinol binding capacity of the cytosol. Its expression is not associated with the overall induction of the lipocyte phenotype by other agents. We conclude that the GRX cell line represents an in vitro model of hepatic stellate cells, and responds very efficiently to wide variations of the extracellular retinol status by autonomous controls of its uptake, storage or release.
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    Gene gun-mediated in vivo analysis of tissue-specific repression of gene transcription driven by the chicken ovalbumin promoter in the liver and oviduct of laying Hens (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 185 (1998), S. 27-32 
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    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: chicken ; oviduct ; liver ; tissue-specific repression ; in vivo gene transfer ; gene gun
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to search tissue-specific elements in the 5′-upstream promoter region, gene gun was used to transfect in vivo plasmid DNAs with varying lengths of truncated ovalbumin promoter fused to the CAT reporter gene to the oviduct and liver of laying hens. The results indicated that in the oviduct, consistently high reporter gene expression was observed irrespective of the length of the truncated ovalbumin gene promoters, whereas in the liver the ovalbumin promoter extending from -3200 to +8 bp suppressed substantially the reporter gene expression compared with consistently high gene expression obtained by the ovalbumin promoters from -2800 to +8 bp or shorter length. It was concluded, therefore, that a tissue-specific silencer-like element might reside most likely in the ovalbumin gene promoter region between -3200 and -2800 bp which represses the ovalbumin gene transcription in the liver, but not in the oviduct of laying hens.
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    In vitro desaturation or elongation of monotrans isomers of linoleic acid by rat liver microsomes (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 185 (1998), S. 17-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: trans polyunsaturated fatty acid ; linoleic acid ; desaturation elongation ; microsomes ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several nutritional studies have shown the in vivo conversion of the 9c,12t-18:2 and 9t,12c-18:2 into long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) containing 20 carbons (geometrical isomers of eicosadienoic and eicosatetraenoic acids). In the present work, some in vitro studies were carried out in order to have precise information on the conversion of these two isomers. In a first set of experiments, studies were focused on the in vitro Δ6 desaturation, the first regulatory step of the biosynthesis of n-6 long chain PUFA, from 9c,12c-18:2. Rat liver microsomes were prepared and incubated under desaturation conditions with [1-14C]-9c,12c-18:2 in presence of unlabelled 9c,12t-, 9t,12c- or 9t,12t-18:2. The data show that each trans isomer induced a decrease of the Δ6 desaturation of the [1-14C]-9c,12c-18:2, but the 9c,12t-18:2 was the most potent inhibitor (up to 63%). Rat liver microsomes were also incubated with [1-14C]-9c,12c-18:2, [1-14C]-9c,12t-18:2 or [1-14C]-9t,12c-18:2 under desaturation conditions. The results indicated that 18:2 Δ9c,12t is a much better substrate for desaturase than 9t,12c-18:2. Moreover, the conversion levels of [1-14C]-9c,12t-18:2 was similar to what was observed for its all cis homologue, at low substrate concentration only. In a second set of experiments, in vitro elongation studies of each mono-trans 18:2 isomers and 9c,12c-18:2 were carried out. For that purpose, rat liver microsomes were incubated with [1-14C]-9c,12c-18:2, [1-14C]-9c,12t-18:2 or [1-14C]-9t,12c-18:2 under elongation conditions. The data show that [1-14C]-9t,12c-18:2 is better elongated than 9c,12c-18:2 while the amount of product formed from [1-14C]-9c,12t-18:2 was lower than was produced from the 9c,12c-18:2. Thus, the desaturation enzymes presented a higher affinity for the 9c,12t-18:2 whereas the elongation enzyme presented a higher affinity for the 9t,12c-18:2.
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    The effect of dexamethasone treatment on the expression of the regulatory genes of ketogenesis in intestine and liver of suckling rats (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 178 (1998), S. 325-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: carnitine palmitoyl transferase I ; mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase ; dexamethasone ; suckling rats ; ketogenesis ; intestine ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the injection of dexamethasone on ketogenesis in 12 day old suckling rats was studied in intestine and liver by determining mRNA levels and enzyme activity of the two genes responsible for regulation of ketogenesis: carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT 1) and mitochondrial HMG-CoA synthase. Dexamethasone produced a 2 fold increase in mRNA and activity of CPT I in intestine, but led to a decrease in mitt HMG-CoA synthase. In liver the mRNA levels and activity of both CPT I and mitt HMG-CoA synthase decreased. Comparison of these values with the ketogenic rate of both tissues following dexamethasone treatment suggests that mitt HMG-CoA synthase could be the main gene responsible for the regulation of ketogenesis in suckling rats. The changes produced in serum ketone bodies by dexamethasone, with a profile that is more similar to the ketogenic rate in the liver than that in the intestine, indicate that liver contributes more to ketone body synthesis in suckling rats. Two day treatment with dexamethasone produced no change in mRNA or activity levels for CPT I in liver or intestine. While mRNA levels for mitt HMG-CoA synthase changed little, the enzyme activity is decreased in both tissues.
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    Numerical prognosis for salinity profiles of future lakes in the opencast mine Merseburg-Ost (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 235-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: groundwater ; Merseburg-Ost ; mine ; meromixis ; numerical model ; monimolimnion ; opencast ; physical limnology ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Salt-laden groundwater inflows have formed monimolimnia in developing lakes of the abandoned opencast lignite mine Merseburg-Ost, Central Germany. Water-levels are still rising. To predict the future status of the lakes, two numerical models were developed. One was designed to predict groundwater flows, the second included limnophysical processes. The models were run in parallel and data exchange between them was performed every 1 to 10 years of model time. A trial of a 100-years prognosis was done. The results of surface salinity, mixing depth, and salinity profile are given. A sensitivity analysis yielded indications for the accuracy of the prediction.
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    Potential salinity limitations on nitrogen fixation in sediments from Mono Lake, California (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 261-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; lake management ; Mono Lake ; nitrogen fixation ; salinity ; saline lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Mono Lake is a hypersaline alkaline lake in the high altitude Great Basin desert of eastern California. Algal productivity of the lake is nitrogen-limited, and a contributing source is derived from benthic nitrogen fixation. Lake level and salinity have fluctuated with natural climatic variations but have also been affected by the diversion of tributary streams. This research examines the influence of varied salinity and lake level on the potential for benthic nitrogen fixation in Mono Lake. A sediment-surface microbial mat community was exposed directly, and in acclimated cultures, to a range of Mono Lake salinities under anaerobic incubations and the activity of nitrogenase assayed by acetylene reduction. Activity was stimulated in light, but also occurred in darkness. Over an experimental salinity range from 50 to 150 g L−1 TDS, nitrogenase activity was reduced by 90 per cent, with the activity persisting at the highest salinity being attributable to dark fixation alone. Between a salinity of 50 g L−1, occurring in Mono Lake over 50 years ago, and 100 g L−1, nitrogenase activity was reduced by nearly half. Changes in the area of the littoral zone at varied lake levels also affect the total amount of potential benthic nitrogen fixation in the lake. An accounting of yearly inputs of nitrogen to Mono Lake suggests N2-fixation could contribute as much as 76–81 percent of the total. Inhibition of nitrogen fixation rates by increased salinity could limit the long-term nutrient supply and benthic primary productivity of this ecosystem.
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    Heat-induced testicular apoptosis occurs independently of hormonal depletion (1998)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 3 (1998), S. 281-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Androgen ; apoptosis ; heat stress ; hormone ; temperature ; testis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that testicular germ cell apoptosis can be induced both by heat stress and by withdrawal of androgens and gonadotrophins. To investigate whether heat-induced germ cell apoptosis occurs independently of the altered levels of hormones that occur with heat exposure, mouse testicular apoptosis was studied using an in vitro system with controlled levels of testosterone, FSH and LH. It was observed that cells underwent apoptosis sooner in the absence of hormones at the same temperature. Apoptosis also occurred earlier at abdominal temperature compared to scrotal temperature with the same hormonal levels. No somatic tissues studied underwent apoptosis at 37°C under the same culture conditions. These results suggest that heat stress may independently activate an apoptotic pathway in the testis, and that hormone deprivation may induce apoptosis via a separate mechanism.
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    The relationship between electrical conductivity and selected macroinvertebrate communities in four river systems of south-west Victoria, Australia (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 153-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: confounding parameters ; nutrients ; salinity ; survey design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In order to relate macroinvertebrate fauna to electrical conductivity (EC), a survey of selected orders of macroinvertebrates was conducted in the Glenelg, Hopkins, Merri and Barwon River Catchments in south-west Victoria, Australia. The survey consisted of sampling 21 paired sites at confluences of streams. There was little difference between the in-stream habitat but there was a range of differences in EC between each of the paired sites. The dissimilarity of macroinvertebrate fauna between the paired sites was compared to the proportional difference in EC and other water quality variables (dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, NO2−N, NO3−N, PO4 and turbidity). This allowed the elimination of EC being confounded with geographical scale parameters and took into account other water quality parameters that may be confounded with EC. A positive relationship was found between the dissimilarity of the fauna at each of the two paired sites and the proportional difference in EC. No such relationship was found for any other measured water quality variable. The results of this survey show that macroinvertebrate community structure is associated with EC of the river systems investigated after eliminating large scale geographical patterns, in-stream habitat and the measured water quality parameters.
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    Potential salinity limitations on nitrogen fixation in sediments from Mono Lake, California (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 261-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; lake management ; Mono Lake〉/kwd〉 ; nitrogen fixation ; salinity ; saline lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Mono Lake is a hypersaline alkaline lake in the high altitude Great Basin desert of eastern California. Algal productivity of the lake is nitrogen-limited, and a contributing source is derived from benthic nitrogen fixation. Lake level and salinity have fluctuated with natural climatic variations but have also been affected by the diversion of tributary streams. This research examines the influence of varied salinity and lake level on the potential for benthic nitrogen fixation in Mono Lake. A sediment-surface microbial mat community was exposed directly, and in acclimated cultures, to a range of Mono Lake salinities under anaerobic incubations and the activity of nitrogenase assayed by acetylene reduction. Activity was stimulated in light, but also occurred in darkness. Over an experimental salinity range from 50 to 150 g L-1 TDS, nitrogenase activity was reduced by 90 per crnt, with the activity persisting at the highest salinity being attributable to dark fixation alone. Between a salinity of 50 g L-1, occurring in Mono Lake over 50 years ago, and 100 g L-1, nitrogenase activity was reduced by nearly half. Changes in the area of the littoral zone at varied lake levels also affect the total amount of potential benthic nitrogen fixation in the lake. An accounting of yearly inputs of nitrogen to Mono Lake suggests N2-fixation could contribute as much as 76–81 percent of the total. Inhibition of nitrogen fixation rates by increased salinity could limit the long-term nutrient supply and benthic primary productivity of this ecosystem.
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    Numerical prognosis for salinity profiles of future lakes in the opencast mine Merseburg-Ost (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 235-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: groundwater ; Merseburg-Ost ; mine ; meromixis ; numerical model ; monimolimnion ; opencast ; physical limnology ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Salt-laden groundwater inflows have formed monimolimnia in developing lakes of the abandoned opencast lignite mine Merseburg-Ost, Central Germany. Water-levels are still rising. To predict the future status of the lakes, two numerical models were developed. One was designed to predict groundwater flows, the second included limnophysical processes. The models were run in parallel and data exchange between them was performed every 1 to 10 years of model time. A trial of a 100-years prognosis was done. The results of surface salinity, mixing depth, and salinity profile are given. A sensitivity analysis yielded indications for the accuracy of the prediction.
