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  • 1
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    Unknown
    Böhlau
    Publication Date: 2023-09-14
    Description: In 1923 Count Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, offspring of an aristocratic family in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, published the book Paneuropa which was soon translated into almost all important languages of the world. A movement was launched under the same name and soon became the synonym for all efforts concerning the creation of a united Europe in the interwar period and even beyond. The Count was convinced of the necessity to create Paneurope the main reasons being the danger of a second world war, Bolshevist Russia and the economic power of the United States of America. Since 1925 Paneurope Unions were founded in nearly every European capital; the headquarter were Vienna (Hofburg). But the movement failed in mobilizing the masses. Coudenhove who was the embodiment of Paneurope was only in contact with statesmen, industrial leaders and intellectuals. His great merit was the confrontation of European governments with the idea of a united Europe, the rising of European question. Despite of all his efforts European politicians were not able to realize the importance of "United States of Europe" in those days. Nationalism was too strong and there seemed to be no willingness to give up parts of the own sovereignity and to develop a better understanding for democracy. The study presents a comprehensive view of the Paneuropean Movement during the interwar period including records of the Moskow Archive (captured material). It opens with a biographical sketch followed by the political program and how it was adapted to the political situation of those days; other main items are fund raising, financial organisation and propaganda. Also, there is an analysis of Paneurope in interaction with contemporary Austrian and European policies. Another chapter is dedicated to the ideas to unite Europe economically (since 1933) or on a cultural basis (saving the Abendland). The longitudinal views are completed by sectional views which focussed on the way how Coudenhove and his Paneurope Movement dealt with ideologies and mental streams of these days; They fought Bolshevism and since 1933 against National Socialism; they sympathized with Italian Fascism; Paneurope was anti-democratic and aristocratic. Some of the aims were revolutionary but many people regarded them as utopian. In comparison with the European Union there are certain parallels between European Union and Paneurope. Today we can see Paneurope - with restrictions - as an avant-garde of the European Union.
    Description: Im Jahr 1923 veröffentlichte der altösterreichische Graf Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi das Buch "Paneuropa", es wurde in fast alle Weltsprachen übersetzt und die gleichnamige Bewegung sollte alsbald das Synonym für sämtliche Europa-Vereinigungsbestrebungen in der Zwischenkriegszeit und darüber hinaus werden. Coudenhove sah in Paneuropa einen Weg, um einem weiteren Weltkrieg, der ideologischen Bedrohung durch die bolschewistische Sowjetunion und der großen amerikanischen Wirtschaftskonkurrenz entgegen zu treten. Ab 1925 entstanden in fast allen europäischen Hauptstädten sog. Paneuropa-Unionen, das Zentralbüro befand sich in der Wiener Hofburg. Paneuropa wurde nie eine Massenbewegung, Coudenhove, mit dem die Bewegung stieg und fiel, blieb auf der elitären Ebene der Politiker, Wirtschaftsfachmänner und Intellektuellen. Es war sein Verdienst, die europäischen Regierungen erstmals mit der Europafrage konfrontiert zu haben, wenngleich die damaligen Politiker nicht in der Lage waren, die Vereinigung des europäischen Kontinents zu bewerkstelligen. Zu stark waren die Staaten an ihre eigene Nation gefesselt sowie am Unvermögen, Souveränität in Teilbereichen aufzugeben und mit der Demokratie umzugehen. In dieser Arbeit wird unter erstmaliger Berücksichtigung des Moskauer Archivbestandes (Beuteakten aus dem Zweiten Weltkrieg) eine gesamtheitliche Darstellung der Paneuropa-Bewegung in der Zwischenkriegszeit geboten. Zunächst wird der Gründer der Paneuropa-Bewegung biografisch dargestellt; unmittelbar vor dem chronologischen Abriss der Paneuropa-Bewegung erfolgt die Analyse des Paneuropa-Programms und dessen Anpassung an die damaligen politischen Verhältnisse; die Erörterung organisatorischer Fragen wie bspw. die Finanzierung und propagandistischer Themen ergänzen diesen Schwerpunkt. Im Anschluss wird Paneuropa, in die europäische aber auch österreichische Politik der damaligen Zeit eingebunden, dargestellt; Schließlich erfolgt die Darstellung des Versuches ab 1933, Paneuropa wirtschaftlich bzw. gegen Ende der Bewegung kulturell zu vereinigen (Rettung des Abendlandes). Der Längsschnittdarstellung folgt die Querschnittdarstellung, nämlich über den Umgang Paneuropas bzw. Coudenhoves mit den Ideologien und geistigen Strömungen der damaligen Zeit. Im Vergleich zwischen Paneuropa und Europäischer Union findet man einige Parallelen, sodass man - - mit Einschränkungen - durchaus Paneuropa als Avantgarde für die Europäische Union bezeichnen kann.
