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  • Articles  (176)
  • high pressure  (167)
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • Springer  (176)
  • Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
  • Physics  (176)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IR Reflection Spectra of Ferroelectric Ceramics Based on Solid Solutions of Lead Zirconate-Titanate (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied spectroscopy 67 (2000), S. 976-980 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8647
    Keywords: ferroelectric ceramics ; IR reflection spectra ; ferroelectric-active mode ; perovskite structure ; lead zirconate-titanate ; solid solution ; high pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the IR reflection spectra of ferroelectric ceramics based on solid solutions of lead zirconate-titanate with a rhombohedral structure obtained by high-pressure cold precompaction. In the 55–65-cm−1 frequency range, we have revealed by experiment that the “soft” ferroelectric-active mode for the ceramics compacted by a higher pressure under the conditions of cold compaction is shifted into the region of lower frequencies. For the ceramics precompacted at various pressures, we have determined the frequencies of longitudinal and transverse phonons and calculated the frequency dependences of the imaginary and real parts of the dielectric constant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004168320640
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partial Assembly of the Yeast Mitochondrial ATP Synthase 1 (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 32 (2000), S. 391-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: ATP synthase ; F1-ATPase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; petite mutants ; epistasis ; mitochondrion ; pet mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The mitochondrial ATP synthase is a molecular motor that drives the phosphorylation ofADP to ATP. The yeast mitochondrial ATP synthase is composed of at least 19 differentpeptides, which comprise the F1 catalytic domain, the F0 proton pore, and two stalks, oneof which is thought to act as a stator to link and hold F1 to F0, and the other as a rotor.Genetic studies using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have suggested the hypothesis thatthe yeast mitochondrial ATP synthase can be assembled in the absence of 1, and even 2, ofthe polypeptides that are thought to comprise the rotor. However, the enzyme complexassembled in the absence of the rotor is thought to be uncoupled, allowing protons to freelyflow through F0 into the mitochondrial matrix. Left uncontrolled, this is a lethal process andthe cell must eliminate this leak if it is to survive. In yeast, the cell is thought to lose ordelete its mitochondrial DNA (the petite mutation) thereby eliminating the genes encodingessential components of F0. Recent biochemical studies in yeast, and prior studies in E. coli,have provided support for the assembly of a partial ATP synthase in which the ATP synthaseis no longer coupled to proton translocation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005532104617
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Sr Substitution on Structure, Hole Concentration in CuO2 Planes, and Irreversibility Line in (Hg,Pb)(Ba,Sr)2Ca2Cu3O8+δ Single Crystals (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of superconductivity 13 (2000), S. 877-881 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: single crystals ; HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ ; high pressure ; substitutions ; irreversibility line
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Single crystals of HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ compound with partial substitution of Sr and Pb have been grown at high gas pressure. Bond valence sum calculations show that the substitution of Sr for Ba leads to a more homogeneous distribution of holes between nonequivalent CuO2 planes. In nonsubstituted crystals, the density of holes is significantly higher in the inner CuO2 planes. The irreversibility field increases on Sr substitution. The thickness of the charge reservoir decreases with Sr substitution by 0.7 Å.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026426501425
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localized-Itinerant and Mott–Hubbard Transitions in Several Perovskites (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of superconductivity 13 (2000), S. 989-993 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: manganese oxides ; high pressure ; charge-density waves ; magnetism ; polarons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The localized-itinerant and Mott–Hubbard transitions in single-valent perovskites are distinguished. The approach to the Mott–Hubbard transition from the itinerant-electron side is characterized by the appearance of strong-correlation fluctuations within a metallic matrix; these fluctuations introduce a Curie–Weiss paramagnetism that is added to a strongly enhanced Pauli paramagnetism. As the critical bandwidth is approached, ordering of the strong-correlation fluctuations into a charge-density wave (CDW) may compete with a global Mott-Hubbard transition. The approach to the localized-itinerant electronic transition from the localized-electron side is illustrated by LaMnO3, where orbital ordering localizes the electrons of e-orbital parentage. In the mixed-valent La1−x Sr x MnO3 system, the doped holes evolve from small polarons to two-manganese Zener polarons to itinerant-electron behavior. The Zener polarons order at low temperatures into a CDW.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026462510687
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    pρT Measurements of Polyethylene Glycol Dimethylethers Between 278.15 and 328.15 K at Pressures to 12 MPa (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 21 (2000), S. 831-851 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; high pressure ; internal pressure ; isobaric thermal expansion coefficients ; isothermal compressibilities ; liquid ; polyethylene glycol dimethylethers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present a new experimental apparatus designed to measure pressure–density–temperature (pρT ) properties with a high-pressure vibrating tube densimeter. Data reliability has been verified by comparing our experimental results for methanol, n-heptane, toluene, and HFC-134a with literature data. In this work we also report new experimental densities from 278.15 to 328.15 K, and up to 12 MPa, of triethylene glycol dimethylether (TrEGDME) and tetraethylene glycol dimethylether (TEGDME). The isobaric thermal expansion coefficients, isothermal compressibility, and internal pressure have been calculated. The dependence of these properties on the length of polyethylene glycol dimethylether, CH3O–((CH2)2O) n –CH3, is analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006606122944
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volume dependence of NMR of ordered correlated electron systems (2000)
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 128 (2000), S. 167-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Keywords: NMR ; high pressure ; phase transitions ; magnetic materials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The importance of NMR high pressure studies of ordered magnetic materials for the understanding of the ground and excited states of magnetic conductors is discussed with examples from recent work on the manganese perovskites and the rare earth compounds SmMn2Ge2 and CeIn3. A brief discussion is given of the difference between true pressure experiments and the “chemical pressure” introduced by changing the composition of a material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012631515382
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single-crystal neutron diffraction under high pressures: valence instabilities in Tm monochalcogenides (2000)
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 128 (2000), S. 207-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Keywords: magnetic order ; high pressure ; metal-insulator transition ; Tm monochalcogenides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New high-pressure devices based on the use of sapphire anvils now allow single-crystal neutron diffraction experiments to be performed up to P=8–10 GPa. After giving a brief overview of the technique, we present its application to the study of pressure-induced valence instabilities in Tm monochalcogenides (TmX, X: S, Se, Te). A variety of new magnetic phases have been characterized, yielding a consistent picture of the evolution of magnetism through the series. The results indicate a striking interplay between magnetic order taking place at low temperature and different types of electronic ground states (classical semiconductor, narrow-gap Kondo insulator, metallic Kondo lattice, etc.) inferred from the transport properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012687700361
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic and magnetic studies of materials to megabar pressures (2000)
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 128 (2000), S. 323-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Keywords: high pressure ; superconductivity ; ferromagnetism ; conductivity ; X-ray emission ; inelastic nuclear resonant scattering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Numerous recent developments in diamond-cell techniques are making possible a growing range of studies of the electronic and magnetic properties of materials to megabar pressures. We review recent advances in this area, including magnetic susceptibility, electrical conductivity, and synchrotron-based spectroscopic techniques. Highly sensitive magnetic susceptibility techniques have allowed the first observations of superconductivity at megabar pressures, including the observation of a Tc of 17 K in sulfur at 160 GPa, and a nearly pressure-independent Tc to above 230 GPa. The technique has recently been extended to allow measurements of the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic substances. Advances in the direct measurement of electrical conductivity using miniaturized leads have permitted measurements on H2O and Xe to above 100 GPa. Pressure-induced high-spin to low-spin transitions have been examined in FeS and FeO using new high-resolution X-ray emission techniques. New high-pressure inelastic scattering methods, including nuclear inelastic scattering techniques, have been used to determine the phonon density of states of Fe to above 150 GPa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012600103087
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An infrared spectroscopic study of lawsonite to 20 GPa (1999)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 26 (1999), S. 437-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Keywords: Key words lawsonite ; high pressure ; infrared spectroscopy ; hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The infrared spectrum of CaAl2Si2O7 · H2O-lawsonite, has been characterized to pressures of 20 GPa at 300 K. Our results constrain the response to compression of the silicate tetrahedra, hydroxyl units, and water molecules in this material. The asymmetric and symmetric stretching and bending vibrations of the Si2O7 groups (at zero pressure frequencies between 600 and 1000 cm−1) increase in frequency with pressure at rates between 3.6 and 5.9 cm−1/GPa. All silicate modes appear to shift continuously with pressure to 20 GPa, although the lowest frequency stretching vibration becomes unresolvable above 18 GPa, and a splitting of the main bending vibration is observed near this pressure. The O-H stretches of the hydroxyl units exhibit a discontinuity in their mode shifts at ∼8–9 GPa, which we interpret to be produced by a pressure-induced change in hydrogen bonding. The stretching and bending vibrations of the water molecule are relatively unaffected by compression to 20 GPa, thus demonstrating that the structural cavities in which water molecules reside are relatively rigid. Significant changes in the amplitude of the O-H stretches of the hydroxyl and water units are observed at this pressure as well; nevertheless, our results demonstrate that the dominant structural units in lawsonite persist metastably at 300 K with only modest structural modifications well beyond the known stability field of this phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002690050206
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Role of the Amino-Terminal β-Barrel Domain of the α and β Subunits in the Yeast F1-ATPase (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 31 (1999), S. 95-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: F1-ATPase ; β-barrel domain ; mitochondria ; assembly ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of mitochondrial F1-ATPase indicatesthat the α and β subunits fold into a structure defined by threedomains: the top β-barrel domain, the middle nucleotide-binding domain,and the C-terminal α-helix bundle domain (Abraham et al.1994); Bianchet et al., 1998). The β-barrel domains of theα and β subunits form a crown structure at the top ofF1, which was suggested to stabilize it (Abraham et al.1994). In this study. the role of the β-barrel domain in the α andβ subunits of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae F1,with regard to its folding and assembly, was investigated. The β-barreldomains of yeast F1 α and β subunits were expressedindividually and together in Escherichia coli. When expressedseperately, the β-barrel domain of the β subunit formed a largeaggregate structure, while the domain of the α subunit waspredominately a monomer or dimer. However, coexpression of the β-barreldomain of α subunit domain. Furthermore, the two domains copurified incomplexes with the major portion of the complex found in a small molecularweight form. These results indicate that the β-barrel domain of theα and β subunits interact specifically with each other and thatthese interactions prevent the aggregation of the β-barrel domain of theβ subunit. These results mimic in vivo results and suggest thatthe interactions of the β-barrel domains may be critical during thefolding and assembly of F1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005443609985
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of the Thermal Conductivity of HFC-125 in the Temperature Range from 300 to 515 K at Pressures up to 53 Mpa (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 375-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: coaxial cylinders ; high pressure ; refrigerants ; HFC-125 ; thermal conductivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the thermal conductivity of HFC-125 that have been made by a coaxial cylinder cell operating in steady state are reported. The measurements of the thermal conductivity of HFC-125 were performed along several quasi-isotherms between 300 and 515 K in the gas phase and the liquid phase. The pressure range covered varies from 0.1 to 53 MPa. Based on the measurement of more than 600 points, an empirical equation is provided to describe the thermal conductivity outside the critical region as a function of temperature and density. A careful analysis of the various sources of error leads to an estimated uncertainty of approximately ± 1.5%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022692601764
