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  • Articles  (63)
  • Animals
  • Chemical Engineering
  • China
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • temperature
  • Springer  (63)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (50)
  • Geography  (18)
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  • Articles  (63)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study on experts' judgement on the future perspective of a country: a case study for China (2000)
    Springer
    Integrated assessment 1 (2000), S. 87-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1545
    Keywords: China ; integrated assessment ; environmental forecasting ; heuristic approach ; long-term perspective
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The future of the environment in China until the year 2050 has been forecasted through a heuristic approach. A questionnaire survey was given to a group of Japanese experts concerning 47 selected indices, including past data and reference data about other countries. The indices were related to aspects of the economy, population, food, energy, transportation, and the environment. The experts were requested to plot a graph for each index up to 2050 based on their intuition. The lines drawn by 60 experts were compiled along with their comments, and the characteristics of each index were analyzed. Different values for the indices regarding transportation and per capita GDP were forecasted by the experts, while rather similar values were obtained for those referencing population and food consumption. The respective fields of the experts were found to affect their perspectives on the future. Economists tended to show rather optimistic views, expressing a business-as-usual scenario, while engineers predicted limited growth but technological innovation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019115428528
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using GIS for analysis of urban systems (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 52 (2000), S. 213-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: cartographic overlay ; China ; nodal structure ; open policy ; urban system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract It is recognized that the spatial organization of urban system can be abstracted as three main components: a set of points, which describes the structural characteristics such as social and economic properties of individual city; a set of lines, which indicates the patterns of interaction among the cities; a set of spheres, which indicates how and to which extent each city affects the area around it. Even if such substance of urban system coincides with the main purpose of GIS for spatial or geometric data types such as point, line and region, little attention has been given to this point. By an evidence analysis of China, the application of potential analytical capabilities of GIS for urban system is attempted in this study. We find GIS acts as an efficient tool not only for the spatial structure analysis of urban system, which including potential distribution of cities, extraction of principal linkages among cities, and delimitation of subsystems; but also for the verification of socio-economic attributes and dynamics of urban system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014268007599
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Economic Development and Conservation of Biological and Cultural Diversity in Yunnan Province, China (2000)
    Springer
    Environment, development and sustainability 2 (2000), S. 333-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2975
    Keywords: China ; Yunnan Province ; biodiversity ; cultural diversity ; geographic information systems ; ecological economics ; economic development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Sociology
    Notes: Abstract Chinese and American scientists are co-operating to develop concepts, strategies, agreements, and proposals in support of an economic development and sustainable ecosystems project in Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China. Yunnan's Provincial Government has initiated a major programme to develop and further utilise its biological resources to help improve economic conditions for its citizens. They are co-operating with the US Geological Survey (USGS) on evaluation and management of biological resources so economic development will be compatible with sustainable ecological systems. Scientists from the USGS and co-operating universities will provide expertise on synthesising biological data, conducting a Gap Analysis for the Province, evaluating innovative economic opportunities, and designing an effective education, training, and outreach programme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011490730789
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of Global Climate Change on China's Water Resources (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 61 (2000), S. 187-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: climate change ; adaptation ; water resources ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract It is indicated that up to the year 2030, the annual average temperatures in China will increase by 0.88 to 1.2°C, with increments in the south less than in the north. Annual average precipitation would raise slightly, but the increment could be 4% in northeastern China. The increment of annual mean runoff could rise over 6% in the northeastern area, and decrease in the other regions 1.4 to 10.5%. The increased water shortage due to climate change could achieve 160 to 5090 million m3 in some areas of China. Financial loss due to the lack of water could reach 1300 million yuan, and up to 4400 million yuan in serious drought years in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006351126446
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Water Quality Parameters on the Migration of Vinyl Chloride Monomer from Unplasticized PVC Pipes (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 120 (2000), S. 195-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: diffusion rate ; migration ; pH ; temperature ; total dissolved solids ; unplasticized PVC pipes ; vinyl chloride monomer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The migration of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) from unplasticizedpolyvinyl chloride (uPVC) pipes was investigated using locallymanufactured pipes. Specimens of 33 cm long were used throughoutthe research. The investigation was carried out under differentconditions of water temperature, pH and total dissolved solidsconcentration and at different durations of exposure. The VCMconcentration in the water was evaluated using the gaschromotography (GC)/head-space technique. A VCM concentration ofmore than 2.5 ppb was detected after 30 days of exposure at45 °C. The initial VCM concentration in the uPVC pipewas predicted using equations derived from Fick's first law ofdiffusion. Water tenperature did not affect the migration ofVCM, unless it was raised to high values (i.e. 45 °C).Total dissolved solids (TDS) and pH of water were found toaffect the release of VCM from uPVC pipes. Diffusion rate of VCMwas predicted as a function of pH or TDS values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005249808374
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Smoke Emissions from a Charcoal Kiln on the Functioning of Forest Soil Systems: A Microcosm Study (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 60 (2000), S. 337-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: cellulose ; charcoal kiln ; decomposition ; herb seeds ; moisture ; respiration ; smoke pollution ; soil ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Long-term charcoal production in small private charcoal kilns (CK) in Eastern Bieszczady Mts. (SE Poland) can cause local smoke contamination of the ambient forest environment. Responses of model soil systems, contaminated or not contaminated by CK smoke, to contrasting combinations of hydrothermic regimes were compared in laboratory microcosms (respiration of soil community, decomposition rate of soil organic matter and cotton stripes, herb seeds germination were studied). The majority of the obtained data show a markedly higher level of soil biological activity in the CK versus the control series. In some cases CK and control soil systems show different patterns of reactions to the tested combinations of microclimate regime. These phenomena should at least partly be attributed to the effects of CK pollution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006115104675
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Temperature on Absorption Efficiency of NO2 in Arsenite Method (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 61 (2000), S. 285-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: adsorption ; NO2 ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The sodium arsenite method developed by Jacobs andHochheiser is one of the most widely used manualmethods for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) monitoring inambient air, particularly in developing countries. Asreported, the method gives 82% NO2 absorptionefficiency (NAE) in the concentration range from 40 to750 μg/m3, when only one impinger tube isemployed in the sampling train at a flow rate of 0.2lpm and for 24 h sampling duration. Accordingly,a uniform correction factor (0.82) is used indenominator to calculate the ultimate concentration ofNO2 in ambient air.In the present investigation, the effect oftemperature on absorption efficiency of NO2 isstudied employing four impinger tubes in series tocollect the maximum NO2 generated in the gasstream. The study conducted at 16, 26 and 36 °Ctemperatures shows maximum absorption efficiency(average) of 87.8% at 26°C in 1st impingertube. At lower and higher temperatures, it is foundconsiderably less. A suitable correction factor,therefore, must be applied to estimate actual NO2concentration in ambient air using arsenite method, intropical countries like India, where atmospherictemperature variations are large (less than 5°Cin winter and more than 45°C in summer).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006131525148
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Students' environmental concerns and opinions: a Chinese perspective (2000)
    Springer
    The environmentalist 20 (2000), S. 141-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2991
    Keywords: environmental opinions ; China ; students ; primary and secondary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This study aims at comparing broadly the environmental concerns and opinions between Hong Kong and Beijing students. This is based on an earlier study in Australia which adopted a qualitative approach, using five open-ended question items. In their written comments the children's environmental opinions and concerns were explored. In general, upper primary students tended to be concerned more about the social environment relating to society, while junior and senior secondary students expressed more concern about the social environment relating to the nation and global issues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006760126931