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    Is salinity the only water quality parameter affected when saline water is disposed in rivers? (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 285-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: nutrients ; salinity ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The effect of saline lake water disposal from the Lough Calvert Drainage Scheme on water quality of the Barwon River, in south west Victoria, Australia, was investigated. The Scheme is used to regulate the levels of several saline lakes outside the Barwon's catchment. This study found that the disposal of saline lake water was associated with increased total phosphorus, PO4, TKN, suspended solids, electrical conductivity and stream discharge and lower NOx in the Barwon River. Thus, when disposing of saline water, factors other than salinity should be considered in order to prevent an impact on the aquatic environment. At present this is generally not done. The results are discussed with reference to the effects of saline water disposal on aquatic biota and how the effect of saline lake water disposal on water quality may differ from the disposal of saline groundwater.
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  • 42
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    Is salinity the only water quality parameter affected when saline water is disposed in rivers? (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 285-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: nutrients ; salinity ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The effect of saline lake water disposal from the Lough Calvert Drainage Scheme on water quality of the Barwon River, in south west Victoria, Australia, was investigated. The Scheme is used to regulate the levels of several saline lakes outside the Barwon's catchment. This study found that the disposal of saline lake water was associated with increased total phosphorus, PO4, TKN, suspended solids, electrical conductivity and stream discharge and lower NOx in the Barwon River. Thus, when disposing of saline water, factors other than salinity should be considered in order to prevent an impact on the aquatic environment. At present this is generally not done. The results are discussed with reference to the effects of saline water disposal on aquatic biota and how the effect of saline lake water disposal on water quality may differ from the disposal of saline groundwater.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02442141
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  • 43
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    The relationship between electrical conductivity and selected macroinvertebrate communities in four river systems of south-west Victoria, Australia (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 7 (1998), S. 153-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: confounding parameters ; nutrients ; salinity ; survey design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In order to relate macroinvertebrate fauna to electrical conductivity (EC), a survey of selected orders of macroinvertebrates was conducted in the Glenelg, Hopkins, Merri and Barwon River Catchments in south-west Victoria, Australia. The survey consisted of sampling 21 paired sites at confluences of streams. There was little difference between the in-stream habitat but there was a range of differences in EC between each of the paired sites. The dissimilarity of macroinvertebrate fauna between the paired sites was compared to the proportional difference in EC and other water quality variables (dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, NO2-N, NO3-N, PO4 and turbidity). This allowed the elimination of EC being confounded with geographical scale parameters and took into account other water quality parameters that may be confounded with EC. A positive relationship was found between the dissimilarity of the fauna at each of the two paired sites and the proportional difference in EC. No such relationship was found for any other measured water quality variable. The results of this survey show that macroinvertebrate community structure is associated with EC of the river systems investigated after eliminating large scale geographical patterns, in-stream habitat and the measured water quality parameters.
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  • 44
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    Normothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass Increases Heparin Requirements Necessary to Maintain Anticoagulation (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 14 (1998), S. 323-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: heparin ; anticoagulation ; cardiopulmonary bypass ; temperature ; normothermia ; hypothermia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective. With the practice of warm cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) at our institution we have observed an apparent increase in heparin requirements. CPB temperature predictability affects pharmacokinetics and differences in drug metabolism can be expected. We hypothesized that heparin requirements would increase with increasing CPB temperature. Methods. Following Institutional Review Board approval, we reviewed the charts of 354 patients undergoing primary coronary artery bypass graft surgery. We recorded patient demographic data, CPB duration, heparin requirements, and temperature during CPB. CPB was conducted between 24 °C and 37 °C. The Spearman's correlation coefficient, Pearson chi-square, and rank-sum tests were used for data analysis. Results. Core temperature during CPB correlated with heparin requirements (r = 0.13, p 〈 0.02). However, CPB duration was shorter in warm patients than in cold patients (r = −0.455, p 〈 0.0001). Additional heparin requirements adjusted for duration of CPB (units/minute) were also significantly greater in the warm group (p = 0.018). Conclusions. Maintenance of adequate heparin anticoagulation during CPB is clinically important. Warm CPB patients required more heparin per minute than those undergoing cold CPB. More frequent assessment of anticoagulation and administration of additional heparin should be considered in patients undergoing warm CPB.
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    Immediate and remote effects of antitumor drug on the morphology of rat liver (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 126 (1998), S. 1140-1143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: liver ; platidiam ; pharmorubicine ; CCl 4-induced hepatitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Experiments performed on rats have shown that a single intravenous injection of the antitumor preparations platidiam and pharmorubicine in the maximum tolerated dose cause morphological changes in the liver which are preserved for 3 months after platidiam and for 6 moths after pharmorubicine. Instability of reparative processes in the liver was revealed when the rats were poisoned with CCl4, 1, 3, and 6 months after administration of the cytostatics.
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    Ultrastructural changes in liver sinusoid endotheliocytes during dextran treatment of the compression syndrome (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 126 (1998), S. 734-736 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: liver ; endothelial cells of sinusoids ; long-term compression syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Electron microscopic and morphometric studies showed reduction in the intensity of plastic processes, impaired mitochondrial function, and increased proportion of secondary lysososomes in endothelial cells of liver sinusoids in rats with a moderate long-term compression syndrome. These processes were pronounced in dextran-treated rats, which may be due to impaired trophics of hepatocytes.
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    Ultrastructure of rat liver cells after exhausting physical training (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 126 (1998), S. 731-733 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: liver ; hepatocyte ; physical load ; clasmatosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In rats, running of the maximum intensity caused death of some hepatocytes, an increase in the number of phagosomes in Kuppfer cells, and the emergence of connective tissue fibers in the space of Disse. Ultrastructural investigation of hepatocytes showed delayed release of bile products into bile capillaries, decrease in glycogen content, increase in the number of mitochondria (many of them were divided by the cristae), and irregular distribution of ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Accumulation of erythrocytes in the sinusoids, fragments of dead hepatocytes, Kuppfer cells with numerous phagosomes, and connective tissue fibers in the space of Disse were observed in rat liver after exhausting swimming. Study of hepatocyte ultrastructure revealed intense protein synthesis (as evidenced by increased number of ribosomes and unchanged mitochondria and cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum), separation of cytoplasmic fragments with ribosomes into sinusoids, absence of glycogen, and lipid accumulation.
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    Morphological restructuring of lymphoid organs in birds and tailless amphibians after surgical interventions on the viscera (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 126 (1998), S. 961-964 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: regeneration ; lymphoid tissue reaction ; liver ; pancreas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Resection of the liver and pancreas in birds involves a decrease in mitotic activity of follicular lymphoid cells in the bursa of Fabricius (3.8 and 2.6 times on days 10 and 20 postoperation, respectively) and in the spleen (1.5–2 times 1–30 days postoperation) in comparison with the white pulp and splenic follicles volume. In frogs, unilateral nephrectomy involves devastation of the spleen (its red and white pulp), which does not decrease by day 8 postoperation.
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    Vitamin E content of different animal products: Influence of animal nutrition (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 23-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vitamin E ; Fleisch ; Fettgewebe ; Leber ; Eigelb ; Vitamin E ; meat ; adipose tissue ; liver ; egg yolk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The α-tocopherol content of different meat cuts was examined. Chicken thigh had the highest vitamin E content, followed by chicken breast and pork shoulder (p〈0.05). The lowest concentrations were found in longissimus dorsi muscle from pork, beef, veal and in beef shoulder. Considering the average daily lean meat consumption (105 g) in Switzerland, recommendation for daily vitamin E intake was met to 3 %. Supplementation of 200 mg α-tocopherol acetate/kg feed to pigs and laying hens significantly increased the α-tocopherol content in all examined products. The α-tocopherol accumulation differed according to the following ranking: egg yolk 〉 liver 〉 adipose tissue 〉 musculus longissimus dorsi. The α-tocopherol:energy ratios were 28.8, 7.3, 0.9 and 1.2 mg/MJ for egg yolk, liver, adipose tissue and longissimus dorsi muscle of the vitamin E supplemented groups, respectively. The results showed that meat, with the exception of chicken thigh, is not an important supplier of vitamin E, not even from animals fed a vitamin E enriched diet. Egg yolk became a good source of vitamin E for human nutrition by dietary modification.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie wurde der α-Tocopherolgehalt verschiedener Fleischstücke untersucht. Hähnchenschenkel hatte den höchsten α-Tocopherolgehalt, gefolgt von Hähnchenbrust und Schweineschulter (p〈0.05). Die niedrigsten Konzentrationen wurden im Musculus longissimus dorsi vom Schwein, Rind, Kalb und in der Rindsschulter nachgewiesen. Mit dem durchschnittlichen, täglichen Verzehr an magerem Fleisch (105 g) in der Schweiz wurden die Empfehlungen für die tägliche Vitamin E-Zufuhr zu 3 % gedeckt. Die Supplementierung des Schweine- und Legehennenfutters mit 200 mg α-Tocopherolacetat/kg führte zu einem signifikanten Anstieg des α-Tocopherolgehaltes in allen untersuchten Produkten. Die α-Tocopherolakkumulierung unterschied sich gemäß folgender Rangordnung: Eigelb 〉 Leber 〉 Fettgewebe 〉Musculus longissimus dorsi. Die Nährstoffdichten betrugen 28.8, 7.3, 0.9 und 1.2 mg α-Tocopherol/MJ für Eigelb, Leber, Fettgewebe und Musculus longissimus dorsi der jeweiligen mit Vitamin E supplementierten Gruppe. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Fleisch, mit Ausnahme des Hähnchenschenkels, von Tieren mit supplementierten Diäten kein bedeutender Vitamin E-Lieferant ist. Hingegen wurde Eigelb durch fütterungsbedingte Modifikation zu einer guten Vitamin E-Quelle.
