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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specificity of Pheromonal and Kairomonal Response of the Israeli Pine Bast Scale Matsucoccus josephi and Its Predator Elatophilus hebraicus (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1649-1657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Matsucoccus josephi ; Homoptera ; Matsucoccidae ; Elatophilus hebraicus ; Hemiptera ; Anthocoridae ; sex pheromone ; kairomone ; analog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It has been demonstrated previously that the sex pheromone of the Israeli pine bast scale, Matsucoccus josephi, (2E,5R,6E,8E)-5,7-dimethyl2,6,8-decatrien-4-one (1) is also a potent kairomone of the scale insect's predator Elatophilus hebraicus. Surprisingly, the sex pheromones of M. feytaudi (2) and M. matsumurae (3) also attract E. hebraicus. These results have prompted us to prepare a series of analogs of 1 with variations in the two moieties attached to the C=O group (4–9) in order to probe the structure–activity relationship of the pheromonal/kairomonal response of M. josephi and E. hebraicus. The most selective and active pheromone analog is 8, attracting only M. josephi males and the most selective and active kairomone analog is the M. feytaudi pheromone 2, attracting only adults of E. hebraicus. A dose–response field test of these analogs and the chiral and racemic M. josephi pheromone 1 indicates that the specificity is maintained at a broad range between 25 and 400 μg corresponding to 1. Analog 5, which is neither a parapheromone nor a kairomone, and analog 8, which is only a parapheromone, are not inhibitory to M. josephi or to E. hebraicus. Our study indicates that alterations in the diene side chain of 1, common to all three Matsucoccus pheromones, strongly reduce the kairomonal activity while structural changes in the second side chain significantly reduce the pheromonal activity. The discovery of selective analogs of 1 has practical implications and enables specific monitoring of M. josephi or E. hebraicus. Particularly important is the possibility to mass-trap males of M. josephi without reducing the population of E. hebraicus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005538929610
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex Pheromone Components of Nettle Caterpillar, Setora nitens (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1983-1990 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Setora nitens ; Setothosea asigna ; nettle caterpillar ; Limacodidae ; Lepidoptera ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-9-dodecenal ; (Z)-9,11-dodecadienal ; (E)-9-dodecenal ; (E)-9,11-dodecadienal ; oil palm ; Elaeis guineensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analyses of pheromone gland extracts of female nettle caterpillars, Setora nitens, revealed four compounds that consistently elicited responses from male moth antennae. Retention indices on three fused silia columns (DB-5, DB-23, and DB-210) of two EAD-active compounds were almost identical to those of (E)-9-dodecenal (E9–12 : Ald) and (E)-9,11-dodecadienal (E9,11–12 : Ald), two pheromone components previously identified in congeneric Setothosea asigna. However, comparative GC, GC-EAD, and GC-mass spectrometry of extracted S. nitens compounds and authentic standards revealed that the candidate pheromone components were (Z)-9-dodecenal (Z9–12 : Ald) and (Z)-9,11-dodecadienal (Z9,11–12 : Ald). The two other EAD-active compounds in pheromone gland extracts proved to be the corresponding alcohols to these aldehydes. In field-trapping experiments in Tawau, Malaysia, synthetic Z9–12 : Ald and Z9,11–12 : Ald at a 1 : 1 ratio, but not singly, attracted male S. nitens. Attractiveness of these two aldehydes could not be enhanced through the addition of their corresponding alcohols. Whether these differences in pheromone biology and chemistry between S. nitens and S. asigna are sufficient to prevent cross-attraction of heterospecific males or whether nonpheromonal mechanisms are required to maintain reproductive isolation is currently being studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005513211225
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of rumanite (Romanian amber) as thermally altered succinite (Baltic amber) (2000)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 27 (2000), S. 665-678 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Keywords: Key words Amber ; Rumantite ; Succinite ; Pyrolysis ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  Romanian amber (rumanite) has been considered to be a separate species of fossil resin for more than a century. While earlier investigators held it to be very similar to succinite (Baltic amber), modern scholars have assigned it a distinctly different botanical origin. We have found that almost all of the constituents of the ether-soluble fractions of 13 specimens of authentic rumanite identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry have previously been reported in the soluble fraction of succinite, including succinic acid and its monoterpene esters. Additionally and significantly, the soluble fraction of rumanite contains a number defunctionalized compounds that do not preexist in succinite, but that are produced by pyrolysis of whole succinite or of its insoluble polymeric fraction. Simultaneous methylation pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of the polymeric fraction of seven of the rumanite specimens yielded further copious amounts of dimethyl succinate, a number of diterpene resin acid methyl esters, and additional defunctionalized compounds known to be pyrolysis products of succinite. The evidence shows conclusively that the botanical origin of rumanite is not distinct from that of succinite. Rather, rumanite is a succinite that has suffered partial thermal degradation in the course of the folding of the Oligocene Kliwa sandstone formation in which it is most commonly found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002690000111
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Periodical and Age-related Variation in Chemical Communication System of Black Cutworm Moth, Agrotis ipsilon (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 329-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; male response ; calling behavior ; pheromone emission ; periodicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Periodical and age-related changes in sex pheromone signaling and response were studied in the black cutworm moth, Agrotis ipsilon. Females began to call on the first night after eclosion and called mainly during the second half of the scotophase. The percentage of females calling increased from 1- to 3-day-old females and decreased from 3- to 6-day-old females (P 〈 0.001). One-day-old females called later in the scotophase than 2- and 3-day-old females (P = 0.016). The quantity of Z7–12:Ac, Z9–14:Ac, and Z11–16:Ac in pheromone gland extracts of 1- to 6-day-old females varied with time of the photoregime, increasing during scotophase and decreasing during photophase (P ≤ 0.001). These oscillations were described by using equations containing angular terms with a period of 24 hr. The quantities of Z7–12:Ac and Z9–14:Ac, but not of Z11–16:Ac, varied with female age during the calling period (P 〈 0.001, P = 0.021, and P = 0.529, respectively). The ratios of Z9–14:Ac and Z11–16:Ac to Z7–12:Ac did not change with age or time during calling period. Male response to female pheromone in a wind tunnel increased with age and time of the scotophase. The type of response exhibited by the males (taking flight, oriented flight, and pheromone source contact) was affected by both age and time of the scotophase (P 〈 0.001).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005468203045
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laboratory and Field Study of the Attraction of Male Pea Midges, Contarinia pisi, to Synthetic Sex Pheromone Components (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1941-1952 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Contarinia pisi ; Cecidomyiidae ; Diptera ; sex pheromone ; (2S ; 11S)-diacetoxytridecane ; (2S ; 12S)-diacetoxytridecane ; 2-acetoxytridecane ; wind tunnel ; field trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Behavioral activity of the recently identified sex pheromone components of the pea midge, Contarinia pisi, (2S,11S)-diacetoxytridecane, (2S,12S)-diacetoxytridecane, and 2-acetoxytridecane, was tested in wind tunnel and field-trapping experiments. In the wind tunnel, the attractancy of the three-component blend in a 7 : 10 : 0.1 ratio (following the above order, mimicking the ratios found in gland extract) did not differ significantly from female gland extract, whereas a mixture of the two major components (7 : 10) only attracted 2% of the males to the source. In the field, traps baited with the three-component blend caught by far the largest number of males. Traps baited with the two major components only caught slightly more than the blank traps, and catches in traps baited with 2-acetoxytridecane alone did not differ from catches in the blank traps. Traps baited with the racemate of all three components did not catch more than the blank traps, indicating that some of the enantiomers are inhibitory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005557026246
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Major Sex Pheromone Component of Female Herald Moth Scoliopteryx libatrix is the Novel Branched Alkene (6Z,13)-Methylheneicosene (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1135-1149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scoliopteryx libatrix ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; sex pheromone ; methylalkene ; (6Z13)-methylheneicosene ; electroantennogram ; field test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The major component of the female-produced sex pheromone of Scoliopteryx libatrix has been characterized by chemical analysis, synthesis, electrophysiological studies and field tests as (6Z,13)-methylheneicosene, probably the 13S-isomer. This is the first example of a branched chain alkene as a sex pheromone in the Noctuidae and is markedly different from the pheromones of other members of the family. The systematic position of S. libatrix, belonging to a monotypic genus of a one-member subfamily within the Noctuidae, may reflect the unusual structure of the sex pheromone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005475725742
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Repeatability of Pheromone Blend Composition in Individual Males of the Southern Green Stink Bug, Nezara viridula (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2473-2485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heteroptera ; Nezara viridula ; sex pheromone ; pheromone variability ; volatile collection ; blend ratio ; solid-phase microextraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The males of Nezara viridula (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae) produce a blend of four terpenoid compounds. The proportion of these four compounds varies among different populations. The terpenoid content of the volatile emission from individual males of a French population was monitored for several days with headspace solid-phase microextraction. The total amount of terpenoid compounds collected on an SPME fiber from one virgin male bug emitting over the course of 1 hr was very variable between samples. More than 50% of males released pheromone, at least during one part of the observation period. The relative percentages of bisabolene, nerolidol, trans-bisabolene epoxide, and cis-bisabolene epoxide were calculated and compared. The proportion of nerolidol in the blend showed a large dispersion between samples and a high coefficient of variation. The percentage values for bisabolene and its trans and cis epoxides were less dispersed, and the coefficients of variation for both epoxides were low. The proportion of trans epoxide relative to the two epoxides, which has been considered characteristic of pheromone strains of N. viridula, showed the smallest coefficient of variation. The repeatability index (RI) varied between 0.57 and 0.85 for the four compounds. Repeatability was particularly high for the two epoxide isomers. Stability in epoxide production was confirmed by statistical analysis (ANOVA), which revealed significant differences in the percentages of cis and trans epoxides between individuals. Correspondingly, the RI of the ratio of trans to cis + trans epoxides was over 0.8. Our study confirms the existence of an interindividual variation of the trans to cis epoxide ratio within populations of Nezara viridula but indicates that each individual reproducibly emits both isomers in the same proportion day after day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005517410299
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decadienoates: Sex Pheromone Components of Nettle Caterpillars Darna trima and D. bradleyi (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1969-1981 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Limacodidae ; Darna trima ; Darna bradleyi ; Setothosea asigna ; Setora nitens ; nettle caterpillars ; oil palm ; sex pheromone ; 2-methylbutyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate ; (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate ; methyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate ; isobutyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate ; (E)-9dodecenal ; (E)-9,11-dodecadienal ; (Z)-9-dodecenal ; (Z)-9,11-dodecadienal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study was undertaken to identify sex pheromone components of nettle caterpillars Darna trima and Darna bradleyi (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) whose larvae defoliate oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, in southeast Asia. Coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GCEAD) analyses of pheromone gland extracts revealed two antennally active compounds produced by female D. trima and two by female D. bradleyi. Molecular structures of these candidate pheromone components were identified by electron-impact and chemical-ionization mass spectrometry; retention-index calculations on DB-5, DB-23, and DB-210 columns; microanalytical treatments, as well as syntheses of "auxilliary" compounds that facilitated identification of the compounds. The compounds from D. trima were 2-methylbutyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate (A) and (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-7,9decadienoate (B); from D. bradleyi we identified methyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate (C), and isobutyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate (D). In field experiments in Malaysia, (S)-2-methylbutyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate (SA) in combination with B proved to be essential and synergistic pheromone components for attraction of male D. trima. (R)-2-Methylbutyl (E)-7,9-decadienoate (RA) had no behavioral activity. Compound D singly attracted male D. bradleyi, but addition of C to D at a 1 : 10 ratio significantly enhanced attractiveness of the bait. Synthetic pheromone blends were more effective trap baits than unmated female moths and could be developed for monitoring populations of D. trima and D. bradleyi in Asian oil palm plantations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005561127155
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of Sex Pheromones of Anadevidia peponis and Macdunnoughia confusa and Field Tests of Their Role in Reproductive Isolation of Closely Related Plusiinae Moths (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 443-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; lepidopteran attractant ; Noctuidae ; Plusiinae ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; reproductive isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Anadevidia peponis and Macdunnoughia confusa are defoliators of plants in the family Cucurbitaceae and Compositae, respectively, in Japan. GC-MS analyses of crude pheromone gland extracts treated with or without dimethyl disulfide indicated that females of A. peponis produced six monoene acetates and two monoene alcohols and that M. confusa females produced five monoene acetates. These components include (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate as a major common constituent and three other acetates as minor common constituents. The minor constituents are quite different in blend composition. In addition, with (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, an indispensable component for male attraction is (Z)-5-decenyl acetate for A. peponis and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate is essential for M. confusa. Field tests with synthetic lures showed synergistic effects of some other minor components and male attraction of three additional Plusiinae species, Macdunnoughia purissima, Ctenoplusia albostriata, and Chrysodeixis eriosoma, suggesting their reproductive isolation is based in part on pheromonal communication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005465623518
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1-Methylethyl Octanoate, a New Lepidopteran Sex Pheromone from the Bagworm, Megalophanes viciella (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 487-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Megalophanes viciella ; Psychidae ; Lepidoptera ; bagworm ; sex pheromone ; 1-methylethyl octanoate ; 2-propyl octanoate ; field tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts obtained by rinsing the thorax and extracts from the tergal sex pheromone gland of females of the bagworm moth, Megalophanes viciella, as well as headspace samples from live animals, were analyzed to reveal the chemical structure of the pheromone. As a result, 1-methylethyl octanoate was established as a main sex pheromone component of this species. This was further confirmed by numerous catches of conspecific males in traps baited with this compound in Bulgaria and Roumania.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005421808497