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermodynamic Properties of Air from 60 to 2000 K at Pressures up to 2000 MPa (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 217-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: air ; equation of state ; fundamental equation ; high pressure ; high temperature ; thermodynamic properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A thermodynamic property formulation for standard dry air based upon experimental P–ρ–T, heat capacity, and speed of sound data and predicted values, which extends the range of prior formulations to higher pressures and temperatures, is presented. This formulation is valid for temperatures from the solidification temperature at the bubble point curve (59.75 K) to 2000 K at pressures up to 2000 MPa. In the absence of experimental air data above 873 K and 70 MPa, air properties were predicted from nitrogen data. These values were included in the fit to extend the range of the fundamental equation. Experimental shock tube measurements ensure reasonable extrapolated properties up to temperatures and pressures of 5000 K and 28 GPa. In the range from the solidification point to 873 K at pressures to 70 MPa, the estimated uncertainty of density values calculated with the fundamental equation for the vapor is ±0.1%. The uncertainty in calculated liquid densities is ±0.2%. The estimated uncertainty of calculated heat capacities is ±1% and that for calculated speed of sound values is ±0.2%. At temperatures above 873 K and 70 MPa, the estimated uncertainty of calculated density values is ±0.5%, increasing to ±1% at 2000 K and 2000 MPa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021450818807
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dependence of the Melting Temperature on Pressure up to 2000 Bar in Uranium Dioxide, Tungsten, and Graphite (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 1177-1188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: graphite ; high pressure ; laser pulse ; melting point ; tungsten ; uranium dioxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The melting points of uranium dioxide, tungsten, and graphite were measured as a function of the isostatic pressure up to 2000 bar (200 MPa), in a laser-heated autoclave filled with inert gas. The measured melting curves and their slopes were compared with predictions obtained from the Clausius–Clapeyron equation and existing thermochemical data of these substances. While for tungsten and graphite the results show reasonable agreement with the equilibrium thermodynamic calculations, the melting point of UO2 increases with pressure with a slope more than three times larger than expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022667206867
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melting-Point Measurements at High Static Pressures from Laser Heating Methods: Application to Uranium (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 1189-1198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: diamond anvil cell ; emissivity ; high pressure ; laser heating ; melting ; uranium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two experimental approaches dealing with the determination of melting at high static pressures are described and analyzed. With the sample squeezed inside a diamond anvil cell, high temperatures up to the solid–liquid transition are obtained using Nd:YAG laser heating. Two methods have been investigated. In the first technique, the heating is accomplished with a pulsed laser and the brief radiation variations (t〈10 ms) emitted from the sample are recorded with two high-speed infrared detectors. The melting location is defined by a plateau or changes of slope of the signals, and the temperatures are calculated by assuming a constant value of emissivity factor at the end of the transition over the studied pressure range. The second system employs a continuous laser and a two-dimensional CCD detector to measure temperatures using multispectral pyrometry. Melting is detected from criteria related either to textural change in the sample involving interference contrast under a laser illumination or to the specific variations of temperature and emissivity as a function of laser power. Thermal radiation is fitted to Planck's law with temperature and emissivity as the free parameters. Advantages and drawbacks are presented from results obtained on pure uranium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022619323705
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relative Permittivity and Resistivity of Liquid HFC Refrigerants Under High Pressure (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 107-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: dielectric constant ; electrical resistivity ; HFC-236ea ; HFC-245fa ; hydrofluorocarbon ; permittivity ; high pressure ; refrigerants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The static relative permittivity (dielectric constant) and the resistivity of HFC-236ea (CF3–CHF–CHF2) and HFC-245fa (CF3–CH2–CHF2) in the liquid phase were studied at temperatures from 293 to 343 K and pressures from 0.1 to 50 MPa. The relative permittivity was measured by a concentric-cylinder-type capacitance cell with an LCR meter with an uncertainty of less than 0.1%. The resistivity was measured by a high resistance meter using plane-parallel platinum electrodes installed in a borosilicate glass syringe. It was found that the relative permittivities and the resistivities of liquid HFC-236ea and HFC-245fa at 303 K and 0.101325 MPa are about 5.13 and 6.54 and 1.5×1010 and 0.2×1010 Ω·cm, respectively. The relative permittivity and the resistivity increase monotonically with increasing pressure and decreasing temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021430214264
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Aqueous SrCl2 and Sr(NO3)2 Solutions in the Temperature Range Between 293 and 473 K at Pressures up to 100 MPa (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: aqueous solutions ; density ; high pressure ; parallel-plate method ; salt ; thermal conductivity ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Accurate high-pressure thermal conductivity measurements have been performed on H2O+SrCl2 and H2O+Sr(NO3)2 mixtures at pressures up to 100 MPa over a temperature range between 293 and 473 K using a parallel-plate apparatus. The concentrations studied were 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mass fraction of the salts. The estimated accuracy of the method is about ±1.6%. The pressure, temperature, and concentration dependences of the thermal conductivity have been studied. Measurements were made on six isobars, namely, 0.1, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 MPa. The thermal conductivity shows a linear dependence on pressure and concentration for all isotherms. Along each isobar, a given concentration shows the thermal-conductivity maximum at a temperature of about 413 K. The measured values of thermal conductivity at atmospheric pressure are compared with the results of other investigators. Literature data at atmospheric pressure reported by Ridel and by Zaitzev and Aseev agree with our thermal conductivity values within the estimated uncertainty.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021494601060
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vibrational Spectra of Nitrogen in Simple Mixtures at High Pressures (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 867-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: dilute mixtures ; high pressure ; high-resolution Raman spectroscopy ; line width ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Previous investigations have revealed a considerable difference between the spectral behavior of a molecule in a pure substance and that in a mixture. To gain more insight into the influence of the intermolecular interaction and of the mass of the molecules, we performed high-resolution measurements of the linewidths and peak positions of the vibrational Raman spectrum of pure nitrogen, nitrogen in argon, and nitrogen in helium. The research was carried out at room temperature and at pressures up to the melting line. It turns out that, in contrast with expectation, the linewidth as well as the frequency shift is essentially the same for pure nitrogen as for nitrogen diluted in argon, although both the mass and the potential well depth are quite different. The experimental results show the same tendency as recent computer simulations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022635203155
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the Critical Point of Gold (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 1289-1297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: critical point ; electrical resistivity ; enthalpy ; gold ; high pressure ; high temperature ; liquid metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Wire-shaped gold specimens are placed in a new, improved high-pressure vessel, which is part of a fast capacitor-discharge circuit and in which static pressures above 600 MPa can be reached with distilled water as the pressure-transmitting medium. The specimens are self-heated resistively by a current pulse. The current through the specimen, the voltage drop across it, and its temperature are recorded as a function of time with submicrosecond resolution. The radial expansion of the specimen is determined with a CCD camera, Experiments are performed at different pressures. When the critical pressure is exceeded, there is no liquid–gas phase transition; hence, no sudden change in the thermal expansion rate is observed. The results for temperature, pressure, and specific volume at the critical point of gold are as follows: T c =7400±1100 K, p c=530±20 MPa, and v c=0.13±0.03 × 10−3m3·kg−1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022687811410
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  • 19
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    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of the Thermal Conductivity of HFC-134a in the Temperature Range from 300 to 530 K and at Pressures up to 50 MPa (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 1379-1401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: coaxial cylinders ; HFC-134a ; high pressure ; high temperature ; refrigerant ; thermal conductivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the thermal conductivity of HFC-134a made in a coaxial cylinder cell operating in steady state are reported. The measurements of the thermal conductivity of HFC-134a were performed along several quasi-isotherms between 300 and 530 K in the gas phase and the liquid phase. The pressure ranged from 0.1 to 50 MPa. Based on the experimental data, a background equation is provided to calculate the thermal conductivity outside the critical region as a function of temperature and pressure. A careful analysis of the various sources of errors leads to an estimated uncertainty of ±1.5%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021480803361
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Facility for preparation of gas mixture in muon catalyzed fusion experiments (1999)
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 119 (1999), S. 341-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Keywords: high pressure ; tritium ; muon-catalyzed fusion ; tritium safety ; hydrogen isotope mixture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A facility is described that allows safe handling of high tritium gas activity as dozens kilocuries in a regular laboratory environment. It is used to make and deliver into the target a mixture of specific isotopic composition with the contamination requirement of 10-7 v.f. for Z〉1 elements, and recover it upon completion of operation. With this facility, efforts have been accomplished to investigate into the muon catalyzed fusion on two targets – liquid tritium and high-pressure tritium types. Also, the operation range was 0.1–120 MPa for pressure and 20–800 K for temperature and the amount of tritium used was about 100 kCi. The facility showed reliability in operation without indications of radiation beyond the safety level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012684819789
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  • 21
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    Electronic Resource
    High-pressure studies with nuclear scattering of synchrotron radiation (1999)
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 123-124 (1999), S. 529-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Keywords: high pressure ; magnetism ; valence transition ; phase transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The nuclear forward scattering (NFS) of synchrotron radiation is especially suited for probing magnetism at high pressure (h.p.), here in the Mbar range, by the nuclear resonances of 57Fe and 151Eu. We report on high-pressure NFS studies with the 14.4 keV transition of 57Fe, presenting at first the pressure induced α–ε transformation in iron. Then a systematic study of magnetic RFe2 Laves phases of cubic C15 structure (YFe2, GdFe2) and hexagonal C14 structure (ScFe2, TiFe2) at pressures up to 100 GPa (= 1 Mbar) is given. First, high-pressure NFS studies performed with the 21.5 keV resonance of 151Eu are also presented, probing valence transitions in EuNi2Ge2 and the magnetism in the CsCl-type h.p. phase of EuTe. Finally, we discuss future applications, such as high-pressure studies of phonon densities of states, using the inelastic channel of nuclear scattering of synchrotron radiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017032125551
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    Tritium high pressure target (1999)
    Springer
    Hyperfine interactions 119 (1999), S. 353-355 
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    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Keywords: muon ; fusion ; high pressure ; tritium ; target
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The design of a tritium high pressure target with a volume of 16.5 cm3, developed at the RFNC-VNIIEF for research of muon fusion catalyzed in a H-D-T hydrogen isotopic mixture at pressures up to 120 MPa in the range of operating temperatures 300-800 K, is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012641004768
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    Single Crystals of HgBa2Can−1CunO2n+2+δ (n=1−5) and Layers of HgBa2CuO4+δ Grown at Gas Pressure 10 kbar (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of superconductivity 11 (1998), S. 119-122 
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    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: Single crystals ; high pressure ; layers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Single crystals of Hg-12(n−l) have been grown using high-pressure gas-technique. Due to the high density of Ar gas at 10 kbar the evaporation of Hg is strongly suppresed. An influence of structure defects on magnetic properties will be discussed. Superconducting parameters λ ab ,ξ ab and γ have been studied using torque magnetometry. Layers of Hg-1201 compound have been grown from flux.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022675105920
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    Viscosity and Excess Volume at High Pressures in Associative Binaries (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 19 (1998), S. 161-189 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: excess activation energy of flow ; excess volume ; high pressure ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dynamic viscosity η and the density ρ of three pure substances (water, 2-propanol, diacetone alcohol) and the three associated binaries were measured versus temperature T (303.15, 323.15, and 343.15 K) and pressure P. For the binary systems the mole fractions x of each component were, successively, 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1. For viscosity the experimental results (P≤100 MPa) represent a total of 540 data points: 54 for the pure substances and 486 for the binary mixtures (x≠0 and x≠1). For density the experimental results (P≤70 MPa) represent 1260 values: 126 for the pure substances and 1134 for the binary mixtures (x≠0 and x≠1). The mixtures with water are highly associative and the curves for the variation of η with composition exhibit a maxima. The variations of the excess activation energy of viscous flow ΔG E are discussed. Moreover, the measurements of ρ are sufficiently accurate to determine the excess volumes V E versus pressure, temperature, and composition.