    Keywords: Europa-Integrationsgeschichte ; Europäische Außenpolitik ; Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte ; Geschichte der Zwischenkriegszeit ; Österreichische Außenpolitik ; Deutschland ; Frankreich ; Paneuropa-Union ; Völkerbund
    Language: German
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  • 2
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    Böhlau
    Publication Date: 2024-03-23
    Description: The intention of this paper is to give a correct inside in the review of the discussed periods. It tries to achieve this by using the means of Art History and Political History to get an exact inside. The allegorical representation of the Austria in this case is the means to get it. It stands for the specific aspects of the time, so for instance the dynastic Austria with the crown of Emperor Rudolph II. meaning the predominance of the ruling Habsburgs, the civic Austria with the mural crown showing the ideas of the middle class, especially in the German speaking parts of the country, with the acceptance of the predominance of the state over the ruler, according to Hegel, or also the victorious Austria with the laurel wreath as a symbol of the conquest of the revolution of 1848. The Habsburg monarchy including many different nations was the proper breeding ground of dissatisfaction and diversified nationalistic ideas. So the representation of the Austria is an important means of showing these ideas. The periods the paper is working on are roughly speaking starting with the time of the beginning of the position of the monarchy as one of the ruling powers of Europe until her dissolution and the end of World War I. Different aspects of art history are also dealt with. So for example the 13 portraits of Habsburg rulers in the Museum Nordico at Linz, which are positioned in the time of Rudolph II. and mark the beginning of the representation of the allegory of the Austria, or the designs for monuments by Otto Wagner which are dealt with in the many books on this architect only as a side issue, whereas they are a very important part of wagners work and show his national feelings, towards his fatherland. It is furthermore interesting to look at the nationalistic problems shown in this paper and compare them with contemporary Europe and the overcoming of them. These ideas are not new, the date back to the 19th and especially the beginning of the 20th century when the Monarchy tried to overcome the problems with the slogan of Großösterreich (Greater Austria). During World War one followed the idea of Mitteleuropa (Central Europe) including Turkey and the institution of a Polish State to hold off revolutionary Russia
    Description: Diese Arbeit ist der Versuch, durch die Verbindung von kunsthistorischen und politikgeschichtlichen Erkenntnissen ein genaueres korrekteres Bild der behandelten Epochen zu erhalten. Die Allegorie der Austria ist dabei das Instrument zur genauen Evaluierung der jeweiligen nationalen und staatspolitischen Vorstellungen. Die Allegorie der Austria verkörpert dabei sehr genau die jeweiligen politischen Konstellationen. Die dynamische Austria mit der rudolphinischen Hauskrone bedeutet die Prädominanz des Herrscherhauses, die bürgerliche Austria mit der Mauerkrone die Vorstellungen dieser Bevölkerungsschicht, vor allem im deutschsprachigen Teil von Österreich, die Stellung des Staates über dem Herrscher der Sinne Hegels, sowie auch die siegreiche Austria mit dem Lorbeerkranz als Zeichen der Überwindung der Revolution von 1848. Gerade im Vielvölkerstaat der Habsburger, wo die divergierenden gesamtstaatlichen und nationalen Sichtweisen zu Konflikten führen mußten, ist so die Allegorie der Austria ein wichtiger Hinweis auf die jeweilige Stellung der Öffentlichkeit zu der angedeuteten Problematik. Der in der Arbeit vorgegebene Zeitraum umfaßt die Periode vom Beginn des Aufstiegs Österreichs zur Großmacht bis zum Ende der Monarchie nach dem ersten Weltkrieg. Dabei werden verschiedene künstlerische Aspekte in einer neueren und genaueren Betrachtungsweise angesprochen, wie zum Beispiel der Zyklus von 13 Porträts aus dem Umfeld von Rudolph II. im Linzer Museum Nordico, die in der großen Ausstellung über diesen Herrscher "Prag um 1600" nicht repräsentiert waren und die am Beginn der Austria-Allegorie in der bildenden Kunst stehen, oder die Denkmalsentwürfe Otto Wagners, die im Großteil der Literatur über diesen Architekten nur als Gelegenheitsentwürfe bezeichnet werden, aber in Wahrheit ernstzunehmende Auseinandersetzungen Wagners mit der nationalen Kunst sind. Ein weiterer gedanklicher Ansatzpunkt ist der Vergleich des Ringens um einen modernen Gesamtstaat vor allem seit dem Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts im Verhältnis zum heutigen Europa mit seinen überstaatlichen Strukturen. Dazu gehört die im Weltkrieg aufgekommene Idee von Mitteleuropa unter Einschluß der Türkei und der Wiedererrichtung des Königreiches Polen als Pufferstaat gegenüber dem revolutionären Russland. Hier ist schon lange vor der Gründung der europäischen Union der Versuch gemacht, den Kontinent friedlich zu einen.