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative Studies of the Ability of Males to Discriminate Between Sexes in Caloglyphus spp. (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1299-1309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Mite ; Acaridae ; sex pheromone ; evolution of signals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female sex pheromones that trigger the mounting behavior of conspecific males have been identified in four species of the genus Caloglyphus—C. polyphyllae, C. rodriguezi, and two unidentified species. Although the sex pheromones are distributed over both males and females, content ratios of female to male vary from 1.4 in Caloglyphus sp. MJ to 3.4 in C. polyphyllae, 6.3 in C. rodriguezi, and 8.4 in Caloglyphus sp. HP. In the former two species the sex pheromones are also detectable in nymphal stages as a major component, while the pheromones are found to be adult specific in the latter two species. Evaluation of the ability of males to recognize conspecific females revealed that males of all three species, except the Caloglyphus sp. MJ, could discriminate between females and males. We conclude that the differences in the amounts of the female sex pheromone function to facilitate in discrimination by males of conspecific females in the three species, while males of Caloglyphus sp. MJ cannot do this because the 1.4-fold difference is insufficient. It is suggested that the sex pheromone of Caloglyphus spp. might have evolved from a common compound, which originally functioned as a male sexual excitant, into the sex-specific compound that now functions to allow males to discriminate females from males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005496330285
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trapping Efficiency and Sex Ratio of Maladera matrida Beetles in Yellow and Black Traps (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2619-2624 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Maladera matrida ; beetle ; Scarabaeidae ; sex pheromone ; trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In field experiments, which started several years ago to investigate the means of chemical communication of the Maladera matrida beetle, we found that the ratio of males to females attracted to the bait (live females with food) was 3 : 2–5 : 4 60 : 40–55 : 45). These findings suggested that an aggregation pheromone is involved in the chemical communication, but the constant small preference for attracted males raised the question whether the active compound(s) is indeed an aggregation pheromone or whether it is a sex pheromone released by the female to attract the male. Since the traps used in our field studies were made of yellow plastic, we had to consider the possibility that the yellow color could have influenced the trapping of the flying beetles and biased the findings for the behavior and mode of attraction toward the source of the chemical communication. To clarify this point, we set out, in this study, to conduct field experiments in which we compared the standard yellow traps with black traps. We found that the bright yellow color did indeed affect the results for chemical communication: The total catch in the yellow traps was double that in black traps, and the male–female ratio in the black traps increased to 4 : 1(80 : 20). This result hints that a sex pheromone, and probably not an aggregation pheromone, as previously thought, is involved in the chemical communication of the M. maladera beetle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005597031681
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synergistic Sex Pheromone Components of White-Spotted Tussock Moth, Orgyia thyellina (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1091-1104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; white-spotted tussock moth ; Orgyia thyellina ; (Z)-6-heneicosen-11-one ; (Z)-6-heneicosen-9-one ; (Z)-6,(E)-8-heneicosadien-11-one ; sex pheromone ; synergism ; quarantine insect ; international trade ; eradication ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; microbial insecticide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In 1996, the exotic white-spotted tussock moth (WSTM), Orgyia thyellina (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), was discovered in Auckland, New Zealand. Because establishment of WSTM would threaten New Zealand's orchard industry and international trade, eradication of WSTM with microbial insecticide was initiated. To monitor and complement eradication of WSTM by capture of male moths in pheromone-baited traps, pheromone components of female WSTM needed to be identified. Coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection analysis of pheromone gland extract revealed several compounds that elicited responses from male moth antennae. Mass spectra of the two most EAD-active compounds suggested, and comparative GC-MS of authentic standards confirmed, that they were (Z)-6-heneicosen-11-one (Z6–11-one) and (Z)-6-heneicosen-9-one, the latter termed here “thyellinone.” In field experiments in Japan, Z6–11-one plus thyellinone at a 100:5 ratio attracted WSTM males, whereas either ketone alone failed to attract a single male moth. Addition of further candidate pheromone components did not enhance attractiveness of the binary blend. Through the 1997–1998 summer, 45,000 commercial trap lures baited with 2000 μg of Z6–11-one and 100 μg of thyellinone were deployed in Auckland towards eradication of the residual WSTM population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020833909739
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effect of Atmospheric Pheromone Concentrations on Behavior of Lightbrown Apple Moth in an Apple Orchard (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2011-2025 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Epiphyas postvittana ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; mating disruption ; threshold concentration ; behavior ; model ; wind
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A previously validated Lagrangian model was used to estimate the threshold of atmospheric pheromone concentration required to prevent trap catch and wing fanning in mating disruption plots in an apple orchard. Electroantennogram (EAG) traces of 10 min duration were recorded, along with supporting meteorological data needed for the model, to better define the conditions in which successful mating disruption will occur. Pheromone was released from polyethylene tubing dispensers into orchard blocks treated with 10, 100, 1000, and 2000 dispensers/ha. Predicted dusk concentrations of atmospheric pheromone at a height of 1.85 m varied nightly between 4 and 90 ng pheromone/m3 (in plots treated with 1000 dispensers/ha) over 11 weeks. Disruption of traps baited with 1000-μg pheromone lures followed an asymptotic curve with predicted concentration, but they did not show a significant effect of trap height (1.5 and 3.0 m). Wing fanning was reduced by increasing the density of dispensers, but was not completely eliminated even at 1000 dispensers/ha. At this density, the concentrations were usually 〈16 ng pheromone/m3. Electroantennogram recordings of 10 min duration showed a higher frequency of pheromone pulses in plots treated with more point sources per hectare. There was also a positive correlation between the number of pulses recorded by the EAG and predicted concentration for plots treated with 1000 or 2000 dispensers/ha. These results give added support to our model of pheromone release and transport in treated apple orchards.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021028621262
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pheromone Components and Diel Periodicity of Pheromonal Communication in Lymantria fumida (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2305-2312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; Lymantria fumida ; Lymantria monacha ; nun moth ; sex pheromone ; periodicity ; calling behavior ; reproductive isolation ; disparlure ; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane ; (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane ; 2-methyl-Z7-octadecene ; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-octadecane ; (+)-monachalure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts of pheromone glands from female Lymantria fumida were analyzed by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and by coupled GC–mass spectrometry (MS). The two compounds that elicited responses from male L. fumida antennae were identified as cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane (disparlure) and 2-methyl-Z7-octadecene (2me-Z7–18Hy). Field experiments in northern Japan demonstrated that synthetic (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane [(+)-disparlure] and 2me-Z7–18Hy are synergistic sex pheromone components of L. fumida. (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyloctadecane [(−)-disparlure] had no behavioral effect on male L. fumida. Traps baited with (+)-disparlure and 2me-Z7–18Hy captured male L. fumida between 21:00 and 24:00 hr, whereas traps baited with (+)-monachalure [(7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-octadecane], (+)-disparlure and 2me-Z7–18Hy attracted males of the nun moth, L. monacha L., between 02:00 and 04:00 hr. Both temporal separation of pheromonal communication and specificity of pheromone blends seem to contribute to the reproductive isolation of sympatric and coseasonal L. fumida and L. monacha.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020873807864
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  • 16
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    Sex-Related Perception of Insect and Plant Volatiles in Lygocoris pabulinus (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2357-2371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heteroptera ; Miridae ; green capsid bug ; sex pheromone ; electroantennogram ; odors ; plant volatiles ; esters ; (E-2-hexenyl butanoate ; (E)-2-hexen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We recorded electroantennograms of male and female Lygocoris pabulinus antennae to 63 insect and plant volatiles. EAGs were between 100 and 500 μV. Overall, male EAGs were about twice the size of female EAGs. In both sexes, largest EAGs were recorded to (E)-2-hexenyl butanoate and (E)-2-hexen-1-ol. Response profiles were similar in both sexes. However, male antennae were more sensitive to a number of esters, especially the butanoates and pentanoates. Female antennae were more sensitive to nine of the 19 plant volatiles, i.e., to hexan-1-ol, heptan-1-ol, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-heptanone, (R)-carvone, linalool, geraniol, nerol, and methyl salicylate. Sexual differences in responses suggest that males are more sensitive to insect-produced pheromone-type compounds, whereas females are more sensitive to plant compounds for their orientation towards oviposition sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020834226520
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    Airborne Chemical Communication in the Wolf Spider Pardosa milvina (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2527-2533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pardosa milvina ; Lycosidae ; airborne ; sex pheromone ; wolf spider ; olfactometer ; pitfall traps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Most studies involving chemical communication in spiders focus on contact pheromones attached to spider silk. Here we tested if males of the wolf spider Pardosa milvina use airborne pheromones to identify, locate, and follow females. Using a two-choice olfactometer, we tested the response of adult male P. milvina to a number of potential chemical cues while controlling for concomitant visual and vibratory stimuli. An airborne chemical cue from adult virgin female P. milvina elicited a positive taxis response from the male. We also tested adult male responses to penultimate instar female P. milvina, one adult male P. milvina, and two adult males together. In each case, test males showed no attraction to the stimuli. Additional experiments were run with pitfall traps baited with adult virgin female P. milvina as attractants. Again, we controlled for visual and vibratory cues from females. Pitfall traps containing virgin females captured significantly more males than control traps. Collectively, these experiments demonstrate evidence of an airborne sex pheromone in P. milvina.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020878225553
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  • 18
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    Resolution of Epoxydienes by Reversed-Phase Chiral HPLC and its Application to Stereochemistry Assignment of Mulberry Looper Sex Pheromone (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1151-1162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chiral column ; reversed-phase HPLC ; resolution ; sex pheromone ; lepidopteran attractant ; stereochemistry ; epoxydiene ; mulberry looper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Resolution of insect pheromonal cis-epoxydiene racemates derived from (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-trienes was examined with a reversed-phase chiral HPLC column. The results showed that a Chiralcel OJ-R column was suitable for separating the enantiomers having a C17–C23 unsaturated straight chain except for 9,10-epoxydienes with a C21–C23 chain. To determine the absolute configuration of the separated enantiomers, each of the optically active epoxydienes was hydrogenated over Pd-BaSO4 and its behavior was examined on this chiral column by cochromatography with the corresponding chiral epoxy compound having a saturated chain, which was prepared via a Sharpless epoxidation reaction. This analysis showed that the dextrorotatory C17–C23 3,4- and 6,7-epoxydienes and C17–C20 9,10-epoxydienes with shorter R ts possess (3S,4R)-, (6S,7R)-, and (9R,10S) configurations, respectively, and the levorotatory enantiomers with longer R ts possess the opposite configuration. An abdominal tip extract of the mulberry looper, Hemerophila artilineata Butler (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae), included (9S,10R)-(Z,Z)-cis-9,10-epoxy-3,6-octadecadiene as a main sex pheromone component. The synthetic (9S,10R)-9,10-epoxydiene, rather than its antipode, elicited strong antennal and behavioral responses from the male moths in electrophysiological and field tests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020894128395
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  • 19
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    Geographic Variation in Sex Pheromone Blend of Hemileuca electra from Southern California (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2505-2525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hemileuca electra electra ; Hemileuca electra mojavensis ; Hemileuca burnsi ; (10E,12Z)-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-yl acetate ; (10E,12Z)-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-ol ; (10E,12Z)-hexadeca-10,12-dienal ; hexadecyl acetate ; sex pheromone ; reproductive character displacement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Differences were found in the pheromonally mediated mate location systems of two subspecies of Hemileuca electra, H. electra electra (Hee) and H. e. mojavensis (Hem), from southern California. Hem female pheromone gland extracts contained eight times as much (10E,12Z)-hexadeca-10,12-dienal (E10,Z12–16:Ald) and half as much hexadecyl acetate (16:Ac) as Hee extracts. Relative amounts of the other major component of the pheromone blends, (10E,12Z)-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-ol (E10,Z12–16:OH) did not differ between the two subspecies. In coupled gas chromatography–electroantennogram studies, responses of male antennae to 1:1:1 mixtures of the three principal components (E10,Z12–16:Ac, E10,Z12–16:OH, E10,Z12–16:Ald) also differed, with Hem antennae producing significantly larger responses to E10,Z12–16:Ald and significantly smaller responses to 10E,12Z–16:Ac than Hee. In field trials, male Hem were attracted to Hem females in preference to Hee females. Males of a second species, H. burnsi, which is sympatric with Hem but not Hee, also were attracted to females of Hee transported to their range. Field tests of blends of synthesized pheromone components confirmed that male Hem preferred E10,Z12–16:Ald ratios of 10–100% of the major component, E10,Z12–16:Ac, whereas males of Hee and H. burnsi responded optimally to ratios of 0.3–1% E10,Z12–16:Ald to E10,Z12–16:Ac. 16:Ac added to lures increased attraction of Hee but not Hem males. The data presented are consistent with reproductive character displacement, whereby the Hem subspecies has modified its pheromone-based mating system to reduce interference from sympatric H. burnsi.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020826208715
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  • 20