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    Viscosity and Density at High Pressures in an Associative Ternary (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 19 (1998), S. 1325-1341 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; excess activation energy of viscous flow ; high pressure ; ternary mixture ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dynamic viscosity η and the density ρ of the associative ternary mixture water+diacetone alcohol+2-propanol have been measured as a function of temperature T (303.15, 323.15, and 343.15 K) and pressure P (≤100 MPa). The experimental results correspond to 698 values of η and ρ. With reference to the 54 values previously published on pure substances and 486 values for three corresponding binaries, the system is globally described by 1188 experimental values for various values of P, T and composition. The results for η are discussed in terms of excess activation energy of viscous flow.
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    Viscosity of Alcohol–Ethene Mixtures at Pressures up to 195 MPa (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 19 (1998), S. 43-69 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: alcohols ; density ; ethene ; high pressure ; hydrogen bond ; mixtures ; vinyl acetate ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Viscosities of several alcohol–ethene and vinyl acetate–ethene mixtures were measured with a rolling-ball viscometer. The viscosity measurements were performed at temperatures from 298 to 413 K and pressures up to 195 MPa with an estimated uncertainty of ±2%. The appearance of hydrogen bonds forming alcohol associates has a notable effect on the viscosity of alcohol–ethene mixtures above an alcohol mole fraction of about 0.2. This could be noticed from the deviation of the viscosity from the Arrhenius law, which occurs when alcohol associates are formed. An effect of pressure on the association of alcohol molecules through hydrogen bonding was not observable from the viscosity data. A new method for the description of the temperature- and pressure-dependent parameters in the McAllister and Dizechi models is proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021494917841
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    UV-Vis spectroscopic study on effects of pressure for adsorption ofp-nitrotoluene at liquid-solid interface (1996)
    Springer
    Adsorption 3 (1996), S. 173-180 
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    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: electronic spectra ; adsorption of liquid ; zeolites ; p-nitrotoluene ; high pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The behavior ofp-nitrotoluene adsorbed at zeolite/n-heptane interface has been investigated by the electronic spectroscopy under pressure up to 300 MPa. The uv-vis absorption bands of adsorbedp-nitrotoluene were deconvoluted into ones for the species adsorbed on the cation sites, and one for that on the pore wall of zeolite. The peak of adsorbed species on the cation site red-shifted by 20–80 nm from the position of the same species in the liquid phase, and their magnitudes of shift depended on the strength of electric field generated by the cation in zeolites. The peak intensities of adsorbed species on the cation site were enhanced but these or the pore wall site were reduced with the increase in pressure, suggesting that a part ofp-nitroluene molecules on the pore wall site desorbed and the adsorption on the cation site was enhanced by compression. The pressure dependence of peak intensity indicated that the behavior of this adsorption system was strongly governed by the solvation structure of the adsorbate in the zeolite pore. In particular, it was found that the adsorption of solvent molecules on the cation site strongly affected the volume change of the adsorption system.
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    Normal stress difference in liquid lubricants sheared under high pressure (1996)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 35 (1996), S. 13-23 
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    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Lubricants ; normal stress ; high pressure ; shear bands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Although normal stress differences in liquids have conventionally been associated with polymers, aspects of rheological behavior in lubricated concentrated contacts suggest that normal stress difference may be significant in even low molecular weight liquids sheared under high pressure and high shear stress. A torsional flow rheogoniometer was constructed for use at high (300 MPa) pressure. Four typical liquid lubricants were investigated, including one polymer/mineral oil solution. Shear stress and N 2-N 2 are reported as functions of shear rate. The effect of pressure variation is reported for two liquids. Results are compared with predictive techniques and a molecular dynamics simulation. Simple low molecular weight lubricant base oils can generate measurable and significant normal stress differences when sheared at high shear stress.
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    The melting parameters of high-temperature nonmetallic nitrides (1996)
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    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 507-513 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: aluminium ; boron ; high pressure ; high temperature ; melting parameters ; nitrides ; silicon ; thermogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The ranges of temperatures and pressures for the existence of condensed boron, aluminum, and silicon nonmetallic nitrides in thermodynamic equilibrium with an ambient gas were calculated on the basis of reference data. The melting parameters of the high-temperature nitrides mentioned above were investigated experimentally in the nitrogen pressure range of 5–200 MPa. The 99% purity nitride samples were prepared in the form of 4 x 4-mm plates with a thickness of 1 mm. The surfaces of samples were heated with stationary laser beam and analyzed by X-ray technique. The brightness temperature of nonmetallic nitrides was measured at 0.633-µm wavelength using the optical pyrometry method. The apparent melting temperatures were found from the analysis of heating and cooling thermograms. Based on the available literature data on normal spectral emmissivity, the true melting temperatures of nonmetallic nitrides were estimated as 3370 K for BN, 3025 K for AIN, and 2775 K for Si3N4.
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    Compressibilities of ternary mixtures C1-nC16-CO2 under pressure from ultrasonic measurements of sound speed (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 851-871 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: compressibility ; equation of state ; high pressure ; speed of sound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Speed of sound measurements have been performed on three mixtures of the ternary system methane + carbon dioxide + normal hexadecane. The systems have been investigated from 12 to 70 MPa in the temperature range from 313 to 393 K. Furthermore, these measurements have allowed the evaluation of the isothermal and the isentropic compressibilities up to 70 MPa from low pressure (〈40-MPa) density data.
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    High-temperature, high-pressure thermophysical measurements on liquid zinc (1996)
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    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 987-1000 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: critical point ; electrical resistivity ; enthalpy ; high pressure ; high temperature ; liquid metals ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Wire-shaped zinc samples were resistively volume heated as part of a fast-capacitor discharge circuit. Time-resolved measurements with submicrosecond resolution of the current through the specimen, the voltage drop across it, and the thermal expansion of the specimen as a function of time allow determination of the enthalpy, electrical resistivity, and density at different temperatures up to superheated liquid states of zinc far above the normal boiling point. High static pressures, up to 3800 bar of the ambient medium water, were used. An estimate of the critical pressure for zinc is given by investigations of the stability of the sample with a framing CCD camera, taking pictures of different samples varying the ambient static pressure. The critical volume and the critical temperature are obtained by means of an extrapolation of measured data at different pressures.
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    Silica under very large positive and negative pressures: Molecular dynamics simulations on parallel computers (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 169-178 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: densified silica ; fast multipole method ; fracture ; high pressure ; intermediate range order ; kinetic roughening ; molecular dynamics ; multiresolution algorithms ; parallel computing ; porous silica ; structural transformations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A highly efficient multiresolution algorithm has been developed to carry out large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for systems with long-range Coulomb and three-body covalent interactions. The algorithm combines the reduced cell and fast multipole methods and multiple time-step approach. Pressure-induced structural transformation, loss of intermediate range order, and dynamcal correlations in SiO2, glass are investigated with the moleculardynamics method. At twice the normal density, the Si-O bond length increases, the Si O coordination changes from 4 to 6, and the O-Si-O band-angle changes from 109 to 90°. This is a tetrahedral-to-octahedral transformation, which was reported by Meade, Hemley, and Mao. Results for phonon density of states also reveal significant changes at high pressures. The multiresolution MD approach has been used to investigate the structural properties and mechanical failure in microporous silica. Structural correlations are characterized by the fractal dimension, internal surface area, and pore surface-tovolume ratio. Critical behavior at fracture is analyzed in terms of pore percolation, and kinetic roughening of fractured surface is also investigated.
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    Volumetric properties of mixtures of 1,4-dioxane and water at high pressures (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 441-454 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: aqueous solutions ; compressibility ; density ; dioxane ; high pressure ; partial molar volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Densities of aqueous of 1,4-dioxane have been measured at temperatures from 298 to 348 K and at pressures up to 40 MPa by a vibrating-tube method. Molar volumes obtained with an estimated uncertainty of ±0.2°,% are correlated with pressure by the Tait equation within the experimental uncertainty. Pressure and composition dependences of the excess molar volume, partial molar volume, and isothermal compressibility are determined and they are compared with those of other aqueous solutions.
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    Beyond KTB - electrical conductivity of the deep continental crust (1995)
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    Surveys in geophysics 16 (1995), S. 5-36 
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    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Keywords: continental crust ; electrical conductivity ; high pressure ; high temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Great strides have been made in understanding the upper part of the crust by in-situ logging in, and laboratory experiments on core recovered from super-deep bore-holes such as the KTB. These boreholes do not extend into the lower crust, and can contribute little to the elucidation of mechanisms that produce the high electrical conductivities that are commonly observed therein by magneto-telluric (MT) methods. Laboratory studies at simulated lower crustal conditions of temperature, pressure and saturation, on electrolyte saturated rocks thought to have been derived from the lower crust, have not been possible up until now due to their experimental difficulty. It is necessary to subject electrolyte-saturated rock samples to independently controlled confining and pore-fluid pressure, which implies that the rock be sleeved in some impermeable but deformable material, that can withstand the very high temperatures required. Metals are the only materials capable of being used, but these cause great difficulties for cell sealing and conductivity measurement. In this paper we describe recent breakthroughs in experimental work, specifically the development of two new types of sophisticated metal/ceramic seal, and a conductivity measurement technique that enables the measurement of saturated rock conductivity in the presence of a highly conducting metallic sleeve. The advances in experimental technique have enabled us to obtain data on the electrical conductivity of brine saturated basic, acidic and graphite-bearing rocks at lower crustal temperatures and raised pressures. These data have facilitated the comparison of MT derived crustal electrical conductivity profiles with profiles obtained from laboratory experiments for the first time. Initial modelling shows a good agreement between laboratory derived and MT derived profiles only if the mid-crust is composed of amphibolite pervaded by aqueous fluids, and the lower crust is composed of granulite that is saturated with aqueous fluids and/or contains interconnected grain surface films of graphite. The experimental data are consistent with a three layer crust consisting of an aqueous fluid saturated acidic uppermost layer, above an aqueous fluid saturated amphibolite mid-crust, and a granulite lowermost crust, which may or may not be saturated with aqueous fluids, but if not, requires the presence of an additional conduction mechanism such as conduction through thin graphite films.
