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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
  • Ecosystem ecology
  • Palaeoclimate
  • Springer  (20)
  • Nature Publishing Group  (5)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • 1
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    The intertropical convergence zone modulates intense hurricane strikes on the western North Atlantic margin (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 6 (2016): 21728, doi:10.1038/srep21728
    Description: Most Atlantic hurricanes form in the Main Development Region between 9°N to 20°N along the northern edge of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Previous research has suggested that meridional shifts in the ITCZ position on geologic timescales can modulate hurricane activity, but continuous and long-term storm records are needed from multiple sites to assess this hypothesis. Here we present a 3000 year record of intense hurricane strikes in the northern Bahamas (Abaco Island) based on overwash deposits in a coastal sinkhole, which indicates that the ITCZ has likely helped modulate intense hurricane strikes on the western North Atlantic margin on millennial to centennial-scales. The new reconstruction closely matches a previous reconstruction from Puerto Rico, and documents a period of elevated intense hurricane activity on the western North Atlantic margin from 2500 to 1000 years ago when paleo precipitation proxies suggest that the ITCZ occupied a more northern position. Considering that anthropogenic warming is predicted to be focused in the northern hemisphere in the coming century, these results provide a prehistoric analog that an attendant northern ITCZ shift in the future may again return the western North Atlantic margin to an active hurricane interval.
    Description: This research was supported by NSF Awards: OCE-1519578, OCE-1356708, BCS-1118340.
    Keywords: Climate-change impacts ; Forest ecology ; Ocean sciences ; Palaeoclimate
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    CO2 and fire influence tropical ecosystem stability in response to climate change (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 6 (2016): 29587, doi:10.1038/srep29587.
    Description: Interactions between climate, fire and CO2 are believed to play a crucial role in controlling the distributions of tropical woodlands and savannas, but our understanding of these processes is limited by the paucity of data from undisturbed tropical ecosystems. Here we use a 28,000-year integrated record of vegetation, climate and fire from West Africa to examine the role of these interactions on tropical ecosystem stability. We find that increased aridity between 28–15 kyr B.P. led to the widespread expansion of tropical grasslands, but that frequent fires and low CO2 played a crucial role in stabilizing these ecosystems, even as humidity changed. This resulted in an unstable ecosystem state, which transitioned abruptly from grassland to woodlands as gradual changes in CO2 and fire shifted the balance in favor of woody plants. Since then, high atmospheric CO2 has stabilized tropical forests by promoting woody plant growth, despite increased aridity. Our results indicate that the interactions between climate, CO2 and fire can make tropical ecosystems more resilient to change, but that these systems are dynamically unstable and potentially susceptible to abrupt shifts between woodland and grassland dominated states in the future.
    Description: This work was supported by NSF grants EAR0601998, EAR0602355, AGS0402010, ATM0401908, ATM0214525, ATM0096232 and AGS1243125 and a Chevron Centennial Fellowship at the University of Texas at Austin awarded to T.M.S.
    Keywords: Climate-change ecology ; Palaeoclimate
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Dynamic feeder dyke systems in basaltic volcanoes: the exceptional example o fthe 1809 Etna eruption (Italy) (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this paper, we describe the 1809 eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy, which represents one historical rare case in which it is possible to observe details of the internal structure of the feeder system. This is possible thanks to the presence of two large pit craters located in the middle of the eruptive fracture field that allow studying a section of the shallow feeder system. Along the walls of one of these craters, we analysed well-exposed cross sections of the uppermost 15–20 m of the feeder system and related volcanic products. Here, we describe the structure, morphology and lithology of this portion of the 1809 feeder system, including the host rock which conditioned the propagation of the dyke, and compare the results with other recent eruptions. Finally, we propose the dynamic model of the magma behaviour inside a laterally-propagating feeder dyke, demonstrating how this dynamic triggered important changes in the eruptive style (from effusive/Strombolian to phreatomagmatic) during the same eruption. Our results are also useful for hazard assessment related to the development of flank eruptions, potentially the most hazardous type of eruption from basaltic volcanoes in densely urbanized areas, such as Mt. Etna.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-11
    Description: 2T. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: feeder dyke ; basaltic volcanoes ; flank eruptions ; Etna ; volcanic hazards ; sill ; volcanic rift ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Curie isotherm depth from aeromagnetic data constraining shallow heat source depths in the central Aeolian Ridge (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) (2013)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: The Salina, Lipari, and Vulcano volcanic ridge and the surrounding sea sectors (Aeolian Archipelago, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) are characterized by vents responsible for a recent (〈40 ka—1889/1890 AD) effusive and explosive subareal activity and repeated, 56 to 7 ka in age, submarine explosive eruptions from source areas located between Lipari and Vulcano. A spectral depth estimation of the magnetic bottom using a fractal method on aeromagnetic data from Vulcano, Lipari, and Salina volcanic ridge allows us to constrain the Curie isotherm depth. The elevated portion of the isotherm is between 2 and 3 km below Salina and Vulcano and about 1 km below Lipari. The Curie depth results in the context of other geological and geophysical evidence suggest that the rise of the Curie isotherm is mainly due to the occurrence of shallow heat sources such as magma ponds and associated hydrothermal systems. The short-wavelength magnetic anomaly field reflects magnetic contrasts from highly magnetized volcanic bodies, low-magnetization sediments, and hydrothermally altered rocks. Borehole temperature data verify the Curie temperature derived from the magnetic methods on the island of Vulcano.We conclude that the whole Vulcano, Lipari, and Salina volcanic ridge is active and should be monitored.