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    Sex Pheromone Components of Casuarina Moth, Lymantria xylina (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2535-2545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; Lymantria xylina ; Lymantria dispar ; Lymantria monacha ; Lymantria fumida ; sex pheromone ; reproductive isolation ; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyleicosane ; (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyleicosane ; 2-methyl-Z7-eicosene ; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methylnonadecane ; (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methylnonadecane ; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-3-methylnonadecane ; (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-3-methylnonadecane ; disparlure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract cis-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyleicosane is a sex pheromone component of the Casuarina moth, Lymantria xylina Swinhoe. The compound was extracted from pheromone glands of female moths and was identified by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC–mass spectrometry. In field experiments in Taiwan, traps baited with either or both of (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyleicosane (〉99% ee) [termed here (+)-xylinalure] and (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyleicosane (〉99% ee) [termed here (−)-xylinalure] captured male L. xylina. Addition of further candidate pheromone components to xylinalure did not enhance its attractiveness. Demonstration of whether or not female L. xylina produce both optical isomers of xylinalure, and determination of the ratio, will require pheromone extract analyses on a chiral, enantiomer-separating column (as yet unavailable) or derivatization of epoxides in accumulated gland extracts. Attraction of male L. xylina to either enantiomer of xylinalure contrasts with enantiospecific production of, and/or response to, epoxy pheromones in congeners. With no other nocturnal lymantriid moth known in Taiwan to utilize xylinalure for pheromonal communication, enantiospecific “fine tuning” of xylinalure, or evolution of a more complex pheromone blend, may not have been necessary for L. xylina to maintain specificity of sexual communication. Racemic xylinalure will be appropriate for pheromone-based detection surveys of L. xylina in North America.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020830309624
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  • 21
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    Identification and Field Evaluation of Components of Female Sex Pheromone of Millet Stem Borer, Coniesta ignefusalis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2643-2663 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coniesta ignefusalis ; Acigona ignefusalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol ; (Z)-5-decen-1-ol ; (Z)-7-dodecenal ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Five active compounds were detected during analyses of ovipositor washings and effluvia from virgin female Coniesta ignefusalis moths by gas chromatography (GC) linked to electroantennographic (EAG) recording from a male moth. These were identified as (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol (Z7–12:OH), (Z)-5-decen-1-ol (Z5–10:OH), (Z)-7-dodecenal (Z7–12:Ald), (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7–12:Ac), and (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9–14:OH) by comparison of their GC retention times, mass spectra, and EAG activities with those of synthetic standards. Laboratory tests of dispensers for these compounds showed that release rates from polyethylene vials increased to relatively uniform values after three to four days, but release from septa was very rapid and nonuniform and decreased to low levels after two to three days. Trapping tests in Niger showed that the major component, Z7–12:OH, and two of the minor components, Z5–10:OH and Z7–12:Ald, were essential for attraction of male C. ignefusalis moths. The most attractive blend contained these three components in a 100:5:3.3 ratio in a polyethylene vial, which emitted the components in similar proportions to those produced by the female C. ignefusalis moth. Water traps baited with this blend containing 1 mg of Z7–12:OH caught more male C. ignefusalis moths than traps baited with newly emerged female moths. Addition of up to 10% of the corresponding E isomers of the pheromone components had no effect on catches, but addition of the other two minor components detected, Z7–12:Ac and/or Z9–14:OH, to the attractive blend at naturally occurring levels caused significant reductions in trap catch.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020839221609
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  • 22
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    Sex Pheromone of the Common Sheep Moth, Hemileuca eglanterina, from the San Gabriel Mountains of California (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 687-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hemileuca eglanterina ; E10,Z12-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-yl acetate ; E10,Z12-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-ol ; E10,Z12-hexadeca-10,12-dienal ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone of Hemileuca eglanterina from the San Gabriel Mountains, California, was determined to be a combination of E10,Z12-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-yl acetate, E10,Z12-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-ol, and E10,Z12-hexadeca-10,12-dienal. Ratios of the compounds in extracts of female pheromone glands varied around a mean of 100 : 48 : 1.1 of the acetate, alcohol, and aldehyde, respectively. Field trials with synthetic compounds indicated that the optimum ratio of alcohol to aldehyde was 10 : 1 and that this ratio was more critical than the ratio of either compound to the acetate. A synthetic blend of 100 : 10 : 1 acetatendash;alcoholndash;aldehyde was effective at attracting male moths in the field. Additional compounds found in both extract and aeration samples failed to significantly increase trap catches of male moths, although some of these minor components elicited responses from male moth antennae in coupled gas chromatography–electroantennography studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020876229787
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  • 23
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    Monitoring of nicotine in air using sorptive enrichment on polydimethylsiloxane and TD-CGC-NPD (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 520-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Sorptive preconcentration ; Air monitoring ; Nicotine ; Hospital air
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A novel method for the enrichment of nicotine from gaseous samples is presented. It is based on the sampling of 6 liters of air onto a cartridge packed with 100% polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) particles. The analytes are dissolved (partitioned) into the PDMS phase which results in much better recoveries and reproducibilities compared to those obtained on common adsorbents. The PDMS tube is then placed in a thermal desorption (TD) unit connected to a CGC-NPD or CGC-MS system. The procedure was employed for routinely monitoring air in a hospital. Nicotine was typically found at levels ranging from 5 to 250 μg m−3 (ppb) depending on the location and number of smokers present. Additionally, the efficiency of nicotine filters was determined by sampling simultaneously at the filter in- and outlet and was found to be 46%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467752
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    [60] Fulleropyrrolidine functionalized polysiloxane as a stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 293-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; [60] Fulleropyrrolidine polysiloxane ; High temperature stationary phase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In this paper, a new type of [60]fulleropyrrolidine functionalized polysiloxane in which the fullerene moieties were incorporated in the main polysiloxane chain was synthesized the first time and used as a stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography. It demonstrated high column efficiency (2600–2866 plates m−1, on a 250 μm diameter column, for naphthalenek=3.1–3.2, 120 °C), a wide operational temperature range (90–360 °C) and outstanding thermostability. It can be used at 360 °C with a baseline drift of 5∼8×10−15A. Benzene homologues, aromatic hydrocarbons, polar compounds such as alcohols, esters, ketones, anilines and phthalic diesters can be seperated well on this column.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467559
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    Peak capacity in packed capillary column solvating gas chromatography (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 333-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Solvating gas chromatography ; Peak capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In this paper, a general peak capacity expression was evaluated using columns containing various packing materials under solvating gas chromatography (SGC) conditions. Differing from column efficiency, peak capacity can describe both separation capability and speed when introducing the dead time into the peak capacity expression. Various factors that influence peak capacity in SGC are described, including particle pore size, chemical surface modification, particle size, column length, temperature, and pressure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467566
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    Microwave assisted extraction and sonication of polychlorobiphenils from river sediments and risk assesment by toxic equivalency factors (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 21-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Microwave and ultrasonic extraction ; River sediment ; Dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls ; Toxic equivalency factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Microwave extraction and ultrasonication of dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) from sediment samples were investigated. After separation of dioxin-like PCBs from a sample matrix on an acidic-alkaline silica gel column, dioxin-like PCBs were determined by GC-ECD, using dual capillary columns. Recoveries of dioxin-like PCBs in river sediment samples exceeded 80% by both extraction techniques. Toxic equivalency factors and their use for the PCB congeners investigated were applied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467182
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    Conversions of carbon monoxide oxidation over Pt−Rh alloy catalysts calculated by a new gas chromatographic technique (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Reversed-flow gas chromatography ; Carbon monoxide oxidation ; Bimetallic Pt−Rh catalysts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Catalytic fractional conversions of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide over Pt−Rh alloy catalysts in the presence of excess oxygen, under steady-state or non steady-state conditions, as well as corresponding rate constants for the CO oxidation reaction were measured by using the reversed-flow gas chromatographic technique. From the variation of the conversions with temperature, maximum values of conversions were found, which depend on the catalysts nature (Pt content), while from the variation of the rate constants with temperature, activation energies for the CO oxidation reaction were determined, which also depend on the catalyst Pt content. The results suggest a synergism between Pt and Rh in the Pt−Rh bimetallic catalysts in accordance with previous works, showing that reversed-flow gas chromatography can be used with simplicity and accuracy for the kinetic study of the CO oxidation reaction, which is of technological importance for the control of air pollution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467558
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    A very thick film open-tubular trap for headspace capillary gas chromatography (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 321-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Headspace analysis ; Open-tubular trap ; Very thick film column
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An open-tubular trap with a very thick film was studied for “full on-line” headspace capillary gas chromatography, and was used as an enrichment trap for headspace sampling. The preparation of the open-tubular column with up to an 80 μm thick film, by combining both static and dynamic coating, is described in detail. The break-through volume for the open-tubular trap of different film thickness, as the loading capacity for HS sampling, does not increase linearly in proportion to the film thickness. A study of the difference between a packed adsorbent trap and an open-tubular trap shows that HS capillary GC with open-tubular trap loses less of the retention capacity, has better resolution ability and higher recovery. By independently and rapidly heating the open-tubular trap, the GC peaks may have higher resolution. Examples of successful analyses, by the opentubular trap with “full on-line” HS capillary GC, include trace aromatic hydrocarbon (1 ppm-100 ppm) in polybutadiene-styrene rubber and trace alcohol and acrylic esters (10 ppm–1000 ppm) in polyacrylate hydrous emulsion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467564
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    Retention system, thermodynamic properties and structure correlations of environmental analytes (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 385-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Structure correlations ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Polychlorinated biphenyls ; Polychlorinated pesticides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A composite chromatographic retention index system has been developed for identifying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated pesticides. When retention indices and thermodynamic data of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on 5% phenylmethylsiloxane stationary phase were compared with those obtained on polydimethylsiloxane a correlation was found between retention and electronic properties. Determination and quantitation of individual contaminants in water and sediment samples from Lake Mecoacán were achieved by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization and electrocapture detection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467611
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    Characterisation of paint layers in Chinese archaelogical relics by pyrolysis-GC-MS (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 268-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; Analytical pyrolysis ; Chinese art objects ; Mercury analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A few samples of polychrome Chinese archaeological objects of art have undergone analytical pyrolysis coupled with GC-MS to evaluated the possibility of contemporary characterization of the pigments as well as the organic media used. The red pigment cinnabar (HgS) is easily media used. The red pigment cinnabar (HgS) is easily detected, whereas in the case of organic components positive results are only found where the matrices are resistant to archaeological environmental conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467555
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    Polybutadiene-coated zirconia packing materials in solvating gas chromatography using carbon dioxide as mobile phase (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 431-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Supercritical fluid chromatography ; Solvating gas chromatography ; Polybutadiene coated zirconia ; CO2 mobile phase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In this paper, practical considerations of column efficiency, separation speed, thermal stability, and column polarity of capillary columns packed with polybutadiene-coated zirconia were investigated under solvating gas chromatography (SGC) conditions using carbon dioxide as mobile phase. When compared with results obtained from conventional porous octadecyl obtained from conventional porous octadecyl bonded silica (ODS) particles, PBD-zirconia particles produced greater change in mobile phase linear velocity with pressure than conventional ODS particles under the same conditions. The maximum plate number per second (Nt) obtained with a 30 cm PBD-zirconia column was approximately 1.5 times higher than that obtained with an ODS column at 100 °C. Therefore, the PBD-zirconia phase is more suitable for fast separations than conventional ODS particles in SGC. Maximum plate numbers per meter of 76,900 and 63,300 were obtained using a 57 cm×250 μm i.d. fused silica capillary column packed with 3 μm PBD-zirconia at 50 °C and 100 °C, respectively. The PBD-zirconia phase was stable at temperatures up to 320 °C under SGC conditions using carbon dioxide as mobile phase. Polarizable aromatic compounds and low molecular weight ketones and aldehydes were eluted with symmetrical peaks from a 10 cm column packed with 3 μm PBD-zirconia. Zirconia phases with greater inertness are required for the analysis of more polar compounds by SGC.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467619
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    Estimation of retention times of homologous series in temperature programmed gas chromatography (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 509-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Homologous series ; Retention times
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary It is shown how to estimate the retention times of homologous series members in linear temperature programmed gas chromatography with the aid of a spread-sheet. Both the ease of estimation and the accuracy of the estimation depend on whether the homologue is eluted during the rising portion of the temperature program or the hold time at the end, and also on whether the homologous series is eluted from one injection or a number of injections. When all members of the series elute in the one chromatographic run the percentage standard deviation of the predicted retention times from the experimental retention times is 0.1. When members of the series elute in different chromatographic runs, the percentage standard deviation of predicted times from experimental times is 0.6, compared with an experimental percentage standard deviation for replicates of 0.5.