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    Measurements of the viscosity of new refrigerants in the temperature range 270–340 K at pressures up to 20 MPa (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 133-143 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; refrigerants ; vibrating wire ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A recently modified vibrating-wire instrument was employed to measure the liquid viscosity of a wide selection of new refrigerants under pressure. Calibration of the viscometer with water over the range of measurements confirmed that the estimated uncertainty of the measurements is 0.5%, while the precision is 0.3%. With this instrument, the viscosity of chlorofuorocarbons (CFC's) and alternative refrigerants. R11. R12. R22, R32. R124, R125. 11134a. R 141 b, and R152a, was measured over the temperature range from 270 to 340 K, from just above the saturation pressure up to 211 M Pa. The experimental data, represented by polynomial functions of temperature and pressure, are used in a comparative examination of other recently reported experimental measurements of the viscosity of all these refrigerants. to investigate the uncertainty with which the viscosity is known.
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    High-pressure cylindrical acoustic resonance diffusion measurements of methane in liquid hydrocarbons (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 655-662 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: acoustic resonance spectroscopy ; diffusion kinetics ; high pressure ; methane ; liquid hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel cylindrical acoustic resonance method for the measurement of gas diffusion into liquids at high pressures is described. The measurements were per formed in a vertically oriented cylindrical acoustic resonator containing both the liquid solvent and gaseous diffusant while under high-precision isothermal and isobaric control. Individual resonance modes of the liquid column, the gas column, and the two-phase coupled fluid are resolved in the fast Fourier trans form acoustic-resonance spectrum (FFT-ARS). High-resolution acoustic spectra measured at frequent time intervals reveal the changes which accompany the diffusion fusion of gas into the liquid phase. One change, namely, the growth in length of the liquid column, results in a systematic shift to higher frequencies of axial modes in the gas column. The temporal behavior of this moving boundary, together with quantitative measurement of the flow to the gas column required to sustain the constant pressure, permits determination of the gas-into-liquid diffusion coefficient. Diffusion coefficients were determined from the change in frequency as a function of time of axial resonance modes in the gas-phase virtual cylinder as the surface of the underlying liquid phase advanced due to gas absorption. Measurements of the systems methane/n-octane, methane/n-nonane, and methane/n-decane were performed as a function of temperature at a pressure of 250 psia. Comparisons is made to results obtained elsewhere and by other methods but at the same temperatures and pressure.
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    A new, accurate single-sinker densitometer for temperatures from 233 to 523 K at pressures up to 30 MPa (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 399-411 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; high pressure ; high temperature ; magnetic suspension balance ; single-sinker densitometer
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new apparatus for density measurements of fluids in the entire range from gas to liquid densities is presented. The instrument is a single-sinker buoyancy densitometer designed in a completely new way. The buoyancy force exerted by the sample fluid on an immersed sinker (buoy) is transferred by a new type of magnetic suspension coupling to an analytical balance. In order to reduce drastically the linearity error of the (commercial) balance. a special basic load compensation is applied which also avoids any buoyancy ellèct of the laboratory air on the balance. The new single-sinker densitometer covers a density range from 10 to 200(1 kg - m ' at temperatures from 233 to 523 K and pressures up to 30 MPa. A special compact version of such a single-sinker densitometer can even he used at temperatures from 80 to 523 K at pressures up to 100 MPa. Test measurements on densities of carbon dioxide at 233, 360, and 523 K at pressures up to 30 MPa show that the estimated total uncertainty of ±0.02% to ±0.03% in density is clearly met.
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    Thermodynamic properties of the generalized Murnaghan equation of state of solids (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 1009-1026 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: Anderson-Grüneisen ; bulk modulus ; equation of state ; expansivity ; high pressure ; Murnaghan equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the Murnaghan approximation, an isothermal relation between pressure (P) and volume (V) for solids is derived from the assumption that the isothermal bulk modulus (B) is a linear function ofP. This paper presents a thermodynamic analysis of a generalized form of the equation, based on treating all its various parameters [viz., V, B, and (∂B/∂P) T atP=0] as functions of temperature. Extending a previous study, the effect ofT upon (∂B/∂P) T is accounted for by using a dimensionless parameter introduced by us, which is used in formulating general expressions for the volume dependence of various thermophysical quantities,viz., the thermal expansion coefficient (α), the productαB, and the Grüneisen and Anderson-Grüneisen parameters. Some combinations of these parameters are identified, which show a simple dependence uponP. The new expressions are used in analyzing current approximations and the behavior of the solid in the low-compression range. In particular, an expression forα at highP is reported which generalizes the Anderson equation and previous results by us.
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    Correlation and prediction of dense fluid transport coefficients. VII. Refrigerants (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 761-772 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; high pressure ; refrigerants ; Tail equation ; thermal conductivity ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A recently developed scheme, based on considerations of hard-sphere theory, is used for the simultaneous correlation of the coefficients of viscosity and thermal conductivity for the refrigerants R11, R12, R22, R32. R124, R125, R134a, R141b, and R152a in excellent agreement with experiment, over extended temperature and pressure ranges. Values for the roughness factors and correlations for the characteristic volume are presented. The overall average absolute deviations of the experimental viscosity and thermal conductivity measurements from those calculated by the correlation are 2.1 and 2.3%, respectively, over a temperature range from 200 to about 10 K below the critical temperature and a pressure range from saturation to about 40 MPa. Since the proposed scheme is based on recent and accurate density values, a Tail-type equation was also employed to correlate successfully the density of the refrigerants. The overall average absolute deviation of the experimental density measurements from those calculated by the correlation is ±0.08%.
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    Measurements of the thermal conductivity of liquid R32, R124, R125, and R141b (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 851-865 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; refrigerants ; R32 ; R124 ; R125 ; R141b ; thermal conductivity ; transient hot-wire technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports measurements of the thermal conductivity of refrigerants R32, R124, R125, and R141b in the liquid phase. The measurements, covering a temperature range from 253 to 334 K and pressure up to 20 MPa, have been performed in a transient hotwire instrument employing two anodized tantalum wires. The uncertainty of the present thermal-conductivity data is estimated to be ±0.5%. The experimental data have been represented by polynomial functions of temperature and pressure for the purposes of interpolation. A comparison with other recent measurements is also included.
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    Raman investigation of the supercritical mixture He-H2 (1995)
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    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 965-971 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: concentration fluctuations ; critical line broadening ; high pressure ; hydrogen-helium ; mixtures ; Raman spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the vibrational Raman spectrum of H2 in the binary mixture He-H2. The Q1-line was measured between 150 and 350 K for two isobars in the gigapascal region in a mixture of critical composition. The results indicate a broadening of the spectrum due to critical concentration fluctuations.
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    Inter- and intradiffusion in liquid mixtures of methane andn-decane (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 1213-1224 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: alkanes ; diffusion ; high pressure ; mixtures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The interdiffusion coefficient,D 12, has been measured by Mach-Zehnder interferometry for liquid mixtures of methane andn-decane at 303 K. The mole fraction of methane was from 0.11 to 0.96 and the pressure was from 30 to 60 MPa. This includes measurements in the critical region, the critical locus being approached from supercritical pressures to within 0.4 MPa. The accuracy inD 12 is estimated to be from 3 to 10%, depending on the composition. Our data are compared with the Sigmund correlation, which is widely used to estimate diffusion coefficients in hydrocarbons at high pressures. The deviation between estimate and measurement is one order of magnitude for some of the states. We have also compared with a more recent correlation used by Erkey, but this one is not found to be applicable to the compositions studied in the present work. Our data were related to recently measured intradiffusion coefficients,D 1 andD 2, at the same state points. On this basis, we have evaluated different mixing rules for obtaining the interdiffusion coefficient from intradiffusion coefficients, both close to and away from the critical region. It is found that the so-called Darken and Adamson relations have the right qualitative behavior.
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    Determination of the viscosity of various hydrocarbons and mixtures of hydrocarbons versus temperature and pressure (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 1309-1334 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; high pressure ; hydrocarbons ; mixtures ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dynamic viscosityη and densityρ of 10 pure substances and three binary systems were measured as a function of temperatureT (298.15, 313.15, 333.15, 353.15, and 363.15 K.) and pressureP (⩽100 MPa). The pure substances were toluene,p-xylene,m-xylene,o-xylene, methylcyclohexane, methylnaphthalene, decahydronaphthalene, phenyldodecane, heptamethylnonane, and tetramethylpentadecane (pristane). The three binaries were toluene + tetramethylpentadecane, toluene + methylnaphthalene, and toluene + heptamethylnonane, for molar fractionsx of toluene ranging between 0 and 1. The three binaries are highly “contrasted” systems, i.e., systems in which the viscosities of the pure components are very different for eachP, T pair. In all, 547 experimental determinations were carried out (279 experimental data for viscosity of the pure substances and 268 data concerning the mixtures: x⊋0 and 1).
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    Broadening of the vibrational linewidth in a mixture due to critical concentration fluctuations (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 585-598 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: concentration fluctuations ; critical broadening ; high pressure ; line shape ; line shift ; local composition ; mixtures ; nitrogen-helium ; Raman spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Vibrational Raman spectroscopy is a very usful technique for studying the dynamical behavior of a system, in particular in the critical region. In a mixture, composition fluctuations play an important role and on the basis of the results for pure substances one would expect an increase of the linewidth in approaching the critical point. However, in previous experiments such an effect was not detected. The reasons for this failure will be discussed. Recently, we have observed a considerable broadening of the linewidth in approaching the critical point in the system helium-nitrogen under high pressure. However, it is well-known that broadening may occur through various other mechanisms such as changes in density, composition fluctuations far from the critical point, aggregation, etc. On the basis of the helium-nitrogen data the pitfalls in the experimental determination of critical broadening are discussed. The data analysis takes into account the contribution of noncritical effects. Consequences are drawn for the interpretation of spectroscopic data in terms of concentration of species in supercritical solvents. Moreover, we discuss the possibility of a difference between the local composition and the bulk composition and demonstrate from our line shift data that this is not a critical effect.
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    Monte Carlo calculations on the beta-delta phase transition in nitrogen with a generalized free energy method (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 957-963 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: Gibbs free energy ; high pressure ; Monte Carlo ; nitrogen ; phase transition
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Monte Carlo simulations that utilize an (N, P, T) ensemble with periodic deformable boundary conditions cannot describe phase transitions properly when a large potential barrier is involved. An alternative method is to calculate the Gibbs free energy difference between phases; the transition occurs when the difference is equal to zero. The Gibbs free-energy difference can be calculated using a generalized free-energy method. This method is used to determine theβ-δ phase transition of solid nitrogen at room temperature. The Gibbs freeenergy difference between theβ and theδ phase was obtained at 4.0 GPa. The difference at other pressures could be determined with the equation of state. The transition pressure was found at about 6.2 GPa, 1.3 GPa above the experimental pressure.