    Description: INGV
    Description: Published
    Description: article 710
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 5.4. Banche dati di geomagnetismo, aeronomia, clima e ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Magnetic spectral depths ; Curie temperature ; volcanism ; Aeolian Islands ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.04. Mineral physics and properties of rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.04. Magnetic and electrical methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.03. Global and regional models ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.07. Rock magnetism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.03. Heat generation and transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    First biological measurements of deep-sea corals from the Red Sea (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 3 (2013): 2802, doi:10.1038/srep02802.
    Description: It is usually assumed that metabolic constraints restrict deep-sea corals to cold-water habitats, with ‘deep-sea’ and ‘cold-water’ corals often used as synonymous. Here we report on the first measurements of biological characters of deep-sea corals from the central Red Sea, where they occur at temperatures exceeding 20°C in highly oligotrophic and oxygen-limited waters. Low respiration rates, low calcification rates, and minimized tissue cover indicate that a reduced metabolism is one of the key adaptations to prevailing environmental conditions. We investigated four sites and encountered six species of which at least two appear to be undescribed. One species is previously reported from the Red Sea but occurs in deep cold waters outside the Red Sea raising interesting questions about presumed environmental constraints for other deep-sea corals. Our findings suggest that the present understanding of deep-sea coral persistence and resilience needs to be revisited.
    Keywords: Ecosystem ecology ; Biodiversity ; Genetics ; Metabolism
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 6
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    Rapid differentiation in a sill-like magma reservoir: a case study from the campi flegrei caldera (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In recent decades, geophysical investigations have detected wide magma reservoirs beneath quiescent calderas. However, the discovery of partially melted horizons inside the crust is not sufficient to put constraints on capability of reservoirs to supply cataclysmic eruptions, which strictly depends on the chemical-physical properties of magmas (composition, viscosity, gas content etc.), and thus on their differentiation histories. In this study, by using geochemical, isotopic and textural records of rocks erupted from the high-risk Campi Flegrei caldera, we show that the alkaline magmas have evolved toward a critical state of explosive behaviour over a time span shorter than the repose time of most volcanic systems and that these magmas have risen rapidly toward the surface. Moreover, similar results on the depth and timescale of magma storage were previously obtained for the neighbouring Somma-Vesuvius volcano. This consistency suggests that there might be a unique long-lived magma pool beneath the whole Neapolitan area.
    Description: Published
    Description: article 712
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: magma ; campi flegrei caldera ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 7
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    Reconstruction of the eruptive activity on the NE sector of Stromboli volcano: timing of flank eruptions since 15 ka (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: A multidisciplinary geological and compositional investigation allowed us to reconstruct the occurrence of flank eruptions on the lower NE flank of Stromboli volcano since 15 ka. The oldest flank eruption recognised is Roisa, which occurred at ~15 ka during the Vancori period, and has transitional compositional characteristics between the Vancori and Neostromboli phases. Roisa was followed by the San Vincenzo eruption that took place at ~12 ka during the early stage of Neostromboli period. The eruptive fissure of San Vincenzo gave rise to a large scoria cone located below the village of Stromboli, and generated a lava flow, most of which lies below sea level. Most of the flank eruptions outside the barren Sciara del Fuoco occurred in a short time, between ~9 and 7 ka during the Neostromboli period, when six eruptive events produced scoria cones, spatter ramparts and lava flows. The Neostromboli products belong to a potassic series (KS), and cluster in two differently evolved groups. After an eruptive pause of ~5,000 years, the most recent flank eruption involving the NE sector of the island occurred during the Recent Stromboli period with the formation of the large, highly K calc-alkaline lava flow field, named San Bartolo. The trend of eruptive fissures since 15 ka ranges from N30°E to N55° E, and corresponds to the magma intrusions radiating from the main feeding system of the volcano.