    Keywords: allegorical representation of Austria ; Deutschland ; Monarchie ; Österreich ; Ungarn ; Wien ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts
    Language: German
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  • 3
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    Böhlau | Böhlau
    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Description: In her early diaries the art historian Erica Tietze-Conrat discribes her eventfull life in Vienna in the 1920ies, were she had been in touch with all the important art circles of the time.. In 1937 and 1938 her journals give an interesting view of the networks between museumstafs, art dealers, art scholars and artists just before the outbreak of World War II.
    Description: In den frühen Tagebüchern beschreibt die Kunsthistorikerin Erica Tietze-Conrat ihr ereignisreiches Leben im Wien der 1920er Jahre, wo sie mit allen wichtigen Künstlergruppen in Kontakt stand. Die Aufzeichnungen von 1937 und 1938 geben einen interessanten Überblick über die Netzwerke zwischen Museumsmitarbeitern, Kunsthändlern, Kunstgelehrten und Künstlern in der Zeit vor dem Ausbruch des Zweiten Weltkriegs.
    Keywords: Vienna ; art ; culture ; history ; women ; jewish ; Wien ; Kunst ; Kultur ; Geschichte ; Frauen ; Jüdisch ; Deutschland ; England ; Erica Tietze-Conrat ; Frankreich ; Italien ; Kunsthistoriker ; Malerei ; Österreich ; Vereinigte Staaten
    Language: German
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: The seventh volume of the Matriculation Book of the University of Vienna includes the period from 1715/16 to 1745/46. It represents the follow-up of the edition of the central student enrollments of the rectors of the University of Vienna, that was initially established in 1377. It is a first-class source for studies of the history of persons and the institution of the University of Vienna, as well as the social history of the scholarly world in the period of enlightenment. The register book includes informations about the scholarly staff and the students. Within 31 years there are 6.764 persons enrolled. In addition, the book contains information on the regional and social origins of university members. Apart from the critical edition of the matriculation text, the volume also includes a list of university rectors. Moreover it is accompanied by indices of persons and places.
    Description: Der siebente Band der Matrikel der Universität Wien erschließt den Zeitabschnitt von 1715/16 bis 1745/46. Es enthält die Fortsetzung der Edition der Hauptmatrikel der Rektoren der Universität Wien, die im Jahre 1377 begründet wurde. Sie stellt eine erstklassige Grundlage für die Erforschung der Personengeschichte und der Institutionengeschichte der Universität Wien , wie auch der Sozialgeschichte der Gelehrtenwelt dar. Das Matrikelbuch der Universität Wien enthält die Daten des wissenschaftlichen Personals wie der Studierenden, insgesamt sind 6.764 Personen aus einem Zeitraum von 31 Jahren eingetragen. Darüber hinaus enthält das Matrikelbuch Informationen über die regionale und soziale Herkunft der Universitätsmitglieder. Der kritischen Edition ist eine Namensliste der amtierenden Rektoren sowie ein Namens- und ein Ortsregister angeschlossen.