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    The viscosity of liquid carbon dioxide (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 145-153 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; high pressure ; low temperature ; liquid ; viscosity coellicient
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The viscosity coellicient of carbon dioxide in the liquid phase has been measured by means of a vibrating-wire viscometer at temperatures of 220, 230, 240, 2411, 260, and 380 K. The measurements extended beyond both phase transition lines into the coexistence region (superheated liquid) and into the solid range (undercooled liquid). At 3811 K. the measurements extended only to 3511 MPa since no density data are available for high pressures. The accuracy of the measurements is estimated to be I % The agreement with the data of Ulybin and Makarushkin is rather good, but our values are in general a few percent lower than those of Diller and Ball. The results show, for the most part, a linear pressure dependence for the various isotherms, with a common intersection with the negative pressure axis of 113.7 MPa. The fluidity, the reciprocal of the viscosity, shows a linear dependence of the molar volume in adjacent density ranges. After reduction of the molar volume with the volumes of close packing, two sets of linear functions result, with common intersections of the axis forV/V 0=1.31 andV/V 0=1.40.
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    The viscosity of liquid toluene at elevated pressures (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 877-882 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; toluene ; viscosity
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    Notes: Abstract This paper reports new measurements on the viscosity of toluene at pressures up to 500 MPa at 299 K and pressures up to 435 MPa at 323 K. The results are in close agreement with recent viscosity measurements from a vibrating-wire viscometer at pressures up to 250 MPa but confirm earlier measurements from a falling-body viscometer which show that the recently recommended polynomial expression for the representation of the pressure dependence of the viscosity of toluene up to 250 MPa underestimates the viscosity if applied at 500 MPa by about 30%. Modification of this polynomial expression by inclusion of one additional term is found to represent the data satisfactorily over the whole pressure range.
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    Pressure tuning spectroscopy of the metal-metal quadruple bond (1994)
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    Journal of cluster science 5 (1994), S. 145-155 
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    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Rhenium ; molybdenum ; dimetal complexes ; δ to δ* transition ; high pressure ; solid state ; optical spectra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The results obtained from the application of high pressure in optical absorption studies of compounds with metal-metal quadruple bonds are reviewed. The different degrees of balance between intermolecular and intramolecular effects of compression in different cases are highlighted. A consistent effect observed for [Re2Cl8]2−, [Mo2Cl8]4− , and related compounds is a continuous shift to Iower energy (red) in the δ to δ* excitation with increasing pressure. This observation is interpreted in terms of significant van der Waals interactions between the molecular chromophore and its surroundings, leading to relative stabilization of the more polarizable excited state. Changes in the intensity of the δ to δ* peak are not correlated with the changes in position. The intensity changes become consistent only at relatively high pressures, and this falloff is attributed largely to compression and deformation of the cell gasket. In certain cases, such as [Re2 I 8]2− and Re2(piv)4X2, piv = pivalate, X= CI, Br, rearrangement to a new species is observed upon the application of high pressure. These rearrangements are all reversible upon pressure release, but they involve different degrees of interaction between adjacent molecules.
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    High oxygen pressure synthesis of new copper oxide superconductors (1994)
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    Journal of superconductivity 7 (1994), S. 45-48 
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    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: La2CuO4 ; high pressure ; La-Ca-Cu-O ; Y-Sr-La-Cu-O ; oxygen pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The unique coordination of the copper ions in +1, +2, and +3 oxidation states, which are stable in a range of oxygen partial pressure. 10−6〈P(O2)〈 103 atm, makes possible the formation of a wide variety of distinct structures. By controlling the oxygen pressure during the synthesis and annealing, the distribution of metal and oxygen ions can be modified on an atomic scale to optimize the structural and electronic properties. We present several examples of compounds for which the critical structural elements for superconductivity, i.e., the perfectly ordered CuO2 planes, have been obtained and doped with holes by means of high oxygen pressure,P(O2)〉1 atm. These materials, La2CuO4+δ , La2−x Ca x CuO4, and YSr2−x La x Cu3O7+δ , offer a unique opportunity to study the relationship between superconductivity and structural, magnetic, and chemical properties.
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    The pressure-induced superconductivity of iodine (1994)
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    Journal of superconductivity 7 (1994), S. 921-924 
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    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: Iodine ; superconductivity ; high pressure ; low temperature ; monatomic phase
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The superconductivity of metallic iodine is observed at temperatures below 1.2 K under pressures above 28 GPa by magnetization and electrical resistance measurements. The pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature is studied up to 74 GPa. This is the first observation of the superconductivity of the molecular-dissociated monatomic metal.
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    Effect of pressure onT c in La2- x Ba x CuO4 withx=0.125 (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of superconductivity 7 (1994), S. 819-821 
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    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: Oxide superconductor ; high pressure ; phase transition ; pressure effect
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The superconducting transition temperature,T c , of La2−x Ba x CuO4 has been measured under high pressure up to 8 GPa.T c is found to change drastically at the pressure where the structural phase transition takes place. This finding clearly indicates that there exists an intimate relation between the crystal structure and superconductivity.
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    Measurements of the viscosity of alcohols in the temperature range 290–340 K at pressures up to 30 MPa (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 95-107 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: 1-butanol ; ethanol ; high pressure ; methanol ; 1-propanol ; viscosity ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New measurements of the viscosity of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol are presented. The measurements were performed in a vibrating-wire instrument and cover a temperature range of 290–340 K and pressures up to 30 MPa. The overall uncertainty in the reported data, confirmed by the measurement of the viscosity of water, is ±0.5 %. The high-pressure experimental results were correlated by a Tait-like equation. It was found that the isothermal viscosity data were satisfactorily correlated by such an equation.
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    An improved representation forn-alkane liquid densities (1994)
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    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 155-164 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: n-alkanes ; density ; high pressure ; Tait equation
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    Notes: Abstract New experimental density data have been used to improve a recently published correlation ofn-alkane densities, based on the Tait equation. The new correlation covers then-alkanes from methane ton-hexadecane in an extended pressure range of up to 500 MPa in some cases. The overall average deviation of the experimental measurements of the density from those calculated by the correlation is ±0.10%. A simple extension to n-alkane mixtures gives a satisfactory prediction of the density compared with experimental data.
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    Volumetric properties of mixtures of fluoroalcohols and water at high pressures (1994)
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    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 245-259 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: aqueous solutions ; compressibility ; density ; nuoroalcohols ; high pressure ; hydrocarbon alcohols ; Raman spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Densities of aqueous solutions of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, 2,2,3,3-tetranuoropropanol, and 2,2,3,3,3-pentanuoropropanol have been measured with a vibrating-tube densitometer. Measurements were performed at temperatures of 298 and 323 K and at pressures up to 80 MPa with an estimated uncertainty of ±0.2 %. Molar volumes obtained for these mixtures are correlated with pressure by the Tait equation within the experimental uncertainty. Excess molar volume, isothermal compressibility, and partial molar volume of these mixtures are determined in terms of this correlation equation and compared with those of the aqueous solutions of hydrocarbon alcohols. Composition dependence of partial molar volume is discussed in comparison with that of Raman spectroscopic data.
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    A vibrating-wire densimeter for liquids at high pressures: The density of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane from 298.15 to 348.15 K and up to 100 MPa (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 229-243 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; high pressure ; isooctane ; 2,2,4-trimethylpentane ; vibrating-wire densimeter
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new apparatus for the measurement of liquid densities at high pressures is presented. The instrument is a development of a vibrating-wire densimeter described earlier and uses the buoyancy force exerted by the sample fluid on an immersed buoy to alter the tension of a wire from which it is suspended. The tension of the wire is related to its resonant frequency under steady-state transverse vibrations through a rigorous theoretical model which includes a complete analysis of the hydrodynamic effect of the fluid surrounding the wire. The present instrument uses a new design for the measuring cell with the purpose of relieving the degeneracy of perpendicular oscillation modes of the vibrating wire. The modifications lead to a significant increase in the precision of the results. Tests performed on the new apparatus and the operating procedure used, which requires the determination of one cell parameter from one density datum at atmospheric pressure, are described. New results for the density of liquid 2,2,4-trimethylpentane at temperatures from 298.15 to 348.15 K and pressures up to 100 MPa are presented. The data obtained have a precision of ±0.05% at a 2a level and an estimated accuracy of approximately ±0.1%.
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    Measurements of the viscosity of liquid R22, R124, and R125 in the temperature range 273–333 K at pressures up to 17 MPa (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 779-790 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; liquid ; refrigerants ; R22 ; R124 ; R125 ; vibrating-wire ; technique ; viscosity
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Viscosity masurements of refrigerants R22, R124, and R125 in the liquid phase have been performed in the temperature range 273–333 K and at pressures up to about 17 MPa. A vibrating-wire instrument has been employed. The overall uncertainty of the experimental values is estimated to be ±0.5%. The experimental data have been represented by polynomial functions of temperature and pressure for the purposes of interpolation.
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    Molar heat capacity at constant volume for air from 67 to 300 K at pressures to 35 MPa (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 849-861 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: air ; calorimeter ; heat capacity ; high pressure ; isochoric
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the molar heat capacity at constant volumeC v for air were conducted with an adiabatic calorimeter. Temperatures ranged from 67 to 300 K, and pressures ranged up to 35 MPa. Measurements were conducted at 17 densities which ranged from gas to highly compressed liquid states. In total, 227C v values were obtained. The air sample was prepared gravimetrically from research purity gases resulting in a mole fraction composition of 0.78112 N2 + 0.20966 O2 + 0.00922 Ar. The primary sources of uncertainty are the estimated temperature rise and the estimated quantity of substance in the calorimeter. Overall, the uncertainty (± 2σ) of theC v values is estimated to be less than ± 2% for the gas and ±0.5% for the liquid.
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    Thermophysical properties of liquid iron (1994)
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    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 1323-1331 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: critical point ; electrical resistivity ; enthalpy ; high pressure ; high temperature ; iron ; liquid metals ; melting ; specific heat ; vapor pressure
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Wire-shaped iron samples are resistively volume heated as part of a fast capacitor discharge apparatus. Measurements of current through the specimen, voltage across the specimen, radiance temperature, and thermal expansion of the specimen as functions of time allow the determination of specific heat and various dependencies among enthalpy, electrical resistivity, temperature, and density for liquid iron up to 5000 K. High pressures. up to 3800 bar, are used to obtain the liquid state far above the normal boiling point. An estimate of critical-point data for iron is given by using experimental data of the vapor pressure of liquid iron.