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Critical Loads of Acid Deposition on Soil in China (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 35-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; China ; critical load ; soil sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Critical loads of acid deposition havebeen mapped for Chinese soils using a modifiedsemi-quantitative method, which is based on theminerals controlling weathering and soil development,and corrected by introducing an Arrhenius relationshipto describe the effect of temperature and a weightedaveraging approach to evaluate the effect of soiltexture, land use and precipitation. As a consequenceof these modifications, the method has been quantifiedand can be more widely used. Results from this studyshow that the lowest critical loads of acid depositionin China, i.e., those areas most sensitive to aciddeposition, occur in the Podzolic soils in theNortheast, followed by Latosol, Dark brown forest soiland Black soil areas. The Ferralsol areas in SouthChina are intermediate, tolerating about 0.8–1.6 g m-2 yr-1 sulfur deposition. The highestcritical loads of acid deposition are mainly locatedin the Alpine soil areas on the Plateau of Tibet andareas of Xerosol and Podocal soil in Northwest China.The reason for lower critical loads in the Northeastrelative to South China can be attributed to thedifference of temperature, soil moisture and soiltexture. Comparison of critical loads with the sulfurdeposition in 1995 identifies almost one fourth of theland area in southeast China to be subject to risk of acidification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005197414074
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the Influence of Hot-Water Discharges on Phytoplankton Communities from a Coastal Zone of the Gulf of Mexico (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 209-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: microalgal communities ; photosynthesis ; temperature ; thermal pollution ; tropical coast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The influence of thermal discharges on thephytoplankton community from a coastal zone of theGulf of Mexico was evaluated through their structureand photosynthetic behaviour focusing on responses tochanges in light and temperature. Biological andphysicochemical parameters were measured over a periodof two years in an area with permanent hot waterdischarges from a thermoelectric plant. Thetemperature in the sampling area ranged from 23.5 to36 °C with differences between the coldest andthe hottest station from 5.3 to 9.2 °C.Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were reducedin the discharge area water column, due to turbulence.One hundred and one different taxa were identifiedwith a strong predominance of Diatoms. The chlorophylla concentration ranged from 0.3 to 6.1 μgL-1, with highest values of thephaeophytin:chlorophyll ratio found at the hottest station.The community structure did not show significativedifferences among sampling stations with respect totemperature variations. However, in the algalassemblages influenced by thermal discharges, it waspossible to observe alterations in the photosynthesisbehaviour. Phytoplankton response to short termphotosynthesis experiments was segregated according tocomposition and origin of microalgal assemblages.Samples with larger heterogeneous composition had moreconsistent oxygen production responses. Algalcommunities exposed to hot effluent showed differentdegrees of photosynthesis rate reduction,higher light requirements (〉500 μE m2 s-1)and lower temperature (25 °C) to achieve Pmaxthan algae sampled in sites without such exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005161309609
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the Environment on the Bacterial Bleaching of Corals (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 123 (2000), S. 337-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bleaching ; bacterial infection ; coral ; Oculina ; temperature ; toxin ; zooxanthellae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Bleaching in stony-corals is the result of disruption of symbiosis between the coral hosts and photosynthetic microalgal endosymbionts (zooxanthellae). Coral bleaching events of unprecedented frequency and global extent have been reported during the last two decades. Recently, we demonstrated that bleaching of the coral Oculina patagonica in the Mediterranean Sea is caused by the bacterium Vibrio shiloi, when seawater temperature rises and allows the bacterium to become virulent. The first step in the infection process is host-specific adhesion of V. shiloi to O. patagonica via a β-galactoside receptor on the coral surface. The bacterium then penetrates into the coral tissue and produces extracellular materials which rapidly inhibit photosynthesis of zooxanthellae and bleach and lyse the algae. The inhibition of pothosynthesis is due to a low molecular weight, heat stable toxin and ammonia. Bleaching and lysis are due to a heat-labile, high molecular weight materials, probably lytic enzymes. Elevated temperature induces different virulence factors within the infectious agent of the disease, V. shiloi. Adhesion was found to be temperature-regulated. When the bacteria were grown at 16°C there was no adhesion to corals maintained at either 25°C or 16°. However, when the bacteria were grown at 25°C they adhered avidly to corals maintained at 16°C and 25°C. In addition, the production of lytic enzymes and the photosynthesis inhibitor was also found to be temperature dependent. Production of the latter toxin was ten times greater at 29°C than at 16°C, and extracellular protease was 5-fold higher in cultures grown at 29°C than at 16°C. The data presented here suggest an explanation for the correlation between elevated seawater temperatures and seasonal coral bleaching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005274331988
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature Effects on Soil Mineralization of Polylactic Acid Plastic in Laboratory Respirometers (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 7 (1999), S. 101-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Polylactic acid ; temperature ; respirometers ; soil degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A respirometric system was used to analyze the biodegradation of high molecular weight (120,000 to 200,000 g mol−1) polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films in soil under laboratory conditions. The respirometric system consisted of air-conditioning pretraps, a soil reactor, and a carbon dioxide (CO2) posttrap. A 200-g homogeneous soil mixture of all-purpose potting soil : manure soil : sand [1 : 1 : 1 (w/w)] and 1.5 g of PLA plastic films in 1 × 1-cm2 squares was added to each bottle. The respirometers were placed in a 28, 40, or 55°C water bath for 182 days. Treatments (three replicates) included native corn starch (positive control), polyethylene (Glad Cling Wrap; negative control), and three PLA films: Ca-I (Cargill Dow Polymers LLC, monolayer), GII (Cargill Dow Polymers LLC, Generation II), and Ch-I (Chronopol; monolayer). The degree of polymer mineralization was indicated by the cumulative CO2 liberated from each respirometer. The initial average mineralization rate and total percentage mineralized of the PLA plastic films at 28, 40, and 55°C was 24.3, 41.5, and 76.9 mg/day with a 27, 45, and 70% carbon loss, respectively. No decrease in soil pH was observed after 182 days of mineralization. Hence, increase in soil temperature drastically enhanced the biodegradation of PLA plastic films in soil under laboratory conditions (P 〈 0.0001).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021812418325
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Polylactic Acid Plastic Degradation (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 7 (1999), S. 83-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Polylactic acid ; temperature ; relative humidity ; degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Three high molecular weight (120,000 to 200,000 g mol−1) polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films from Chronopol (Ch-I) and Cargill Dow Polymers (GII and Ca-I) were analyzed for their degradation under various temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions. Two sets of plastic films, each containing 11 samples, were randomly hung in a temperature/humidity-controlled chamber by means of plastic-coated paper clips. The tested conditions were 28, 40, and 55°C at 50 and 100% RH, respectively, and 55°C at 10% RH. The three tested PLA films started to lose their tensile properties when their weight-average molecular weight (M w) was in the range of 50,000 to 75,000 g mol−1. The average degradation rate of Ch-I, GII, and Ca-I was 28,931, 27,361, and 63,025 M w/week, respectively. Hence, GII had a faster degradation rate than Ch-I and Ca-I under all tested conditions. The degradation rate of PLA plastics was enhanced by the increase in temperature and relative humidity. This trend was observed in all three PLA plastics (Ca-I, GII, and Ch-I). Of the three tested films, Ch-I was the first to lose its mechanical properties, whereas Ca-I demonstrated the slowest loss, with mechanical properties under all tested conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021808317416
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorption of Reactive Dye on Chitin (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 111-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: adsorbent concentration ; adsorbent size ; adsorption ; chitin ; pH ; reactive dye ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The adsorption of reactive dye on chitin has been investigated with a view to obtain the design data for batch processing of effluents for dye adsorption. The effect of several factors governing the dye adsorption such as the adsorbent concentration, adsorbent size, temperature and pH have been elicited. Desorption of the dye at different temperatures and pH have also been investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006072119624
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diminishing farmland and urban development in China: 1993–1996 (1999)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 49 (1999), S. 257-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: China ; farmland loss ; land policy ; regional development ; urbanization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Farmland conservation is a new perspective in China's development policy making. In this paper, we seek to explore the distribution patterns of farmland loss between regions and among city-size groups, and to examine the factors and institutional background that influence on farmland conservation. A random sample of 179 out of 666 cities in 1996 was selected. Data were collected from various sources for the period 1993–96. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and nonparametric tests were used to analyze the data. Three-dimensional maps were plotted to present the distribution patterns of farmland loss, urban population growth and real estate development. The empirical results reveal that regional and hierarchical variations did exist in farmland loss, so did in urban population growth and real estate development. Farmland loss was more severe a problem in cities along the coast, especially cities with a nonagricultural population over two million. Urban population growth and real estate development were two main factors causing farmland loss in cities. Poor legal ground for land administration, weak law enforcement, and the drive towards fast revenue making were the underlying problems that prevented effective farmland conservation. In China's current transition from a planned to a market economy, farmland conservation can succeed only if government officials were no longer to trade off sustainability of development with short-term, fast revenue making.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007005015875