    Keywords: Edition of historical Sources ; History of Universities ; Austrian History ; History of Sciences ; Deutschland ; Flavius Josephus ; Franz Xaver ; Gramm ; Jesuiten ; Majuskel ; Paulus von Tarsus ; Rom ; Simon Petrus ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: German
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Description: The volume presents a collection of papers which clearly document a theological paradigm shift during the decades after World War II. Protestant, Catholic and Jewish experts from various specialist fields of theology, such as biblical scholarship (Old Testament and New Testament), liturgics, feminist and systematic theology, as well as Jewish studies provide a diverse picture of the theological change from anti-Jewish polemics to a respectful dialogue with Judaism. Moreover, the publication offers an insight into the biographical developments of the scholars involved, and through this a piece of reflective history of theology.
    Description: Der Band versammelt Beiträge, die eindeutig einen theologischen Paradigmenwechsel in den Jahrzehnten nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg belegen. Evangelische, katholische und jüdische Expertinnen und Experten aus unterschiedlichen theologischen Fachrichtungen wie der alt- und neutestamentlichen Bibelwissenschaft, der Liturgiewissenschaft, der feministischen und systematischen Theologie sowie der Judaistik zeichnen den Wandel von antijüdischer Polemik hin zu einem respektvollen Dialog mit dem Judentum facettenreich nach. Die Publikation gibt zudem Einblick in die biografische Entwicklung der involvierten Forschenden und bietet damit ein Stück reflektierter Theologiegeschichte.Der Sammelband dokumentiert die Beiträge des internationalen Forschungskolloquiums „Der ‚jüdisch-christliche‘ Dialog verändert(e) die Theologie. Ein Paradigmenwechsel aus ExpertInnensicht“, das im Rahmen des FWF-Projektes „Die Hebräische Bibel im ‚jüdisch-christlichen‘ Dialog in Österreich und Deutschland nach 1945“ am 4. und 5. April 2014 an der Katholisch-Theologischen Fakultät der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz stattfand.
    Keywords: „Jewish-Christian“ Dialogue ; Hebrew Bible ; Reception History ; Germany ; Austria ; post 1945 ; „Jüdisch-christlicher“ Dialog ; Hebräische Bibel ; Rezeptionsgeschichte ; Deutschland ; Österreich ; nach 1945 ; Altes Testament ; Israel ; Juden ; Judentum ; Kirchen und Judentum nach 1945
    Language: German
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  • 6
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    Böhlau | Böhlau
    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Description: The years 1989/1990 saw the fall of the Iron Curtain. Following forty years of significant restrictions, legal and non-bureaucratic travel from East-Central and Eastern European countries was once again possible and travelling and returning to those countries became just as easy. Immediately following the end of the East-West conflict, people from East-Central and Eastern European countries took advantage of their new freedom of travel. Many sought to emigrate to Western countries. However, when faced with such immigration, the euphoria which met the end of the political divisions in the West evaporated quickly. Several polls and surveys, projections and prognoses served to unsettle people more than the reality of immigration. This gave rise to a sometimes blind and specious – yet nevertheless politically effective – fear of a new mass migration of peoples. Now, more than ten years after the fall of the Iron Curtain, the actual scale and development of the East-West migration in Europe be clearly evaluated. This book attempts to do just that, including a comprehensive overview and eleven country-specific chapters. Each chapter includes a historical review, an account of the most important changes since 1989/1990 and a forecast of future migration developments.
    Description: 1989/90 fiel der Eiserne Vorhang. Nach mehr als 40 Jahren erheblicher Einschränkungen wurde die legale und unbürokratische Anreise aus den Staaten Ostmittel- und Osteuropas wieder möglich. Genauso leicht wurde die Ein- und Rückreise dorthin. Unmittelbar nach Ende des Ost-West-Konflikts begannen die Bürger Ostmittel- und Osteuropas, von dieser neuen Reisefreiheit Gebrauch zu machen. Etliche versuchten, in ein westliches Land auszuwandern. Angesichts solcher Zuwanderung verflog die Euphorie über das Ende der politischen Spaltung Europas im Westen relativ rasch. Mehr noch als die tatsächliche Migration beunruhigten aber diverse Umfragen, Hochrechnungen und Prognosen die öffentliche Meinung. Es entstand eine teilweise unreflektierte und vordergründige, aber politisch höchst wirksame Angst vor einer neuen Völkerwanderung in Europa. Mehr als zehn Jahre nach dem Fall des Eisernen Vorhangs können nun tatsächliche Größe und Entwicklung der Ost-West-Wanderung in Europa klar abgeschätzt werden. Damit befasst sich dieses Buch. Es enthält eine Übersichtsdarstellung und elf Länderkapitel. Diese beinhalten jeweils einen historischen Rückblick, eine Darstellung der wichtigsten Veränderungen seit 1989/90 und eine Einschätzung der zukünftigen Migrationsentwicklung.