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    Untersuchungen zum Einfluß einer unterschiedlichen Riboflavinversorgung während der Laktation auf den Riboflavingehalt von Milch, Leber und Restkörper laktierender Ratten (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 176-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Riboflavin ; Milch ; Leber ; Restkörper ; Laktation ; Ratte ; Riboflavin ; milk ; liver ; carcass ; lactation ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The present study investigated the effect of various dietary riboflavin supplementations (0 to 4 000 mg/kg) during lactation on riboflavin concentrations of liver, carcass (bled body without intestine and liver), and milk in the rat. The experiment was conducted until the 14th day of lactation; milk samples were drawn on the 7th and 13th day of lactation. Riboflavin concentrations of milk raised continuously with increasing riboflavin supplementation; in the range between 0 and 10 mg/kg riboflavin supplementation, there was a linear relationship, and in the range between 12 and 4 000 mg/kg there was a logarithmic relationship between riboflavin supplementation and riboflavin concentration in the milk. Maximum riboflavin concentration of milk obtained by supplementation with 4 000 mg/kg was twelve-fold higher than without riboflavin supplementation. For riboflavin supplementation up to 12 mg/kg, riboflavin concentrations in milk on the 7th day of lactation and that on the 13th day of lactation were not different. In contrast, in rats fed diets with higher riboflavin supplementation, riboflavin concentrations were higher by 25 % in average in milk on the 13th day of lactation than in milk on the 7th day of lactation. Contrary to the milk, riboflavin concentrations in liver and carcass exhibited a saturation, which was achieved at a supplementation of 6 mg/kg (liver) and 10 mg/kg (carcass), respectively. Maximum riboflavin concentrations obtained at a supplementation of 4 000 mg/kg were 1.9- and 2.3-fold higher for liver and carcass, respectively, than concentrations obtained without riboflavin supplementation. The dose-response relationship using riboflavin concentrations of liver and carcass as response factors indicates a riboflavin requirement of 8 to 9 mg/kg for lactating rats fed a semisynthetic diet with 17.4 MJ ME/kg dry matter and 20.8 % protein in dry matter.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluß unterschiedlicher Riboflavinzulagen zum Futter (0 bis 4 000 mg/kg) während der Laktation auf die Riboflavinkonzentrationen in Leber, Restkörper (ausgebluteter Gesamtkörper ohne Magen-Darm-Trakt und Leber) und Milch von Ratten untersucht. Der Versuch dauerte bis zum 14. Laktationstag; Milchproben wurden am 7. und am 13. Laktationstag gewonnen. Die Riboflavinkonzentration der Milch erhöhte sich mit steigender Zulage stetig, wobei im Bereich zwischen 0 und 10 mg Riboflavinzulage/kg Futter eine lineare und im Bereich zwischen 12 und 4 000 mg/kg eine logarithmische Funktion vorlag. Die maximale Riboflavinkonzentration in der Milch bei einer Zulage von 4 000 mg/kg war dabei etwa zwölfmal so hoch wie bei fehlender Zulage. Bei Riboflavinzulagen bis 12 mg/kg unterschieden sich die Riboflavinkonzentrationen der Milch am 7. und 13. Laktationstag nicht. Bei den höheren Zulagen waren die Konzentrationen der Milch am 13. Laktationstag im Mittel um 25 % höher als am 7. Laktationstag. Im Gegensatz zur Milch zeigte sich in Leber und Restkörper eine Sättigung der Riboflavinkonzentrationen, die bei einer Riboflavinzulage von 6 mg/kg (Leber) bzw. 10 mg/kg (Restkörper) erreicht war. Die maximalen Riboflavinkonzentrationen bei Zulagen von 4 000 mg/kg waren dabei 1,9 (Leber) bzw. 2,3 (Restkörper) mal so hoch wie bei fehlender Riboflavinzulage. Diese Befunde sprechen für eine ausgeprägte homöostatische Kontrolle der Riboflavinkonzentrationen im Organismus. Anhand von Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehungen mit den Riboflavinkonzentrationen in Leber und Restkörper als Wirkungskriterien leitete sich bei Verwendung des halbsynthetischen Futters (17,4 MJ ME/kg Trockenmasse (T), 20,8 % Rohprotein in T) ein Riboflavinbedarf von 8 bis 9 mg/kg Futter für die laktierende Ratte ab.
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    Influence of environmental temperature on in vivo energy expenditure and in vitro ouabain-sensitive respiration in duodenal mucosa and liver in rats fed different levels of dietary fibre or protein (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 278-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Environmental temperature ; energy expenditure ; ouabain-sensitive respiration ; duodenal mucosa ; liver ; rats ; Umgebungstemperatur ; Energieumsatz ; Quabain-sensitive Respiration ; Duodenalmukosa ; Leber ; Ratten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung der Umgebungstemperatur (18°C oder 28°C) und des Fasergehalts in der Diät (g je kg Trockensubstanz (TS) niedrig - 68, mittel - 110, hoch - 157) oder des Proteingehalts (g je kg TS niedrig - 91, mittel- 171, hoch - 262) auf den Verdauungstrakt, die Darmmasse, den Energieumsatz und auf die mit der Na+, K+-ATPase-Aktivität zusammenhängenden Respiration von Duodenalmukosa und Leber wurde bei 72 Wistar-Ratten in wiederholten Experimenten untersucht. Der Gesamte und Quabain-sensitive (ein Maß der Na+, K+-ATPase Aktivität) O2-Verbrauch der Gewebe wurde in vitro polarographisch ermittelt (YSI-biologische Sauerstoff-Erfassung nach dem Clark-Meßprinzip). Die Wärmeproduktion (WP) intakter Tiere wurde über Respirationskammern mit offenem Gasaustausch erfaßt. Die bei 18°C gehaltenen Ratten wiesen im Vergleich zu 28°C eine höhere Darmmasse auf. Die Masse an leerem Dünndarm, Caecum und Colon stieg mit ansteigendem Fasergehalt in der Diät (P〈0.05). Die WP als Korrelat der umsetzbaren Energie war nur im 1. Experiment höher (P〈0.05) bei 18°C als bei 28°C. Bei niedriger Proteinstufe war die WP signifikant höher (P 0.05) als bei den anderen Stufen. Verglichen mit 28°C erzeugte 18°C einen ansteigenden Gesamt- und Quabain-sensitiven O2-Verbrauch in der Duodenalmukosa. Die Leber reagierte nicht auf Temperaturunterschiede. Jedoch war ihr Quabain-sensitiver O2-Verbrauch bei niedrigem Proteingehalt in der Nahrung höher (P〈0.05) als bei den anderen Varianten. Bei niedrigem Fasergehalt war der gesamte und Quabain-sensitive O2-Verbrauch der Duodenalmukosa höher als bei den anderen Fasergehaltsvarianten. Die In-vitro-Ergebnisse stimmten mit der WP und dem O2-Verbrauch intakter Tiere überein.
    Notes: Summary Seventy two Wistar rats were used in two repeat studies to investigate the effect of environmental temperature (18°C or 28°C) and increasing levels of dietary fibre (low, 68 g/kg DM; medium 110 g/kg DM; high, 157 g/kg DM) or protein (low, 91 g/kg DM; medium, 171 g/kg DM; high, 262 g/kg DM) on digestive tract, visceral organ size, energy metabolism, and respiration attributable to Na+,K+-ATPase activity in duodenal mucosa and liver. Total and ouabain-sensitive (a measure of Na+,K+-ATPase activity) O2 consumptionin vitro of tissues were measured polarographically using a Clark-style YSI biological O2 monitor. Whole body heat production (in vivo) was measured using open-circuit respiration chambers. The weight of the visceral organs was higher in rats housed at 18°C than at 28°C. The empty weight of the small intestine, caecum, and colon increased as the level of dietary fibre increased (P 0.05). Heat production as a proportion of metabolizable energy was higher (P〈0.05) at 18°C than at 28°C in the first experiment but this difference was not significant in the second experiment. Rats fed the low protein diet had significantly higher (P〉0.05) heat production than those fed medium or high protein diets. Compared to 28°C, environmental temperature of 18°C caused an increased total and ouabain-sensitive O2 consumption in duodenal mucosa. There was no significant effect of environmental temperature on total and ouabain-sensitive O2 consumption in the liver. However, ouabain-sensitive O2 consumption in liver was significantly higher (P 0.05) when rats were fed a low protein diet compared to the medium or high protein diet. Total and ouabain-sensitive O2 consumption increased in duodenal mucosa of rats fed low level of dietary fibre compared to the medium or high dietary fibre diets. Thein vitro results corresponded with the whole animal energy expenditure and O2 consumptionin vivo.
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    Effect of environmental conditions and inoculum density on infection of guava fruits by Colletotrichum glososporioides (1997)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 137 (1997), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Anthracnose ; guava ; Colletotrichum glososporioides ; temperature ; free moisture ; inoculum density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of environmental factors (temperature and humidity), inoculum density on infection by Colletotrichum glososporioides and development of anthracnose lesions were determined on uninjured, sand-injured and punctured fruits. The optical temperature for severe infection was 30 °C, whereas the disease incidence was less at 20 and 35 °C. Inoculated guavas that received 1–60 h of continuous free moisture developed lesions, but the disease was minimal (0–7%) after 1–6 h free moisture. Infection rates of uninjured, sand-injured and punctured fruits receiving 60 h of free moisture were 34, 70 and 100%, respectively. Disease incidence increased as inoculum density increased from 101 to 106 conidia/ml. In field conditions, the development of anthracnose lesions was greater on punctured guavas than on uninjured or sand-injured ones, in both rainy and winter seasons. In general, the number of lesions was highest in sand-injured fruits, followed by punctured and uninjured fruits. In rainy season the number of lesions on injured and uninjured fruits was greater than similarly treated guavas in winter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006842801828
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    Effect of temperature on antagonistic and biocontrol potential of shape Trichoderma sp. on Sclerotium rolfsii (1997)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 139 (1997), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Antagonism ; biocontrol ; ginger ; postharvest rot ; Sclerotium rolfsii ; Trichoderma ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sclerotium rolfsii is a destructive soil-borne and postharvest plant pathogen. Use of the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma sp. has been earlier reported by us to successfully control this pathogen under postharvest conditions. In the present paper we report on the effects of temperature on the growth and biocontrol potential of Trichoderma sp. on S. rolfsii. Experimental results indicated that S. rolfsii and Trichoderma sp. have different temperature optima for growth: 30–35 °C for the pathogen and 25–30 °C for the antagonist. In dual culture, Trichoderma overgrew S. rolfsii at 25 °C and 30 °C, but at 35 °C and 37 °C, S. rolfsii overgrew the colony of Trichoderma. Trichoderma produced higher concentration of fungitoxic metabolites in broth culture at higher temperatures. In bioassays using ginger slices and whole rhizomes, it has been demonstrated that Trichoderma is not very effective in suppressing S. rolfsii at temperatures above 30 °C. In light of these results, possible mechanisms of biocontrol of S. rolfsii as a postharvest pathogen has been discussed. Storage temperature has been suggested as a critical factor in biocontrol of S. rolfsii.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006868009184
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    Interindividual variation in the enzymatic 15-keto-reduction of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin E1 in human liver and in human erythrocytes (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 52 (1997), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key wordsProstaglandin E1 ; Carbonyl reductase; 13 ; 14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE1 ; 13 ; 14-dihydro-PGE1 ; human ; liver ; erythrocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: The therapeutic response to PGE1 is highly variable, and a contribution by variable formation of its active tertiary metabolite PGE0 is in question. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the person-to-person variation of the reduction of the inactive intermediate metabolite 15-KD PGE1 by human liver and human erythrocytes in forming the active metabolite PGE0. Methods: Source of enzyme was lysed erythrocytes from 29 donors, and a bank of 37 donor livers including specimens from 15 children. Tritium-labelled 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin E1 (15-KD PGE1) was used at low nanomolar concentrations and found to be converted almost exclusively to the more polar compound 13,14-dihydro-prostaglandin E1 (PGE0) by an NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase. The identity of the product PGE0 was established by comparison of its chromatographic and mass spectral characteristics with authentic PGE0. Results: Lysed erythrocytes had readily measurable enzymatic activity; differences between the preparations from 29 subjects were very small with only a twofold range of variation. In contrast to lysed erythrocytes, intact erythrocytes did not catalyse the reaction so that the erythrocyte activity should be medically immaterial. 15-KD PGE1 15-ketoreductase activity of liver cytosol averaged 61.1 fmol · min−1 · mg−1 protein in preparations from 37 human livers. Individual activities varied over an almost tenfold range, with indications of a non-normal distribution. Kinetic studies of selected specimens showed substantially different Vmax values but indistinguishable k M values, suggesting that the individual variation in 15-KD PGE1 15-ketoreduction is the result of differences in enzyme concentration rather than of structural enzyme variations. The activity in 15 livers from children was significantly lower than in those from adults. Inhibition data suggest that both the liver and the erythrocyte enzymes belong to the class of carbonyl reductases. Conclusions: The variations in hepatic enzyme activity may be expected to affect the transformation of 15-KD PGE1 to the active metabolite PGE0 in vivo. The clinical significance remains to be explored.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050264
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    Effect of cadmium, mercury and copper on partially purified hepatic flavokinase of rat (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 167 (1997), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: cadmium ; zinc ; liver ; flavokinase ; thiol group