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urbanization and sustainable metropolitan development in China: Patterns, problems and prospects* (1999)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 49 (1999), S. 269-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: China ; environment ; sustainable development ; urbanization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract The path of urbanization in the People's Republic of China is largely shaped by the nation's industrial development strategies. In the first three decades of socialist construction, and especially after the Sino-Soviet rift at the end of the 1950s, the adoption of strategies of self-reliance had led to urban biased patterns of development. The introduction of economic reforms and the open door policy in 1978 paved the way for and facilitated national economic development. Two issues, which feature significantly in the processes of development in China, are assessed. The first is the relationship between economic development and the protection of arable land. The second is the quest for a coordinated hyper-development in both urban and rural areas. This paper concludes by proposing a sustainable metropolitan development strategy that suits the case of China.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007190305381
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The integration of China's port system into global container shipping (1999)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 48 (1999), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: China ; containers ; ports
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract There are many controversial issues concerning the relationships between container shipping lines, international port operators and the evolution of China's port system. We first present the factors linked with the transformation of the Pacific Rim transport environment resulting from increase container trade. This is followed by an analysis of China's port system. We argue that China is characterized by a ‘divided’ maritime transport system composed of three regions. The Chinese port system is marked by four interrelated transformations: port privatization, port expansion, modification of transactional networks and the emergence of a new business environment. The paper concludes on the need to upgrade China's port development policies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007088719533
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wheat yield functions for analysis of land-use change in China (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental modeling and assessment 4 (1999), S. 115-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2967
    Keywords: agriculture ; land use ; wheat production ; simulation models ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract CERES-Wheat, a dynamic process crop growth model, is specified and validated for eight sites in the major wheat-growing regions of China. Crop model results are then used to test the Mitscherlich-Baule and the quadratic functional forms for yield response to nitrogen fertilizer, irrigation water, temperature, and precipitation. The resulting functions are designed to be used in a linked biophysical-economic model of land-use and land-cover change in China. While both functions predict yield responses adequately, the Mitscherlich-Baule function is preferable to the quadratic function because its parameters are biologically and physically realistic. Variables explaining a significant proportion of simulated yield variance are nitrogen, irrigation water, and precipitation; temperature was a less significant component of yield variation within the range of observed year-to-year variability at the study sites. Crop model simulations with a generic soil with median characteristics of the eight sites compared to simulations with site-specific soils showed that agricultural soils in China have similar and, in general, low-to-moderate water-holding capacities and organic matter contents. The validated crop model is useful for simulating the range of conditions under which wheat is grown in China, and provides the means to estimate production functions when experimental field data are not available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019008116251
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental Impacts in the Jianghan Plain: Evidence from Lake Sediments (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 21-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: China ; eutrophication ; heavy metals ; palaeolimnology ; spheroidal carbonaceous particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract There is growing concern about the environmental impact of rapid economic growth in China. The problem is compounded by the scarcity of baseline data on the state of China's natural environment. As a step towards solving this problem, palaeolimnological methods have been applied to seven lakes in the Jianghan Plain, China, to evaluate recent changes in human impact. Lake sediment cores show enhanced concentrations of fossil fuel derived spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP) and Pb at all sites across the Jianghan Plain. The distribution of these industrial contaminants shows the overwhelming influence of the industrial cities. Wuhan dominates the fossil fuel derived pollution, while the copper smelter at Daye dominates the heavy metal pollution. Analysis of sediment diatom assemblages indicates mean total phosphorus concentrations of greater than 40 μg L-1 P in the lakes of the more intensely agricultural western part of the Jianghan Plain. The sediment concentration profiles for biogenic elements at these sites indicates a post-1960 eutrophication. Evidence for eutrophication in the eastern lakes is much weaker, though some evidence is present at all sites. The tracers of industrial pollution (Pb and SCP) correlate with Mn in the many of the lake sediments. This is compatible with both soil acidification, and soil gleyification due to intensified rice production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005040713678
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hierarchical Bayesian space-time models (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental and ecological statistics 5 (1998), S. 117-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: atmospheric science ; dynamical systems ; environmental studies ; Gibbs sampling ; Markov random field ; MCMC ; non-stationarity ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Space-time data are ubiquitous in the environmental sciences. Often, as is the case with atmo- spheric and oceanographic processes, these data contain many different scales of spatial and temporal variability. Such data are often non-stationary in space and time and may involve many observation/prediction locations. These factors can limit the effectiveness of traditional space- time statistical models and methods. In this article, we propose the use of hierarchical space-time models to achieve more flexible models and methods for the analysis of environmental data distributed in space and time. The first stage of the hierarchical model specifies a measurement- error process for the observational data in terms of some 'state' process. The second stage allows for site-specific time series models for this state variable. This stage includes large-scale (e.g. seasonal) variability plus a space-time dynamic process for the ’anomalies'. Much of our interest is with this anomaly proc ess. In the third stage, the parameters of these time series models, which are distributed in space, are themselves given a joint distribution with spatial dependence (Markov random fields). The Bayesian formulation is completed in the last two stages by speci- fying priors on parameters. We implement the model in a Markov chain Monte Carlo framework and apply it to an atmospheric data set of monthly maximum temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009662704779
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    A Multi-Objective and Multi-Design Evaluation Procedure for Environmental Protection Forestry (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 12 (1998), S. 225-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: agroforestry system ; China ; environmental protection ; project evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A unique and important application of a comprehensive and practical multi-objective evaluation framework is presented which goes far beyond traditional cost-benefit analysis (CBA). It is characterized by transparency which is not always the case for methods beyond CBA. The application is geared to the evaluation of environmental protection forestry with several alternative designs. The framework suggested consists of five key steps integrating orthodox cost-benefit analysis and the analytical hierarchy process developed by Saaty (1980). It is shown to be a flexible framework which can coherently function with a mixture of both monetary and physical units of measurement. The framework is applied to a consideration of alternative designs for the Three Norths Shelter Belt (TNSB) in China.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016036114492
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    Regional planning's last hurrah: the political economy of the Tumen River regional development plan (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 44 (1998), S. 239-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: regional planning ; China ; North Korea ; Tumen River
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a regional development plan in North East Asia, in the context of regional planning theory and various geo-political changes which have occurred in the region. Known as the Tumen Regional Development Project, the area encompasses parts of North Korea, China, and Russia. On the one hand, the geography, the presence of raw material, and social factors suggest that there may be unique opportunities to develop the region. At the same time, there is increased competition for capital and resources from other regions in the world. Regionalism, therefore, needs to be seen in a global context. After critiquing the plan from the perspective of contemporary regional planning theory, a call for a ‘new paradigm’ of development is issued, one that considers, for example non-traditional industries such as tourism and emphasizes the management of growth as well as its promotion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006860321866
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    Population and rangelands in Central Tibet: a GIS-Based Approach (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 44 (1998), S. 61-72 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: China ; Tibet ; land use/cover ; rangelands ; population ; GIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study focuses on the meso-regional pattern of rangeland ecotypes in Central Tibet in relation to population density. Data on rangelands derive from a recent land-cover GIS database of China based on the 1:1,000,000 Land Use Map of China. Specific kinds of grassland and steppe are analyzed in relation to 466 township-level enumeration units selected from China's 1990 census in the Tibetan Autonomous Region. This methodology offers a finer geographic resolution than in all other available research reports, and results in a more detailed understanding of the kinds of rangeland resources available to Central Tibetan communities. Systemic land cover patterns are mapped, and reveal the importance of local interactions between population and rangeland ecotypes. Alpine meadow and alpine steppe predominate above the cultivation limit at approximately 4,200 m. In the densely settled valleys below this limit, dry steppe and scrub grassland predominate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006815130932