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    Efficiency of direct solid-phase microextraction from water-comparison of different fibre types including a new C8-coating (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 686-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid-phase microextraction ; Fibre coating ; Volatile organic compounds ; Semi-volatile organic compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The efficiency of direct solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was determined for 27 selected volatile and semivolatile organic compounds (BTEX, chloro- and bromobenzenes, chlorinated pesticides and PCBs). The fibres used were 7μm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), 30μm PDMS, 100μm PDMS, 65μm PDMS-divinylbenzene, 85μm polyacrylate, 65μm Carbowax-divinylbenzene, 75μm Carboxen-PDMS and a new 65μm C8 fibre. Extraction yields for these compounds were calculated under standardised conditions: 75μm Carboxen-PDMS was found to be the most efficient fibre for compounds with low boiling points. Although 65μm C8 can be used for extraction of all compounds studied, in no one case is it the most effective coating. 100μm PDMS and the more polar coatings can be used for a broad range of compounds, whereas application of 7μm and 30μm PDMS cannot be recommended. Inter-fibre comparison revealed significant differences between three different Carboxen-PDMS fibres. The results enable suitable coatings to be chosen for each of the 27 compounds and for substances with similar properties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02466913
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    The GC determination of cisplatin as platinum(II) from pharmaceutical preparations and blood sample of cancer patients (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 249-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Cisplatin determination ; Blood analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A capillary gas chromatographic method is described for the determination of cisplatin based on the complexation of platinum(II) with bis(isovalerylacetone) ethylenediimine (H2IVA2en) and extraction in chloroform. The chromatography was carried out on a BP1 or a BP5 column with an FID. Copper(II), nickel (II) and palladium(II) separated completely and did not affect the determination of platinum(II). The method was applied of the determination of cisplatin in a pharmaceutical preparation and blood samples of cancer patients after infusion of cisplatin. The amounts of cisplatin in blood were found to be within 246–283 ng mL−1 with a C.V. of 2.35–4.26%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467551
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    Transition metal complex stationary phases for the CGC analysis of ethers, thioethers and ketones (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 273-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Complexation stationary phases ; Bonding metal complexes ; Capillary columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The use of polysiloxanes with cyano or thiol groups as stationary phases for complexation gas chromatography is discussed. The polymers were obtained via polycondensation followed by polymerisation of the corresponding dichloro- or dimethoxy-silanes. Both the phases were modified by bonding transition metal chlorides with were modified by bonding transition metal chlorides with cyano (CuCl2 or CoCl2) and thiol groups (NiCl2 or CoCl2). The phases were examined in order to determine their application to the analysis of ethers, thioethers and ketones. Due to the presence of lone electron pairs on oxygen or sulphur atoms, the compounds should be capable of specific interacting with the electron-withdrawing centre of the liquid stationary phases. A number of retention parameters (retention indices, molecular retention indices and specific retention volume) were determined, which allowed characterisation of specific interactions between the bonded metal and the compound analysed. The results also enabled assessment of the influence of the structure of the compounds on their retention. The measurements were also carried out for the phases with free SH and CN groups as reference phases. The work demonstrates that the phases obtained may be useful for effective separations.
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    Averaging the pressure and flow rate of the carrier gas in a gas chromatographic column (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 449-453 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Average column pressure ; Average column flow ; Specific retention volume ; Distribution coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A systematic derivation of corresponding equations shows that averaging the pressure and the flow rate of the mobile phase in a gas chromatographic column over the column length and over the time that an unretained component resides in the column, requires the use of three different compressibility correction factors,j 2 1 ,j 3 2 , andj 4 3 . When multiplied by the adjusted retention volume,V R-VM, the Martin and James mobile phase compressibility correction factorj 3 2 , only, produces the value of specific retention volume,V g T , which is connected unambiguously with the thermodynamic phase distribution coefficient,K, of the sorbate.
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    Solid phase microextraction of volatiles from water using open cap vials (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 513-519 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid phase microextraction ; Open cap vials ; Volatile compounds (BTEX) ; Water matrix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The testing of open cap vials in headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with capillary gas chromatography is reported. The losses of volatile analytes from such vials were analyzed theoretically and investigated experimentally. The benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers spiked in water were used as model compounds. Extraction yields and precision obtained under optimized experimental conditions as exposure time, desorption time and temperature were compared applying vials with open caps or sealed with teflon lined septa.
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    Synergistic effect of mixed stationary phase in gas chromatography (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 567-571 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Mixed stationary phase ; Calixarenes ; Crown ethers ; Cyclodextrins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Mixed stationary phases containing of 25,27-dibutoxy-5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-26,28-diundecenyloxy calix [4]arene (C[4]B)+ω-undecylomethyl-18-crown-6 polysiloxane (PSO-11-18-C-6) and C[4]B polysiloxane (PSO-C[4]B)+permethyl-β-cyclodextrin (PM-β-CD) were investigated in capillary gas chromatography. By comparing their selectivity for positional isomers with that of the corresponding individual pure stationary phases, synergistic effects were found.
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    Gas chromatographic determination of 2-chloro-1-[[4-[(2,6-dichlorophenoxy)methyl]phenyl]methoxy]-4-methoxybenzene (SCH 48973), a potent anti-picornaviral agent, in dog serum (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 575-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Electron capture detector ; Anti-picornaviral agent in dog serum ; Enteroviruses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic assay for the determination of SCH 48973, a potent broad spectrum anti-picornaviral agent, was developed and validated in dog serum. The method involved extraction with organic solvent followed by separation on a capillary column (DB-1) with quantitation by an electron-capture detector. The method was sensitive with a limit of quantitation of 10 ng mL−1. The linearity of the method was satisfactory as indicated by correlation coefficients of 〉0.999 and visual examination of the calibration curves. The method was precise with a coefficient of variation ranging from 2.3 to 13.2% and accurate with a bias ranging from −9.1 to 7.9%. Moreover, SCH 48973 was stable in dog serum after being subjected to three freeze-thaw cycles. The assay was shown to be sensitive, specific, accurate and precise, and reliable for use in pharmacokinetic or toxicokinetic studies.
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    Analysis of organic pollutants in sewage by supercritical fluid extraction (1999)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 49 (1999), S. 399-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid phase adsorption ; Supercritical fluid extraction ; Sewage ; Organic pollutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Analytical methods have been developed for the determination of organic pollutants of intermediate polarity in sewage. Water samples are first passed through a solid phase adsorption cartridge. The analytes are then extracted from the absorbent with supercritical CO2 into a small volume of trapping solvent. Finally, the extracts are analyzed directly by capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The various parameters (pressure, temperature, type and concentration of modifiers, trapping solvent, flow rate and volume of supercritical fluid and equilibrium time) influencing the efficiency of extraction were studied. Extraction efficiencies for the test compounds are 〉70%, and relative standard deviations are 〈4.6% (n=3). The methods established were applied to the analysis of sewage at the Lanzhou Wastewater Treatment Plant, China. 66 organic pollutants were detected, of which 15 compounds appeared in the list of priority pollutants suggested by the US EPA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467613
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    Subtleties in Perception and Discrimination by Cabbage Looper Moths, Trichoplusia ni, of the two 14-carbon Acetate Sex Pheromone Components (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 455-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: T. ni ; sex pheromone ; behavior ; perception ; flight ; orientation ; trapping ; wind tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three compounds that are emitted by virgin female cabbage looper moths, Trichoplusia ni, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7–12:Ac), (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7–14:Ac), and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:Ac), are detected by antennal olfactory receptor neurons specialized to detect sex pheromone components. The principal evidence signifying that either or both of Z7–14:Ac and Z9–14:Ac have an effect on male behavior comes from an observed reduction in the numbers of males trapped by Z7–12:Ac paired with a six-component mixture. The evidence conforms to a hypothesis that either or both of these compounds are the basis for discrimination between the two mixtures. However, scant evidence for this hypothesis was obtained in paired-source laboratory wind-tunnel assays, even at airborne concentrations of Z7–14:Ac and Z9–14:Ac that ranged up to 1000× that emitted by a female. Furthermore, there was little evidence from single-source laboratory or field trap assays confirming that Z7–14:Ac and Z9–14:Ac at or above natural stimulus strengths modify the moth's perception of Z7–12:Ac. The data suggest that discrimination of small mixture differences may not be resolvable within the confines of a wind tunnel.
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    Simultaneous Disruption of Pheromone Communication in Choristoneura rosaceana and Pandemis limitata with Pheromone and Antagonist Blends (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 501-517 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura rosaceana ; Pandemis limitata ; Tortricidae ; leafrollers ; communication disruption ; sex pheromone ; pheromone antagonist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In British Columbia, trapping and wind-tunnel studies demonstrated that (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:OAc), a minor component of the sex pheromone for Pandemis limitata, acted as a pheromone antagonist to a sympatric species, Choristoneura rosaceana. Addition of 〉1% Z9–14:OAc to the four-component C. rosaceana pheromone in a wind tunnel resulted in significant reductions in the proportion of male C. rosaceana that wing fanned, locked on to the plume in flight, oriented upwind, and made source contact, compared to the responses to the pheromone alone. Disruption of pheromone communication was tested in 33.3 × 33.3-m plots, at a release rate of 10 mg/ha/hr using Conrel fiber dispensers. Z9–14:OAc applied alone did not disrupt orientation to virgin-female-baited traps for either C. rosaceana or P. limitata. A 1:1 mixture of Z9–14:OAc and the four-component C. rosaceana pheromone was as effective as the pheromone alone at disrupting orientation of C. rosaceana males to virgin-female-baited traps, demonstrating that disruption apparently did not occur through false-trail following. The 1:1 mixture of Z9–14:OAc and the C. rosaceana pheromone also reduced catches of P. limitata males in virgin-female-baited traps, but not significantly more than the 83% disruption caused by the pheromone alone. Therefore, the C. rosaceana pheromone could be used alone or with Z9–14:OAc to disrupt communication and, presumably, mating in both leafrollers simultaneously.
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    Sex Pheromone of Nuttall's Sheep Moth, Hemileuca nuttalli, from the Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains of California (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 711-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hemileuca nuttalli ; Hemileuca eglanterina ; E10,Z12-hexa-decadienyl acetate ; E10,Z12-hexadecadienyl acetate ; E10,Z12-hexadecadienol ; E10,Z12-hexadecadienal ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex attractant pheromone blend of Hemileuca nuttalli (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) from the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California was determined to be a combination of E10,Z12-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-yl acetate (E10,Z12–16:Ac) and E10,E12-hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-yl acetate (E10,E12–16:Ac). Ratios of the compounds in extracts of female pheromone glands varied around a mean of 100:48, although the ratio was not critical in field trials. Blends of synthetic E10,Z12–16:Ac and E10,E12–16:Ac in 100:50, 50:100, and 100:100 ratios attracted equal numbers of male moths. Field trials also indicated that E10,Z12–hexadeca-10,12-dien-1-ol (E10,Z12–16:OH) and E10,Z12-hexadeca-10,12-dienal (E10,Z12–16:Ald) were antagonistic at rates of 3.3% and 10%, respectively, of the E10,Z12–16:Ac, despite being found in female moth extracts. E10,E12–16:Ac, E10,Z12–16:OH, and E10,Z12–16:Ald all appear to have roles in maintenance of reproductive isolation between H. nuttalli and H. eglanterina.
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    Rosefuran: The Sex Pheromone of an Acarid Mite, Caloglyphus Sp. (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 1771-1779 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Mite ; Acaridae ; sex pheromone ; rosefuran ; Caloglyphus sp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Rosefuran was identified as a female sex pheromone from an unnamed species of acarid mite, Caloglyphus sp., whose phoretic hypopi had been collected from the elongated yellowish chafer, Heptophylla picea. Behavior of sexually excited males was demonstrated by exposing them to doses of 1–100 ng of synthetic rosefuran. The pheromone was present in females and also in males and was detected in trace amounts in nymphal stages. Pheromone concentrations were estimated to be 87 ± 14.2 ng per female and 10.4 ± 2.5 ng per male. The quantitative difference between sexes may allow males to discriminate females for purposes of mating.
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    Geographic Variation in Sex Pheromone of Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, in Japan (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 2079-2088 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ostrinia furnacalis ; sex pheromone ; (E)-12-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-12-tetradecenyl acetate ; field trap experiment ; geographic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Geographic variation in the sex pheromone of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), was surveyed in populations sampled at four locations ranging from 39.7°N to 32.9°N in Japan. The sex pheromone of the three northern populations was composed of (E)- and (Z)-12-tetradecenyl acetates with a mean E proportion of 36–39%. The southernmost population (Nishigoshi) had the same components but with a significantly higher E composition of 44%. The frequency distribution of the E ratio in the Nishigoshi population exhibited a small peak near 38% and a major peak near 46%. A family-wise analysis of the sex pheromone of this population confirmed that there were two distinct phenotypes regarding the E ratio. An “≍46% E strain” inhabits southern parts of Japan, in addition to an “≍38% E strain,” which seems to be predominant in other regions of Japan.