    Description: The mapping of Stromboli was supported by a grant to S. Calvari (Project V2/01, 2005–2007, funded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and by the Italian Civil Protection). This work was partly supported by INGV through a research grant financed byMIUR-FIRB to G. Norini.We wish to thank the former Director of INGV-Sezione di Catania, A. Bonaccorso, for making additional funds available for field trip and datings.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101-112
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Stromboli ; flank fissures ; Stratigraphy ; Neostromboli ; Bulk rock composition ; eruptive fissures ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Acoustic Emission spectra classification from rock samples of Etna basalt in deformation-decompression laboratory experiments (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: Recent laboratory experiments on Etna basalt have permitted the generation of an extensive catalogue of acoustic emissions (AE) during two key experimental phases. Firstly, AE have been generated during triaxial compressional tests and formation of a complex fracture/damage zone. Secondly, rapid fluid decompression through the damage/shear zone after failure. We report new results from an advanced analysis method using AE spectrograms, allowing us to qualitatively identify high and low frequency events; essentially comparable to seismicity in volcanic areas. Our analysis, for the first time, quantitatively classifies ‘families’ of AE events belonging to the same experimental stage without prior knowledge. We then test the method using the AE catalogue for verification, which is not possible with field data. FFT spectra, obtained from AE, are subdivided into equal log intervals for which a local slope is calculated. Factor analysis has been then applied, in which we use a data matrix of columns representing the variables considered (frequency data averaged in bins) vs. rows indicating each AE data set. Factor analysis shows that the method is very effective and suitable for reducing data complexity, allowing distinct factors to be obtained. We conclude that most of the data variance (information content) can be well represented by three factors only, each one representing a well defined frequency range. Through the factor scores it is possible to represent data in a lower dimension factor space. Classification is then possible by identifying clusters of AE belonging to the same experimental stage. This allows us to propose a deformation/decompression interpretation based solely on the AE frequency analysis and to identify a third type of AE related to fluid movements in the deformation stage.
    Description: Published
    Description: 201-211
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: open
    Keywords: acoustic emissions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    A paleoclimate record with tephrochronological age control for the last glacial-interglacial cycle from Lake Ohrid, Albania and Macedonia (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Lake Ohrid is probably of Pliocene age, and the oldest extant lake in Europe. In this study climatic and environmental changes during the last glacial-interglacial cycle are reconstructed using lithological, sedimentological, geochemical and physical proxy analysis of a 15-m-long sediment succession from Lake Ohrid. A chronological framework is derived from tephrochronology and radiocarbon dating, which yields a basal age of ca. 136 ka. The succession is not continuous, however, with a hiatus between ca. 97.6 and 81.7 ka. Sediment accumulation in course of the last climatic cycle is controlled by the complex interaction of a variety of climate-controlled parameters and their impact on catchment dynamics, limnology, and hydrology of the lake. Warm interglacial and cold glacial climate conditions can be clearly distinguished from organic matter, calcite, clastic detritus and lithostratigraphic data. During interglacial periods, short-term fluctuations are recorded by abrupt variations in organic matter and calcite content, indicating climatically-induced changes in lake productivity and hydrology. During glacial periods, high variability in the contents of coarse silt to fine sand sized clastic matter is probably a function of climatically-induced changes in catchment dynamics and wind activity. In some instances tephra layers provide potential stratigraphic markers for short-lived climate perturbations. Given their widespread distribution in sites across the region, tephra analysis has the potential to provide insight into variation in the impact of climate and environmental change across the Mediterranean.
    Description: Published
    Description: 295-310
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Lake Ohrid ; Mediterranean ; Tephrochronology ; Paleolimnology ; Last glacial-interglacial cycle ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
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  • 10
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    40Ar–39Ar dating of volcanogenic products from the AND-2A core (ANDRILL Southern McMurdo Sound Project, Antarctica): correlations with the Erebus Volcanic Province and implications for the age model of the core (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The AND-2A drillcore (Antarctic Drilling Program—ANDRILL) was successfully completed in late 2007 on the Antarctic continental margin (Southern McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea) with the aim of tracking ice proximal to shallow marine environmental fluctuations and to document the 20-Ma evolution of the Erebus Volcanic Province. Lava clasts and tephra layers from the AND-2A drillcore were investigated from a petrographic and stratigraphic point of view and analyzed by the 40Ar–39Ar laser technique in order to constrain the age model of the core and to gain information on the style and nature of sediment deposition in the Victoria Land Basin since Early Miocene. Ten out of 17 samples yielded statistically robust 40Ar–39Ar ages, indicating that the AND-2A drillcore recovered ≤230 m of Middle Miocene (∼128–358 m below sea floor, ∼11.5–16.0 Ma) and 〉780 m of Early Miocene (∼358–1093 m below sea floor, ∼16.0–20.1 Ma). Results also highlight a nearly continuous stratigraphic record from at least 358 m below sea floor down hole, characterized by a mean sedimentation rate of ∼19 cm/ka, possible oscillations of no more than a few hundreds of ka and a break within ∼17.5–18.1 Ma. Comparison with available data from volcanic deposits on land, suggests that volcanic rocks within the AND-2A core were supplied from the south, possibly with source areas closer to the drill site for the upper core levels, and from 358 m below sea floor down hole, with the “proto-Mount Morning” as the main source.