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    A nonlinear correlation of high-pressure vapor-liquid equilibrium data for ethylene +n-butane showing inconsistencies in experimental compositions (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 1231-1239 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: critical region ; ethylene ; high pressure ; mole fraction errors ; n-butane ; simplex optimization ; vapor-liquid equilibrium
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The modified Leung- Griffiths model is applied to the previously unpublished data, tabulated here, of Williams for high-pressure vapor-liquid equilibria of ethylene +n-butane. It is not possible to obtain a highly accurate correlation with the experimentally stated compositions, but evidence is given that those composition measurements may be Suspect, although pressure, temperature, and density data are accurate. A simplex optimization method was used for the parameters of the model. and the compositions were also treated as adjustable parameters. With this method a much more accurate correlation is obtained, but the optimized compositions differ in two of four cases by more than 3% from the stated compositions,
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    Measurements of the viscosity of R134a and R32 in the temperature range 270–340 K at pressures up to 20 MPa (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 591-601 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; refrigerants ; R134a ; R32 ; vibrating-wire technique ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports new measurements of the liquid viscosity of R134a and R32 in the temperature range 270 to 340 K and pressures up to 20 MPa. The measurements have been carried out in a vibrating-wire instrument calibrated with respect to the standard reference value of the viscosity of water. It is estimated that the uncertainty of the present viscosity data is one of 0.5%. The experimental data have been represented by polynomial functions of temperature and pressure for the purposes of interpolation.
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    Correlation and prediction of dense fluid transport coefficients. VI.n-alcohols (1994)
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    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 189-201 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: n-alcohols ; density ; high pressure ; self-diffusion ; Tait equation ; thermal conductivity ; viscosity
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A previously described method, based on considerations of hard-sphere theory, is used for the simultaneous correlation of the coefficients of viscosity, self-diffusion, and thermal conductivity for then-alcohols, from methanol ton-decanol, in excellent agreement with experiment, over extended temperature and pressure ranges. Generalized correlations are given for the roughness factors and the characteristic volume. The overall average absolute deviations of the experimental viscosity, self-diffusion, and thermal conductivity measurements from those calculated by the correlation are 2.4, 2.6, and 2.0%, respectively. Since the proposed scheme is based on accurate density values, a Tait-type equation was also employed to correlate successfully the density of then-alcohols. The overall average absolute deviation of the experimental density measurements from those calculated by the correlation is ±0.05%.
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    Glass transition in viscous crude oils under pressure (1994)
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    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 165-176 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: bulk modulus ; crude oil ; glass transition ; heat capacity ; high pressure ; thermal conductivity
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The transitions to the glassy state in viscous crude oils have been investigated at high pressures by the transient hot-wire method, by differential scanning calorimetry, and by equation-of-state measurements. The range of pressures investigated was up to 1.2 GPa in the temperature interval 150–370 K. The glass transition in crude oils is a common phenomenon and occurs due to the viscosity increase on decreasing the temperature or increasing thepressure. The actual transition coordinates depend not only on physical properties but also on the characteristic experimental time.
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    Phase behavior and thermal conductivity of urea at pressures up to 1 GPa and at temperatures in the range 50–370 K (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 513-524 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; phase behavior ; thermal conductivity urea
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal conductivity of the solid phases I and III of urea was measured at temperatures in the range 50–370 K for pressures up to 1 GPa. Phase III, previously detected only at pressures above 0.5 GPa, was observed here at low pressures ( 〈0.07 GPa) below about 230 K. Extrapolation of the I–III phase line indicates that phase III might be obtained at 218 K at atmospheric pressure and, consequently, that urea might exhibit two solid phases at atmospheric pressure. The temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of both phase I and phase III could be described by the Debye model for thermal conductivity assuming phonon scattering by three phonon umklapp processes only. Despite a volume decrease at the I → III transition, the thermal conductivity decreased by about 20%. Normally, thermal conductivity increases at a phase transition at which volume decreases. This rather unusual behavior of urea might be due to an increase in the nearest-neighbor distance at the I → III transition.
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    Measurements of the viscosity of R11, R12, R141b, and R152a in the temperature range 270–340 K at pressures up to 20 MPa (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 575-589 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; refrigerants ; R11 ; R12 ; R141b ; R152a ; vibrating-wire technique ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports new measurements of the liquid viscosity of R11, R12, R1416, and R152a in the temperature range 270 to 340 K and pressures up to 20 MPa. The measurements have been carried out in a vibrating-wire instrument calibrated with respect to the standard reference value of the viscosity of water. It is estimated that the uncertainty of the present viscosity data is one of 0.5%. The experimental data have been represented by polynomial functions of temperature and pressure for the purposes of interpolation. A recently developed semiempirical scheme, based on considerations of hard-sphere theory, is employed to correlate successfully the viscosity and the thermal conductivity of these refrigerants as a function of their density.
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    Measurement and prediction of ultrasonic speed under high pressure in natural gases (1994)
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    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 803-819 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: equation of state ; high pressure ; natural gas ; ultrasonic speed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ultrasonic-speed measurements have been performed on two natural gases with significantly different compositions. The systems have been investigated from 12 to 70 MPa in the temperature domain from 263 to 413 K. Furthermore, the ultrasonic-speed data obtained are compared with the values predicted by means of various equations of state.
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    Isochoric (p-π-T) measurements on liquid and gaseous air from 67 to 400 K at pressures to 35 MPa (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 881-902 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: air ; density ; high pressure ; isochoric ; mixtures ; vapor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Comprehensive isochoricp-π-T measurements have been carried out on liquid and gaseous air along 16 isochores at densities ranging from 2 to 32 mol · dm−3. The air mixture has a nominal composition of 0.7813 N2 + 0.2096 O2 + 0.0092 Ar. Thep-π-T data cover a temperature range from 67 to 400 K at pressures up to 35 MPa. Comparisons with experimental results from independent sources are presented using a fundamental equation of state based. in part, on thep-π-T data from this study.
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    Performance of the complete travel-time equation of state at simultaneous high pressure and temperature (1993)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 141 (1993), S. 379-392 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Elastic constant ; thermodynamics ; equation of state ; acoustic velocity ; thermal expansivity ; heat capacity ; Grüneisen constant ; high pressure ; high temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complete travel-time equation of state (CT-EOS) is presented by utilizing thermodynamics relations, such as; $$K_T = K_S (1 + \alpha \gamma T)^{ - 1} , \gamma = \frac{{\alpha K_S }}{{\rho C_P }}, \left. {\frac{{\partial C_P }}{{\partial P}}} \right)_T = - \frac{T}{\rho }\left[ {\alpha ^2 + \left. {\frac{{\partial \alpha }}{{\partial T}}} \right)_P } \right], etc.$$ The CT-EOS enables us to analyze ultrasonic experimental data under simultaneous high pressure and high temperature without introducing any assumption, as long as the density, or thermal expansivity, and heat capacity are also available as functions of temperature at zero pressure. The performance of the CT-EOS was examined by using synthesized travel-time data with random noise of 10−5 and 10−4 amplitude up to 4 GPa and 1500 K. Those test conditions are to be met with the newly developed GHz interferometry in a gas medium piston cylinder apparatus. The results suggest that the combination of the CT-EOS and accurate experimental data (10−4 in travel time) can determine thermodynamic and elastic parameters, as well as their derivatives with unprecedented accuracy, yielding second-order pressure derivatives (∂2 M/∂P 2) of the elastic moduli as well as the temperature derivatives of their first-order pressure derivatives ∂2 M/∂P∂T). The completeness of the CT-EOS provides an unambiguous criterion to evaluate the compatibility of empirical EOS with experimental data. Furthermore because of this completeness, it offers the possibility of a new and absolute pressure calibration when X-ray (i.e., volume) measurements are made simultaneously with the travel-time measurements.
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    Fluorescence staining of yeast cells permeabilized by killer toxin K1: Determination of optimum conditions (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of fluorescence 3 (1993), S. 241-244 
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    ISSN: 1573-4994
    Keywords: Killer toxin K1 ; bromocresol purple staining ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Optimal assay conditions were established for the previously described method used to determine the activity ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae pore-forming killer toxin K1. The method is based on cell staining with bromocresol purple. Sensitive cells ofS. cerevisiae from the early exponential phase under nongrowth conditions and in the presence of glucose were the most convenient for determining the killer toxin activity. Maximum killing war reached when the suspension was buffered with 10 mM citrate-phosphate at pH 4.6.
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    Mutational analysis of assembly and function of the iron-sulfur protein of the cytochromebc 1 complex inSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 25 (1993), S. 245-257 
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    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Rieske iron-sulfur protein, RIP1 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mitochondria ; bc 1 complex ; QCR9 ; iron-sulfur cluster, mitochondrial targeting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The iron-sulfur protein of the cytochromebc 1 complex oxidizes ubiquinol at center P in the protonmotive Q cycle mechanism, transferring one electron to cytochromec 1 and generating a low-potential ubisemiquinone anion which reduces the low-potential cytochromeb-566 heme group. In order to catalyze this divergent transfer of two reducing equivalents from ubiquinol, the iron-sulfur protein must be structurally integrated into the cytochromebc 1 complex in a manner which facilitates electron transfer from the iron-sulfur cluster to cytochromec 1 and generates a strongly reducing ubisemiquinone anion radical which is proximal to theb-566 heme group. This radical must also be sequestered from spurious reactivities with oxygen and other high-potential oxidants. Experimental approaches are described which are aimed at understanding how the iron-sulfur protein is inserted into center P, and how the iron-sulfur cluster is inserted into the apoprotein.
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    Measurements of the thermal conductivity of R22, R123, and R134a in the temperature range 250–340 K at pressures up to 30 MPa (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 183-197 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; R123 ; R134a ; R22 ; refrigerants ; thermal conductivity ; transient hot-wire technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports new, absolute measurements of the thermal conductivity of the liquid refrigerants R22, R123, and R134a in the temperature range 250–340 K at pressures from saturation up to 30 MPa. The measurements, performed in a transient hot-wire instrument employing two anodized tantalum wires as the heat source, have an estimated uncertainty of ±0.5%. A recently developed semiempirical scheme is employed to correlate successfully the thermal conductivity and the viscosity of these refrigerants, as a function of their density.
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    Viscosity of mixtures of fluoroalcohols and water at high pressures (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 835-849 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: aqueous solutions ; fluoroalcohols ; high pressure ; hydrocarbon alcohols ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Viscosities of aqueous solutions of 2,2,2,-trifluoroethanol, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropanol and 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanol have been measured with a falling-body viscometer. Measurements were performed at temperatures from 298 to 323 K and at pressures up to 80 MPa with an estimated uncertainty of ±2%. Viscosities obtained for these mixtures are represented by a simple empirical equation within the experimental uncertainty. The composition dependence of the viscosity is compared with that for mixtures of hydrocarbon alcohols and water.