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    Field Tests of Synthetic Sex Pheromone of the Apple Leafminer Moth, Phyllonorycter ringoniella (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 1939-1947 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Phyllonorycter ringoniella ; apple leafminer ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-10-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E,Z)-4,10-tetradecadienyl acetate ; field trapping ; geographical variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The apple leafminer moth, Phyllonorycter ringoniella, is becoming a more serious insect pest on apple trees with four to five generations a year in Korea. In order to devise a forecasting method for more accurate estimation of their numbers and development timing, the sex attractant was studied. Various ratios, from 10:0 to 0:10, of the two components, (Z)-10-tetradecenyl acetate (Z10–14:Ac) and (E,Z)-4,10-tetradecadienyl acetate (E4,Z10–14:Ac), identified from the sex pheromone gland (Jung and Boo, 1997), were tested for attractivity in terms of behavioral response (taxis, approach, and landing) against P. ringoniella males in a wind tunnel. The lure with Z10–14:Ac/E4,Z10–14:Ac in a ratio of 4:6 elicited the highest response in two (taxis and approach) measurement categories. For eliciting landing behavior, the two blends of 5:5 and 4:6 were best. The single component, Z10–14:Ac, elicited taxis behavior, but a combination of two chemicals was needed for eliciting all three behaviors. In the field, male attraction to various lure mixtures in Pherocon IC traps was usually greater than attraction to virgin females. The best field activity was in the lure baited with a 4:6 ratio of Z10–14:Ac and E4,Z10–14:Ac. Similar results were obtained from tests conducted in a net house. This optimum ratio for attracting P. ringoniella males in Korea is different from those reported in Japan (10:3) or China (7:3 to 6:4). The isomer E10–14:Ac neither improved nor depressed the number of catches when added at up to 10% of the total mixture to lures of the two components in the 4:6 ratio. The attractivity of the lures increased with higher amounts of the pheromones, up to 10 μg in the wind-tunnel experiment and 5 mg in the apple orchard. The number of males captured was not significantly different among traps installed at 0.3, 1.5, or 2 m above the ground, or among wing, delta, or water traps. A rubber septum dispenser impregnated with 1 mg of the 4:6 mixture maintained its field attractivity for up to eight weeks.
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    Sex Pheromone of Apple Blotch Leafminer, Phyllonorycter crataegella, and Its Effect on P. mespilella Pheromone Communication (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 2059-2078 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Gracillariidae ; Phyllonorycter crataegella ; Phyllonorycter mespilella ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-10,(Z)-12-tetradecadienyl acetate ; (E)-10,(E)-12-tetradecadienyl acetate ; (E)-4,(E)-10-dodecadienyl acetate ; interspecific effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-10,(Z)-12-Tetradecadienyl acetate (Z10,Z12–14:OAc) and (E)-10,(E)-12-tetradecadienyl acetate (E10,E12–14:OAc) are sex pheromone components of the apple blotch leafminer (ABLM), Phyllonorycter crataegella. Compounds extracted from female pheromone glands were identified by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analyses, retention index calculations of EAD-active compounds, and by comparative GC-EAD analyses of female ABLM-produced and authentic (synthetic) compounds. In field experiments in apple Malus domestica orchards in Connecticut, Z10,Z12–14:OAc alone attracted ABLM males. Addition of E10,E12–14:OAc to Z10,Z12–14:OAc at 0.1:10 or 1:10 ratios enhanced attractiveness of the lure. Geometrical isomers Z10,E12- or E10,Z12–14:OAc at equivalent ratios were behaviorally benign and slightly inhibitory, respectively. In field experiments in British Columbia, Z10,Z12–14:OAc plus E10,E12–14:OAc did not attract Phyllonorycter moths, supporting the contention that ABLM is not present in the fruit growing regions of British Columbia. Z10,Z12–14:OAc added to P. mespilella pheromone, (E)-4,(E)-10-dodecadienyl acetate, strongly inhibited response by P. mespilella males. Recognition of the ABLM pheromone blend by allopatric P. mespilella males suggests a phylogenetic relationship and previous sympatry of these two Phyllonorycter spp. If pheromonal attraction of ABLM males were reciprocally inhibited by P. mespilella pheromone, a generic Phyllonorycter pheromone blend could be tested for pheromone-based mating disruption of the apple leaf-mining Phyllonorycter guild in North America.
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    Sex Pheromone Components of Pitch Pine Looper, Lambdina pellucidaria (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 491-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Lambdina athasaria ; Lambdina fiscellaria ; Lambdina pellucidaria ; sex pheromone ; synergism ; 7,11-dimethyl-heptadecane ; 5,11-dimethylheptadecane ; 7-methylheptadecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two methylated hydrocarbons, 7-methylheptadecane (7) and 7,11-dimethylheptadecane (7,11), are sex pheromone components of female pitch pine looper (PPL), Lambdina pellucidaria. Compounds extracted from the pheromone glands of female moths were identified by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and coupled GC–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring mode. In field-trapping experiments, 7 and 7,11 in combination, but not singly, attracted numerous male moths. 5,11-Dimethylheptadecane (5,11) was detected by GC-EAD in female PPL pheromone gland extract, but did not significantly increase attraction of PPL males to 7 plus 7,11. Although 7 was 〉 10 times more abundant than 7,11 in pheromone gland extracts, traps baited with synthetic 7 plus 7,11 at a blend ratio of 1:1, rather than 1:0.1 or 1:0.01, captured the most PPL males. The chemical communication of PPL and spring hemlock looper (SHL), Lambdina athasaria, is strikingly similar. Both species employ 7 plus 7,11 as sex pheromone. Restriction of SHL to forests with eastern hemlock or balsam fir and PPL to forests with pitch or other hard pines contributes to their reproductive isolation. PPL and SHL may also use different optical isomers of enantiomeric 7 and stereoisomeric 7,11 to maintain specificity of their chemical communication.
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    Chemical and Behavioral Evidence for a Third Pheromone Component in a North American Population of the Black Cutworm Moth, Agrotis ipsilon (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 999-1011 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Feltia jaculifera ; Agrotis ipsilon ; sex pheromone ; wind tunnel ; pheromone traps ; male attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone of Agrotis ipsilon had been previously identified as a blend of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7–12:Ac) and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:Ac). A synthetic blend of Z7–12:Ac and Z9–14:Ac (30 μg:10 μg) is effective in attracting males in the field. In several countries, addition of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11–16:Ac) to the previously identified blend increases male captures, but this had not been demonstrated in North America. We found Z11–16:Ac, in addition to Z7–12:Ac and Z9–14:Ac, from pheromone gland extracts of females from North America. The mean ratio of Z7–12:Ac, Z9–14:Ac, and Z11–16:Ac produced by individual females was 70.5:14.2:15.3, respectively. In Kentucky, addition of Z11–16:Ac (60 μg) to a two-component blend of Z7–12:Ac and Z9–14:Ac significantly increased the trap capture rate in the field. Traps baited with this three-component blend were 3.3 times (1995) and 4.6 times (1996) more effective in capturing male A. ipsilon than the two-component blend. This improved effectiveness resulted in detection of A. ipsilon in 60% more of the sampling periods in the two years. In the wind tunnel, males flew upwind and contacted a rubber septum loaded with a three-component blend including Z11–16:Ac significantly more frequently than they did to any two-component blend. These results demonstrate that Z11–16:Ac is a pheromone component in this North American population of A. ipsilon.
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    Responses of Tea Tussock Moth, Euproctis pseudoconspersa, to Its Pheromone, (R)-10,14-Dimethylpentadecyl Isobutyrate, and to the S-Enantiomer of Its Pheromone (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 1347-1353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Euproctis pseudoconspersa ; 10,14-dimethylpentadecyl isobutyrate ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field trials were conducted with each synthetic enantiomer (〉98% ee) and blends of the two synthetic enantiomers of the female-produced sex pheromone (10,14-dimethylpentadecyl isobutyrate) of the tea tussock moth, Euproctis pseudoconspersa. Male moths were attracted to each enantiomer alone and to various blends of them. Short syntheses of both enantiomers of the pheromone from commercially available (R)- and (S)-citronellyl bromide and a method of checking the enantiomeric purity of the citronellyl bromide enantiomers are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021226800132
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    Attraction of Female and Male Bactrocera papayae to Conspecific Males Fed with Methyl Eugenol and Attraction of Females to Male Sex Pheromone Components (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 753-764 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bactocera dorsalis complex ; Bactrocera papayae ; sex pheromone ; coniferyl alcohol ; 2-allyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenol ; 3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol ; N-(3-methylbutyl) acetamide ; methyl eugenol ; wind tunnel ; mating competitiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The attraction of female and male Bactrocera papayae to conspecific males fed with methyl eugenol (ME) and female attraction to male synthetic sex pheromone, trans-coniferyl alcohol (CF), were evaluated in a wind tunnel. Earlier and greater attraction were exhibited by both females and males to ME-fed than to non-ME-fed males as dusk approaches. Males increased their precopulatory behavior (i.e., wing fanning and mounting) during the period of higher attractancy. These data confirm that the consumption of ME enhances the mating competitiveness of males and suggest that ME also functions as a precursor to the male sex and aggregation pheromones. Three phenylpropanoid compounds biosynthesized from ME, coniferyl alcohol, 2-allyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenol, and 3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol, were detected in male rectal gland along with an endogenous rectal compound, N-(3-methylbutyl) acetamide. When offered singly to the females, coniferyl alcohol was found to be most attractive.
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    Sex Pheromone of Female Vine Bud Moth, Theresimima ampellophaga Comprises (2S)-Butyl (7Z)-Tetradecenoate (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 1141-1151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Theresimima ampellophaga ; Zygaenidae ; Lepidoptera ; sex pheromone ; (2S)-butyl (7Z)-tetradecenoate ; electroantennogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone of the vine bud moth, Theresimima ampellophaga, released at the 3rd–5th abdominal tergites, was identified by coupled GC-EAG, GC-MS, and synthesis as (2S)-butyl (7Z)-tetradecenoate. For the first time, full stereochemistry is unambiguously defined for the sex pheromone of a member of the Zygaenidae. The synthetic compound caught significant numbers of males in field-trapping experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022438717287
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    Large-volume PTV injection: Comparison of direct water injection and in-vial extraction for GC analysis of triazines (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Programmed-temperature vaporization (PTV) ; Large-volume injection ; Direct water injection ; Triazines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The potential of large-volume PTV injection was studied for the analysis of triazine herbicides in water samples. Direct water injection and in-vial extraction were described and compared. Detection limits were between 0.01–0.02 μg L−1 and relative standard deviations were 〈9%. Both methods are suitable for the analysis of triazines at ppt-level, although in-vial extraction is favourable for water samples with relatively large amounts of matrix components.
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    Development of gas chromatographic method for determination of cholesterol oxides in meat products (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 42-48 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Cholesterol oxides ; Cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) ; Meat products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method of extraction, purification and gas chromatographic analysis of five cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) (7β-hydroxycholesterol, 5α, 6α-epoxycholesterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol and cholestane-3β, 5α, 6β-triol) has been developed. The method is aimed at the determination of COPs in meat and meat products, in particular dry sausages, where large differences in the content of cholesterol and its oxidation derivatives may occur. Linearity of response of trimethylsilyl ethers was defined. The minimum concentration tested was 2.5 μg g−1 in the injected solution. The main feature of the present work is the addition of a purification step of unsaponifiables by SPE on silica cartridges. Extraction recoveries of COP standard mixtures, performed with or without the SPE step, are evaluated. The introduction of the clean-up step results in high purity samples without further losses in the entire process.
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    Fast determination of VOCs in workplace air by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 57-62 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid-phase extraction ; Graphitized carbon black ; Volatile organic compounds ; Workplace air
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A fast, simple, and reliable method is presented for the determination of atmospheric semi-volatile organic pollutants at μg m−3 levels. The method has been used to monitor potentially carcinogenic toxic compounds to which workers are exposed in workplaces, and to measure the same compounds in outdoor air.
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    Interaction studies of vinychloride with liquid foods by gas chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 63-71 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid foods ; Food packaging materials ; Vinylchloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The interaction of vinylchloride (VC) with liquid foods, such as water, olive oil and honey, was studied using the relatively new technique of Reversed-Flow Gas Chromatography (RFGC). The RFGC method permits the calculation of the VC diffusion coefficient in the liquid phase (water, oil and honey) and the determination of the partition coefficient of VC between the liquid and the carrier gas, as well as the determination of the Henry's constant of VC in the liquid food. From the variation of the above parameters with temperature, thermodynamic parameters (free and excess free energies, enthalpies, entropies and activity coefficients) were calculated for the adsorption of VC by liquid foods. These are discussed in comparison with the same parameters calculated from empirical equations or determined experimentally by other techniques.
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    Fundamental relationships in gas chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 570-574 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Compressibility correction factor ; Specific retention volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The exact definition of the compressibility correction factor,j, has been extensively discussed in recent literature. In this work, it is shown that this compressibility correction factor has several different interpretations; however, the simplest and most useful meaning involves a correction from the experimentally accessible pressure at the outlet of a column to the average pressure in the column. Also, an unconventional definition of the retention volume of a solute in terms of the sample size and the equilibrium concentration of the solute in the mobile phase is presented. This retention volume definition is presented as an alternative to the common definition ofV R as the volume of carrier gas which passes through the column in a period of time called the retention time. In this discussion, it is emphasized that the temeprature dependence of the specific retention volume is determined by the thermodynamics of the phase distribution process for the solute and not by an equation-of-state for the carrier gas. Finally, the conventional correction of the specific retention volume by a factor of 273/T c can be used to correct a volume of carrier gas to a pseudo-standard state of 273 K and the average pressure in the column; however, this corrected specific retention volume has no relation to the specific retention volume that would be experimentally obtained at this standard state temperature and pressure. compressibility correction factor, and specific retention volume, were examined with regard to the physical interpretation, exact definition and appropriate standard states to be applied to these commonly reported chromatographic parameters. Such arcane discussions are beneficial to the health of science but may lead to confusion among potential and practicing chromatographers. In order to prevent or at least help ameliorate this problem, the following discussion presents a somewhat unorthodox interpretation of the questioned terms along with a pseudo-physical explanation of the so-called retention volume which is ubiquitous throughout the chromatographic literature.