    Description: Published
    Description: 487-505
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: ANDRILL SMS ; 40Ar–39Ar geochronology ; Erebus volcanic province ; McMurdo Sound ; Lava clasts ; Sedimentation rate ; Tephra layers ; Victoria Land Basin ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.02. Geochronology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
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  • 11
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    Dynamics of ash-dominated eruptions at Vesuvius: the post-512 AD AS1a event (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Recent stratigraphic studies at Vesuvius have revealed that, during the past 4,000 years, long lasting,moderate to low-intensity eruptions, associated with continuous or pulsating ash emission, have repeatedly occurred. The present work focuses on the AS1a eruption, the first of a series of ash-dominated explosive episodes which characterized the period between the two Subplinian eruptions of 472 AD and 1631 AD. The deposits of this eruption consist of an alternation of massive and thinly laminated ash layers and minor well sorted lapilli beds, reflecting the pulsatory injection into the atmosphere of variably concentrated ash-plumes alternating with Violent Strombolian stages. Despite its nearly constant chemical composition, the juvenile material shows variable external clast morphologies and groundmass textures, reflecting the fragmentation of a magma body with lateral and/or vertical gradients in both vesicularity and crystal content. Glass compositions and mineralogical assemblages indicate that the eruption was fed by rather homogeneous phonotephritic magma batches rising from a reservoir located at ~ 4 km (100 MPa) depth, with fluctuations between magma delivery and magma discharge. Using crystal size distribution (CSD) analyses of plagioclase and leucite microlites, we estimate that the transit time of the magma in the conduit was on the order of ~ 2 days, corresponding to an ascent rate of around 2× 10−2 ms−1. Accordingly, assuming a typical conduit diameter for this type of eruption, the minimum duration of the AS1a event is between about 1.5 and 6 years. Magma fragmentation occurred in an inertially driven regime that, in a magma with low viscosity and surface tension, can act also under conditions of slow ascent.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Ash emission activity ; Tephrite ; Vesuvius ; Stratigraphy ; Textural analyses ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 12
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    The distal segment of Etna’s 2001 basaltic lava flow (2011)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Etna’s 2001 basaltic lava flow provided a good example of the distal flow segment between the flow front and stable channel, across which the flow evolves from channel-contained to dispersed. This zone was mapped with meter precision using LIDAR data collected during 2004 and 2005. These data, supported by field mapping, show that the flow front comprised eight lobes each 10 to 20 m high. The flow front appears to have advanced not as a single unit, but as a series of lobes moving forward one lobe at a time. Primary lobes were centered on the channel axis and marginal lobes were off-axis. The lobes advanced as breakouts of low-yield-strength lava from the flow core of the stalled flow front. Marginal lobes were abandoned and contributed to marginal levees flanking the transitional channel. For Etna’s 2001 flow, the transitional channel is 140 m wide, 700 m long and fed a 240-m-long zone of dispersed flow; the change from stable to transitional channel occurred at a major reduction in slope. Above this, the stable channel is 5.2 km long, 55 to 105 m wide and bounded by 15- to 25-m-high levees, and the stable channel is located over a previous channel. In a final stage of activity, lava ponding at the break-in-slope that marks the terminus of the stable channel put pressure on the eastern levee, causing it to fail. Liberated lava then fed a final break-out to the east. Similar flow front-features occur at other volcanoes, indicating that similar processes are characteristic of dispersed flow zones.