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    The viscosity of liquid R134a (1993)
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    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 33-44 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; refrigerants ; R134a ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper reports new measurements of the viscosity of liquid R134a over the temperature range 235 to 343 K and pressures up to 50 MPa. The measurements have been carried out in a vibrating-wire viscometer calibrated with respect to the viscosity of several liquid hydrocarbons. It is estimated that the uncertainty in the viscosity data reported is ±0.6%. The data therefore have a lower uncertainty than that of earlier measurements of the viscosity of this environmentally acceptable regrigerant. The viscosity data have been represented as a function of density by means of a formulation based upon the rigid, hard-sphere theory of dense fluids with a maximum deviation of ±0.3%. This representation allows the present body of experimental data to be extended to regions of thermodynamic state not covered by the measurements.
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    Equation-of-state measurements for crude oils at pressures up to 1 GPa (1993)
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    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 215-220 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: bulk modulus ; compressibility ; crude oil ; equation of state ; high pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Equation-of-state measurements of two crude oils with different compositions and viscosity were performed at room temperature in the pressure range 0〈P〈1.0 GPa. We found large compressibilities and a strong dependence of the compressibility on oil content and viscosity. The bulk modulus changed with pressure from 2.0 to 12.1 GPa for one oil and from 1.3 to 9.5 GPa for the other. We discuss the possibility of detecting phase transitions in the region under investigation. The Tait and Murnaghan equations of state were fitted to the data, and residuals are presented.
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    Thermophysical properties of solid and liquid beryllium (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 427-439 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: beryllium ; electrical resistivity ; enthalpy ; high pressure ; high temperature ; isobaric expansion ; liquid metals ; sound velocity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A submillisecond resistive heating technique under high pressure (0.12 GPa) has been used to measure selected thermophysical properties of both solid and liquid beryllium. Data have been obtained between room temperature and 2900 K. Results on enthalpy, volume expansion, electrical resistivity, and sound velocity measurements are presented.
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    Genetic and cell biological aspects of the yeast vacuolar H+-ATPase (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 24 (1992), S. 395-405 
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    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Vacuolar H+-ATPase ; VMA genes ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The yeast vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase is a member of the third class of H+-pumping ATPase. A family of this type of H+-ATPase is now known to be ubiquitously distributed in eukaryotic vacuo-lysosomal organelles and archaebacteria. NineVMA genes that are indispensable for expression of the enzyme activity have been cloned and characterized in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. This review summarizes currently available information on theVMA genes and cell biological functions of theVMA gene products.
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    Pressure dependence of the density of n-alkanes (1992)
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    International journal of thermophysics 13 (1992), S. 443-452 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: alkanes ; density ; high pressure ; interfacial tension ; Tait equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Accurate density data for n-alkanes are essential for the measurement of interfacial tension of liquid-liquid systems as a function of pressure. The variation of density with pressure for three n-alkanes, n-hexane, n-heptane, and n-decane, was measured at 21.2°C and pressures ranging from 0.1 to 35 MPa with a digital density meter. The Tait equation of the form (ρ−ρ 0)/ρ=C log[(B+P)/ (B+P0)] was used to represent the experimental data.
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    Measurements of the viscosity of toluene + mesitylene mixtures at pressures up to 55 MPa (1992)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 13 (1992), S. 791-800 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; mesitylene ; mixtures ; toluene ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New absolute measurements of the viscosity of mesitylene and binary mixtures of toluene + mesitylene are presented. The measurements were performed in a vibrating-wire instrument and cover a temperature range of 295–330 K and pressures up to 55 MPa. The concentrations studied were 40 and 70%, by weight, of toluene. The overall uncertainty in the reported data is estimated to be ±0.5%. A recently extended semiempirical scheme for the prediction of the viscosity of mixtures from the pure components is used to predict successfully the viscosity of these mixtures, as a function of composition, temperature, and pressure.
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    Measurements of the thermal conductivity of R11 and R12 in the temperature range 250–340 K at pressures up to 30 MPa (1992)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 13 (1992), S. 735-751 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; R11 ; R12 ; refrigerants ; thermal conductivity ; toluene ; transient hot-wire technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports new, absolute measurements of the thermal conductivity of liquid refrigerants R11 and R12 in the temperature range 250–340 K at pressures from saturation up to 30 MPa. The measurements, performed in a new transient hot-wire instrument employing two anodized tantalum wires, have an estimated uncertainty of ±0.5%. Measurements of the thermal conductivity of toluene in the temperature range 250–340 K at pressures up to 30 MPa are also reported.
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    High-pressure viscosity and density of n-alkanes (1992)
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    International journal of thermophysics 13 (1992), S. 411-442 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: butane ; density ; hexane ; high pressure ; octane ; pentane ; viscometer ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract High-pressure viscosities and densities of n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, and n-octane have been measured with a specially designed falling cylinder viscometer. Data cover the pressure range from 10 to 70 MPa at temperatures from 310 to 450 K. When the viscosity is plotted as a function of density, the data at all temperatures and pressures are shown to reduce to a single curve for each alkane. An exponential relationship of the form η = B 1 x exp(B 2xρ) + B 3 is used to describe the density dependence of viscosity. The logarithmic viscosity of the alkanes changes linearly with the inverse temperature at all pressures. The density shows a linear dependence on temperature.
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    Vibrating-wire viscometers for liquids at high pressures (1992)
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    International journal of thermophysics 13 (1992), S. 593-615 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; vibrating wire ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The design and operation of two independent vibrating-wire viscometers are described. The instruments are intended for operation in the liquid phase at pressures up to 300 MPa and have been designed specifically for this purpose using the detailed theory of the device. Extensive evidence is adduced to demonstrate that the operation of the viscometers is consistent with the theory. Although the instruments attain a precision in viscosity measurements of ±0.1%, when used in an absolute mode the accuracy that can be achieved is no better than ±3%. However, if the instrument is calibrated for two welldefined instrumental parameters, the uncertainty in the reported viscosity is improved to +0.5%. The results of measurements of the viscosity of normal heptane in the temperature range 303 to 348 K at pressures up to 250 MPa made with one of the viscometers are reported. The results are shown to be totally consistent with measurements reported earlier using the instrument designed for lower pressures.
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    Thermodynamic properties and excess volumes of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane + n-heptane mixtures from 298 to 338 K for pressures up to 400 MPa (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 163-170 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: compressibility ; excess volume ; high pressure ; p, V, T data ; 2,2,4-trimethylpentane + heptane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract (p, V, T) data for mixtures of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP) and heptane have been obtained in the form of volume ratios for four temperatures in the range 298.15 to 338.15 K for pressures up to 390 MPa. The data have been represented by the Tait equation of state for the purposes of interpolation and extrapolation. The atmospheric pressure densities of both pure components and their mixtures for three temperatures have been measured and used to determine the excess molar volumes. Isothermal compressibilities have been evaluated from the volumetric data.
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    Sound velocity of equimolar dense noble-gas mixtures (1991)
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    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 943-948 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: argon mixtures ; high pressure ; one-fluid model ; sound velocity
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The sound velocity in argon-helium, argon-neon, argon-krypton, and argon-xenon equimolar dense mixtures has been measured with a pulse-echoes overlap method at room temperature, 298.15 K, and at pressures up to 800 MPa. The accuracy of these results is 0.2%. Furthermore, the validity of the one-fluid compared with these experimental data is examined.
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    Determination of the thermodynamic properties of liquid ethanol from 193 to 263 K and up to 280 MPa from speed-of-sound measurements (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 381-395 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: sound velocity ; ethanol ; high pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The sound velocity in liquid ethanol has been measured up to 280 MPa and at temperatures between 193 and 263 K, using a phase-comparison, pulse-echo technique operating at 2 MHz. The density, isothermal compressibility, isobaric thermal expansion coefficient, and specific heat have been evaluated from the measured speed of sound starting from the density and specific heat data at 0.1 MPa and making use of a modified computational method originally developed by Davis and Gordon. The derived density data have been used to examine the validity of several empirical equations of state.
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    Measurements of the viscosity of n-heptane, n-nonane, and n-undecane at pressures up to 70 MPa (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 801-810 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; n-heptane ; n-nonane ; n-undecane ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New absolute measurements of the viscosity of n-heptane, n-nonane, and n-undecane are presented. The measurements were performed with a vibrating-wire instrument at temperatures of 303.15 and 323.15 K and pressures up to 70 MPa. The overall uncertainty in the reported viscosity data is estimated to be ±0.5%. A recently developed semiempirical scheme for the correlation and prediction of the thermal conductivity, viscosity, and self-diffusion coefficients of n-alkanes is applied to the prediction of the viscosity of n-heptane, n-nonane, and n-undecane. The comparison of these predicted values with the present high-pressure measurements demonstrates the predictive power of this scheme.
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    Transport properties of nonelectrolyte liquid mixtures. VIII. Viscosity coefficients for toluene and for three mixtures of toluene + hexane from 25 to 100°C at pressures up to 500 MPa (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 275-287 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: Grunberg and Nissan equation ; high pressure ; hexane ; toluene ; viscometer ; viscosity
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Viscosity coefficients measured using a two-coil self-centering falling-body viscometer are reported for toluene and three binary mixtures of toluene + n-hexane at 25, 50, 75, and 100°C at pressures up to 500 MPa. The data for a given composition at different temperatures and pressures are correlated very satisfactorily by a plot of reduced viscosity η * versus log V′, where V′=V·V 0(TR)/V0(T) and V 0 represents a characteristic volume. The binary mixture data are well represented by the Grunberg and Nissan equation with a mixing parameter which is pressure dependent but composition and temperature independent.
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    Thermodynamic properties of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (1991)
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    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 397-407 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: compressibility ; high pressure ; p-V-T data ; Tait equation of state ; 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract (p, V, T) data for 2,2,2-trifiuoroethanol (TFE) have been obtained in the form of volume ratios for six temperatures in the range 278.15 to 338.15 K for pressures up to 280 MPa. Isothermal compressibilities, isobaric expansivities, and internal pressures have been evaluated from the volumetric data. The compressibilities and internal pressures indicate that the behavior of TFE is closer to that of methanol than of ethanol for most of the pressure range. The use of only the present volumetric results together with the requirement that the B coefficient of the Tait equation should become equal to the negative of the critical pressure at the critical temperature provides interpolations and extrapolations up to 413 K of comparable accuracy.
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    Transport properties of nonelectrolyte mixtures. IX. Viscosity coefficients for acetonitrile and for three mixtures of toluene+acetonitrile from 25 to 100°c at pressures up to 500 MPa (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 433-447 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: acetonitrile ; Grunberg and Nissan equation ; high pressure ; toluene ; viscometer ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A two-coil self-centering falling-body viscometer has been used to measure viscosity coefficients for acetonitrile and three binary mixtures of toluene+ acetonitrile at 25, 50, 75, and 100°C and pressures up to 500 MPa. The results for acetonitrile can be interpreted by an approach based on hard-sphere theory, with a roughness factor of 1.46. The binary-mixture data are well represented by the Grunberg and Nissan equation with a mixing parameter which is pressure and temperature dependent but composition independent.