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    Determination of chlorobenzenes in environmental samples using solid phase microextraction, thermal desorption and analysis by gas chromatography coupled to FID, ECD, MSD, IRD detectors (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 74-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; SPME ; Soil and groundwater samples ; Chlorobenzenes ; Thermal desorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A complex method was developed for the determination of chlorobenzenes in soil and groundwater samples. Samples were taken at two sites in Baranya county, where a mixture of chlorobenzene waste was deposited, causing severe contamination in the environment. Clean-up of these sites demands modern and reliable analytical methods. Several sample preparation techniques were used, such as solid phase microextraction (SPME), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and a recently developed thermal desorption method. The applicability of various sample preparation methods was compared by measuring recovery percentages, relative standard deviations and by investigating the matrix dependency of these values. Gas chromatography was used for quantitative determination of chlorobenzenes, using MS, IR, FID and ECD detection techniques. Detection levels were as low as 1 ppt in water, and 10 ppt in soil samples. Chlorobenzene concentration was in the range 1 ppt-1 ppm in water and 100 ppb-100 ppm in soil samples. Identification and calibration of these compounds were performed by quantitative standards. This complex analytical method can be used for rapid and precise quantitative and qualitative determination of chlorobenzenes.
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    Quantitative analysis of apolar polysiloxane phases in large-bore capillary columns (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 305-308 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Silicone phases ; Film thickness ; Large-bore capillary columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A technique is described for determination of the amount of bonded phase in commercial columns. It is adapted to the determination of the real nature and the thickness of a siloxane bonded film. Ten-centimeter samples of column are used. The method is tested for large-bore capillary columns. Applications to kinetic studies are suggested.
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    On-line sample treatment—capillary gas chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 313-345 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Sample pretreatment ; Coupling on-line to capillary GC ; Robotization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Sample pretreatment is often the bottleneck of a tracelevel analytical procedure. In order to increase performance, increasing attention is therefore being devoted to combining sample pretreatment on-line with the separation technique that has to be used. In the present review, a variety of procedures in use today for sample treatment coupled on-line to capillary gas chromatography (GC) is briefly discussed. Special attention is devoted to coupled-column techniques such as SPE-GC and LC-GC (SPE, solid-phase extraction; LC, column liquid chromatography) which are topics of much current interest, also because of their frequent use in so-called hyphenated systems.
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    Capillary gas chromatography of urinary steroids of terbutaline-treated asthmatic children (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 163-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid-phase extraction ; Urinary steroids ; Terbutaline treatment ; Asthmatic children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Steroid metabolites have been measured by capillary gas chromatography in the urine of 38 children aged 3–6 years. The children comprised three groups: those with asthma being treated with Terbutaline (13), children with asthma but not undergoing treatment (17), and control children in hospital but free from endocrine diseases (8). There were significant (P〈0.05) differences between the amounts of steroids excreted by the different groups of children. Terbutaline therapy led to elevated levels of tetrahydrocortisone, androstenediol, 11-ketopregnanetriol and a reduced ratio of androgen to cortisol metabolites compared with those for untreated asthmatic children. We assume that Terbutaline does not have a steroid-like mechanism of action but acts by modification of the activity of several adrenocortical enzymes. We suggest a hypothesis whereby the antiasthmatic effect of Terbutaline could not only be a connected with its well-known mechanism of action, but it might be explained as a result of the modification of the production of certain glucocorticoids and androgen hormones.
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    Separation of positional isomers on polymeric calix[4]arene-siloxane stationary phases in capillary GC (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 422-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Calix[4]arene-tetramethyldisiloxane stationary phases ; Geometric and positional isomer separations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Poly(p-tert-butyldimethoxydipropyloxycalix[4]arene-tetramethyldisiloxane) (TBCX-TMDS) and poly(dimethoxydipropyloxycalix[4]arene-tetramethyl-disiloxane) (CX-TMDS), have been prepared and used as stationary phases for isothermal capillary gas chromatographic separations of positional isomers. Retention factors and separation factors for the isomers were measured. The isomers investigated were well-resolved on the two phases. Retention of all the solutes investigated is greater on TBCX-TMDS than on CX-TMDS, probably because of extra dispersive interactions of the solutes with thetert-butyl groups of the phase. Separation factors for closely-eluting isomer pairs are similar on the two phases. This seems to indicate either that the solutes are retained by non-inclusion processes or that if the isomer molecules do enter the cavity of the calixarene, i.e. the solute is retained by inclusion, thetert-butyl groups do not play a role in discriminating between the isomers.
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    Determination of triethanolamine in air samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 443-449 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; Triethanolamine in air
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Low amounts of triethanolamine, collected in ORBO 53 tubes during air sampling, required the development of a very sensitive method for determination. After desorption and silylation reaction with trimethylsilyl imidazole/trimethyl chlorosilane, the derivative was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on an Ultra 2 silica capillary column in single ion monitoring mode (retention time: about 6 min). The method has a detection limit of 1–2 pg with a desorption efficiency of about 81%. Linearity of response was ascertained in the ranges 10–100 ng and 100–1000 ng. Short-term method validation was carried out by intra- and inter-day assays on three amounts for each reference calibration curve. All results satisfied the pre-defined acceptance criteria. In general, the whole procedure was easily performed and was appropriate for our needs. Breakthrough volume was appropriate for our needs. Breakthrough volume was determined on authentic samples and was about 40–60 L, using a flow rate of 1 L·min−1. The amounts of triethanolamine found in the samples ranged from 150 to 250 ng (about 2.5–4.2 μg·m−3).
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    Monitoring of optical isomers of chiral alcohols and derivatives by chiral gas chromatography. Effect of derivatization on the enantio-differentiation (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Chiral separation ; Alcohols ; Diols ; Trimethylsilylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic chiral separation of several chiral 2-and 3-alkanols and diols was studied both in their free hydroxyl and in their trimethylsilyl ether forms. First, the derivatization procedure was verified through the identification of the trimethylsilyl ethers formed on the basis of their mass spectra and optimized to obtain quantitative reaction. The optimized procedure was applied to the trimethylsilylation of racemic mixtures of various hydroxyl compounds. The silylation was found to be highly effective in the improvement of the separation of the individual enantiomers. The major advantages of the derivatization process can be summarized as: (i) excellent baseline separation of the enantiomers of the silyl ethers was achieved in contrast to the parent OH-containing compounds, (ii) the sensitivity of detection highly increased, (iii) the separations do not show any significant concentration dependence and finally (iv) the analysis time needed decreased significantly.
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    Data correlation in on-line solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-atomic emission/mass spectrometric detection of unknown microcontaminants (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 273-283 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Atomic emission and MS detection ; Solid-phase extraction ; Aqueous samples
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A procedure is described for the (non-target) screening of hetero-atom-containing compounds in tap and waste water by correlating data obtained by gas chromatography (GC) using atomic emission (AED) and mass selective (MS) detection. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was coupled on-line to both GC systems to enable the determination of microcontaminants at the 0.02–1 μg L−1 level in 7–50 mL of aqueous sample. The screening was limited to compounds present in at least one heteroatom-selective GC-AED trace above a predetermined concentration level. These compounds were identified by their partial formulae (AED) and the corresponding mass spectra, which were obtained from the GC-MS chromatogram via the retention index concept. The potential of the approach was demonstrated by the identification of target compounds as well as all unknowns present in tap and waste water above the predetermined threshold of 0.05 μg L−1 (tap water) or 0.5 μg L−1 (waste water).
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    Crown ether capped cyclodextrin used as stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography (1998)
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    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 817-822 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Crown ether capped cyclodextrin ; Chiral separations ; Isomer separations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The solution of a new synthesized compound, mono-6-(1'-benzo-aza-15-crown-5)-2, 3, 6- permethyl-β-cyclodextrin, in the moderately polar polysiloxane OV-1701 was coated onto fused silica capillary column. The chromatographic characteristics including column efficiency, polarity and selectivity were studied. Excellent selectivity for the separation of enantiomers and positional isomers was obtained. The results show that the combined effect between the special caves of β-cyclodextrin and crown ether plays a significant role in the separation.
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    Gas chromatography with UV-vis molecular absorption spectrometry detection: Data acquisition and treatment when using a diode-array spectrophotometer (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 535-541 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; UV-Vis detection ; Gas phase absorption spectrometry ; Alcohols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary This article describes a theoretical/practical study of the parameters which affect the chromatograms obtained when using a molecular diode-array spectrometer as the detector in gas chromatography. The objective is to offer some rules which permit the identification of the optimum signal/noise relation. To achieve this, we study the effect of the different parameters which affect the noise and how to reduce their impact, as well as alternatives for increasing the signal. All the options tested can be applied by correctly programming the spectrometer with BASIC programs, within reach of any use who has even a small understanding of programming. Finally, we consider the effect that the selection of the acquisition conditions may have on the chromatographic resolution. All the studies are carried out using a mixture of alcohols and phenols.
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    Synthesis of a new liquid crystal, 4-[(4-chlorobenzyl)oxy]-4′-cyanoazobenzene and its use as stationary phase in gas-chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 427-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid crystal stationary phase ; Packed columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The separation ofm-, p-, o- xylenes andm-, p- ethyltoluenes was studied on a packed column with 2,5% of 4-[(4-chlorobenzyl)oxy]-4′-cyanoazobenzene (CBOCA) on Chromosorb W HP 100–120 mesh. The synthesis and study of the mesomorphic behaviour of CBOCA are presented. Temperature range for the separation ofm-, p-, o- xylenes (in this order of elution) is 125–85°C, at cooling. The best separation was achieved at about 90°C. The separation temperature domain ofm-ethyltoluene fromp- ethyltoluene is 160–85°C.
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    Derivatization of aromatic amines with bromine for improved gas chromatographic determination (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 436-442 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Water analysis ; Derivatization with bromine ; Aromatic amines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary For improved determination of aromatic amines by gas chromatography and detection with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) a derivatization method based on the bromination of the aromatic ring in an acetic acid medium was developed. In general, all free ortho and para-positions relative to the amino group undergo electrophilic substitution. Separation of at least 30 compounds in a single chromatographic run in 30 min is possible. With this method, 56 aromatic amines were studied and only in 6 cases were no derivatives obtained. Quantitation limits determined from calibration data are 1.2–40 μg L−1 for a 100 mL sample and an injection volume of 1 μL. Previous experiments suggest that both sample and injection volume may be increased to lower the quantitation limit.
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    Effect of organic matter content in the trace analysis of triazines in various types of soils with GC-NPD (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 450-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Soil samples ; Microwave-assisted solvent extraction ; Nitrogen detection ; Triazine herbicides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Recent work demonstrated that the combination of microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE) and capillary gas chromatography with selective nitrogen detection (GC-NPD) is a viable approach for the efficient determination of triazine herbicides in soils. However, for soils with a high organic matter content or the injection of more concentrated extracts to obtain lower LOD's the performance of gas chromatographic analysis of uncleaned extracts is hampered. This results in both a decrease of the chromatographic response of analytes and a decrease in the life time of the column due to coextracted matrix substances. The effect of various types of soils on the chromatographic analysis of triazine herbicides was studied. It appeared that for the investigated samples with an organic matter content below 5% processing of uncleaned extracts is possible. Samples with a higher organic matter content required a cleanup step. A rapid procedure on 100 mg silica cartridges has been developed using solvents compatible with the MASE extracts and the instrumental analysis. Beside the testing with different standard soils, about 120 samples of an ongoing monitoring program involving three different types of soil (organic matter content: 3–37%) were analysed. The selected compounds atrazine, desethylatrazine, desisopropyl-atrazine and simazine could be assayed in the various soil types to a level of at least 2 μg kg−1. For soil samples with a high organic matter content (〉5%), the rapid cleanup procedure allowed the trace analysis of the triazines and considerably increased the life time of the capillary column. Recoveries at levels from 2 to 50 μg kg−1 ranged from 70 to 100% with RSDs ranging from 5.1 to 9.5%. Confirmation of positive samples was carried out by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467719
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    Identification and semi-quantitative determination of a migration contaminant from beverage carton packages into mineral water by on-line solid phase extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPE-GC-MS) (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 581-583 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; On-line SPE-GC-MS ; Beverage carton packages ; Contaminant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An unknown migration contaminant was found in a number of mineral water samples contained in beverage carton packages. This compound was isolated by a fully automatic solid phase extraction system and identified by means of GC-MS as 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol (TMDD) [126-86-3], which is used as a surfactant in water-based printing inks and migrates during the production of the beverage carton material into the inner polyethylene film and subsequently into the product. The determined concentrations of TMDD ranged up to more than 50 μg L−1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02466653
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    Direct solid-phase microextraction combined with gas and liquid chromatography for the determination of lidocaine in human urine (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 678-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column liquid chromatography ; Solid-phase microextraction ; Local anaesthetic lidocaine ; Optimisation of extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been combined with gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) for the determination of lidocaine in human urine. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated fibre was directly immersed into buffered urine. Extraction conditions such as time, pH, ionic strength, temperature, and agitation were optimised. The extracted lidocaine was thermally desorbed in a split/splitless injector for analysis with a GC-FID system or desorbed with liquid in a specially designed SPME-LC interface for analysis with an LC-UV system. After optimisation the method developed was evaluated and validated. Extraction yields of 22% were obtained in about 45 min. The reproducibility of the method is 〈5% (relative standard deviation). For five-times diluted urine, linear ranges were found from 5–1000 and 25–1000 ng·mL−1 for SPME-GC and SPME-LC, with detection limits of 5 ng·mL−1 for SPME-GC and 25 ng·mL−1 for SPME-LC. SPME can be used as a simple sample pretreatment method for the determination of lidocaine in urine by GC and LC.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467453
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    Investigation on five novel substituted β-cyclodextrins used as GC stationary phases (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 557-564 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Stationary phases ; β-Cyclodextrin derivatives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Five β-cyclodextrin derivatives, heptakis[2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-(4-nitrobenzyl)-β-CD (CD-I), heptakis [2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-(5-hexenyl)]-β-CD (CD-II), heptakis-(2, 6-di-O-cinnamyl-3-O-methyl)-β-CD (CD-III), heptakis-(2, 6-di-O-cinnamyl-3-O-acetyl)-β-CD (CD-IV) and heptakis(2, 6-di-O-cinnamyl-3-O-trifluoroacetyl)-β-CD (CD-V), were synthesized and coated on fused-silica capillary coluns. Their chromatographic characteristics were tested and compared with heptakis (2,3,6-tri-O-pentyl)-β-CD (CD-VI) and heptakis (2,6-di-O-pentyl-3-O-trifluoroacetyl)-β-CD (CD-VII). It was found that the size, polarity, and aromatic property of the substituted group at the 3-position of heptakis (2,6-di-O-pentyl)-β-cyclodextrins greatly influenced their chromatographic properties and separation ability. The introduction of aromatic group or a group containing a double-bond may bring π-π interactions between the host and guest molecules, and therefore increased the separation ability of the β-CDs for substituted benzene isomers. Introduction of cinnamyl groups in to the 2,6-3-position of β-CD has a significant effect on the chromatographic properties of the stationary phases(CD-III-CD-V).