    Description: Published
    Description: 119-127
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Basalt lava ; Channelised lava flow ; Flow front ; Zone of dispersed flow ; Flow dynamics ; LIDAR ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 13
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    The Miocene Costa Giardini diatreme, Iblean Mountains, southern Italy: Model for maar-diatreme formation on a submerged carbonate platform (2010)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: In this paper we present a model for the growth of a maar-diatreme complex in a shallow marine environment. The Miocene-age Costa Giardini diatreme near Sortino, in the region of the Iblei Mountains of southern Sicily, has an outer tuff ring formed by the accumulation of debris flows and surge deposits during hydromagmatic eruptions. Vesicular lava clasts, accretionary lapilli and bombs in the older ejecta indicate that initial eruptions were of gas-rich magma. Abundant xenoliths in the upper, late-deposited beds of the ring suggest rapid magma ascent, and deepening of the eruptive vent is shown by the change in slope of the country rock. The interior of the diatreme contains nonbedded breccia composed of both volcanic and country rock clasts of variable size and amount. The occurrence of bedded hyaloclastite breccia in an isolated outcrop in the middle-lower part of the diatreme suggests subaqueous effusion at a low rate following the end of explosive activity. Intrusions of nonvesicular magma, forming plugs and dikes, occur on the western side of the diatreme, and at the margins, close to the contact between breccia deposits and country rock; they indicate involvement of volatile-poor magma, possibly during late stages of activity. We propose that initial hydromagmatic explosive activity occurred in a shallow marine environment and the ejecta created a rampart that isolated for a short time the inner crater from the surrounding marine environment. This allowed explosive activity to draw down the water table in the vicinity of the vent and caused deepening of the explosive center. A subsequent decrease in the effusion rate and cessation of explosive eruptions allowed the crater to refill with water, at which time the hyaloclastite was deposited. Emplacement of dikes and plugs occurred nonexplosively while the breccia sediment was mostly still soft and unconsolidated, locally forming peperites. The sheltered, low-energy lagoon filled with marine limestones mixed with volcaniclastic material eroded from the surrounding ramparts. Ultimately, lagoonal sediments accumulated in the crater until subsidence or erosion of the tuff ring caused a return to normal shallow marine conditions.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: maar ; diatreme ; volcaniclastic ; hyaloclastite ; Iblean plateau ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
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  • 14
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    Isotopic evidence for open system processes within the Campanian Ignimbrite (Campi Flegrei–Italy) magma chamber (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: New Sr and Nd isotope data for whole rocks, glasses and minerals are combined to reconstruct the nature and origin of mixing end-members of the 200 km3 trachytic to phonolitic Campanian Ignimbrite (Campi Flegrei, Italy) magmatic system. The least-evolved magmatic end-member shows equilibrium between host glass and the majority of the phenocrysts and is less radiogenic in Sr and Nd than the most-evolved magma. On the contrary, only the Fe-rich pyroxene from the most-evolved erupted magma is in equilibrium with the matrix glass, while all other minerals are in isotopic disequilibrium. These magmas mixed prior to and during the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption and minerals were freely exchanged between the magma batches. Combining the results of the geochemical investigations on magma end-members with geophysical and geological data, we develop the following scenario. In stage 1, a parental, less differentiated magma rose into the middle crust, and evolved through combined crustal assimilation and crystal fractionation. In stage 2, the differentiated magma rose to shallower depth, fed the pre-Campanian Ignimbrite activity and evolved by further open-system processes into the most-evolved and most-radiogenic Campanian Ignimbrite end-member magma. In stage 3, new trachytic magma, isotopically distinct from the pre-Campanian Ignimbrite magmas, rose from ca. 6 km to shallower depth, recharged the most-evolved pre-Campanian Ignimbrite magma chamber, and formed the large and stratified Campanian Ignimbrite magmatic system. During the course of the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption, the two layers were tapped separately and/or simultaneously, and gave rise to the range of chemical and isotopic values displayed by the Campanian Ignimbrite pumices, glasses and minerals.