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of cadmium (Cd2+), mercury (Hg2+) and copper (Cu2+) was studied with partially purified flavokinase (ATP:riboflavin 5′-phosphotransferase EC 2.7.1.26) from rat liver. All the divalent heavy metal cations inhibited flavokinase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of cadmium on the enzyme was completely reversed by increasing concentration, of Zinc (Zn2+) indicating a competition between Zn2+ and Cd2+ for binding with the enzyme. A competition between riboflavin and Cd2+ is also evident from the present investigation. These observations hint at the possibility that Zn2+ and Cd2+ probably compete for the same site on the enzyme where riboflavin binds. However, inhibition of flavokinase by Hg2+ could not be reversed by Zn2+. Our studies further reveal that hepatic flavokinase appears to contain an essential, accessible and functional thiol group(s) which is evident from a concentration dependent inhibition of activity by sulfhydryl reagent s like parachloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid)(DTNB), and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). Inhibition of flavokinase by sulfhydryl reagents were protected, except in case of NEM inhibition, when the enzyme was incubated with thiol protectors like glutathione (GSH) and dithiothreitol (DTT). Furthermore, the enzyme could also be protected from the inhibitory effect of Cd2+ and Hg2+ by GSH and DTT suggesting that Cd2+ probably interacts with a reactive thiol group at or near the active site of enzyme in bringing about its inhibitory effect. (Mol Cell Biochem 167: 73-80, 1997)
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006815504302
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    Studies on hepatic injury and antioxidant enzyme activities in rat subcellular organelles following in vivo ischemia and reperfusion (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 176 (1997), S. 337-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: antioxidant enzymes ; sub-cellular organelles ; liver ; ischemia-reperfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The activities of rat hepatic subcellular antioxidant enzymes were studied during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. Ischemia was induced for 30 min (reversible ischemia) or 60 min (irreversible ischemia). Ischemia was followed by 2 or 24 h of reperfusion. Hepatocyte peroxisomal catalase enzyme activity decreased during 60 min of ischemia and declined further during reperfusion. Peroxisomes of normal density (d = 1.225 gram/ml) were observed in control tissues. However, 60 min of ischemia also produced a second peak of catalase specific activity in subcellular fractions corresponding to newly formed low density immature peroxisomes (d = 1.12 gram/ml). The second peak was also detectable after 30 min of ischemia followed by reperfusion for 2 or 24 h. Mitochondrial and microsomal fractions responded differently. MnSOD activity in mitochondria and microsomal fractions increased significantly (p 〈 0.05) after 30 min of ischemia, but decreased below control values following 60 min of ischemia and remained lower during reperfusion at 2 and 24 h in both organelle fractions. Conversely, mitochondrial and microsomal glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity increased significantly (p 〈 0.001) after 60 min of ischemia and was sustained during 24 h of reperfusion. In the cytosolic fraction, a significant increase in CuZnSOD activity was noted following reperfusion in animals subjected to 30 min of ischemia, but 60 min of ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion resulted in decreased CuZnSOD activity. These studies suggest that the antioxidant enzymes of various subcellular compartments respond to ischemia/reperfusion in an organelle or compartment specific manner and that the regulation of antioxidant enzyme activity in peroxisomes may differ from that in mitochondria and microsomes. The compartmentalized changes in hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity may be crucial determinant of cell survival and function during ischemia/reperfusion. Finally, a progressive decline in the level of hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) and concomitant increase in serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) activity also suggest that greater tissue damage and impairment of intracellular antioxidant activity occur with longer ischemia periods, and during reperfusion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006829902442
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    Alterations in isoforms of glutathione S-transferase in liver and kidney of cadmium exposed rhesus monkeys: Purification and kinetic characterization (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 166 (1997), S. 55-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: cadmium ; glutathione S-transferase ; liver ; kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Exposure of animals to cadmium (Cd) (25 mg kg-1 body wt day-1) for 10 weeks resulted in preferential accumulation of the metal in liver and kidney. Cd accumulation concomitantly increased zinc (Zn) concentration in both the organs. However, significant decrease in copper level was observed in liver, whereas kidney showed increase in copper (Cu) level. Cd exposure resulted in decreased total GST activity in liver (63%) and kidney (41%) as compared to control group monkeys on normal diet (group I). On isoelectric focusing (IFP) control liver GST segregated into thirteen isoenzymes, while in Cd-treated experimental animals (group II) liver GST resolved into nine isoenzymes. Similarly kidney GST from control animals separated into seven isoenzymes as compared to four isoenzymes from Cd-treated animals. Kinetic analysis showed that Cd exposure did not alter the affinity constant (Km) of GST for GSH and CDNB whereas maximal velocity (Vmax) for these substrates decreased as compared to controls in both the organs, indicating inhibition in GST synthesis by Cd. Cd resulted in a noncompetitive type of inhibition with respect to GSH in vitro. On isoelectric focussing GST of liver and kidney in group II resolved into nine and four isoenzymes as compared to thirteen and seven in group I, showing loss of four basic isoenzymes in case of liver and three isoenzymes in case of kidney. Monkey liver and kidney expressed all the three classes of GST isoenzymes i.e. α, µ and π, which were serologically identical to human α, µ and π GSTs. (Mol Cell Biochem 166: 55-63, 1997)
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    Variability in biomarkers of different saline basins in China (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 25-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: biomarker ; palaeoenvironment ; salinity ; salt lake ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract 42 samples (sediments and crude oils) from 5 differentsaline/hypersaline basins of China were examined using variety ofgeochemical techniques. A pronounced even over odd distribution of n-alkanesis observed for the Ejinur, Jianghan samples. Abundance of isoprenoidalkanes, dominated by phytane (C20 up to 20 per cent inEOM), and C25 and C30 components isanother outstanding feature of these studied lacustrine hypersalinesettings, indicating important contributuions from archaebacteria.Gammacerane is a major component of some Eocene Jianghan samples andCretaceous Taian sediments. Absolute concentration of phytane andgammacerane appears to be linearly related to chlorine and residual(reduced) sulfur contents of sediments from Jianghan basin, suggestingsulfur incoporation might have played an important role in the enhacement ofthese biomarkers in the anoxic hypersaline, alkaline settings. Wide range oforganic sulfur compounds in immature samples of Jianghan Basin reflects asignificant pathway for sulfur incorporation under hypersaline, extremelyanoxic/reducing conditions, although for some structures a direct originfrom some sulfur archaebacteria can not be excluded. Brackish salt marshsediment and oil from Lenghu depression contain abundant lupane, strong OEPin n-alkane series, and predominance of C29 steranes,suggesting a markedly input from vascular higher plants. The marginal marineevaporate sediments from the hypersaline Triassic Yangtze Platform is uniquefor its predominant, complete series of isoprenoid alkanes up toC36 (abundant) and C40 (trace). Theselong-chain isoprenoids are probably derived from phytoplanktons in additionto archaebacteria. The marked difference in biomarker distributions from thevarious suites of samples support that application of these biomarkers tohelp effectively characterize different saline basins. The molecularvariation is, however, not only due to their discrepancy in biologicalsources, but also the extension of sulfate reduction and the availability ofmetal ions during early diagenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009038107589
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    Variability in biomarkers of different saline basins in China (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 25-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: biomarker ; palaeoenvironment ; salinity ; salt lake ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract 42 samples (sediments and crude oils) from 5 different saline/hypersaline basins of China were examined using variety of geochemical techniques. A pronounced even over odd distribution ofn-alkanes is observed for the Ejinur, Jianghan samples. Abundance of isoprenoid alkanes, dominated by phytane (C20 up to 20 per cent in EOM), and C25 and C30 components is another outstanding feature of these studied lacustrine hypersaline settings, indicating important contributuions from archaebacteria. Gammacerane is a major component of some Eocene Jiangham samples and Cretaceous Taian sediments. Absolute concentration of phytane and gammacerane appears to be linearly related to chlorine and residual (reduced) sulfur contents of sediments from Jianghan basin, suggesting sulfur incoporation might have played an important role in the enhacement of these biomarkers in the anoxic hypersaline, alkaline settings. Wide range of organic sulfur compounds in immature samples of Jianghan Basin reflects a significant pathway for sulfur incorporation under hypersaline, extremely anoxic/reducing conditions, although for some structures a direct origin from some sulfur archaebacteria can not be excluded. Brackish salt marsh sediment and oil from Lenghu depression contain abundant lupane, strong OEP inn-alkane series, and predominance of C29 steranes, suggesting a markedly input from vascular higher plants. The marginal marine evaporate sediments from the hypersaline Triassic Yangtze Platform is unique for its predominant, complete series of isoprenoid alkanes up to C36 (abundant) and C40 (trace). These long-chain isoprenoids are probably derived from phytoplanktons in addition to archaebacteria. The marked difference in biomarker distributions from the various suites of samples support that application of these biomarkers to help effectively characterize different saline basins. The molecular variation is, however, not only due to their discrepancy in biological sources, but also the extension of sulfate reduction and the availability of metal ions during early diagenesis.
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    The analysis of nitrate in highly saline waters (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 269-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: nitrate analysis ; salt effect ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The analysis of nitrate in seawater and hypersalinewaters should take account of a significant “salteffect”. Procedures developed for fresh water andmarine waters must be applied cautiously to highlysaline waters. The most widely used standard methodfor the determination of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N)in fresh and marine waters involves the quantitativereduction of nitrate by the Cd column techniquefollowed by colorimetric procedures. In our study,three approaches to estimate NO3-N in highlysaline waters were examined. The first involveddilution. This approach overcame the salt effect butdilution limited the detection of low concentrationsof nitrate in highly saline waters. The secondinvolved the use of standard nitrate solutions insaline water. This method is not recommended becauseof nitrate impurities in AR grade salts. The third-and preferred approach-involved the use of standardadditions. “Spikes” of a known volume of NO3-Nstandard solution were added to natural saline waters. Nitrate values estimated by the standard additionmethod were used to calculate an equation for salterror correction at different salinities applicable towaters with the same relative ionic composition asseawater. This could then be used to correct nitratedeterminations in highly saline waters where standardsmade in distilled water were used for calibration.Many previously published data for NO3-N insaline water used methods of analysis which do nottake account of salt error and are therefore probablyin error.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009008120817
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    The analysis of nitrate in highly saline waters (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 269-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: nitrate analysis ; salt effect ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The analysis of nitrate in seawater and hypersaline waters should take account of a significant “salt effect”. Procedures developed for fresh water and marine waters must be applied cautiously to highly saline waters. The most widely used standard method for the determination of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) in fresh and marine waters involves the quantitative reduction of nitrate by the Cd column technique followed by colorimetric procedures. In our study, three approaches to estimate NO3-N in highly saline waters were examined. The first involved dilution. This approach overcame the salt effect but dilution limited the detection of low concentrations of nitrate in highly saline waters. The second involved the use of standard nitrate solutions in saline water. This method is not recommended because of nitrate impurities in AR grade salts. The third- and preferred approach-involved the use of standard additions. “Spikes” of a known volume of NO3-N standard solution were added to natural saline waters. Nitrate values estimated by the stadard addition method were used to calculate an equation for salt error correction at different salinities applicable to waters with the same relative ionic composition as seawater. This could then be used to correct nitrate determinations in highly saline waters where standards made in distilled water were used for calibration. Many previously published data for NO3-N in saline water used methods of analysis which do not take account of salt error and are therefore probably in error.