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    Determination of heats of vaporization and gibbs free energies of alkylbenzenes on GC stationary phases of different polarity (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Heats of vaporization ; Gibbs free energies ; Kováts retention indices ; Alkylbenzenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In our paper we propose a new method for the determination of heats of vaporization (ΔH vap(i)) and the Gibbs free energies of vaporization (Δμp(i)) for individually selected alkylbenzenes, chromatographed on stationary phases of low and medium polarity. The method is based on a new thermodynamic description of the Kováts retention index (I (i)) making use of Trouton's rule. In fact, we attribute physical significance to two empirical relationships, well known from the literature. We can describe thermodynamically the magnitude ofI (i) using two relations, each of them potentially useful for further determination of δH vap(i) and Δμp(i). A comparison was made of the results obtained with the use of our new approach and of those already existing in the literature attained in a completely different way. The comparison suggests that the calculated δH vap(i) and Δμp(i) values are thermodynamically acceptable and hence correct, and the data suit into the series of similar values determined on stationary phases of different polarity.
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    Separation of polychlorinated biphenyls from chlorinated pesticides using aminopropyl bonded-phase cartridge and determination by GC-ECD (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 293-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid phase extraction ; Polychlorobiphenyls ; Clorinated pesticides ; Organochlorine separation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatography of polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides in water samples is carried out after adsorption from a 25–500 mL sample, on a cartridge containing 100 mg aminopropyl-bonded porous silica. The clean-up step in which the PCBs and chlorinated pesticides are separated in different eluates is achieved by passing 25 mL of 40% aqueous methanol through the NH2 Sep-Pak cartridge. The PCBs are desorbed with 500 μL ethylacetate, which is concentrated and analysis by GC-ECD. The average recovery, at 1 ppb is 〉97% with a standard deviation 〈2. The limits of detection are 0.1 ng μL−1 and 5 pg μL−1 respectively for Cl3-PCB and Cl8-PCB congeners. In the separation of PCBs from the chlorinated pesticides tested in this work, only the Aldrin is adsorbed for 60% with the PCBs by the NH2 Sep-Pak cartridge. The method described is rapid, simple and reproducible.
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    Characterisation of GC stationary phases in multilinear retention model (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 728-738 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Stationary phases ; Prototypical phases ; Retention model ; Retention value ; Dipolarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Stationary phases are characterised in a multilinear retention model by retention data of a set of selected prototypical substances. Prototypical stationary phases confirm the application of prototypical substances in the retention model. For comparison, 27 stationary phases are characterized with solute descriptors of the solvation model. New adjusted substance factors are calculated for 33 selected compounds for a new characterization of GC stationary phases in the extended retention model with retention values, calculated from retention indices and b-values of the n-alkane equation. Substance dipolarityD N-factors are separated from πN, the adjusted dipolarity-polarisability. New substance factors give satisfying correlation results and new explanatory factors as phase descriptors for 27 stationary phases.
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    Precision of milk fat quantitation in mixed fats by analysis of butyric acid (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 758-762 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Butyric acid ; Milk fat content ; Mixed fats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Quantitation of the milk fat content in mixed fats is of interest in food analysis. It can be achieved by calculation from the butyric acid (C4) content in the mixed fat and a mean C4 content for pure milk fats. Alternatively, instead of applying a C4 mean value, the C4 content in the actual milk fat can be used if this reference sample is available. A recently improved analytical method based on gas chromatography of butyric acid methyl ester using an internal standard has been applied to determine the milk fat content in mixtures with beef tallow, lard, soybean oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, palm kernel oil and palm oil ranging from 1 to 90% milk fat content. Within the whole range of mixtures, mean absolute deviations between the determined and the actual milk fat content were below 0.5% and the maximum absolute deviation was not more than 1.0% when using the reference sample. The overall mean absolute deviation was 0.04% for milk fat contents of 1 to 10% and 0.28% for milk fat contents of 10 to 90%.
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    Determination of acids in Brazilian sugar cane spirits and other alcoholic beverages by HRGC-SPE (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 751-757 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid phase extraction ; Brazilian sugar cane spirit ; Lower fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic method for the analysis of seventeen acids in a water/ethanol matrix is described. The diluted samples were first concentrated by solid phase extraction. Nonanoic acid was the internal standard. A good separation profile was obtained for all compounds, including the isomers: n and iso-butyric acids, n and isovaleric acids and n and iso-caproic acids. The method is fast, sensitive (20–30 μg L−1) and has a good reproducibility (4–7 %). The recovery was in the range of 94%–116% for the medium chain acids (C7-C16). This method allowed the identification of fourteen acids in caninhas and other spirits. The total acid content and the profile of the exportation type caninhas are similar to the ones obtained for several international beverages.
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    Gas chromatography with UV-vis molecular absorption spectrometry detection: Increasing sensitivity of the determination of alcohols and phenols by derivatization (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 542-547 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; UV-Vis detection ; Gas phase absorption spectrometry ; Derivatization ; Alcohols and phenols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method is proposed for the determination of alcohols and phenols based on their derivatization to benzoates and gas chromatography-gas phase molecular absorption spectrometry. All parameters affecting the derivatization reaction, such as the solvent, basic medium, benzoyl chloride and stirring time, were optimized. Chromatographic and instrumental conditions were also studied. Finally, a calibration study was performed and the results were compared to that obtained by the direct determination of the compounds.
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    Gas chromatography analysis of organophosphorous pesticides in plant samples (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 156-157 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Gel permeation chromatography ; Organophosphorous pesticides ; Plant samples
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The work presents a GC method for the determination of six organophosphorous pesticide residues in cabbage. Chopped cabbage was blended with acetone, then extracted with the mixture of n-hexane:methylene chloride (1:1). The extract was purified on a GPC column packed with BioBeads SX-3 gel. The pesticides were eluted with the mixture of methylene chloride:cyclohexane (1:1) at the flow rate of 0.5 mL min−1. After concentrating the extract was analysed by GC. Nearly 100 samples of cabbage were analysed; trace residues of dimethoate (about 0.05 ppm) were found in 10 samples. The average recoveries of the pesticides were above 80% with a relative standard deviation mostly less than 10%.
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    Gas chromatographic determination of major sterols in edible oils and fats using solid-phase extraction in sample preparation (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 745-750 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid-phase extraction ; Rapeseed oil ; Sterols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A capillary gas chromatographic method is described for the determination of major plant sterols and cholesterol in edible oils and fats. In the sample preparation procedure reversed-phase, solid-phase extraction with C18 adsorbent was used to extract the unsaponifiable matter and for sample cleanup after saponification. Sterols were quantitated as their trimethylsilylether derivatives using an internal standard method (betulin). The method was validated by recovery tests and analysis of two reference materials representing vegetable oil mixture and milk fat matrices. Average recoveries of spiked cholesterol and cholesterol acetate in rapeseed oil were 103±4% (n=12) and 101±3% (n=10), respectively. The sterol values determined in the reference materials were found to be in a good agreement with their given certified or indicative values. Applied to edible oils and fats, plant sterols and cholesterol at levels〉20 mg kg−1 could be accuratively quantitated.
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    Headspace gas chromatography analysis of toxic contaminants in ethoxylated alcohols and alkylamines (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 299-304 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Headspace sampling ; Ethoxylated alcohols ; Ethoxylated alkylamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Headspace-gas chromatography was used to determine the contents of toxic 1,4-dioxane, ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol in ethoxylated alcohols and alkylamines, and in commercial cosmetics and washing products. A Permaphase PEG capillary column was used for the determination of 1,4-dioxane and ethylene oxide and a DB-17 column for ethylene glycol determination. Dimethylformamide was used as the solvent in the determination of 1,4-dioxane and ethylene oxide, and undecanol in the case of ethylene glycol. The detection limits for ethylene oxide, 1,4-dioxane and ethylene glycol are 1,2 and 10 μg·g−1, respectively.
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    Calix[4]arene derivatives as stationary phases for capillary gas chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 689-694 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Stationary phases ; Calix[4]arene derivatives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Two new kinds of calix[4]arene derivatives, 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-bis(isopropylcarbamoyl-methoxy)-26,28-diundecenyloxy calix[4]arene (C[4]A) and 25,27-dibutoxy-5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-26,28-diundecenyloxy calix[4]arene (C[4]B), have been synthesized for use as stationary phases in capillary gas chromatography with OV1701. These stationary phases demonstrate high column efficiencies, wide operating temperature ranges, good thermal stability and excellent selectivity for aromatic isomers, especially phenol compounds. Their inclusion properties are also discussed.
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    Comparison of methods for prediction of the retention data of aromatic hydrocarbons on UCON LB 550X and on polydimethylsiloxane (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 721-723 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Correlation equation ; Alkylbenzenes ; Naphthalenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A detailed statistical analysis is presented for comparing the validity of selected literature-recommended equations with the unified retention index concept for calculating the retention indexes of alkylbenzenes on UCON LB 550X and naphthalenes on polydimethylsiloxane. Comparison with literature sources shows that the unified retention index provides the smallest residual error for a set of aromatic hydrocarbons.
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    Quantitative analysis of residual synthetic polystyrene adsorbent in drugs by curie-point pyrolysis gas chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 203-208 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Pyrolysis GC ; Residual polystyrene ; Streptomycin ; Vitamin B1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Residual synthetic adsorbent, cross-linked polystyrene, used in drug purification has been analyzed quantitatively by Curie-point pyrolysis gas chromatography. The peaks of intact polystyrene adsorbent in the pyrogram were used as key peaks for quantitative measurement of residues of the adsorbent in vitamin B1 and streptomycin sulfate. It was shown that them-ethylstyrene orp-ethylstyrene peaks in the pyrolyzates were suitable for determination of polystyrene adsorbent content. The levels of residual adsorbent in the drugs were found to be 〈0.1 %, the value stipulated by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). In quantitative evaluation of an adsorbent content of 0.1 % the precision was 3.6 % and 2.7 % for vitamin B1 and streptomycin sulfate, respectively.
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    Retention indices of alkenes and the corresponding epoxides on a capillary column coated with cyanopropyl methyl silicone phase (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 230-233 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Alkenes ; Epoxides ; Retention index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Retention indices or five 1-alkenes, seven branched alkenes and five cycloalkenes and the corresponding epoxides were determined at two temperatures on a fused-silica capillary column coated with cyanopropyl methyl siloxane to interpret their chromatographic behaviour. The standard deviation was 0.2 index units.
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    Determination of safrole in differentAsarum species by headspace gas chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 685-688 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Headspace sampling ; Safrole ; Asarum species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The development of a headspace GC method (HS-GC) to determine the safrole content in differentAsarum species from China and Europe, using eugenol as internal standard, is presented in this paper. The best results could be achieved by thermostating the samples at 100°C for 30.0 min, adding 10 μL of water to each sample. Optimum pressurisation and injection time showed to be 3.0 min and 12 s, respectively. GC separation was performed on an SE-54 column. The HS-GC results for safrole were in good agreement with those obtained by direct GC analysis of the dichloromethane (DCM) plant extracts. The investigated Asarum samples showed great deviations concerning the safrole content even within the sameAsarum species, e.g.Asarum himalaicum from Sichuan contained 0.0051% of this compound, the same species from the province of Hebei 0.53%.