    Description: Published
    Description: 285-300
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Campanian Ignimbrite ; Radiogenic isotopes ; Mixing process ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 15
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    Petrology of lavas from the 2004–2005 flank eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy: inferences on the dynamics of magma in the shallow plumbing system (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Following the 2001 and 2002–2003 flank eruptions, activity resumed at Mt. Etna on 7 September 2004 and lasted for about 6 months. This paper presents new petrographic, major and trace element, and Sr–Nd isotope data from sequential samples collected during the entire 2004–2005 eruption. The progressive change of lava composition allowed defining three phases that correspond to different processes controlling magma dynamics inside the central volcano conduits. The compositional variability of products erupted up to 24 September is well reproduced by a fractional crystallization model that involves magma already stored at shallow depth since the 2002–2003 eruption. The progressive mixing of this magma with a distinct new one rising within the central conduits is clearly revealed by the composition of the products erupted from 24 September to 15 October. After 15 October, the contribution from the new magma gradually becomes predominant, and the efficiency of the mixing process ensures the emission of homogeneous products up to the end of the eruption. Our results give insights into the complex conditions of magma storage and evolution in the shallow plumbing system of Mt. Etna during a flank eruption. Furthermore, they confirm that the 2004–2005 activity at Etna was triggered by regional movements of the eastern flank of the volcano. They caused the opening of a complex fracture zone extending ESE which drained a magma stored at shallow depth since the 2002–2003 eruption. This process favored the ascent of a different magma in the central conduits, which began to be erupted on 24 September without any significant change in eruptive style, deformation, and seismicity until the end of eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 781–793
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Geochemistry ; Isotopic compositions ; Magma feeding system ; Magma mixing ; Mt. Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    The Campanian Ignimbrite (southern Italy) geochemical zoning: insight on the generation of a super-eruption from catastrophic differentiation and fast withdrawal (2007)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: More than ca 100 km3 of nearly homogeneous crystal-poor phonolite and ca 100 km3 of slightly zoned trachyte were erupted 39 ka during the Campanian Ignimbrite super eruption, the most powerful in the Neapolitan area. Partition coefficient calculations, equilibrium mineral assemblages, glass compositions and texture were used to reconstruct compositional, thermal and pressure gradients in the pre-eruptive reservoir as well as timing and mechanisms of evolution towards magma chamber overpressure and eruption. Our petrologic data indicate that a wide sill-like trachytic magma chamber was active under the Campanian Plain at 2.5 kbar before CI eruption. Thermal exchange between high liquidus (1199 C) trachytic sill and cool country rocks caused intense undercooling, driving a catastrophic and fast (102 years) in situ fractional crystallization and crustal assimilation that produced a water oversaturated phonolitic cap and an overpressure in the chamber that triggered the super eruption. This process culminated in an abrupt reservoir opening and in a fast single-step high decompression. Sanidine phenocrysts crystal size distributions reveal high differentiation rate, thus suggesting that such a sill-like magmatic system is capable of evolving in a very short time and erupting suddenly with only short-term warning.
    Description: Published
    Description: On line First
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Campanian Ignimbrite ; Super eruption ; Crystal size distribution ; Partition coefficients ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.04. Marine geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Frasnian–Famennian biotic crisis: How many (if any) bolide impacts? (1999)
    Springer
    Geologische Rundschau 87 (1999), S. 617-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Frasnian-Famennian ; Mass extinction ; Kellwasser crisis ; Bolide impacts ; Productivity ; Anoxia ; Palaeoclimate ; Tectonoeustasy ; Geotectonics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The prime causation of the mid-Late Devonian mass extinction near the Frasnian–Famennian (F–F) boundary remains uncertain. Nevertheless, geochemical evidence has been presented recently as decisive evidence of a giant bolide impact occurring precisely at the F–F boundary, which promoted the global mortality episode. Palaeobiological data, however, imply a gradual global change, which is otherwise seen as a record of either multiple extraterrestrial catastrophes or of impact-triggered Earth-bound mechanisms. Sedimentological (mega-tsunami), physical (craters, microtektites), and geochemical records remain either elusive in many aspects, or incompatible with the predicted impact crisis pattern. Biotic succession across the F–F horizon is still poorly known, especially in continental domains, to evidence a synchronous ("bedding-plane") killing event at the close of the crisis. Instead, the commonly documented stepwise loss of biomass and an unproved distinctive "dead zone" are hard to explain simply as sampling artifacts. The assumed mass mortality precisely at the F–F boundary may be limited mainly to the pelagic realm. The underestimated role of early Variscan tectonism and associated volcanic-hydrothermal processes, resulting in thermal and nutrient pulses, as possible prime controls of the F–F crisis is suggested, as well as resemblances to the superplume-conditioned eventful mid-Cretaceous interval, exemplified in the Cenomanian-Turonian mass extinction. Additional shocks, generated by minor cometary strikes, are not excluded but may have affected some F–F biotas or areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005310050235