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    Midge-and diatom-based palaeosalinity reconstructions for Mahoney Lake, Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Chironanidae ; diatoms ; palaeoclimate ; palaeolimnology ; palaeoecology ; palaeosalinity ; salinity ; postglacial ; climate change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Salinity fluctuations in lakes of semi-arid regions have long been recognised as indicators of palaeoclimatic change, and have provided a valuable line of evidence in palaeo-climatic reconstruction. In the present study, fossil remains of diatoms and midges were used to reconstruct salinity changes at Mahoney Lake from the early postglacial, through the early, mid and late Holocene. A transition from midges typical of a freshwater community (Protanypus, Sergentia, Heterotrissocladius, Cladopelma, Dicrotendipes) during the early postglacial, to those indicative of saline environments (Cricotopus/Orthocladius, Tanypus) occurred in the early Holocene. The midge-inferred salinity values reflected the shift from freshwater (0.031 g/L) immediately after deglaciation, to saline water (2.4 to 55.2 g/L) in subsequent periods. A less saline period was found to have occurred after 1000 yr BP, suggesting a cooler or wetter period. The diatom record indicates similar trends, with freshwater taxa (e.g.,Cyclotella bodanica var. aff.lemanica) dominating near the bottom of the core. Diatom-inferred salinities indicate that saline conditions (about 30 g/L) prevailed throughout subsequent Holocene time, although relatively fresh conditions are indicated following deposition of the Mazama Ash, and from about 1500 yr BP until the present day. Midge and diatom-inferred salinity reconstructions for Mahoney Lake compare favorably with each other, and with climate trends inferred from earlier palynological evidence. The palaeosalinity record thus contributes new data relevant to past climatic conditions, in a region where little data have previously been collected.
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    Midge- and diatom-based palaeosalinity reconstructions for Mahoney Lake, Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 6 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Chironanidae ; diatoms ; palaeoclimate ; palaeolimnology ; palaeoecology ; palaeosalinity ; salinity ; postglacial ; climate change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Salinity fluctuations in lakes of semi-arid regions have long beenrecognised as indicators of palaeoclimatic change, and have provided avaluable line of evidence in palaeoclimatic reconstruction. In the presentstudy, fossil remains of diatoms and midges were used to reconstructsalinity changes at Mahoney Lake from the early postglacial, through theearly, mid and late Holocene. A transition from midges typical of afreshwater community (Protanypus, Sergentia, Heterotrissocladius,Cladopelma, Dicrotendipes) during the early postglacial, to those indicativeof saline environments (Cricotopus/Orthocladius, Tanypus) occurred in theearly Holocene. The midge-inferred salinity values reflected the shift fromfreshwater (0.031 g/L) immediately after deglaciation, to saline water (2.4to 55.2 g/L) in subsequent periods. A less saline period was found to haveoccurred after 1000 yr BP, suggesting a cooler or wetter period. The diatomrecord indicates similar trends, with freshwater taxa (e.g., Cyclotellabodanica var. aff. lemanica) dominating near the bottom of the core.Diatom-inferred salinities indicate that saline conditions (about 30 g/L)prevailed throughout subsequent Holocene time, although relatively freshconditions are indicated following deposition of the Mazama Ash, and fromabout 1500 yr BP until the present day. Midge and diatom-inferred salinityreconstructions for Mahoney Lake compare favorably with each other, and withclimate trends inferred from earlier palynological evidence. Thepalaeosalinity record thus contributes new data relevant to past climaticconditions, in a region where little data have previously been collected.
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    Liver cell hydration (1997)
    Springer
    Cell biology and toxicology 13 (1997), S. 275-287 
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    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: hydration ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Liver cells possess potent mechanisms to maintain their volume, i.e., their hydration state. These volume-regulatory mechanisms, however, are apparently not designed to maintain absolute cell volume constancy; they rather act as dampeners to prevent excessive cell volume deviations, which would otherwise result from cumulative substrate uptake or anisotonic stress. Furthermore, these volume-regulatory mechanisms can even be activated in the resting state by hormones and other stimuli, and by that means cell volume changes are affected secondarily. Thus, liver cell hydration can change within minutes under the influence of aniso-osmolarity, hormones, nutrients, and oxidative stress. Such short-term modulation of cell volume within a narrow range acts as an independent and potent signal which modifies hepatocellular metabolism and gene expression. Accordingly, cell volume homeostasis involves the integration of events that allow cell hydration to play a physiologic role as a regulator of cell function.
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    Liver cell culture methods for measuring DNA alterations produced by chemicals and radiation (1997)
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    Cell biology and toxicology 13 (1997), S. 317-321 
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    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: DNA ; hepatocytes ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Liver culture systems, both primary cultures of hepatocytes and replicating cell lines, can be used in a variety of ways to study the DNA-damaging effects of chemicals and radiation. The present report describes some of the available methods and their interpretation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007439509117
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    Apoptosis in the liver and its role in hepatocarcinogenesis (1997)
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    Cell biology and toxicology 13 (1997), S. 339-348 
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    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: apoptosis ; hepatocarcinogenesis ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Apoptosis seems to be the predominant type of active cell death in the liver (type I), while in other tissues cells may die via biochemically and morphologically different pathways (type II, type III). Active cell death is under the control of growth factors and death signals. In the liver, endogenous factors, such as transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), activin A, CD95 ligand, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) may be involved in induction of apoptosis. Release and action of these death factors seems to be triggered by exogenous signals such as withdrawal of hepato-mitogens, food restriction, etc. During stages of hepatocarcinogenesis, not only DNA synthesis but also apoptosis gradually increase from normal to preneoplastic to adenoma and carcinoma tissue. Also, in human carcinomas, birth and death rates of cells are several times higher than in surrounding liver. (Pre)neoplastic liver cells are more susceptible than normal hepatocytes to stimulation of cell replication and of cell death. Consequently, tumor promoters may act as survival factors, i.e., inhibit apoptosis preferentially in preneoplastic and even in malignant liver cells, thereby stimulating selective growth of (pre)neoplastic lesions. On the other hand, regimens favoring apoptosis and lowering cell replication may result in selective elimination of (pre)neoplastic cell clones from the liver. Finally, we have studied the first stage of carcinogenesis, namely the appearance of putatively initiated cells after a single dose of the genotoxic carcinogen N-nitrosomorpholine (NNM). Most of these cells were found to be eliminated by apoptosis, suggesting that initiation, at the organ level, can be reversed at least partially by preferential elimination of initiated cells. These events may be regulated by autocrine or paracrine actions of survival factors.
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    Liver cell culture methods to measure DNA alterations produced by chemicals and radiation (1997)
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    Cell biology and toxicology 13 (1997), S. 399-403 
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    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: DNA ; hepatocytes ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Liver culture systems, both primary cultures of hepatocytes and replicating cell lines, can be used in a variety of ways to study the DNA-damaging effects of chemicals and radiation. The present report describes some of the available methods and their interpretation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007415609796
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    DNA ploidy and autophagic protein degradation as determinants of hepatocellular growth and survival (1997)
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    Cell biology and toxicology 13 (1997), S. 301-315 
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    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: autophagy ; carcinogenesis ; hepatocyte ; liver ; ploidy ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hepatocytes have the ability to go through specialized cell cycles, which, during normal developmental liver growth, result in the formation of binuclear and polyploid cells. In the adult rat liver, the majority of the hepatocytes (about 70%) are tetraploid, 15-20% are octoploid, and only 10-15% are diploid (about 50% in humans). One-third of the hepatocytes in either rats or humans are binuclear (with two diploid or two tetraploid nuclei). Among cultured rat hepatocytes stimulated with growth factors (EGF and insulin), one-half of the mitoses are of the binucleating type (suggesting a "quantal" mechanism), causing one-third of the postmitotic cells to become binuclear. In contrast, regenerative liver growth, induced by partial hepatectomy, is predominantly nonbinucleating. During rat liver carcinogenesis, the early populations of phenotypically altered cells (foci) are predominantly diploid, as are the later neoplastic nodules and carcinomas, which can be shown to have a regeneration-like, largely nonbinucleating growth pattern. A negative correlation between growth capacity and ploidy can be demonstrated in cultured hepatocytes, regenerating livers, neoplastic nodules, and hepatocellular carcinomas, suggesting that suppression of binucleation and polyploidization may carry a growth advantage, in addition to helping to maintain a large population of diploid, potential stem cells. Since a diploid genome is less protected against mutagenic change than a polyploid genome, diploid tumor cells may, furthermore, be more prone than polyploid cells to undergo mutation-based progression toward increasing malignancy. The ability of liver tumor promoters like 2-acetylaminofluorene, cyproterone acetate, α-hexachlorocyclohexane and methylclofenapate to induce nonbinucleating hepatocyte growth may, therefore, cooperate with the selective growth stimulation of cancer cells and cancer cell precursors to promote liver carcinogenesis. Autophagy, a mechanism for the bulk degradation of cytoplasm, contributes to intracellular protein turnover and serves to restrict cellular growth. Rat liver carcinogenesis is accompanied by a progressive reduction of autophagic capacity, preneoplastic livers having 50% and hepatocellular carcinoma cells only 20% as much autophagy as normal hepatocytes. The ascites hepatoma cell line AH-130 has virtually no autophagy during logarithmic growth, but some autophagy is turned on when the cells become growth-arrested at high cell density. Ascitic fluid from AH-130 cells is able to completely inhibit autophagy in normal hepatocytes, suggesting that the cancer cells may improve their growth ability through an autocrine, autophagy-suppressive mechanism. Hepatocytes from preneoplastic livers similarly maintain a low autophagic activity under restrictive culture conditions, thereby surviving much better than normal hepatocytes, which switch on their autophagy. In the presence of an autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine), normal and preneoplastic hepatocytes survive equally well, testifying to the importance of autophagy as a determinant of cell survival and growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007487425047
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    Immortalized human hepatocytes as a tool for the study of hepatocytic (de-)differentiation (1997)
    Springer
    Cell biology and toxicology 13 (1997), S. 375-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: bile salts ; cell culture ; immortalization ; lipoproteins ; liver ; plasma proteins ; transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Primary human hepatocytes were immortalized by stable transfection with a recombinant plasmid containing the early region of simian virus (SV) 40. The cells were cultured in serum-free, hormonally defined medium during the immortalization procedure. Foci of dividing cells were seen after 3 months. Albumin- and fibrinogen-secreting cells were selected and cloned by limiting dilution to obtain homologous cell populations. The established IHH (immortalized human hepatocyte) cell lines were evaluated for their usefulness in studying the regulation of cell growth and of certain differentiated hepatocyte functions. IHH cells retain several differentiated features of normal hepatocytes. They display albumin secretion at a level comparable to cultured primary human hepatocytes (30 µg albumin/ml per day). A portion of the IHH cells are polarized, forming bile canaliculi-like vacuoles where exogeneous organic anions accumulate. The multidrug resistance (MDR) P-glycoprotein, known to be localized at the canalicular membrane, is also present in these vacuoles. The polarized features allowed the use of IHH cells for the study of localization of the newly characterized multidrug resistance protein MRP1. The homologues of MRP were found in hepatocytes, MRP1 and MRP2 (cMOAT), both functioning in ATP-dependent excretion of anionic conjugates. In differentiated hepatocytes, MRP1 expression is extremely low. In contrast, MRP1 is highly expressed in proliferating IHH cells, where it is localized in lateral membranes. A highly differentiated feature of short-term cultured primary hepatocytes which is not detectable in IHH cells is active uptake of the bile salt taurocholate. Furthermore, IHH cells secrete triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins, apolipoprotein B (0.6 µg/ml per day), and apolipoprotein A-I (1 µg/ml per day). However, they secrete apoB-containing TG-rich lipoproteins mainly in the LDL density range, while short-term cultured primary hepatocytes mainly secrete TG-rich lipoproteins in the VLDL density range. In conclusion, functions that are rapidly lost in short-term hepatocyte cultures are, in general, not displayed by IHH cells. Immortalized human hepatocytes provide a valuable tool for studying the regulation of hepatocyte proliferation-related phenomena.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007404028681