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    Cross-border regional development in Southern China (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 44 (1998), S. 225-237 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: cross-border zone ; regional development ; China ; Hong Kong
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Cross-border zones have been developed rapidly in China since 1979. This was largely due to the global economic restructuring in the post-Fordist era. The enclave of Hong Kong plays an indispensable role in the process. While China adopts the Open Door Policy, factories in Hong Kong are quick to relocate to the Pearl River Delta region in order to benefit from the low production costs and other preferential policies. The paper first reviews the factors leading to the economic integration between Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta region of southern China. It then examines the sectoral changes and the socio-economic data of the region. Rapid urbanization and rural urbanization are reflected in the quest for infrastructural development plans and the loss of quality farmland. They also bring along environmental hazards. The paper concludes with the call for a comprehensive development strategy for the region into the next century.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006807716495
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    Cross-border development in Europe and Asia (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 44 (1998), S. 189-201 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: regional development ; cross-border development ; Asia ; China ; Vietman ; Hong Kong ; Eastern Europe ; Poland ; Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Three topics are explored in this article: the characteristics of cross-border development, a comparison between Eastern European and Asian border regions, and the policy aspects of cross-border developments. This study draws its case studies from cross-border developments that have emerged in former socialist regimes. While there are similarities, there are also significant differences in the primary determinants that have generated and sustained the developments. The last section concludes with a typology of cross-border development to establish a framework for future studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006817406579
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    Studies of Soils, Soil Water and Stream Water at a Small Catchment near Guiyang, China (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 101 (1998), S. 137-162 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; acid rain ; catchment ; China ; geochemistry ; soil ; soil water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Acid deposition is considered to be a major environmental problem in China, but information about effects on soils and waters is scarce. To contribute to increased knowledge about the problem a small catchment (about 7 ha) in the outskirts of Guiyang, the provincial capital of Guizhou in south-western China, was instrumented for collection of precipitation, throughfall, soil water and stream water. In addition soil samples have been collected and analyzed for key properties. Median pH in the precipitation is 4.40 (quartiles: 4.19 and 4.77) and the median sulfate concentration 228 µeq/L (quartiles: 147 and 334 µeq/L). The dry deposition of both SO2 and alkaline dust is considerable. The sum of wet deposition of sulfate and dry deposition of SO2 has been estimated to about 8.5 gSm-2yr-1. The total S-deposition may be somewhat higher due to dry deposition of sulfate and occult deposition. In soil water, SO4 2- is the major anion, generally ranging from 300 to 2500 µeq/L in the different plots. Calcium is an important cation, but there is also a considerable contribution of aluminum from the soil. In some of the plots the concentrations of inorganic monomeric aluminum (Ali) are typically between 200 and 400 µm. Potential harmful levels of aluminum and/or high Ali/(Ca2+ + Mg2+) molar ratios occur in the catchment, but damages to vegetation have not yet been reported. In most cases exchangeable aluminum accounts for between 75 and 95% of the total effective cation exchange capacity (CECE) in the mineral soils. The aluminum chemistry cannot easily be explained by conventional models as the Gaines-Thomas ion-exchange equation or equilibrium with an Al(OH)3 mineral phase. The stream water is generally less acidic and has considerably lower concentrations of aluminum than the soil water, even though quite acid events have been observed (pH 〈 4.4). The median pH values are 4.9 and 5.0 in the two first order streams and 6.3 in the dam at the lower boarder of the catchment.
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    Lake ecosystem responses to rapid climate change (1998)
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 49 (1998), S. 281-290 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: body size ; disturbance ; growth rate ; life history strategy ; perturbation ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we examine the consequences of rapid climate change on lake ecosystems in terms of two main effects: variability effects and magnitude effects. How these factors influence life history selection is considered by focusing upon body size as a quantifiable and strong correlate of life history variation (Pianka 1970, McNab 1980, Charnov 1991). We then consider the relationship between the concept of biological diversity and the diversity of life history strategies in the context of rapid climate change.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005803111108
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    Management of Spontaneous Combustion in Coal Mine Waste Tips in China (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 441-444 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: coal mine ; China ; spontaneous combustion ; waste tip
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Coal mine waste tip spontaneous combustion is a world-wide environmental concern. The practice for preventing as well as extinguishing the waste tip spontaneous combustion in China has been undertaken for 15 yr with the first practice at Fenxi Coal Mine Management Bureau. In this paper, the current development of coal mine waste tip spontaneous combustion management in China is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the techniques currently used in preventing and extinguishing the spontaneous combustion in China.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004922620264
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    Application of Water Balance Models to Different Climatic Regions in China for Water Resources Assessment (1997)
    Springer
    Water resources management 11 (1997), S. 51-67 
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    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: China ; water resources planning and management ; water balance models ; calibration and simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Uneven precipitation in space and time together with mismanagement and lack of knowledge about existing water resources, have caused water shortage problems for water supply to large cities and irrigation in many regions of China. There is an urgent need for the efficient use and regional planning of water resources. For these purposes, the monthly variation of discharges should be made available. In this paper, a simple water balance modelling approach was applied to seven catchments (385–20002) for water resources assessment. Six catchments were chosen from the humid region in southern China and one catchment from the semi-arid and semi-humid region in northern China. The results are satisfactory. It is suggested that the proposed modelling approach provides a valuable tool in the hands of planners and designers of water resources.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007945406728
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    Patchwork, Pastoralists, and Perception: Dune Sand as a Valued Resource Among Herders of Inner Mongolia (1997)
    Springer
    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 297-317 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: China ; desertification ; environmental perception ; grasslands ; place consciousness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Scholars have rarely reflected upon dune sand in any context other than that of environmental hazard. Yet recent anthropological research conducted among ethnic Mongol herders in the Keerqin Sandy Lands of Northeast China indicates that native inhabitants exhibit a surprising degree of tolerance, appreciation, and even preference for dune sand at specific spatio-temporal scales. Survey data, gathered primarily through the use of photographic prompts and pile sort exercises during household interviews, reveal that many residents even regard dune sand as the constituent element of a distinctive home environment and cherished way of life. This research underscores the relevance of perception to the policies and practices of human resource management. It also calls into question the authority with which officials and scholars in China and elsewhere indiscriminantly depreciate the various social utilities of dune sand in stock-herding populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021930307557
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    Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific (1997)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774409131
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    Effect of Ionic Composition and Temperature on the Radiocaesium Fixation in Freshwater Sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 201-208 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: freshwater sediments ; radiocaesium ; fixation ; ionic composition ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to verify in which way the ionic composition of the sediment and that of the overlying water column may have an effect on radiocaesium fixation, through possible structural modifications of the frayed edge sites (FES) pools of the sediments. Two experimental protocols have been considered: i) a condition in which sediments were homoionically saturated with either potassium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium or sodium ions, and ii) a mixed potassium-calcium scenario in the liquid phase. Nine freshwater sediments from four different locations were used in this study. For homoionic potassium and ammonium saturated sediments a nearly quantitative radiocaesium desorption (90-100%) was observed, whereas for calcium and magnesium the desorption yields were about 20%. It appears that the action of strongly hydrated ions (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+) leads to a pronounced enhancement of radiocaesium fixation in the solid phase, whereas poorly hydrated ions (K+, NH4 +) have the opposite effect and promote sorption reversibility. Another issue considered in this study concerns the effect of temperature and sediment drying on the radiocaesium fixation. Drying the sediments at 110°C leads to a significant increase in radiocaesium fixation levels, while drying the sediments at room temperature (25°C) has a very limited effect on radiocaesium fixation and appears to put a brake on the aging effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018361121952