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    Gas chromatographic analysis of phthalate esters in plastic toys (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 724-726 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Phthalate esters ; PVC ; Plastic toys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method for the analysis of 10 phthalate esters in plastic toys is described. The samples are soxhlet extracted in dichloromethane and phthalate esters in the extract are analysed by GC. Detection limits of dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-octyl phathalate, di-n-nonyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate and benzyl octyl phthalate were approximately 5 ppm. The detection limits of diisononyl phthalate and diisodecyl phthalate, which are mixtures of several isomers, were approximately 200ppm. Analysis of 17 plastic toys revealed that only PVC-toys contained phthalate esters. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diisononyl phthalate and diisodecyl phthalate in concentrations up to 40% were present in the PVC-toys.
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    Analysis of cyanide in blood by headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and capillary gas chromatography (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 209-214 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid-phase microextraction ; Headspace sampling ; Cyanide in blood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Cyanide can be extracted from whole blood samples by headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with a Carbowax/divinylbenzene-coated fiber. During heating a vial of a whole blood sample containing cyanide and acetonitrile as internal standard (IS) at 50°C in the presence of Na2SO4, a Carbowax/divinylbenzene-coated SPME fiber was exposed in the headspace of the vial for 45 min to allow adsorption of cyanide and IS. The fiber needle was then injected into a capillary gas chromatography (GC) instrument equipped with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. The headspace SPME-GC with a Supel-Q PLOT fused silica capillary column gave large peaks for cyanide and IS; almost no interfering peaks appeared. Recoveries of cyanide dnd IS from human whole blood were 3.02–4.06% and 0.21%, respectively. The calibration curve for cyanide added to human blood showed excellent linearity in the range of 0.04–4.0 μg mL−1; the detection limit was about 0.02 μg mL−1. The coefficients of intra-day and inter-day variation were not greater than 7.1 and 9.2%. Good correlation (r 2=0.999) was found between the present SPME-GC method and the conventional microdiffusion colorimetric method. Data on determination of cyanide in rat blood after intraperitoneal administration are also presented.
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    Synergistic effects in mixed gas chromatographic stationary phases consisting of dibenzo-18-crown-6 and MPBHpB (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 575-578 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Mixed stationary phases ; Dibenzo-18-crown-6 ether ; MPBHpB ; Synergistic effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The synergistic effect is investigated in mixed gas chromatographic stationary phases containing dibenzo-18-crown-6 +MPBHpB [o-methyl-p-phenylene-bis-(p-heptoxy benzoate)], [o-methyl-p-phenylene-bis-(p-heptoxy benzoate)], with benzene/cyclohexane, cyclokexanes, phenols, alcohols and aniline derivatives as sample compounds pairs. Some of the separations reveal positive or negative synergistic effect. This effect depends on the temperature, the mixing ratio and the linear velocity of the carrier gas.
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    Sulfuric acid pretreatment for the simultaneous GC screening of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in herbal essential oils (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 587-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides ; Herbal medicine ; Essential oils ; Sulfuric acid treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A rapid and new clean-up method utilizing sulfuric acid treatment is demonstrated to identify and quantify the level of organochlorine (OC) and organophosphorus (OP) pesticide residue concentrations in herbal essential oils by gas chromatography (GC). Essential oils fortified with pesticides, that are extracted from herbs by steam distillation are partitioned with 65% acetonitrile/water(v/v) and treated with sulfuric acid at different reaction times and sulfuric acid concentrations. Optimal conditions, to avoid interference from essential oils in gas chromatographic analysis, is 17% (v/v) of a mixed phase ratio of sulfuric acid to organic solvent (hexane/ethyl ether=9∶1, v/v) and a reaction time of 30s. The response of the flame ionization detector (FID) is linear for all pesticides determined. Recovery of pesticides from fortified herbs studied are in the range of 75% to 111% (RSD, 4% to 11%) for OC, and 72% to 116% (RSD, 2% to 11%) for OP. Although sulfuric acid treatment destroys carbamate and some organophosphorus pesticides, this method has efficiently reduced matrix interference and provides a rapid, economical clean-up method with excellent linear data having low coefficients of variation for the GC analyses of BHC isomers, DDD, DDE, DDT, chlorothalonil, chloropyrifos, tetradifon, fenitrothion, malathion, and parathion in matrices of herbal essential oils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467500
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  • 92
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    Enantiomeric separation of unusual secondary aromatic amino acids (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Enantiomeric separation ; Chiral derivatization ; Unusual secondary aromatic amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary High-performance liquid chromatographic and gas chromatographic methods were developed for the separation of unusual secondary aromatic amino acids. Amino acids containing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronorharmane-1-carboxylic acid and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-carboxy-2-carboline moieties were synthetized in racemic or chiral forms. The high-performance liquid chromatography was carried out either on a teicoplanin-containing chiral stationary phase or on an achiral C18 column. In the latter case the diastereomers of the amino acids formed by precolumn derivatization with the chiral reagents 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate or 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl-5-L-alanine amide were separated. The gas chromatographic analyses were based on separation on a Chirasil-L-Val column.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467516
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    Urinary steroid analysis of women with effluvium (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 86-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Solid phase extraction ; Methoxime-silyl derivate ; Urinary steroids ; Women with effluvium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Urinary steroid metabolites were measured by capillary gas chromatography in 25 women (aged 33.3±12.0 years) with effluvium and 16 control healthy laboratory workers women (aged 34.6±8.4 years). There was significant elevation in the level of a number of steroids and steroid metabolites. The elevation of most steroid metabolites refers to the increased steroid secretion of the adrenal and the high cortisol metabolites levels may be do to stress in some of the patients with effluvium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467522
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    Enantioseparation of the compounds of technical toxaphene (CTTs) on 35% heptakis (6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-di-O-Methyl)-β-cyclodextrin in OV1701 (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 565-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Chiral stationary phases ; Enantioseparation ; Toxaphene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The separation of the enantiomers of the compounds of technical toxaphene (CTTs) on heptakis(6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2,3-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (β-TBDM) has been studied by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD). Enantiomers of eight of the nine CTTs under investigation were separated on this chiral stationary phase. Separations of the enantioners of CTTs have hitherto been achieved ontert-butyldimethylsilylated β-cyclodextrin (β-BSCD). The chiral resolution values and separation factors of the CTTs on β-TBDM have been compared with those obtained on β-BSCD. Although several components coeluted, enantioselective determination of three CTTs was possible in an extract of seal blubber. For each CTT the first-eluting enantiomer was enantioenriched. Enantioselective accumulation of2-endo, 3-exo,5-endo,6-exo,-8,8,9,10-octachlorobornane (B8-1412) in biota has been established for the first time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467496
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    Determination of triacylglycerol composition of idiazabal cheese (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 47 (1998), S. 579-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column liquid chromatography ; Ewe's cheese ; Triacylglycerols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Triacylglycerols from Idiazabal cheese fat were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (LC) with a non-linear gradient of acetone in acetonitrile and a light-scattering detector. Molecular species of triacylglycerols were predicted by a simple and a multiple linear regression analysis of logk of the LC peaks and molecular variables such as equivalent carbon number of the possible triacylglycerol, chain length and number of double bonds of each fatty acid of the triacylglycerol. Predicted results were confirmed by gas chromatographic analysis of the fatty acids in the LC peaks. The main triacylglycerols of Idiazabal cheese fat contained butyric acid, butyroyl-dipalmitin, butyroyl-myristoyl-palmitin and butyroyl-palmitoyl-olein. The most abundant triacylglycerols were those with even partition numbers of 36, 34 and 38.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467499
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  • 96
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    Charge-transfer interactions between nucleophilic compounds and chromatographic packings containing chemically bonded Cu(II) complexes (1998)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 48 (1998), S. 284-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Metal complexes ; Chemically bonded phases ; Thermodynamic parameters ; Specific interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Results are presented of studies of packings containing copper (II) acetylacetonate (acac), hexafluoroacetylacetonate (hfac), and chloride, chemically bonded via β-dik-etonate groups. The retention parameters retention factor (k) specific retention volume (V g), and molecular retention index (M e) were measured and used to calculate the thermodynamic parameters free energy of adsorption (ΔG a) heat of adsorption (−ΔH a), and entropy of adsorption (ΔS a). These parameters enable, characterization of specific interactions between aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons, ethers and thioethers and metal complexes chemically bonded, to a silica surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02467684
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  • 97
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    (Z)6, (E)8-Heneicosadien-11-One: Synergistic Sex Pheromone Component of Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 19-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; Orgyia pseudotsugata ; tussock moth ; (Z)6,(Z)9-heneicosadien-11-one ; (Z)6,(E)8-heneicosadien-11-one ; (Z)6,(Z)9-heneicosadien-11-one ; sex pheromone ; synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three candidate sex pheromone components, (Z)6,(Z)9-, (Z)6,(E)8-, and (Z)6,(E)9-heneicosadien-11-one (Z6Z9, Z6E8, and Z6E9) were identified in pheromone gland extracts of female Douglas-fir tussock moths (DFTM), Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough). Their occurrence in subnanogram quantities in extracts and structural conversion during analytical procedures and bioassays complicated chemical identifications. Complete identification required comparative analyses of stereoselectively synthesized and female-produced dienones by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and coupled GC–mass spectrometry (MS). Determination of the pheromone component was contingent upon an experimental design that minimized structural rearrangement of dienones before and during the field test. In a 40-min field experiment, acetonitrile solutions of each of the above dienones were carried on Dry Ice to traps and were syringed onto cotton release devices below trap lids. In combination with the previously known sex pheromone component of DFTM, (Z)6-heneicosen-11-one (Z6), Z6E8 was the only synergistic dienone and the mixture was highly attractive. Because Z6 by itself attracts seven species of tussock moths (two sympatric with DFTM), a blend of Z6 and Z6E8 may impart specificity to DFTM pheromone communication. In commercial lures, this binary blend may facilitate species-specific, sensitive monitoring and efficacious control by mating disruption of this important forest defoliator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006343.38471.c7
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    Sex Pheromone Stereochemistry and Purity Affect Field Catches of Male Aphids (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2547-2554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aphid ; sex pheromone ; stereochemistry ; (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone ; (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male blackberry-cereal aphids, Sitobion fragariae (Walker), were caught in the ield by water traps releasing synthetic (4aS, 7S, 7aR)-nepetalactone, the major sex pheromone component. The presence of the enantiomer (4aR,7R,7aS)-nepetalactone reduced catches and a plant-extracted (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone was less effective than the 99% (7S)-lactone. A more extensive trial with the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi, involving the pheromone comprising the stereochemically related (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol showed a similar trend. The (7R)-isomer caught fewer males than the (7S)-isomer, but in this case the addition of high-purity (7S)-lactol to make a 50% blend caught as many males as pure (7S)-lactol. With plant-derived lactol, further purification did not significantly increase the catch. It is suggested that trace compounds associated with reduced enantiomeric purity in terms of the (7S)-configuration or from plant sources reduce activity of the sex pheromone components. Male damson-hop aphids, Phorodon humuli (Schrank), were also caught in the synthetic lactol traps, and it is suggested that this is due to traces of the (4aR,7S,7aS)-nepetalactols, which comprise the sex pheromone for this species. The significance for aphid chemical ecology studies and pest control strategies is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006665.05409.97
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    Identification of Sex Pheromone of Adzuki Bean Borer,Ostrinia scapulalis (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2791-2802 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ostrinia scapulalis ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; GC-EAD ; field trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract By means of gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and a series of bioassays, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11–14:OAc) and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11–14:OAc) at a ratio of 100:3 were identified as the female sex pheromone of the adzuki bean borer,Ostrinia scapulalis. The average amounts ofZ11–14: OAc andE11–14:OAc in a single sex pheromone gland were 6.6 ± 2.4 ng and 0.2 ± 0.1 ng, respectively. In a wind-tunnel bioassay, the binary blend ofZ11- andE11–14:OAc elicited almost the same male behavioral responses as did virgin females and sex pheromone gland extract. In field trapping experiments, rubber septa impregnated with the binary blend (50 μg/septum) attracted more males than virgin females. The sex pheromone ofO. scapulalis thus turned out to be similar to that of theZ-type European corn borer,O. nubilalis, in both components and their ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022567111508
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  • 100
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    Identification of Sex Pheromones of Leucania anteoclara Sm. and Leucania commoides Gn. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Hadeninae) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 473-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Leucania anteoclara ; Leucania commoides ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl aldehyde ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl alcohol ; seasonal flight period ; abundance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone components of two species of Leucania that occur sympatrically in western Canada were identified in abdomen-tip extracts from calling female moths. (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate was the main component and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate the second component in both species. The third component necessary for specific attractancy was (Z)-11-hexadecenyl aldehyde for L. anteoclara and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl alcohol for L. commoides. The third component for each species was an attractant inhibitor when added as a fourth component to the attractant blend for the reciprocal species. The most effective synthetic blend for the attraction of males in the field was Z9–14:Ac/Z11–16:Ac/Z11–16:Ald in a ratio of 1:10:4 for L. anteoclara and Z9–14:Ac/Z11–16:Ac/Z11–16:OH in a ratio of 5:4:1 for L. commoides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006372.82259.58
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