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    On-line immunoanalysis of monoclonal antibodies during a continuous culture of hybridoma cells (1997)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 24 (1997), S. 19-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: fluidized-bed reactor ; monoclonal antibody ; on-line monitoring ; sample system ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The monoclonal-antibody production of an immobilized hybridoma cell line cultivated in a fluidized-bed reactor was monitored on-line for nearly 900 h. The monoclonal antibody concentration was determined by an immuno affinity-chromatography method (ABICAP). Antibodies directed against the product, e.g. IgG, were immobilized on a micro-porous gel and packed in small columns. After all IgG present in the sample was bound to the immobilized antibodies, unbound proteins were removed by rinsing the column. Elution of the bound antibodies followed and the antibodies were determined by fluorescence. The analytical procedure was automated with a robotic device to enable on-line measurements. The correlation between the on-line determined data and antibody concentrations measured by HPLC was linear. A sampling system was constructed, which was based on a pneumatically actuated in-line membrane valve integrated into the circulation loop of the reactor. Separation of the cells from the sample stream was achieved by a depth filter made of glass-fibre, situated outside the reactor. Rapid obstruction of the filter by cells or cell debris and contamination of the sample system was avoided by intermittent rinsing of the sample system with a chemical solution. The intermittent rinsing of the filter, which had a surface of 4.8 cm2, resulted in an operational capacity of up to 40 samples (1.0 l total sample volume). Both the sampling system and the analytical device functioned without failure during this long-term culture. The culture temperature was varied between 34 and 40 °C. Raising the temperature from 34 up to 37 °C resulted in a simultaneous increase of growth and specific antibody production rate. Specific metabolic rates of glucose, lactate, glutamine and ammonium stayed constant in this temperature range. A further enhancement of temperature up to 40 °C had a negative effect on the growth rate, whereas the specific monoclonal antibody production rate showed a small increase. The other specific metabolic rates also increased in the temperature range between 38 to 40 °C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007913128209
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    Hepatoprotective properties of phospholiv, a preparation containing phosphatidylcholine from sunflower seeds and glycyrrhizic acid, in modeled cirrhosis of rat liver (1997)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 124 (1997), S. 897-899 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: liver ; experimental cirrhosis ; RNA and protein synthesis ; phospholipid preparation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hepatoprotective effect of Phospholiv, a phospholipid preparation containing phosphatidylcholine from sunflower seeds and glycyrrhizic acid trisodium salt, is studied using a model of CCl4-induced cirrhosis of the liver. Phospholiv protects hepatic tissues from necrotic and dystrophic changes and prevents the development of cirrhosis. Phospholiv restores impaired RNA and protein synthes is under conditions of chronic intoxication.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02446996
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    Phospholipid composition of liver mitochondria in experimental hemorrhagic shock (1997)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 124 (1997), S. 658-660 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: phospholipids ; mitochondria ; liver ; hemorrhagic shock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Heparin used as an anticoagulant in modeled hemorrhagic shock decreases the phosphatidylcholine and increases the phosphatidylethanolamine contents in the mitochondria. Accumulation of lysophosphatidylcholine in whole mitochondria and their inner membrane is observed in hemorrhagic shock. At the same time, hemorrhagic shock decreases phosphatidylcholine content in the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes and increases phosphatidylethanolamine content in the outer membranes. Modification of phospholipid composition of mitochondrial membranes is a mechanism responsible for impaired energy production in liver mitochondria in hemorrhagic shock.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02445054
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    Structural changes in dog liver during adaptation to high altitude (1997)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 123 (1997), S. 619-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: adaptation ; high altitude ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Vascular and tissue changes in the livers of dogs living on an altitude of 3200 m above sea level for various periods were studied by histological, morphometric, and electromicroscopic methods. Destructive changes were observed in hepatocytes after a month of exposure, which were due mainly to impaired hepatic microcirculation and increased from the center to the periphery of hepatic acinus. Ultrastructural changes occurred predominantly in the energy-producing and protein-synthesizing systems of hepatocytes.
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    Differences in brain and liver blood flow during and after acute blood loss in rats with different resistance to circulatory hypoxia (1997)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 123 (1997), S. 217-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: blood loss ; brain ; liver ; blood flow ; ultrasound, laser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Variations of blood flow and vascular resistance in the common carotid arteries and of blood flow in the hepatic artery and portal vein are examined during and after acute massive blood loss in rats with low and high resistance to circulatory hypoxia. In rats with low resistance, arterial pressure and the rates of cerebral and hepatic blood macro- and microflow, which have decreased during blood loss, continued to fall during the posthemorrhagic period. After cessation of bleeding, a transient arterial pressure rise to 70 mm Hg is observed in rats with high resistance, while the blood flow via carotid arteries increases to 65% of its initial value, being maintained at this level throughout the period of changes in carotid vascular resistance; intrinsic hepatic arterial blood flow increases to 115% of baseline value, while the portal vein blood flow and hepatic microflow increase to 75%.
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    Repopulation of the liver after dipin-induced damage (1997)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 124 (1997), S. 941-944 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: liver ; dipin ; genome damage ; apoptosis ; stem cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The alkylating preparation dipin in combination with partial hepatectomy induces genomic damage and apoptosis of hepatocytes with total replacement of parenchyma at the expense of the stem reserve cells. This model was employed to study the responses of the cell cycle to genetic damage, mechanisms of cell survival and death, and the sources of cells repopulating liver parenchyma.
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    Ultradian rhythms in cell population. Problem of synchronization (1997)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 124 (1997), S. 1159-1163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: ultradian rhythms ; synchronization ; protein synthesis ; gangliosides ; liver ; hepatocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The studies demonstrating cooperativity of cells in synchronization of their activity are reviewed. The total ultradian rhythm in a cell culture is taken as a marker of synchronization. Self-synchronization of interacting oscillators has been demonstrated in experiments. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms underlying formation of ultradian rhythms of protein synthesis in a culture of rat hepatocytes. Formation of populational rhythm in these cells is a function of cell density and time of culturing without replacing growth medium (conditioning). The addition of some individual exogenous gangliosides to the culture medium simulates the effects of conditioning. Immunocytochemical studies showed that intracellular expression of ganglioside determinants is enhanced during the conditioning of culture medium. Exchange of gangliosides between cells and their intracellular accumulation may be the first step in synchronization of cell activity. Synchronization of the protein synthesis oscillations was demonstrated in hepatocytesin situ in a denervated liver. From these observations and literature data it is concluded that self-synchronization of cellular activity is a fundamental regulatory mechanism of organ functioning which operates in line with regulatory systems acting at the organism level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02445107
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    Differences in membrane ion transport between hepatocytes from the periportal and the pericentral areas of the liver lobule (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 554-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ion transport ; hepatocytes ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied the Na+/K+ pump, Na+/K+ ATPase activity, and oxygen consumption (QO2) in hepatocytes isolated from the periportal (PH) and pericentral (CH) regions of the liver lobule, to provide an insight into the functional properties of these cells. Na+/K+ pump activity was determined using86Rb+ (a functional analog of K+) and ouabain, a specific inhibitor of this transport system. Our results indicate the the Na+/K+, pump and Na+/K+ ATPase activity are significantly lower in CH than in PH, although basal ouabain-sensitive (OS) QO2 was negligible in both of these cell preparations. However, OSQO2 was significantly lower in CH than in PH when the Na+/K+ pump was activated using the ionophore nystatin in a Na+-containing medium. These results indicate that the differences in membrane ion transport exist between hepatocytes from different locations of the liver lobule.
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    Effects of female sex hormones on polyamine-oxidizing enzyme activities and polyamine concentrations in immature rat uterus and liver (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 795-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Estradiol ; progesterone ; polyamine oxidase ; diamine oxidase ; polyamines ; uterus ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) treatment of immature female rats (10 μg/100 g body weight) respectively resulted in 1.38-fold (p〈0.02) and 1.42-fold (p〈0.02) increase in the uterine polyamine oxidase activity, and 2.45-fold (p〈0.001) and 1.43-fold (p〈0.02) increase in the uterine diamine oxidase activity, as compared to the controls. E2 caused a 5-fold (p〈0.05) and a 1.36-fold (p〈0.05) increase in putrescine and spermidine concentration respectively in rat uterus. Increases of 1.7-fold (p〈0.02) and 1.6-fold (p〈0.05) in putrescine and spermine concentration were determined in the P-treated uterus, as compared to the controls. The spermidine/spermine ratio, which is regarded as an index of growth rate, was higher in the E2-treated uterus and lower in the P-treated uterus than in the control uterus. No statistically significant hormonal effects were estimated in the immature liver. The data reported suggest the possibility of an involvement of polyamine-oxidizing enzymes in the modulation of polyamine concentrations in rat uterus by the female sex hormones.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923991
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    Fungi associated with post-harvest rot of black plum (Vitex doniana) in Nigeria (1996)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 136 (1996), S. 109-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Fungi ; post-harvest rot ; relative humidity ; temperature ; Vitex doniana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fungi associated with rot of Vitex doniana fruits (blackplum) were isolated and identified. Aspergillus niger, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Candida spp. Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium pallidoroseum F. oxysporum and Mucor mucedo were the primary rot causing fungi in contrast to Cladosporium herbarum and Mucor circinelloides which were just present as secondary colonizers. The rot fungi penetrated mainly through wounds and bruises on the surface of fruits. Mature green fruits were less susceptible to infection than half ripe and fully ripened red fruits. Optimum rot by pathogenic isolates occurred at 25–30 °C and relative humidity 72.5–100%. The results of investigation of influence of storage temperatures and relative humidity on the quality of uninoculated healthy fruits are presented and discussed.
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    Effects of temperature and solar radiation interactions on the survival of quiescent conidia of the entomopathogenic hyphomycetePaecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown and Smith (1996)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 135 (1996), S. 163-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Entomopathogenic hyphomycete ; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus ; inoculum persistence ; solar radiation ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The detrimental effect of solar radiation on the survival of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungusPaecilomyces fumoroseus was studied by monitoring germinability and ability to form colonies (CFU) of conidia irradiated at two temperatures, 25 and 35 °C, harmless to shaded conidia. There was no apparent effect when spores were exposed to a high level of artificial radiation (0.66 W m−2 UVB). However, at a lower level of irradiance (0.33 W m−2), effects of radiation occurred more quickly at 35 °C than at 25 °C. Under natural solar radiation, the rate of decrease in germinability or viability was doubled at 35 °C as compared to 25 °C, indicating an interaction between temperature and radiation effects under natural conditions. This interaction was not detected in indoor experiments, indicating that the spectral distribution of UV radiation has to be taken in account as well as its irradiance when studying its effects.