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    Effect of ionic composition and temperature on the radiocaesium fixation in freshwater sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 201-208 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: freshwater sediments ; radiocaesium ; fixation ; ionic composition ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to verify in which way the ionic composition of the sediment and that of the overlying water column may have an effect on radiocaesium fixation, through possible structural modifications of the frayed edge sites (FES) pools of the sediments. Two experimental protocols have been considered: i) a condition in which sediments were homoionically saturated with either potassium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium or sodium ions. and ii) a mixed potassium-calcium scenario in the liquid phase. Nine freshwater sediments from four different locations were used in this study. For homoionic potassium and ammonium saturated sediments a nearly quantitative radiocaesium desorption (90–100%) was observed, whereas for calcium and magnesium the desorption yields scene about 20%. It appears that the action of strongly hydrated ions (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+) leads to a pronounced enhancement of radiocaesium fixation in the solid phase, whereas poorly hydrated ions (K+, NH4 +) have the opposite effect and promote sorption reversibility. Another issue considered in this study concerns the effect of temperature and sediment drying on the radiocaesium fixation. Drying die sediments at 110°C leads to a significant increase in radiocaesium fixation levels, while drying the sediments at room temperature (25°C) has a very limited effect on radiocaesium fixation and appears to put a brake on the aging effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406859
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    Relationships between soluble sugar concentrations in roots and ecosystem stress for first year sugar maple seedlings (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 88 (1996), S. 1-19 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acidic deposition ; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae ; seedling nutrition ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Accumulation of reducing sugars (i.e., glucose and fructose) in plant roots has been consistently correlated with forest dieback and decline and, therefore, has potential as a biological indicator of ecosystem stress. In this study, the relationships between acidic deposition and “natural” (temperature, mycorrhizae, and nutrition) factors with first-year sugar maple seedling root sugar concentrations and growth were assessed in two sugar maple dominated forests in Michigan. Seedlings at the southern site (Wellston) had greater root growth, phosphorus, total sugar, and sucrose concentrations in roots, but lower reducing sugar concentration in roots. In addition, percent root length colonized by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was less than that found for seedlings growing at the northern site (Alberta). Throughfall deposition of nitrate, sulfate, and hydrogen ions was not significantly correlated with seedling total or reducing sugar concentration. Total sugar concentration in seedling roots was positively correlated with air and soil temperatures at the southern site, but not at the northern site. Seedling tissue phosphorus concentration was correlated with total sugars at both sites, with sucrose at the southern site, and reducing sugars at the northern site. Mycorrhizal colonization rates at the Alberta site were positively correlated with reducing sugar concentration in seedling roots and negatively correlated with sucrose concentration. The results suggest that differences in seedling root sugar concentrations in these two forests are related to seedling root growth and are most likely due to ecological variables, such as available soil phosphorus, temperature, and growing season length through some complex interaction with mycorrhizae rather than acidic deposition stress.
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    Agricultural vulnerability and adaptation to global warming in China (1996)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 63-73 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: China ; agriculture ; maize ; rice ; wheat ; GFDL ; MPI ; UKMO
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the vulnerability and adaptation of the agricultural sector of China to global warming. Based on a summarization of Chinese agricultural and general circulation model trends, adverse impacts on China's agriculture caused by a warming and drying climate were identified. Because of limited irrigation potential, the sustainable development of Chinese agriculture will be difficult. Six sensitive agricultural areas located on the edges of different agroecological zones, and seven provinces with high vulnerability to the impacts on agriculture, were identified. On the basis of an estimation ofthe potential supply of agricultural products and demand for food, the annual incremental costs for adaptation to climate change would be US$0.8–3.48 billion; without adaptation, the annual agricultural loss due to global warming would be US$1.37–79.98 billion from 2000 to 2050. Adaptive measures discussed include intensive management and the possibility of a tripartite structure of planting that would entail coordinated development of gain crops, feed crops, and cash crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175553
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    The impacts of potential climate change and climate variability on simulated maize production in China (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 75-85 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: China ; agriculture ; maize ; GFDL ; MPI ; UKMO
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This study assessed the impacts of potential climate change on maize yields in China, using the CERES-Maize model under rainfed and irrigated conditions, based on 35 maize modeling sites in eastern China that characterize the main maize regions. The Chinese Weather Generator was developed to generate a long time series of daily climate data as baseline climate for 51 sites in China. Climate change scenarios were created from three equilibrium general circulation models: the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model, the high-resolution United Kingdom Meteorological Office model, and the Max Planck Institute model. At most sites, simulated yields of both rainfed and irrigated maize decreased under climate change scenarios, primarily because of increases in temperature, which shorten maize growth duration, particularly the grain-filling period. Decreases of simulated yields varied across the general circulation model scenarios. Simulated yields increased at only a few northern sites, probably because maize growth is currently temperature-limited at these relatively high latitudes. To analyze the possible impacts of climate variability on maize yield, we specified incremental changes to variabilities of temperature and precipitation and applied these changes to the general circulation model scenarios to create sensitivity scenarios. Arbitrary climate variability sensitivity tests were conducted at three sites in the North China Plain to test maize model responses to a range of changes (0%, +10%, and +20%) inthe monthly standard deviations of temperature and monthly variation coefficients of precipitation. The results from the three sites showed that incremental climate variability caused simulated yield decreases, and the decreases in rainfed yield were greater than those of irrigated yield.
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    A fishery in a changing lake environment: The naked carpGymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler) (Cyprinidae: schizothoracinae) in Qinghai Hu, China (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 4 (1995), S. 169-222 
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    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: China ; Qinghai ; Koko Nor ; Cyprinidae ; fish ; fishery ; recruitment ; spawning ; catch per unit effort ; management ; translocation ; saline lake ; dryland ; semi-arid ; irrigation ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Quinghai Hu is a large, high-altitude, saline lake in north-western China, and supports a fishery based on an endemic species of naked carp (‘snow trout’). The fish take seven years to attain maturity and a marketable weight of 300 g, and have a lifespan of 14–21 years under the present fishery regime. They seasonally migrate from the lake to spawn over the gravel beds of inflowing rivers, but these areas have been reduced by weirs and irrigation diversions and recruitment may have declined. The population may have been affected also by a 1.85-m fall in the lake level over the past 30 years, and by associated changes in salinity. The fishery was opened to large-scale exploitation in 1958. Yields declined sharply (max. 28,523 tonnes, 1960) as the larger, older fish were removed, and then more slowly (min. 2523 tonnes, 1983). Since 1987 the fish factory has been limited to an annual quota of 1200 tonnes, taken by a fleet of four pair trawlers. Another 800 tonnes are taken by licensed fishermen, mainly using gill nets, and perhaps 1000 tonnes are taken illegally. The estimated total catch in 1992 was 3000 tonnes. New trawlers introduced in 1989–90 substantially increased the factory's catch per unit effort, and in 1990 the quota was virtually filled in one month in a zone within 20 km of the factory. Although this could suggest that the stocks will be conserved if the quota is retained, at least half of the catch in 1989–92 consisted of immature individuals. Trawling operations recently were suspended following a further decline in the catch after 1992. While the new trawlers are capable of a major increase in effort, neither the changing environment, the fish stocks or the present markets favour intensified pressure. Gillnets may provide better control over the minimum size limit and may cause less damage than trawling. Other options to improve the viability and profitability of the fishery include improvements in handling, processing and marketing. Failure to develop the fishery may encourage attempts to introduce exotic fish, at some risk to survival of the local species.
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    Pattern and change of a boreal forest landscape in northeastern China (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 82 (1995), S. 465-476 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: boreal forest ; China ; deforestation ; fragmentation ; landscape pattern ; patch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the spatial and temporal patterns of a boreal forest landscape in northeastern China using aerial photographs from 1955 (before logging) through 1980. The primary forest landscape is a complex mosaic of four tree species, and three age classes for each tree species, for a total of eighteen patch types. In addition, the complexity of the primary forest landscape shows great variation in the number, size and areal composition of patches. The forest landscape has been fragmented obviously by deforestation. There is an average increase in patch number from 291.6 to 438.0 patches per 10 000 ha, and an average decrease in patch size from 34.3 to 22.8 ha. Most of the logged areas are small in size, an average of 10.9 ha. The areal composition of different patch types has been changed greatly since the 1950s. The hardwood forest areas (especially) have increased significantly (p=0.05); coniferousLarix gmelinii decreased significantly (p=0.05), andPinus sylvestris var.mongolica remained about the same. The area of old-age class in the dominant species,Larix gmelinii, has decreased significantly (p=0.05). In addition, young and middle age classes of all tree species occupy a larger proportion of the area in 1980 than in 1955. Due to deforestation and recovery, therefore, many of these ecosystems are in early succession stages.