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    Measurements of the viscosity of benzene, toluene, and m-xylene at pressure up to 80 MPa (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 449-457 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: benzene ; high pressure ; toluene ; viscosity ; vibrating wire ; m-xylene
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    Notes: Abstract New absolute measurements of the viscosity of benzene, toluene, and m-xylene are presented. The measurements were performed in a recently developed vibrating-wire instrument, at temperatures of 303.15 and 323.15 K and pressures up to 80 MPa. The overall uncertainty in the reported viscosity data is estimated to be ±0.5%.
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    An absolute vibrating-wire viscometer for liquids at high pressures (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 12 (1991), S. 231-244 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; n-hexane ; vibrating wire ; viscosity
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The design and operation of a new vibrating-wire viscometer for the measurement of the viscosity of liquids at pressures up to 100 MPa are described. The design of the instrument is based on a complete theory so that it is possible to make absolute measurements with an associated error of only a few parts in one thousand. Absolute measurements of the viscosity of n-hexane are reported at 298.15 K at pressures up to 80 MPa. The overall uncertainty in the reported viscosity data is estimated to be ±0.5%, an estimate confirmed by the comparison of values of viscosity of slightly inferior accuracy.
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    Pressure effects on the Raman spectra of 3-deutero-ammonia, lattica dynamics and vibrons up to 40 GPa (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 259-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: ammonia ; deutero-ammonia ; high pressure ; hydrogen bond ; Raman spectra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract High-pressure Raman studies up to 40 GPa have been made on solid ND3 at room temperature. Features of external and internal modes are compared to that of solid NH3 and mode assignments are proposed in solid phase IV (p⩽3.8 GPa). In contrast with NH3, which transforms to a cubie phase at 15 GPa, solid IV ND3 was observed to be stable up to 40 GPa, the upper limit of the present investigation. It is concluded that bond symmetrization in ND3 will occur above that of NH3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503876
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    Thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions at high temperatures: Needs, methods, and challenges (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 399-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: aqueous solutions ; chemical industry ; Debye-Hückel limiting law ; excess properties ; geology ; Helmholtz free energy ; high pressure ; high temperature ; power industry ; standard states
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Needs exist for thermophysical data on aqueous solutions at high temperatures and pressures in many different areas of science and engineering. These needs are reviewed and references are given to recent relevant conference proceedings, reviews, and papers. Aspects and drawbacks are discussed of current methods, which are most often extensions to high temperatures of methods developed for liquid water. The challenges posed by engineering needs and by new phenomena resulting from experimental breakthroughs are discussed. Some examples are given of alternative approaches more suitable for highly compressible media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01133570
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    Thermodynamic and transport properties of 1, 2-dichloroethane (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 835-861 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: compressibility ; dichloroethane ; diffusion ; high pressure ; p, V, T, data ; rough hard sphere ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract (p, V, T) data for dichloroethane (DCE) have been obtained at 278.15, 288.15, 298.15, 313.15, 323.15, and 338.15 K for pressures either slightly below the freezing pressure or up to a maximum of 280 M Pa, together with densities at 0.1 MPa. A high-pressure self-centering falling-body viscometer method has been used to measure shear viscosities at 278.15, 288.15, 298.15, 313.15, and 323.15 K for pressures either slightly below the freezing pressure or up to a maximum of 330 MPa. Self-diffusion coefficients for DCE are reported at 278.15, 288.15, 298.15, and 313.15 K for maximum pressures up to 300 MPa. Isothermal compressibilities, isobaric expansivities, and internal pressures have been evaluated from the volumetric data. The shear viscosities and self-diffusion coefficients have been interpreted in terms of a modified rough hard-spheres theory. The anomalous behavior observed for p-V-T, shear viscosities, and self diffusion at higher temperatures and pressures is suspected to be the result of temperature and pressure altering the population ratio of the two molecular conformers, trans and gauche.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503578
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    Measurements of the compressibility and sound velocity in methane up to 1 GPa, revisited (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 455-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: CH4 ; compressibility ; density ; high pressure ; methane ; pVT ; sound velocity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract New density measurements of methane (CH4) at 298.15 K up to 1 GPa are reported. The precision of the measurements is 0.03%, while the estimated accuracy is between 0.05 and 0.1%. Velocities of sound have been remeasured between 148.15 and 298.15 K at intervals of 25 K and at pressures up to 1 GPa, with an estimated accuracy of 0.12% at 100 M Pa, 0.10% at 150 MPa, and 0.08% above 150 MPa. Comparisons with experimental results and equations of state of other workers are presented. The isothermal and the adiabatic compressibility and the ratio of specific heats have been calculated at 298.15 K.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500838
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    Thermodynamic properties of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 1059-1073 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: compressibility ; high pressure ; p, V, T data ; reference material ; Tait equation of state ; 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract p, V, T data for 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP) have been obtained in the form of volume ratios for six temperatures in the range 278.15 to 338.15 K for pressures up to 280 MPa. Isothermal compressibilities, isobaric expansivities, and internal pressures have been evaluated from the volumetric data. There are strong indications that the combination of the present results with literature data at 348 and 373 K enable accurate extrapolations in the liquid range up to 473 K, and possibly to as low as 170 K, for pressures up to 980 MPa; use of only the present results with the requirement that the B coefficient of the Tait equation should become equal to the negative of the critical pressure at the critical temperature provides interpolations and extrapolations of comparable accuracy. It is suggested that 2,2,4-trimethylpentane is a suitable secondary reference material (because of its large liquid range at atmospheric pressure and the similarity of its volumetric properties to a wide range of fluids) for calibration of measuring cells used for determining volumes of fluids under pressure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500560
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  • 95
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    Densities of tetramethylsilane, tetraethylsilane, and tetraethoxysilane under high pressures (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 477-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: density ; equation of state ; high pressure ; Tait equation ; tetraethylsilane ; tetraethoxysilane ; tetramethylsilane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Accurate density data for tetramethylsilane, tetraethylsilane, and tetraethoxysilane in the temperature range from 283.15 to 333.15 K under pressure up to 100 MPa have been measured in order to test existing correlation methods. We have also measured the saturated liquid densities of tetramethylsilane, tetraethylsilane, and tetraethoxysilane in the temperature range from 283 to 343 K. The modified Rackett equation and the COSTAD correlation were used to correlate the saturated liquid density data. The Tait equation and a modified van der Waals equation of state were used to correlate the liquid density data under pressure. It was found that the average absolute deviations of the experimental values from those calculated with the Tait equation and the modified van der Waals equation of state were less than 0.01 and 0.21%, respectively. The effective hard sphere diameters for these three silane compounds were determined from the modified van der Waals equation of state parameter. It was found that the effective hard-sphere diameter decreases with temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500840
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  • 96
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    Structure and function of the yeast vacuolar membrane proton ATPase (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 21 (1989), S. 589-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Vacuolar membrane H+ATPase ; vacuoles ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; catalytic cooperativity of ATP hydrolysis ; VMA genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Our current work on a vacuolar membrane proton ATPase in the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae has revealed that it is a third type of H+-translocating ATPase in the organism. A three-subunit ATPase, which has been purified to near homogeneity from vacuolar membrane vesicles, shares with the native, membrane-bound enzyme common enzymological properties of substrate specificities and inhibitor sensitivities and are clearly distinct from two established types of proton ATPase, the mitochondrial F0F1-type ATP synthase and the plasma membrane E1E2-type H+-ATPase. The vacuolar membrane H+-ATPase is composed of three major subunits, subunita (M r =67 kDa),b (57kDa), andc (20 kDa). Subunita is the catalytic site and subunitc functions as a channel for proton translocation in the enzyme complex. The function of subunitb has not yet been identified. The functional molecular masses of the H+-ATPase under two kinetic conditions have been determined to be 0.9–1.1×105 daltons for single-cycle hydrolysis of ATP and 4.1–5.3×105 daltons for multicycle hydrolysis of ATP, respectively.N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide does not inhibit the former reaction but strongly inhibits the latter reaction. The kinetics of single-cycle hydrolysis of ATP indicates the formation of an enzyme-ATP complex and subsequent hydrolysis of the bound ATP to ADP and Pi at a 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazolesensitive catalytic site. Cloning of structural genes for the three subunits of the H+-ATPase (VMA1, VMA2, andVMA3) and their nucleotide sequence determination have been accomplished, which provide greater advantages for molecular biological studies on the structure-function relationship and biogenesis of the enzyme complex. Bioenergetic aspects of the vacuole as a main, acidic compartment ensuring ionic homeostasis in the cytosol have been described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00808115
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    Molecular properties of the fungal plasma-membrane [H+]-ATPase (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 21 (1989), S. 621-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: ATPase ; [H+]-ATPase ; proton transport ; Neurospora crassa ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The fungal plasma membrane contains a proton-translocating ATPase that is closely related, both structurally and functionally, to the [Na+, K+]-, [H+, K+]-, and [Ca2+]-ATPases of animal cells, the plasma-membrane [H+]-ATPase of higher plants, and several bacterial cation-transporting ATPases. This review summarizes currently available information on the molecular genetics, protein structure, and reaction cycle of the fungal enzyme. Recent efforts to dissect structure-function relationships are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00808117
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  • 98
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    Phase behavior of the system He-N2 at high pressures (1989)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 15-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: binary mixtures ; diamond anvil cell ; helium ; high pressure ; nitrogen ; phase equilibria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent investigation at our institute revealed that the solid-fluid-fluid three-phase line of the system helium-nitrogen shows two quadruple points in the pressure range up to 10 GPa. Since each quadruple point is connected with four three-phase lines, the phase diagram is very complicated. We have detected the phase transitions representing solid-solid-fluid equilibria. Moreover, two lines of constant composition have been determined as a function of temperature and pressure. These results are discussed together with the implications for the phase diagram of both He-N2 and pure nitrogen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500704
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    The thermal conductivity of propane (1989)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 1013-1027 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: high pressure ; propane ; thermal conductivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents thermal conductivity measurements of propane over the temperature range of 192–320 K, at pressures to 70 MPa, and densities to 15 mol · L−1, using a transient line-source instrument. The precision and reproducibility of the instrument are within ±0.5%. The measurements are estimated to be accurate to ±1.5%. A correlation of the present data, together with other available data in the range 110–580 K up to 70 MPa, including the anomalous critical region, is presented. This correlation of the over 800 data points is estimated to be accurate within ±7.5%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503170
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  • 100
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    Phase behavior of mixtures at very high pressures (1989)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: diamond anvil cell ; high pressure ; mixtures ; phase equilibria ; solutions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The invention of the diamond anvil cell (DAC) has been an enormous stimulus to high-pressure research. This technique has only recently been used to investigate the behavior of binary systems, probably because of the extra experimental problems which arise in the study of mixtures. It will be shown that a variety of aspects of the behavior of the mixture can, nevertheless, be studied under extreme conditions. Although the first investigations were carried out only recently, some very interesting results have already been obtained. A variety of two-components systems has been studied, e.g., He-Kr, Ne-Xe, He-H2, NH3-H2O, and N2-He2. Some of these results are discussed. Finally, a comparison is made between experimental results and theoretical calculations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500703
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