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    Resuscitation of cadaveric livers from non-heart-beating donors after warm ischemic insult: a novel technique tested in the rat (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 661-663 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Non-heart-beating donor ; liver ; oxygen ; persufflation ; aerobic ischemia ; transplantation ; preservation ; resuscitation ; viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clinical liver transplantation has become the therapy of choice in end-stage liver disease, but the limited availability of suitable donor organs still impedes its widespread application. In order to increase the availability of donor organs for liver transplantation, it would be advantageous if ischemically damaged livers could be resuscitated from cadavers in which the heart has stopped beating. A method for doing this has been developed in a rat model. Compared to livers excised from rats in which the heart is still beating, severe deteriorations of tissue integrity and functional performance were evident in predamaged livers after cold preservation without supplementary treatment. A treatment of those livers which included an antioxidant rinse with superoxide dismutase, and venous vascular insufflation of gaseous oxygen during preservation, completely prevented tissue alterations upon reperfusion, and promoted a functional recovery of the livers, making them comparable to organs harvested from heart-beating donors.
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    Plasma and hepatic antioxidant control and vitamin A nutritional status (1996)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 52 (1996), S. 687-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Vitamin A ; diet ; rats ; plasma ; liver ; scavengers ; antioxidant enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-seven rats were divided into three groups and fed on diets containing 0.3, 6 or 60 RE (retinol equivalent) retinyl palmitate/g food. After 7 weeks, hepatic vitamin A uptake was found to be more efficient in vitamin A-deficient rats than in rats given adequate vitamin A. We showed that during the metabolic adaptation of the animals to the level of vitamin A in the diet, extensive modifications occur in the antioxidant defences of the organism. In parallel with the increase in the level of vitamin A, the decrease in the level of α-tocopherol in the plasma can bring about a greater susceptibility of the lipoproteins to oxidative stress. Similarly, the decrease in the hepatic α-tocopherol level and in glutathione peroxidase activity leads to the weakening of the liver's antioxidant defences.
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    Variability in the rate of 6-mercaptopurine methylation in the erythrocytes, liver and kidney in an Italian population (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 51 (1996), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words 6-Mercaptopurine ; Thiopurine methyltransferase ; Polymorphism; erythrocytes ; liver ; kidney ; newborns ; adults
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective. The polymorphism of erythrocyte thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) is genetically regulated as an autosomal codominant trait, and so should be congenital. Results. We tested this hypothesis by measuring TPMT activity in erythrocyte preparations from adults and newborns and observed polymorphic distribution of TPMT activity in the adult and newborn erythrocytes. The activity of TPMT was higher in red cells from the newborns than adults. The frequency distribution of TPMT activity was also investigated in the liver and kidney. In the kidney, TPMT activity fell into two subgroups, whereas in the liver the distribution pattern was more complex. The activity of TPMT in erythrocytes and liver from the same subject was correlated, but the values of only half the cases fell within the 95% confidence limits, suggesting that the control of hepatic and/or erythrocyte TPMT is multifactorial.
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    On the regulation of cellular energetics in health and disease (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 160-161 (1996), S. 195-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: respiration ; ADP diffusion ; heart ; skeletal muscle ; liver ; brain ; in vivo regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Very recent experimental data, obtained by using the permeabilized cell technique or tissue homogenates for investigation of the mechanisms of regulation of respiration in the cells in vivo, are shortly summarized. In these studies, surprisingly high values of apparent Km for ADP, exceeding that for isolated mitochondria in vitro by more than order of magnitude, were recorded for heart, slow twitch skeletal muscle, hepatocytes, brain tissue homogenates but not for fast twitch skeletal muscle. Mitochondrial swelling in the hypo-osmotic medium resulted in the sharp decrease of the value of Km for ADP in correlation with the degree of rupture of mitochondrial outer membrane, as determined by the cytochrome c test. Very similar effect was observed when trypsin was used for treatment of skinned fibers, permeabilized cells or homogenates. It is concluded that, in many but not all types of cells, the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane for ADP is controlled by some cytoplasmic protein factor(s). Since colchicine and taxol were not found to change high values of the apparent Km for ADP, the participation of microtubular system seems to be excluded in this kind of control of respiration but studies of the roles of other cytoskeletal structures seem to be of high interest. In acute ischemia we observed rapid increase of the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane for ADP due to mitochondrial swelling and concomitant loss of creatine control of respiration as a result of dissociation of creatine kinase from the inner mitochondrial membrane. The extent of these damages was decreased by use of proper procedures of myocardial protection showing that outer mitochondrial membrane permeability and creatine control of respiration are valuable indices of myocardial preservation. In contrast to acute ischemia, chronic hypoxia seems to improve the cardiac cell energetics as seen from better postischemic recovery of phosphocreatine, and phosphocreatine overshoot after inotropic stimulation. In general, adaptational possibilities and pathophysiological changes in the mitochondrial outer membrane system point to the central role such a system may play in regulation of cellular energetics in vivo.
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    Differential time course of liver and kidney glucose-6 phosphatase activity during long-term fasting in rat correlates with differential time course of messenger RNA level (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 155 (1996), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: glucose-6 phosphatase ; messenger RNA ; liver ; kidney ; fasting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the role of Glc6Pase mRNA abundance in the time course of Glc6Pase activity in liver and kidney during long-term fasting in rat. Refered to the mRNA level in the fed state, Glc6Pase mRNA abundance was increased by 3.5 ± 0.5 and 3.7 ± 0.5 times (mean ± S.E.M., n = 5) in the 24 h and 48 h-fasted liver, respectively. Then, the liver Glc6Pase mRNA was decreased to the level of the fed liver after 72 and 96 h of fasting (1.0 ± 0.3 and 1.4 ± 0.3). In the kidney, Glc6Pase mRNA abundance was increased by 2.7 ± 1.0 and 5 ± 1.2 times at 24 and 48 h of fasting, respectively. Then, it plateaued at the level of the 48 h fasted kidney after 72 h and 96 h of fasting (4.5 ± 1.0 and 4.3 ± 1.0). After 24 and 48 h-refeeding, the abundance of Glc6Pase mRNA in 48 h-fasted rats was decreased to the level found in the liver and kidney of fed rats. The time course of the activity of Glc6Pase catalytic subunit during fasting and refeeding was strikingly parallel to the time course of Glc6Pase mRNA level in respective tissues. These data strongly suggest that the differential expression of Glc6Pase activity in liver and kidney in the course of fasting may be accounted for by the respective time course of mRNA abundance in both organs.
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    Liver and intestinal fatty acid binding proteins in control and TGFβ1 gene targeted deficient mice (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 159 (1996), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: fatty acid binding protein ; liver ; intestine ; growth factor ; TGFβ1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ1) expression on fatty acid binding proteins was examined in control and two strains of gene targeted TGFβ1-deficient mice. Homozygous TGFβ1-deficient 129 × CF-1, expressing multifocal inflammatory syndrome, had 25% less liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) when compared to control mice. The decrease in L-FABP expression was not due to multifocal inflammatory syndrome since homozygous TGFβ1-deficient/immunodeficient C3H mice on a SLID background had 36% lower liver L-FABP than controls. This effect was developmentally related and specific to liver, but not the proximal intestine, where L-FABP is also expressed. Finally, the proximal intestine also expresses intestinal-FABP (1-FABP) which decreased 3-fold in the TGFβ1-deficient/immunodeficient C3H mice only. Thus, TGFβ1 appears to regulate the expression of L-FABP and I-FABP in the liver and the proximal intestine, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420917
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    Comparisons between the ichthyofaunas of a temperate lagoonal-like estuary and the embayment into which that estuary discharges (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 5 (1996), S. 337-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: estuary ; fish fauna ; marine embayment ; protection ; salinity ; shallow waters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Leschenault Estuary consists of a large lagoonal-like water body, which opens into Koombana Bay through a short and deep entrance channel at its southern end. Since the only major tributary discharges into the estuary opposite the entrance channel, much of the freshwater discharge in the winter passes directly out to sea. Consequently, during the year of the present study, the mean monthly salinities in the main body of the estuary remained above 20 per mil. This presumably accounts for the fact that the ichthyofaunal composition in the shallows of the estuary did not undergo the type of marked changes that are exhibited in other south-western Australian estuaries, in which salinities often fall below 10 per mil in winter. Despite the maintenance of high salinities in Leschenault Estuary and a close proximity to Koombana Bay, the estuary contained a far greater density and markedly different species composition of fish than that found in that marine embayment. This difference reflected, in part, the high abundance in Leschenault Estuary of some species whose entire life cycle is confined to estuaries,e.g. the atherinidsAtherinosoma elongata andLeptatherina wallacei and the gobiesPseudogobius olorum andAfurcagobius suppositus, and the fact that the juveniles of several marine species,e.g. Hyperlophus vittatus, Sillaginodes punctata, Mugil cephalus andGymnapistes marmoratus were also largely or entirely restricted to the estuary. In contrast,Lesueurina platycephala, which was by far the most abundant species in Koombana Bay, was absent in the estuary. Furthermore, the relatively protected region of Koombana Bay contained a greater density and different composition of fish than the more exposed region of this embayment. This reflected the greater use that was made of the protected region as a nursery area by certain marine species,e.g. Aldrichetta forsten andSillago bassensis. Our data, when taken in conjunction with those collected on the fish fauna in other south-western Australian estuaries, demonstrate that, within this geographical region, some fish species are specifically adapted to the estuarine environment, and that certain marine species apparently have a strong preference for using the highly protected and productive waters of this type of environment as a nursery area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01995386
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  • 88
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    Aquatic macrophyte distribution in Lake Manzala, Egypt (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 5 (1996), S. 221-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: aquatic macrophytes ; ecological distribution ; Lake Manzala ; ordination ; salinity ; TWINSPAN ; water depth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The macrophyte distribution of Lake Manzala is described in relation to water depth, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, Cl−, NO 3 − and PO 4 3− . Changes in species composition of macrophytes are visualised by means of multivariate analysis. The TWINSPAN classification and CANOCO ordination programs (DCA & CCA) were used to analyse the data set. The classification of 100 stands revealed 8 vegetation groups which indicated eleven dominant communities. These arePhragmites australis, Typha domingensis, Scirpus maritimus, Echinochloa stagnina and Ludwigia stolonifera as emergent hydrophytes;Eichhornia crassipes andAzolla filiculoides as floating hydrophytes. The dominant submerged hydrophytes arePotamogeton pectinatus, Najas armata, Ceratophyllum demersum andRuppia maritima. The northern part of the lake with low depth and relatively high salinity has low species diversity (mainly emergent species). Species diversity increases with decreasing salinity and increasing eutrophication near the mouths of the drains in the western and southern parts of the lake. The recent changes in species distribution can be attributed to the effects of salinity, water depth and drainage water. A checklist of macrophytes in the lake is appended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997138
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  • 89
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    Testing the safety of baxter continuous cardiac output monitoring system (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 12 (1996), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Cardiac catheter ; cardiac function ; clinical pathology ; hemodynamics ; histopathology ; temperature ; thermodilution cardiac output