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    Sampling variance of a T-year flood estimated by curve-fitting (1994)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 233-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Flood ; China ; river ; sampling variance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The sampling variance of a T-year flood when estimated using a curve-fitting method results from the errors in hydrologic observations, plotting positions, and model-fitting. This paper develops a method to quantify the contribution of plotting positions to the sampling variance of the T-year flood magnitude. Application of the method to 150 flood-flow data sets of 41 rivers in the People's Republic of China show that the errors due to plotting positions contribute more to the sampling variance than others.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01587237
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    Evaluation of climatic change through harmonic analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 9 (1994), S. 5-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Fourier transform ; maximum entropy spectral analysis ; precipitation ; temperature ; climatic change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In the present work, a precipitation and temperature series from Barcelona (Spain) are analysed in order to detect the possible existence of climatic changes or cycles. The analysis is carried out both from the temporal and spectral standpoints. The techniques used range from the classical periodogram and Blackman-Tukey method through to the Maximum Entropy method. The results do not show the existence of climatic cycles, though they do show a clear tendency toward increased precipitation and decreased temperature, since the last years of series.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662588
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    Reusable and disposable cups: An energy-based evaluation (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 889-899 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: China ; Glass ; Hard plastic ; Paper ; Polystyrene foam cups
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A group of five different types of reusable and disposable hot drink cups have been analyzed in detail with respect to their overall energy costs during fabrication and use. Electricity generating methods and efficiencies have been found to be key factors in the primary energy consumption for the washing of reusable cups and a less important factor in cup fabrication. In Canada or the United States, over 500 or more use cycles, reusable cups are found to have about the same or slightly more energy consumption, use for use, as moulded polystyrene foam cups used once and then discarded. For the same area paper cups used once and discarded are found to consume less fossil fuel energy per use than any of the other cup types examined. Details of this analysis, which could facilitate the comparative assessment of other scenarios, are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02393618
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    Adaptive ecology of traditionally derived agroforestry in China (1994)
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    Human ecology 22 (1994), S. 415-442 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Cunninghamia lanceolata ; proto-science ; China ; peasants ; ethnoecology ; agroforestry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This research was designed to test the following hypothesis: Among traditional (nonliterate and minimally literate) people residing in their home environment, traditionally derived knowledge of specific cases of ecological processes can approximate scientifically derived knowledge of those same cases. After locating three minimally literate peasant family lineages in Lijiayang and Linfengkeng villages, Shouning County, Fujian Province, China, not applying science-based systems of agroforest management, a decision-tree model of an indigenous agroforest management system was constructed from extensive interviews. The system was centered around shamu (Cunninghamia lanceolata),an important timber species with a long history of management in China. A major part of the management system is agricultural intercropping with a wide variety of cereal, cash, medicinal, and oil-producing crops. Intercropping is practiced in the initial phases of afforestation; is an integral aspect of site preparation and the tending of the young stand; and contributes to tree establishment, growth, and survival. The cases presented demonstrate that local peasant knowledge of the effects of burning, site preparation, crop selection, crop tending, and intercropping duration on soil quality and the survival and development of shamu is strongly analogous to the knowledge derived through systematic scientific research. This process of deriving scientifically valid ecological knowledge through traditional means is called protoscience.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02169387
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    An approach to mass movements in the Jiuzhaigou catchment (1993)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 8 (1993), S. 141-151 
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Debris flow ; landslide ; avalanche ; Jiuzhaigou ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a preliminary study of the main types, features, genesis, and countermeasures of mass movements in the Jiuzhaigou catchment, which is one of the most scenic regions in China. The main features are debris flows, rock-segment flows, landslides, and avalanches. Rough relief, fractured rocks, drifts, steep slopes, intensive rainstorms, and earthquakes produced their geneses. Countermeasures should include the integration of engineering and biological projects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00605438
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    The onset of the rainy season in Yunnan province, PR China and its significance for agricultural operations (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 37 (1993), S. 170-176 
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    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Agroclimatology ; Growing season ; China ; Yunnan province
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Data of 134 stations located in Yunnan province, PR China were analysed in order to study the temporal and spatial characteristics of the onset of the rainy season and to investigate the consequences for farming operations. Using a precipitation threshold value, a time span of 12 weeks was found for the complete onset of the rainy season, while the range of onset dates varied from 37 days to 155 days. The onset occurred at different places across the province and showed active and break phases due to the interaction of four different branches of the atmospheric circulation. The onset of the growing season, determined by summing up decade precipitation totals, showed the same general pattern. Probabilities are given for the beginning and the variability of sowing dates of dry-seeded crops together with dates of preparation of paddy fields.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01212626
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    Release of inorganic N, P and K in peat soils; effect of temperature, water chemistry and water level (1993)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 20 (1993), S. 63-81 
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    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: nutrient release ; peat soil ; temperature ; water chemistry ; water level ; wetland ; N ; P ; K ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the Netherlands, fens that are fed by polluted river water are often eutrophic, whereas fens fed by calcium-rich groundwater often are mesotrophic. Differences in trophic status can not always be attributed to differences in the nutrient load of the water. In this paper we try to determine if the inflow of river water in fens, in fact, accelerates the soil nutrient release, thereby creating more eutrophic conditions (‘internal eutrophication’). For this purpose, we compared nutrient release rates (N, P and K) in soil cores fromSphagnum peat andCarex peat saturated with different media, that were artificially created to mimic the three basic water sources: polluted river water, unpolluted calcium-rich groundwater and rainwater. In addition, we studied the effect of temperature and water level on nutrient release rates. The experiments proved thatSphagnum peat released much more P and ammonium thanCarex peat. The strong site effect proved consistent throughout the water chemistry treatments, which indicates that soil quality may be the most important agent determining nutrient release rates. Nevertheless, it was established that water chemistry and water level are of significant influence on nutrient release rates in peat soils. In particular, river water stimulated P release by the peat, most notably in theSphagnum peat. P-release in both soils was only minor when the soils were incubated in clean Ca-rich groundwater. It is suggested that P release is strongly associated with soil chemical processes, and that high P release rates after incubation in river water are due to the high sulphate content of the water. The net release from the soil of ammonium, potassium and phosphate increased with increasing temperature. A freezing treatment significantly increased nutrient availability. The results of the experiments are examined in the context of hydrologic management strategies for the conservation of fens in agricultural landscapes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004135
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    Political ecology and environmental management in the Loess Plateau, China (1993)
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    Human ecology 21 (1993), S. 327-353 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: China ; rural environment ; political ecology ; Loess Plateau
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the changing political ecology of soil and water management—the articulation of physical and political-economic processes—in the Loess Plateau of north-central China. Market-oriented reforms and the shift from collective to household farming have created a diverse array of tenure, management, and financing arrangements. In the process relationships between farm households, the collective, and the state have been altered, with profound implications for land use and sustainability. The paper reviews the political ecology approach and its relevance to environmental management in China. An outline of the physical and economic context of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau is followed by examination of the impact of reform on rural environmental management. Local innovations in the organization of environmental management are highlighted. The conclusion comments on the utility of the regional political ecology approach and suggests some critical issues for further research.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00891139
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    Studies on the impact of winter climate on rubber and wheat cultivation in the mountains of southern China, applying a fuzzy cluster analysis (1992)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 36 (1992), S. 159-164 