    Keywords: Migration ; European Migration ; European East-West Migration ; Fall of the Iron Curtain ; Migration Policy ; Labour Migration ; Asylum Seeker Migration ; Ethnical Migration ; Migration ; Europäische Migration ; Europäische Ost-West Migration ; Fall des Eisernen Vorhangs ; Migrations-Politik ; Arbeitskräfte-Wanderung ; Asylsuchende Migration ; etnische Migration ; Auswanderung ; Deutschland ; Einwanderung ; Kalter Krieg ; Polen ; Rumänien ; Sowjetunion ; Tschechien ; Ungarn ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFN Migration, immigration & emigration
    Language: German
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  • 7
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    Springer
    Animal cognition 1 (1998), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 1435-9456
    Keywords: Key words Shape from shading ; Visual search ; Texture segregation ; Chimpanzees ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The perception of shape from shading was tested in two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and five humans (Homo sapiens), using visual search tasks. Subjects were required to select and touch an odd item (target) from among uniform distractors. Humans found the target faster when shading was vertical than when it was horizontal, consistent with results of previous research. Both chimpanzees showed the opposite pattern: they found the target faster when shading was horizontal. The same difference in response was found in texture segregation tasks. This difference between the species could not be explained by head rotation or head shift parallel to the surface of the monitor. Furthermore, when the shaded shape was changed from a circle to a square, or the shading type was changed from gradual to stepwise, the difference in performance between vertical and horizontal shading disappeared in chimpanzees, but persisted in humans. These results suggest that chimpanzees process shading information in a different way from humans.
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  • 8
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    Mycopathologia 124 (1993), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Assessment ; Cancer ; Humans ; Hydrazines ; Mushroom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This assessment focuses on the concentrations of some chemicals present in theAgaricus bisporus mushroom, the cancer-inducing doses of these chemicals or mushroom used in the animal experiments, the total amounts of these chemicals or mushroom needed to induce cancer in these mice, and the estimated total amounts of these chemicals or mushroom needed to induce cancer in humans. By adding the estimated amounts of chemicals needed to induce cancer and by comparing it with the amount of raw mushroom needed to induce the same effect, it becomes obvious that we have accounted for less than 2% of the carcinogenic components of theAgaricus bisporus mushroom. Since some unavailable data handicapped this assessment, it should be regarded as tentative and subject to further adjustment.
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  • 9
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 21 (1993), S. 489-499 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Work of breathing ; Inspiratory pressure-time integral ; Respiratory modeling ; Dogs ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We hypothesized that the viscoelastic properties of the respiratory system should have significant implications for the energetically optimal frequency of breathing, in view of the fact that these properties cause marked dependencies of overall system resistance and elastance on frequency. To test our hypothesis we simulated two models of canine and human respiratory system mechanics during sinusoidal breathing and calculated the inspiratory work ( $$\dot W$$ ) and pressure-time integral (PTI) per minute under both resting and exercise conditions. The two models were a two-compartment viscoelastic model and a single-compartment model. Requiring minute alveolar ventilation to be fixed, we found that both models predicted almost identical optimum breathing frequencies. The calculated PTI was very insensitive to increases in breathing frequency above the optimal frequencies, while $$\dot W$$ was found to increase slowly with frequency above its optimum. In contrast, both $$\dot W$$ and PTI increased sharply as frequency decreased below their respective optima. A sensitivity analysis showed that the model predictions were very insensitive to the elastance and resistance values chosen to characterize tissue viscoelasticity. We conclude that the $$\dot W$$ criterion for choosing the frequency of breathing is compatible with observations in nature, whereas the optimal frequency predictions of the PTI are rather too high. Both criteria allow for a fairly wide margin of choice in frequency above the optimum values without incurring excessive additional energy expenditure. Furthermore, contrary to our expectations, the viscoelastic properties of the respiratory system tissues do not pose a noticeable problem to the respiratory controller in terms of energy expenditure.
