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  • Articles  (119)
  • monitoring  (62)
  • lead  (55)
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  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • Springer  (119)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (119)
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  • Articles  (119)
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  • Springer  (119)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: acid rain ; photochemical smog ; ground-level ozone ; particulate matter ; modelling ; monitoring ; real-time prediction ; policy application
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Acid rain and photochemical smog are two regionalair-quality issues that have received considerableattention in the last two decades due to their harmfuleffects. Health impacts of particulate matter (PM) inthe atmosphere is another issue of concern. Sulphur dioxide emission controls were introducedin both Canada and the U.S.A. to reduceacid-deposition-related damage. While these emissionreductions have already resulted in reduced sulphatedeposition, based on results from modelling studiesmuch of southeastern Canada is still expected toexperience damaging levels of acid deposition evenafter all currently legislated emission controls arefully implemented. Moreover, there has not been acorresponding reduction in the acidity ofprecipitation. This may be attributable to aconcurrent reduction in base-cation concentration inprecipitation. Models were also developed to understand theformation, transport and diffusion of troposphericozone. The models have been used to provide policyguidance for emission control options to reduceground-level ozone to acceptable limits. In thesummer of 1997 a Canadian pilot project was initiatedto provide real-time forecasts of ground-level ozonein the southeastern part of the province of NewBrunswick in eastern Canada. With the emergence of fine Particulate Matter(PM2.5) as a health concern, efforts are underwayin Canada to develop a “unified'' regional air-qualitymodel that will address the combined impacts ofvarious pollutants in the atmosphere. In this effortthe atmosphere is viewed as a single entity where theimpacts of multiple pollutants are considered at thesame time.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: lead ; waterfawl ; sediment ; toxicity ; mining ; risk assessment ; swans ; ALAD ; protoporphyrin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract For many years, waterfowl have been poisoned by lead after ingesting contaminated sediment in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, in Idaho. Results of studies on waterfowl experimentally fed this sediment were combined with results from field studies conducted in the Basin to relate sediment lead concentration to injury to waterfowl. The first step in the model estimated exposure as the relation of sediment lead concentration to blood lead concentration in mute swans (Cygnus olor), ingesting 22% sediment in a rice diet. That rate corresponded to the 90th percentile of sediment ingestion estimated from analyses of feces of tundra swans (Olor columbianus) in the Basin. Then, with additional laboratory studies on Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) fed the sediment, we developed the general relation of blood lead to injury in waterfowl. Injury was quantified by blood lead concentrations, ALAD (δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) activity, protoporphyrin concentrations, hemoglobin concentrations, hepatic lead concentrations, and the prevalence of renal nuclear inclusion bodies. Putting the exposure and injury relations together provided a powerful tool for assessing hazards to wildlife in the Basin. The no effect concentration of sediment lead was estimated as 24 mg/kg and the lowest effect level as 530 mg/kg. By combining our exposure equation with data on blood lead concentrations measured in moribund tundra swans in the Basin, we estimated that some mortality would occur at a sediment lead concentration as low as 1800 mg/kg.
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  • 3
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 5 (2000), S. 189-216 
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: certification ; Clean Development Mechanism ; energy efficiency ; evaluation ; global climate change ; greenhouse gas emissions ; joint implementation ; monitoring ; reporting ; verification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we present an overview of guidelinesdeveloped for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification (MERVC) ofenergy-efficiency projects for climate changemitigation. The monitoring and evaluation ofenergy-efficiency projects is needed to determine moreaccurately their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that theglobal climate is protected and that countryobligations are met. Reporting, verification andcertification will be needed for addressing therequirements of the Kyoto Protocol. While the cost ofmonitoring and evaluation of energy-efficiencyprojects is expected to be about 5–10% of a project'sbudget, the actual cost of monitoring and evaluationwill vary depending on many factors, including thelevel of precision required for measuring energy andGHG reductions, type of project, and amount of fundingavailable.