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    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Agroclimatology ; Subtropics ; China ; Fuzzy cluster analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Data from climatic stations in China, located south of 30° N and 〉 400 m above sea-level, were analysed in order to study the relationship with winter climate, on the one hand, and with rubber and winter wheat cultivation, on the other. Three relevant agroclimatic parameters were investigated for January, namely mean temperature, precipitation total and sunshine duration. By applying a fuzzy cluster analysis, three agroclimatic regions were found in winter; the boundaries coincide with the macro-scale topography of southern China. In one case the boundary even corresponds with the position of the Kunming quasi-stationary front. Winter climate in the three agroclimatic regions was found to show a different pattern, hence gives evidence to different conditions during overwintering of crops. The affects were analysed of regional climatic conditions in January on growth and yield of rubber and winter wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01224820
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    Use of cattails in treating wastewater from a Pb/Zn mine (1992)
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    Environmental management 16 (1992), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Pb/Zn mine waslewater ; Treatment ; Hydrophytes ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This article describes the use of a combined treatment system, which includes an aquatic treatment pond withTypha latifolia Linn. (Typhaceae) as the dominant species and a stabilization pond, to treat the wastewater from a Pn/Zn mine at Shaoguan, Guangdong Province, China. In 1983, it was noted thatT. latifolia bloomed in areas affected by the wastewater emitted from the mine, hence a combined purification system was subsequently built. The influent contained high levels of total suspended solids (4635 mg/liter), chemical oxygen demand (14.5 mg/liter) as well as Pb (1.6 mg/liter) and Zn (1.9 mg/liter). The results of the effluent after treatment showed that the total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, Pb, and Zn had been reduced by 99%, 55%, 95%, and 80% respectively. The results of plant tissue analysis indicled thatT. latifolia assimilated significant amounts of Pb and Zn, especially in the root portion. During 1986 several species of algae and fish were present in the pond, usually with a higher density in areas containing lower metal concentrations in the water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02393910
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    Biogeochemistry of Late Paleozoic North American brachiopods and secular variation of seawater composition (1989)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 7 (1989), S. 159-193 
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    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: Brachiopod biogeochemistry ; diagenesis ; secular isotopic variations ; carbon isotopes ; oxygen isotopes ; Sr/Ca ; temperature ; Recent ; Late Paleozoic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sr/Ca ratios in modern brachiopod shells reflect variations in ambient seawater, whereas their Na contents show no relationship with water depth or habitat. Their Mn and Fe contents are controlled, in part, by leaching of these elements from oxide coatings or the low input/sedimentation rate of detrital material into depositional areas such as Quatsino Sound. For most Carboniferous brachiopods from North America, the Mn and Fe contents are similar to those recorded by their Recent counterparts. The high Mn and Fe contents in the brachiopods from shales suggest several possibilities for these levels. One possibility is the leaching of Mn and Fe from oxide coatings/matrix which was not completely removed in the cleaning process, or the high levels in part reflect unusual depositional conditions (some degree of anoxia) for the local shaly environments. The Sr/Ca ratio of brachiopods and, by inference, complementary seawater, did not vary significantly during the Carboniferous. The Sr/Ca minimum observed in brachiopods of Mississippian age coincides with a dip in the 87Sr/86Sr curve and correlates with the Hercynian orogeny. This is attributed to the cycling of seawater through mid-ocean ridge basalts, and postulated exchange reactions account for variation in the composition of seawater-Ca. The unidirectional trend of heavier δ13C values from the Devonian to the Permian is intricately coupled with the evolution of the terrestrial biomass. In addition to expansion of terrestrial plants, burial of reduced carbon in the form of coal (organic matter) contributed to the observed shift. The start of the Permo-Pennsylvanian glaciation is marked by a negative excursion of the secular carbon trend, which is linked to weathering of reduced carbon and its return to the oceanic reservoir with its oxidized carbon. The oxygen isotope values reflect the unidirectional trend towards higher values of the carbon data with decreasing geologic age. Negative excursions of the trend may be related to extensive weathering of terrestrial and submarine rocks, whereas positive excursions may be related to hydrothermal alteration of submarine rocks and dehydration of oceanic crust during times of active sea-floor spreading. Oxygen-calculated water temperatures of unaltered brachiopod material are unrealistically high for all of the Devonian, and the Chesterian-Meramecian, Desmoinesian-Missourian, and Artinskian Epochs. During these times maximum water temperatures of 42° to 56°C are well above the thermal threshold of protein denaturation. This process, which is lethal to most higher organisms, demands an adjustment in oxygen of -2.5%. for samples older than Missourian, and of -1.250%. for samples spanning the Missourian-Artinskian interval. With these adjustments and salinity considerations made prior to calculations, water temperatures become reasonable for the Late Paleozoic epeiric, tropical seas of North America.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004216
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    Main meteorological problems of rice production and protective measures in China (1989)
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    International journal of biometeorology 33 (1989), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: China ; Rice ; Meteorological problems ; Protective measures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract China is one of the largest rice producers in the world. Since 1949, the rice production in China has increased considerably. The strong monsoon and continental climate and the varied topography provide suitable conditions for rice growth. However, cold, drought, water logging injury and other meteorological disasters happen frequently, resulting in unstable yield. This paper briefly introduces natural conditions in China that are favourable for rice production. Attention is focused on the main meteorological disasters and the protective measures adopted in rice production. Finally, some profitable suggestions for China's future rice production are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045889
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    The connection of geodynamics with seismicity patterns (1988)
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    Natural hazards 1 (1988), S. 5-13 
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Geodynamics ; seismicity ; earthquake ; geomorphology ; China ; Colombia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract When a study is to be made of seismic risks, the present-day geodynamic conditions are of fundamental importance: Earthquakes do not happen by themselves, they do have a cause. The cause of earthquakes is that the tectonic stresses exceed a critical limit. The build-up of these stresses is conditioned by the geodynamic processes occurring in the region in question. A knowledge of the geodynamics characteristic of a region is therefore fundamental for seismic risk studies. The general methodology for making such a geodynamic study is based on the entire set of manifestations of the plate-tectonic conditions of that region: these include the mechanism of earthquakes, the stresses observed in mines, the orientation of surface joints and even the direction of river valleys. Examples of geodynamic studies and their bearing on seismic risks are shown from various areas of the world, notably from China, India, and Colombia.
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    Three hundred years of Taungya: A sustainable system of forestry in south China (1988)
    Springer
    Human ecology 16 (1988), S. 361-376 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: adaptation ; China ; forestry ; land use ; minorities ; taungya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Taungya is a system of forest management in which land is cleared and planted initially to food crops. Seedlings of desirable tree species are then planted on the same plot, leading in time to a harvestable stand of timber. Taungya is believed to have been developed by the British in Burma during the nineteenth century. Historical research indicates that successional systems of forest management which follow the pattern of taungya have been used for at least three centuries by ethnic minorities in and by the Han population. The resilience of these systems is associated with economic and social factors which have made the cultivation of trees an adaptive strategy of land use for the inhabitants of the highlands of southern China.
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    Tsunami risk analysis for China (1988)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 1 (1988), S. 181-195 
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    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Risk ; tsunami ; China ; zonation ; coast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Historical data have been used in this paper, in particular that available on the tsunami history and the geological and seismological characteristics along the coasts of China. The nature and effects of both local tsunamis and tele-tsunamis on the coasts of China are analyzed. The coastal response of China to tsunamis is estimated theoretically, also. Finally, the tsunami risk for the coast of China is calculated and the zonation of preliminary tsunami hazard of China is mapped for three levels of hazardicity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00126614
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    Urban air pollution and atmospheric diffusion research in China (1987)
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    Environmental management 11 (1987), S. 721-728 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: China ; Air pollution ; Acid rain ; Environmental impact assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Air pollution has become a serious problem in China as a result of that country's efforts in the last 30 years to become a great industrial power. The burning of coal, which currently provides over 70% of all China's energy needs, is a major source of air pollution. Because Chinese coal is high in sulfur and ash content and because most combustion devices in China have low efficiencies, SO2 and particulate emissions are a serious problem and are comparable to or exceed those found in many countries that are much more industrialized. Although most coal is burned in North China, acid precipitation is most severe in South China because of the lack of buffering loess dust found in the former region. The Chinese government has already taken major steps to mitigate air pollution, such as relocating polluting industries, supplying coal with lower sulfur content, using gas instead of coal for residential heating, and levying fines on industries that exceed pollution standards. Atmospheric environmental impact assessment (AEIA) is also required for all major new projects. This article describes three types of mathematical diffusion models and field and wind-tunnel experiments that are used in such assessments. The Chinese authorities believe that a range of technological, managerial, locational, and behavioral changes must be effected before the air of Chinese cities can be significantly improved.