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  • 10
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    Journal of molecular evolution 35 (1992), S. 7-16 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Alu source genes ; Humans ; Gorillas ; Retrotransposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A member of the young PV Alu sub-family is detected in chimpanzee DNA showing that the PV subfamily is not specific to human DNA. This particular Alu is absent from the orthologous loci in both human and gorilla DNAs, indicating that PV subfamily members transposed within the chimpanzee lineage following the divergence of chimpanzee from both gorilla and human. These findings and previous reports describing the transpositional activity of other Alu sequences within the human, gorilla, and chimpanzee lineages provide phylogenetic evidence for the existence of multiple Alu source genes. Sequences surrounding this particular Alu resemble known transcriptional control elements associated with RNA polymerase III, suggesting a mechanism by which cis-acting elements might be acquired upon retrotransposition.
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  • 11
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    Journal of molecular evolution 34 (1992), S. 336-344 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Humans ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Nuclear polymorphisms ; Heteroplasmy ; Genetic differentiation ; Sickle cell ; Rain forest refuges
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The identification of genetically coherent populations is essential for understanding human evolution. Among the culturally uniform ethnic groups of west Africa, there are two geographically distinct populations with high frequencies of sickle-cell hemoglobin (HbS). Although the HbS mutation in each group is found on distinguishable chromosomes 11, these populations have been assumed to be parts of a single population. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in these populations demonstrated that the two populations identified by alternative chromosomes 11 bearing HbS have distinct distributions of mitochondrial genotypes, i.e., they are maternally separate. These studies also showed that, contrary to expectation, the mtDNA of some individuals is heteroplasmic. For nuclear loci, a comparison of the frequency of alternative alleles established that these populations are genetically distinct. Both the mitochondrial and nuclear data indicate that these populations have been separate for approximately 50,000 years. Although HbS in the two populations is usually attributed to recent, independent mutations, the duration of the separation and the observed geographic distribution of the population allow for the possibility of an ancient origin of HbS. Assuming an ancient mutation and considering the known biogeography, we suggest that HbS protected selected populations from malaria in rain forest refuges during the most recent ice age.
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  • 12
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 130-137 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: fattyacids ; subcutaneousfat ; nutrition ; trans fattyacids ; atherosclerosis ; Germany ; Fettsäuren ; subkutanes Fettgewebe ; Ernährung ; trans-Fettsäuren ; Atherosklerose ; Deutschland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Fettsäurenkomposition des subkutanen Fettgewebes (SCF) von 47 deutschen Erwachsenen analysiert. Es zeigte sich kein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Alter bzw. Geschlecht der Probanden und dem Fettsäurenstatus. Monoene bildeten den Hauptanteil der Fettsäuren (FA) im SCF. Linolsäure war die wichtigste mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäure. Linolsäuremetaboliten wurden nur in geringen Mengen gefunden. Im Vergleich zu den Ergebnissen von Studien in den USA und den Niederlanden ist die FA-Zusammensetzung des SCF bei deutschen Probanden durch geringere Anteile von Linolsäure und höhere Anteile von Palmitinsäure gekennzeichnet. Der Gehalt an trans-FA entspricht dem, der bei Frauen in den Niederlanden gefunden wurde, er ist jedoch deutlich niedriger als bei amerikanischen Männern. In der Beurteilung der Unterschiede in der Fettsäurenkomposition des SCF in verschiedenen Ländern sollte jedoch berücksichtigt werden, daß die Anteile der wichtigsten FA in allen untersuchten Populationen eine große interindividuelle Schwankungsbreite zeigten.
    Notes: Summary The fatty acid (FA) composition of subcutaneous fat (SCF) was analyzed in 47 German adults. No influences of sex or age on the FA status of the probands could be detected. SCF consisted mainly of monoenoic fatty acids. Linoleic acid was the major polyunsaturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid metabolites were found in small quantities only. In comparison to the results of studies in the USA and the Netherlands the FA composition of SCF in German probands was characterized by lower levels of linoleic acid and higher contents of palmitic acid. The trans-FA content was similar to that in Dutch women, but lower than in American male probands. However, in evaluating the differences in the FA composition of SCF in different countries, it has to be noted that there are wide ranges in the proportions of the major FA in all populations studied.