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Luminescence dating of loessic sediments from the Loess plateau, China (1999)
    Springer
    Geologische Rundschau 87 (1999), S. 675-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Loess ; Luminescence ; Chronostratigraphy ; Palaeoclimate ; Loess plateau ; China ; Pleistocene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Loess/palaeosol sequences from the Loess plateau in China were investigated by combined infrared optically stimulated luminescence (IRSL) and thermoluminescence (TL) dating techniques in order to study the luminescence properties of the loessic sediments and to provide a direct chronological link for correlation and position of the last interglacial soil in Central Asia and the Loess plateau in China. Sensitivity changes were found for all samples through artificial bleaching of the samples. The greatest sensitivity changes, of up to 50%, were found for very old loess samples designated to be older than the Matu-yama/Brunhes magnetic boundary and hence older than 788,000±1,800 years. The upper dating limit, as investigated by the very old loess samples, ranges from 250,000 to 300,000 years, if the TL additive dose method is applied. The chronological position of the last interglacial soil S1 at the section near Lanzhou indicates luminescence age estimates ranging from 82,000 to 75,000 years for the marine-isotope stage 5 to 4 transition. However, the loess from below S1 yielded luminescence age estimates between 153,200±14,200 and 110,100±20,100 years for TL and IRSL additive dose methods, respectively. Thus, a direct correlation between the S1 and the first intercalated pedocomplex PC1 in Central Asia is most likely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005310050239
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A contribution towards the reconstruction of Eemian vegetation and climate in central Europe: First results of pollen and oxygen-isotope investigations from Mondsee, Austria (1998)
    Springer
    Vegetation history and archaeobotany 7 (1998), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-6278
    Keywords: Pollen analysis ; Oxygen isotopes ; Palaeoclimate ; Eemian interglacial ; Austria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the results of pollen analysis and oxygen-isotope investigations of two new cores from Mondsee are discussed. The climatic progression from the end of the penultimate glaciation to the end of the Eemian interglacial is compared with reconstructions from Bispingen and Gräbern, northern Germany. The rise in temperature, between thePinus phase and the climate optimum in theCorylus phase, appears to have occurred in two steps. Evidence for climatic deterioration is first recorded during thePicea-Pinus phase, i.e. after theCarpinus phase. These reconstructions are in agreement with those based on the Gräbern pollen data, but contrast with recent reconstructions based on the Bispingen pollen profile and the GRIP ice core from Greenland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01146196
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stable carbon isotopes in tree rings of beech: climatic versus site-related influences (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 11 (1997), S. 291-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Stable carbon isotopes ; Palaeoclimate ; Fagus sylvatica ; Tree ring ; Precipitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Stable carbon isotopes in tree rings are a promising tool in palaeoclimate research, provided attempts are made to disentangle climatic from local effects (e.g. soil properties, competition, light). The 13C/12C variations in cellulose of tree rings of beech (Fagus sylvatica) were determined at several sites in the Swiss Central Plateau covering the last 50 years. We chose sites which differ in moisture conditions and sampled cores from four to six trees per site. The mean 13C/12C series from the different dry sites (distant by up to 40 km) are closely interrelated suggesting a common external cause. Correlation analysis with climate data proved the total precipitation in the months May, June and July to have the strongest effect on the carbon isotopes (r =  – 0.73). This result is in agreement with the commonly used model which relates the isotope discrimination to the water use efficiency. On the other hand, the isotope series of the wet sites are not as well correlated to the climate. At two of the sites (a dry and a humid) tree ring width suddenly increased. We used this effect as a test-case to study the influence of local growth conditions on the climate-isotope relationship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050087
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Climate during the Eemian in north-central Europe — a critical review of the palaeobotanical and stable isotope data from central Germany (1996)
    Springer
    Vegetation history and archaeobotany 5 (1996), S. 247-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-6278
    Keywords: Palaeoclimate ; Stable isotopes ; Eemian ; Early Weichselian ; Central Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the evidence from terrestrial palaeoenvironmental records in north-central Europe and, in particular, central Germany, which relates to the controversial proposition that there were strong climate oscillations during the last interglacial (oxygen isotope substage 5e). In contrast to the evidence from the GRIP ice core at Summit, Greenland, and a recent palaeoclimate reconstruction based on the pollen profile from Bispingen, Germany, the evaluation of the palaeobotanical and the stable isotope data presented here strongly suggests relatively stable temperature for most of the Eemian and with instability confined to the beginning and end of the interglacial. High amplitude temperature variations can be seen in both the Early Weichselian pollen and isotope records. It is argued that this pattern of climate development is applicable to most of continental north-central Europe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217502
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for plant exploitation and vegetation history from three Early Neolithic pre-pottery sites on the Euphrates (Syria) (1996)
    Springer