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The safety of a new continuous cardiac output monitoring system, recently introduced by Baxter Healthcare Corporation's Edwards Critical-Care Division, was evaluated in normal sheep. The study compared the biocompatibility and safety of the Vigilance® CCO Monitoring System, which employs a continuous cardiac output (CCO) catheter with Baxter Edwards' standard Paceport™ pulmonary artery catheter. The CCO catheter, which monitors hemodynamic pressures and provides continuons measurement of cardiac output based on the thermodilution principle, contains a thermal filament that is powered and controlled by a unique cardiac output monitor. Parameters were measured periodically in conscious animals and complete necropsies were performed alter each study. Time Control, Paceport™, and four CCO groups were studied. Selected groups were studied for 3 days (acute), 7 days (subacute), and/or 4 weeks after 3 days of continuons use (recovery). Results showed no significant differences between the CCO and Paceport™ catheters in any of the parameters studied. On gross pathology, observations were similar. The only difference between catheters were microscopie findings of focal subendothelial or subendocardial changes correlated with areas that could have corne into contact with the CCO catheter. In acute groups, these changes consisted of a localized myofiber degeneration or necrosis, while in subacute and recovery groups, consisted only of fibrosis. None of the changes were clinically significant. Thus, the CCO catheter, used in conjunction with the Vigilance® CCO Monitoring System, appears to pose no additional risk over a standard Paceport™ catheter in normal sheep after continuons use for up to 7 days.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00857646
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  • 90
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    Liver and spleen enhancement after intravenous injection of carboxydextran magnetite: effect of dose, delay of imaging, and field strength in anex vivo model (1996)
    Springer
    Magnetic resonance materials in physics, biology and medicine 4 (1996), S. 225-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: liver ; spleen contrast enhancement ; carboxydextran magnetite ; dose ; delayed imaging ; field strengths dependence ; ex vivo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It has been predicted that liver and spleen enhancement after administration of superparamagnetic contrast agents may be different, depending on the strength of the main magnetic field. With the use of anex vivo model, we investigated at 0.3, 0.5, and 1.5 T the effects on liver and spleen signal intensity of 5, 15, and 45 µmol/kg body weight of dextran magnetite (SHU 555A) in 54 rats. Nine rats served as controls. At different time delays since injection, the animals were killed, and after perfusion with saline, the liver, brain, and spleen were fixed in formalin. The specimens were embedded in an agar gel matrix and imaged with inversion recovery T1-weighted, proton density spin echo, and T2*-weighted gradient recalled echo (GRE) sequences. At each magnetic field strength, peak liver and spleen signal loss increased with increasing dose of the contrast medium. Signal loss was significantly more conspicuous after a dose of 15 than 5 µmol/kg body weight, but not after a dose of 45 compared with 15 µmol/kg. No signal change was observed in the brain. GRE images showed higher enhancement than proton density-weighted spin echo and inversion recovery images but were noisier. The enhancement showed a plateau between 30 min and 24 hours. Only the signal decrease of the liver after a low dose of contrast medium on GRE images was significantly higher (p〈0.01) at 1.5 than at 0.5 and 0.3 T. Other differences in respect to the field strength were less significant (p〈0.05) or nonsignificant. Differences in the spleen enhancement were nonsignificant. SHU 555A at a dose of 15 µmol/kg is an efficient intracellular contrast agent for liver and spleen at low, mid, and high field strength. Proton density spin echo images are probably the sequence of choice to exploit SHU 555A contrast effects and a wide time window for imaging after its intravenous injection does exist.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01772010
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  • 91
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    Improved estimation of tissue hydration and bound water fraction in rat liver tissue (1996)
    Springer
    Magnetic resonance materials in physics, biology and medicine 4 (1996), S. 55-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1352-8661
    Keywords: proton NMR ; relaxation times ; liver ; cold storage ; water fractions ; tissue hydration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Based on recent improvements in the field, biexponential data from fresh rat liver and monoexponential data from cold storage experiments allow quantification of three distinct relaxation components in liver tissue: bound water (4.2%, R1=12.0 ± 1.7 s−1, R2=440 ± 180 s−1); structured water (59%, R1 ≈ 3.3 ± 0.07 s−1, R2 ≈ 24.9 ±1.1 s−1); and free water (≈37%, R1=R2 ≈ 0.4 s−1). However, only the relaxation rates of the structured water component change with water content: R1A (s−1)=6.53 * Ms/Mw − 0.77 (r2=0.911); R2A (s−1)=71.15 * Ms/Mw − 3.09 (r2=0.956), respectively. This suggests a slow exchange between bound and structured water in liver cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01759780
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  • 92
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    Opposite effects of adaptation to short-term stress and adaptation to periodic hypoxia on Na,K-ATPase activity in liver plasma membranes (1996)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 121 (1996), S. 348-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: heart ; liver ; Na,K-ATPase ; lipid peroxidation ; stress ; adaptation to stress ; adaptation to hypoxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Na,K-ATPase activity is shown to be lowered more than twice 2 hours after emotional pain stress in comparison with the initial level, remaining practically unchanged during the subsequent 24 hours. Adaptation to repeated stress results in a 50% activation of Na,K-ATPase. A protective effect is demonstrated in long-term stress against the background of preadaptation. Adaptation to periodic hypoxia inhibits liver Na,K-ATPase to the same extent as does acute stress. Against the background of preadaptation to periodic hypoxia, stress does not aggravate the drop of Na,K-ATPase activity. Adaptation to stress inhibits accumulation of products ofin vitro-induced lipid peroxidation in the heart 1.4-fold and does not affect it in the liver, whereas adaptation to hypoxia sharply accelerates the accumulation of oxidized products in both organs, which probably explains the activation of liver Na,K-ATPase in adaptation to stress and its inhibition in adaptation to hypoxia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02446724
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    Ultrastructural changes in albino mouse liver caused by isogenous F1+ and F1− strains ofYersinia pestis and their correction with ceftriaxone (1996)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 121 (1996), S. 533-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: experimental plague ; liver ; ceftriaxone ; ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fatty dystrophy and partial cytoplasmic necrosis predominate during the preagonal period in parenchymatous organs of mice infected withYersinia pestis 231 F1+. Endothelial damage, fibrin precipitation, and microcirculatory disorders occur in sinusoidal capillaries. More pronounced changes in the liver develop during the preagonal period in mice infected withY. pestis 231 F1−. Treatment with ceftriaxone leads to 100% survival in both groups and substantial restoration of liver structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02446960
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  • 94
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    Effect of the catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole on oxidation-phosphorylation coupling and the state of the mitochondrial adenosine system in the liver of albino rats (1996)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 121 (1996), S. 576-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: catalase inhibitors ; liver ; oxidative phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Incubation of the specific catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole with liver mitochondria and administration of this drug to intact rats are shown to uncouple oxidation and phosphorylation and to inhibit adenosine nucleotide synthesis in the animal liver. These disturbances apparently results from catalase inhibition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02447121
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    Correction of hyperlipoproteinogenic microangiopathy and organ pathology with thymalin and leu-enkephalin in the early stages of atherogenesis (1996)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 121 (1996), S. 100-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: thymalin ; leu-enkephalin ; hyperlipidemia ; microangiopathy ; myocardium ; liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of thymalin and leu-enkephalin on lipid peroxidation and microcirculatory disorders in the early stages of atherogenesis are compared. Correction of the generalized microcirculatory response to hyperlipoproteinemia with the peptides manifested itself in the regression of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta and restoration of the morphofunctional state of the myocardium and liver.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02445719
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    Electron-histochemical localization of liver collagenase (1996)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 121 (1996), S. 90-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: collagenase ; liver ; electron histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Localization of collagenase in normal rat liver is studied by the electron-histochemical method. Enzyme activity is detected in Kupffer and endothelial cells and on hepatocyte microvilli.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02445716
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  • 97
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    The effect of graded ascorbic acid intake on the activity of GSH-Px in the liver of female guinea pigs (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 220-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ascorbic acid ; glutathioneperoxidase ; lipid peroxides ; liver ; Ascorbinsäure ; Glutathion-Peroxidase ; Lipidperoxiden ; Leber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Verschiedene Werte an antioxidativem Potential, erzeugt mit Hilfe verschiedener Konzentrationsstufen an Ascorbinsäure (1, 10, 100 mg/Tier/Tag) führten zu Veränderungen in der GSH-Px Aktivität und der Menge den Lipidperoxiden in der Leber von Meerschweinchen. Die Gruppe mit der kleinsten Dosierung (1 mg) von Ascorbinsäure hatte die niedrigste GSH-Px Aktivität und den höchsten Anteil an Lipidperoxiden. Die zwei anderen Gruppen zeigten eine Erhöhung der GSH-Px Aktivität und Senkung von Lipidperoxiden auf. Es bestand kein Unterschied zwischen den Gruppen mit der Dosis von 10 und 100 mg Ascorbinsäure.
    Notes: Summary Differing antioxidant potentials created by graded ascorbic acid supplementation (1, 10, 100 mg per animal daily) evoked changes in the level of glutathione peroxidase activity and lipid peroxides in the liver of female guinea pigs. The group with the lowest ascorbic acid intake (1 mg) had the lowest activity of glutathione peroxidase and the highest level of lipid peroxides. The two other groups (10 and 100 mg) showed enhancement of glutathione peroxidase activity and decline in lipid peroxides. There was no difference between the groups with 10 and 100 mg ascorbic acid intake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01623161
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    The growth of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) myosatellite cells in culture at two different temperatures (1995)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 260-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Salmon ; satellite cells ; cell culture ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Temperature is known to affect fish growth, and in Atlantic salmon there is an influence on muscle cellularity. Primary muscle cell culture makes it possible to investigate direct effects of temperature on myogenic cells. Salmon myosatellite cells were cultured for the first time in this study. The cells were cultured at either 5°C or 11°C. Increased temperature led to an increase in differentiation rate and especially hypertrophic growth (Q10=4.0). No nuclear proliferation was evident in the satellite cell population isolated at either temperature. This may be due to the presence of different subpopulations of myogenic cells at different developmental ages or the presence of indirect factors in vivo.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01931109
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  • 99
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    Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) reduces the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase in rat liver microsomes (1995)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 589-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) ; cholesterol ; serum ; lipoproteins ; liver ; HMG-CoA reductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of dried oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on cholesterol (C) content in serum, in lipoproteins and in liver, and on the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase in liver microsomes, was studied in male rats (strain Wistar, initial body weight 75 g) fed on low-cholesterol (9 mg/100 g) and high-cholesterol (0.3%) diets. Addition of 5% oyster mushroom to both diets reduced significantly the C-content in serum (by 30%), in very-low- and low-density lipoproteins (in a 1∶1 ratio to the decrease of total serum C) and in liver (by 50%), as well as the activity of HMG-CoA reductase (by more than 30%).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02128749
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  • 100
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    Comparative study of DNA adducts levels in white sucker fish (Catostomus commersoni) from the basin of the St. Lawrence River (Canada) (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 148 (1995), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: DNA adducts ; liver ; fish ; 32P-postlabelling ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; genotoxic biomarker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The levels of DNA adducts in the hepatic tissue of the white sucker fish speciesCatostomus commersoni were determined by32P-postlabelling. The fish were caught at four sites: two sites near the city of Windsor (Québec, Canada) on the St. François River, a downstream tributary of the St. Lawrence River, and two sites in the St. Lawrence River itself, near the city of Montréal (Québec, Canada). The latter sites are known to be contaminated by many pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Total adduct levels in all fish ranged from 25.1–178.0 adducts per 109 nucleotides. White sucker from the selected sites of the St. Lawrence River had a significantly higher mean level of DNA adducts than those of the St. François River (129.4 vs 56.8, respectively). These results suggest that the effluents of many heavy industries (e.g. from a Soderberg aluminium plant) flowing in the St. Lawrence River are more likely to produce genotoxic damage to fish than those released in one of its tributary, and mainly associated to the activities of a small town and a nearby pulp and paper mill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928150
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