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  • 13
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    Journal of molecular evolution 33 (1991), S. 442-449 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Humans ; Mouse ; Rat ; Codon usage ; Mutation bias ; Selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A new statistical test has been developed to detect selection on silent sites. This test compares the codon usage within a gene and thus does not require knowledge of which genes are under the greatest selection, that there exist common trends in codon usage across genes, or that genes have the same mutation pattern. It also controls for mutational biases that might be introduced by the adjacent bases. The test was applied to 62 mammalian sequences, the significant codon usage biases were detected in all three species examined (humans, rats, and mice). However, these biases appear not to be the consequence of selection, but of the first base pair in the codon influencing the mutation pattern at the third position.
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  • 14
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    International journal of biometeorology 34 (1990), S. 42-48 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Briths ; Humans ; Solar wind ; Geomagnetism ; Melatonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Data obtained from the literature on the annual pattern of human conceptions and plasma melatonin at high latitudes indicated that simple annual rhythms do not exist. Instead, prominent semiannual rhythms are found, with equinoctial troughs and solsticial peaks. A prominent semiannual environmental event is the magnetic disturbance induced by the solar wind. The semiannual magnetic disturbances are worldwide, but most pronounced in the auroral zones where the corpuscular radiation enters the atmosphere. Magnetic indices that predominantly reflect these events were obtained from the literature and correlated with the melatonin and conception data. Significant and inverse correlations were found for Inuit conceptions and the melatonin data. The correlations obtained for 48 contiguous states of the United States indicated that only the extreme northern states exhibited this relationship. These data were compared with a previous correlational study in the United States which established that sunshine was correlated with conceptions in the middle latitude and southern states. An hypothesis of dual control by electromagnetic and magnetic energies is proposed: melatonin is a progonadal hormone in humans controlled by both factors, depending on their relative strength. Other studies are reviewed regarding the possible factors involved in determining the annual pattern of human conceptions. Demographic studies of geographic variation in temporal patterns of conceptions, with particular regard to variations of the magnetic fields on the earth's surface, may provide some insight into the efficacy of these different factors.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 27 (1988), S. 311-320 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genome composition ; Coding sequences ; Isochores ; Humans ; Murids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The compositional distributions of coding sequences and DNA molecules (in the 50-100-kb range) are remarkably narrower in murids (rat and mouse) compared to humans (as well as to all other mammals explored so far). In murids, both distributions begin at higher and end at lower GC values. A comparison of homologous coding sequences from murids and humans revealed that their different compositional distributions are due to differences in GC levels in all three codon positions, particularly of genes located at both ends of the distribution. In turn, these differences are responsible for differences in both codon usage and amino acids. When GC levels at first+second codon positions and third codon positions, respectively, of murid genes are plotted against corresponding GC levels of homologous human genes, linear relationships (with very high correlation coefficients and slopes of about 0.78 and 0.60, respectively) are found. This indicates a conservation of the order of GC levels in homologous genes from humans and murids. (The same comparison for mouse and rat genes indicates a conservation of GC levels of homologous genes.) A similar linear relationship was observed when plotting GC levels of corresponding DNA fractions (as obtained by density gradient centrifugation in the presence of a sequence-specific ligand) from mouse and human. These findings indicate that orderly compositional changes affecting not only coding sequences but also noncoding sequences took place since the divergence of murids. Such directional fixations of mutations point to the existence of selective pressures affecting the genome as a whole.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscles ; Ultrastructure ; Exercise ; Glycogen ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Distribution of glycogen particles in semithin and ultrathin sections of biopsy samples from human muscles subjected to either short- or long-term running were investigated using PAS and Periodic Acid-ThioSemiCarbazide-Silver Proteinate (PA-TSC-SP) staining methods. Glycogen particles were predominantly found immediately under the sarcolemma or aligned along the myofibrillar Iband. After long-term exhaustive exercise type-1 fibers with a few or no glycogen particles in the core of the fibers were frequently observed. The subsarcolemmal glycogen stores of these “depleted” type-1 fibers were about three times as large as after exhaustive short-time exercise. Another indication of utilization of subsarcolemmal glycogen stores during anaerobic exercise was that many particles displayed a pale, rudimentary shape. This observation suggests fragmental metabolization of glycogen. Thus, depending on type of exercise and type of fiber differential and sequential glycogen utilization patterns can be observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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