    Vegetation history and archaeobotany 5 (1996), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-6278
    Keywords: Euphrates ; Early Neolithic ; Cereals ; Natural vegetation ; Palaeoclimate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Archaeobotanical results based on a limited number of samples from three aceramic sites dating from 9800 to 7800 B.P., which are under excavation in the valley of the Middle Euphrates, are discussed. The finds are presented simply by presence, and are compared to the contemporary vegetation and finds from similar sites. Carbonised plant remains recovered by flotation from levels dated to between 9800 and 9200 B.P. (Dja'de and Jerf al Ahmar) indicate that wild cereals (einkorn wheat, rye and barley) and pulses (lentils, pea and bitter vetch) were exploited. Other plants such as wild grasses, Pistacia, wild almond and oak, suggest that the local vegetation provided a rich diversity of resources. A study of possible weed taxa is being carried out in order to see whether this assemblage could be used to identify the cultivation of morphologically wild cereals for this period. Ninth millennium B.P. levels at Halula see the appearance of domestic crops such as emmer, naked wheat and barley, but wild-type cereals persist. The cultivars appear to have been introduced from elsewhere and later ninth millennium B.P. species include olive and flax. Ash, vine, maple, plane, alder and elm from the gallery forest, wild rye, wild einkorn, deciduous oak, wild almond, Pistacia, and Pyrus, from the hinterland, indicate cooler conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189445
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Birds in the trophic web of Lake Esrom, Denmark (1994)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 279-280 (1994), S. 29-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ecosystem ecology ; limnology ; trophic webs ; energy flow ; bird communities ; fish production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using an extended method for calculating food consumption by diversified bird communities taking into account variability of diet, energy content and digestibility of different food items within a diet, it was possible to calculate the energy consumption of the bird community in eutrophic Lake Esrom. As the production of food items and energy flow in Lake Esrom have been well studied, it was possible to relate the bird community to the trophic web. Birds consumed approximately 20% of the annual macrophyte production (excluding roots and rhizomes), and 4% of the annual zoobenthos production. The annual consumption of fish by birds corresponded to 22% of the annual consumption by piscivorous fish measured in kJ, and was almost the same as the commercial fishery catch. However, the consumption of fish by birds consisted mainly of non-piscivorous fish, in contrast to the commercial catch. In Lake Esrom, the birds have a significant role in the energy flow of consumers within the ecosystem. This result indicates that bird communities should be included in future studies of lake ecology. Also, competition between fish and birds is potentially significant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027838
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonmarine Cretaceous palynology of northern Kordofan, Sudan, with notes on fossil Salviniales (water ferns) (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 83 (1994), S. 773-786 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Palynology ; Pollen ; Spores ; Zonation ; Dinoflagellates ; Water fern macrofossils ; Palaeoclimate ; Cretaceous ; Sudan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A palynological investigation of 164 samples from 18 water wells in northern Kordofan, Sudan, enabled the recognition of five informal zones based on pollen and spore assemblages ranging in age from Albian to Maastrichtian. The youngest (late Campanian-Maastrichtian) assemblages are restricted to the Bagbag Basin, whereas Albian-Cenomanian (to Turonian) sediments are widespread to the east and west of the Bagbag area. Impressions of Salvinia floating leaves from outcrops of the upper Hamrat el Wuz Formation, western part of the study area, are among the oldest occurrences of this water fern and indicate a Campanian-Maastrichtian age for these sediments. The vertical distribution of hygrophilous (pteridophytic spores) versus xerophilous (ephedroids and possibly small, weakly sculptured tricolporates) elements in the palynofloras suggests widespread moist or even aquatic habitats in the Albian-Cenomanian and Campanian-Maastrichtian. A shift towards drier conditions occurred in the late Cenomanian-Turonian. Throughout the Cretaceous, however, there may have been extensive arid/semiarid areas of non-deposition and seasonally dry periods. Some characteristics of the local palynofloras are attributed to its inner continental position. Rare Albian-Cenomanian and Campanian-Maastrichtian dinoflagellates could be interpreted as lacustrine phytoplankton rather than as evidence for marine influence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251075
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The diversity, zoogeography and geochronology of monkeys (1987)
    Springer
    Human evolution 2 (1987), S. 71-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Keywords: Cercopithecoids ; Old World ; Geochronology ; Zoogeography ; Phylogeny ; Palaeoclimate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The synoptic perspective of the fossil record of Old World monkeys presented in the preceding articles prompted the author to explore aspects of cercopithecid biology which are difficult to examine with parochial evidence. These aspects include origins and subsequent spread of monkeys through the Old World, relationship of major events in cercopithecoid history to global climatic history, zoogeography and palaeozoogeography, and comparison of palaentological and neontological versions of cercopithecid phylogenies. While there remain temporal and geographic gaps in the fossil record, difficulties in interpretations will persist, but for the cercopithecids, the fossil data base is sufficiently comprehensive to yield a view of several of the main events in their history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02436532
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