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    Seventeenth century organic agriculture in China: II. Energy flows through an agroecosystem in Jiaxing region (1986)
    Springer
    Human ecology 14 (1986), S. 15-28 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: organic agriculture ; agriculture ; China ; energy flow ; agroecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The energy flows in a seventeenth century agroecosystem in Jiaxing region of eastern China were analyzed on the basis of historical data. The agroecosystem included cropping, mulberry-silkworm, livestock, and fishing systems. In terms of energy, the agroecosystem was sustainable. Human labor provided all the power with inputs of about 3700 hr per hectare of farmland. Most or 70% of the labor was expended in the cropping system. Human and animal manure provided most of the nutrients for crop and mulberry production. About two-thirds of the total manure was used in crop production and one-third in the mulberry plantations. The only fossil energy input was a few hand tools. Approximately 55% of the grain was consumed directly by local residents, about one-third of the grain was used to make an alcohol drink and produce distillers'grains, which was fed to pigs, and only 2% of the grains were exported outside the agroecosystem. About two-thirds of the harvested crop residues were used as household fuel, while the remainder was returned to the field as an organic fertilizer. Pork accounted for 85% and silk cocoons 14% of the total animal products produced. Even though the agroecosystem was generally sustainable in terms of energy, the major environmental problem was that two-thirds of the harvested crop residues were used for household fuel. This reduced nutrient cycling in the system. Insufficient land was available to produce fuelwood;thus, crop residues were the primary source of fuel for the people.
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    Seventeenth century organic agriculture in China: I. Cropping systems in Jiaxing region (1986)
    Springer
    Human ecology 14 (1986), S. 1-14 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: organic agriculture ; agriculture ; China ; energy flow ; agroecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The cropping systems of seventeenth century traditional organic agriculture in the Jiaxing region of eastern China required about 2000 hr of labor per hectare for rice production. Rice and related grain crops were produced employing only human power. The input was about 200 times that for most mechanized grain production today. The charcoal or fossil energy input to produce simple hand tools accounted for only 1–2% total energy in the crop systems. Organic wastes including manures, pond sediments, and green manure crops supplied most of the nutrients. Rice yields, ranging as high as 6700–8400 kg/ha, were similar to some of the highest yields today. The energy output/input ratio ranged from 9 for compost-fertilized rice to 12 for green manure-fertilized rice production. These ratios were 2–10 times higher than most mechanized rice production systems of today. Knowledge of the crop and soil system enabled the early Chinese farms to maintain high crop yields and sustain highly productive soils.
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    Breastfeeding decline in urban China: An exploratory study (1985)
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    Human ecology 13 (1985), S. 433-466 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: breastfeeding ; women ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Retrospective data collected in two urban neighborhoods of Tianjin, People's Republic of China, reveal a decline in the rate and duration of breastfeeding since the mid-1930's. There is no reason to suppose that this decline was stimulated by policies intended to discourage breastfeeding, or by pressures from commercial interests determined to expand the use of milk substitutes or supplements. The evidence indicates that breastfeeding declined as women became involved in work outside the home, as they adopted a form of postmarital residence that separated them from other relatives, as income increased, and as their rural origins decreased. No evidence was found to indicate a relationship between breastfeeding and parity or sex preferences.
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    Animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air emissions (1984)
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    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 309-324 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Animals ; Indicators ; Air pollution ; Ecosystem responses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract With existing and proposed air-quality regulations, ecological disasters resulting from air emissions such as those observed at Copperhill, Tennessee, and Sudbury, Ontario, are unlikely. Current air-quality standards, however, may not protect ecosystems from subacute and chronic exposure to air emissions. The encouragement of the use of coal for energy production and the development of the fossil-fuel industries, including oil shales, tar sands, and coal liquification, point to an increase and spread of fossil-fuel emissions and the potential to influence a number of natural ecosystems. This paper reviews the reported responses of ecosystems to air-borne pollutants and discusses the use of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to these pollutants. Animal species and populations can act as important indicators of biotic and abiotic responses of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. These responses can indicate long-term trends in ecosystem health and productivity, chemical cycling, genetics, and regulation. For short-term trends, fish and wildlife also serve as monitors of changes in community structure, signaling food-web contamination, as well as providing a measure of ecosystem vitality. Information is presented to show not only the importance of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air-quality degradation, but also their value as air-pollution indices, that is, as air-quality-related values (AQRV), required in current air-pollution regulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01868030
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    Ambient air quality standards in China (1984)
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    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 473-479 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Ambient air quality standards ; China ; Air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract China recently announced ambient air quality standards. This article describes the standards and compares them with standards that exist in the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, and the United States. An unusual feature of the Chinese standards is the establishment of different classes of standards, applicable in different types of areas. The present status of air pollution in several Chinese cities is examined. Data on the levels of suspended particulates, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide in several Chinese cities are presented. Some of the difficulties involved in implementing the new standards are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01871572
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  • 60
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    The mulberry dike-fish pond complex: A Chinese ecosystem of land-water interaction on the Pearl River Delta (1982)
    Springer
    Human ecology 10 (1982), S. 191-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: ecosystem ; human ecology ; mulberry ; silkworm ; fish ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The Pearl River Delta offers humans a variety of land-use alternatives. A complex ecosystem which has been in existence in the Delta for centuries has greatly contributed to the region's agricultural productivity. The principal components are mulberry trees, silkworms, pond fish, and humans, interrelated in a harmonious and mutually beneficial way. The system is not only highly efficient and soundly balanced ecologically, but provides much higher economic returns than do other agrarian practices in the Delta.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531240
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  • 61
    Electronic Resource
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    Energy flows in rural China (1979)
    Springer
    Human ecology 7 (1979), S. 119-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: energy ; China ; ecology ; development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative analysis of major rural energy flows in the People's Republic of China shows that the nation 's countryside still depends predominantly on solar radiation transformed by green plants through photosynthesis into food, feed, fuel, and raw materials. Although a large-scale modernization effort currently under way aims to greatly increase the consumption of fossil fuels and electricity, it is argued that the country should not completely abandon its renewable rural energetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00917517
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  • 62
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    Birth seasonally among peasant cultivators: The interrelationship of workload, diet, and fertility (1979)
    Springer
    Human ecology 7 (1979), S. 151-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: fertility ; nutrition ; workload ; China ; peasants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The monthly distribution of live births was analyzed over a 51-year period, 1926–1976, for a rural Taiwan fishing community. Unlike previous studies of birth seasonality, monthly distributions of births did not deviate from what would be expected by chance. This new case is shown to be consistent with the suggestion, developed by Pasternak during a study of birth seasonality in two Taiwan farming communities, that for peasant cultivators the annual cycle of production exerts a more decisive influence on birth seasonality than time of marriage or attributes of temperature, rainfall, or workload. An hypothesis that links the productive cycle to conceptions through the intervening variable of diet is presented and successfully tested using several sets of data on monthly births. A direct effect of nutrition on human fertility, suggested by recent studies of reproductive performance under conditions of nutritional stress, may largely explain seasonality of conceptions and births in populations that experience significant seasonal variation in diet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00917519
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  • 63
    Electronic Resource
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    Seasons of birth and marriage in two Chinese localities (1978)
    Springer
    Human ecology 6 (1978), S. 299-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: births ; irrigation ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Data from two rural Chinese settings suggest that an ecological variable — the reliability of food supply — may exert a more decisive influence on birth seasonality than time of marriage or attributes of temperature, rainfall, or workload. First births seem to be especially important for patterns of seasonality; comparison between villages suggests that a periodic but reliable source of food may encourage a seasonal distribution of first births, the effect of which might be to protect the mother and/or her newborn infant. It is the periodicity of first births that may give aggregate birth figures the appearance of seasonality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889028
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