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  • 4
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 64 (2000), S. 379-390 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: monitoring ; research ; CISNet ; environmental stressors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have formed a partnership to establish pilot sites for the development of a network known as the Coastal Intensive Site Network (CISNet). CISNet is composed of intensive, long-term monitoring and research sites around the U.S. marine and Great Lakes coasts. In this partnership, EPA and NOAA are funding research and monitoring programs at pilot sites that utilize ecological indicators and investigate the ecological effects of environmental stressors. NASA is funding research aimed at developing a remote sensing capability that will augment or enhance in situresearch and monitoring programs selected by EPA and NOAA. CISNet has three objectives: 1) to develop a sound scientific basis for understanding ecological responses to anthropogenic stresses in coastal environments, including the interaction of exposure, environment/climate, and biological/ecological factors in the response, and the spatial and temporal nature of these interactions, 2) to demonstrate the value of developing data from selected sites intensively monitored to examine the relationships between changes in environmental stressors, including anthropogenic and natural stresses, and ecological response, and 3) to provide intensively monitored sites for development and evaluation of indicators of change in coastal systems.
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  • 5
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 64 (2000), S. 409-419 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: monitoring ; assessment ; water ; sediment ; bioaccumulation ; toxicity ; pesticides ; mercury ; PCB
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.
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  • 6
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 62 (2000), S. 305-316 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: airborne dust particulates ; distribution pattern ; fall-out analysis ; flux ; lead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The dust fall-out rate, distribution pattern andconcentration of lead in the particulate fall-outmatters in urban Raipur city covering an area of 160 km2 during one hydrological year i.e. November1996–June 1997, has been described. The entire cityhas been divided into 6 zones comprising ofindustrial, commercial, residential and heavy trafficareas. A monthly collection and analysis of dustfall-out rate between 3.0(±0.1) and91.3(±1.2) metric tonnes km-2 month-1 wereobserved at all 6 sampling sites. The total annualflux of lead in the fall-out of the city at differentzones is in the range 0.0065–0.4304 kg km-2yr-1. The results show that dust fall-out and thelead levels both are at higher magnitudes in winterand autumn. These large levels of air pollutants havealso been correlated with some meteorological parameters like relative humidity and temperature, and strong positive correlations have been observed.
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  • 7
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 63 (2000), S. 329-339 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: bioavailable ; lead ; sediment ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This study determined the spatial distribution of soiland of sediment-associated lead in Iqaluit, Nunavut.Samples were collected from the following areas:outside the built-up area of the town to reflectbackground concentrations; known or potential pointsources of lead, such as the Upper Base, the SylviaGrinnell Dump and the Metal Dump (North 40); andresidential and commercial areas of Iqaluit and Apex,a satellite community. In the laboratory, the 〈63 μm sample fraction was analyzed for total lead andbioavailable lead, estimated by non-residual acidextractable lead content. The research findings revealthat elevated levels of bioavailable lead are presentin the study area. Total lead concentrations generallydo not exceed environmental guidelines. However, leadconcentrations in the Sylvia Grinnell Dump, and Apexand Iqaluit grid areas exceed health-based guidelines.The research concludes that there is not a serioushealth hazard posed by lead levels in the soil andsediment in the study area. However, severalenvironmental (elevated lead levels, bioavailableforms of lead and bare soil surfaces) and behaviouralfactors (vigorous and unsupervised play outside) maycreate a risk of lead exposure.
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  • 8
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 64 (2000), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: assessment ; ecology ; estuaries ; indicators ; mid-Atlantic ; monitoring ; scale ; trends ; West
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Management for the future sustainability and integrity of our nation's ecological resources requires concepts and tools for measuring status and trends in these resources at multiple spatial and temporal scales and at multiple levels of biological organization. Key elements of this process are ecologically meaningful indicators and cost-effective monitoring designs. The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) advances the science needed for measuring ecosystem condition and trends. Most recently the EMAP approach has been successfully used by participants in the Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment (MAIA), including EPA's Office of Research and Development, EPA's Region III, and the States of the Mid-Atlantic. The participants in MAIA have produced a regional landscape atlas, state of the estuaries report, and state of the streams report. The work in MAIA is currently moving from monitoring into the assessment phase. The Western EMAP Pilot (Western Pilot), will be a test of our current MAIA indicators and technology for applicability in western ecosystems. New indicators and designs may be needed in the Western Pilot for assessments at the level of EPA's Regions, of the states, and of the Tribes; these assessments will be done so that they can be combined to provide regional assessments. Our coastal monitoring program in the Western estuaries will also be initiated shortly. Subsequently, this will be expanded to the Gulf and Atlantic coasts to provide the current condition of our national estuaries. By continuing to improve the science of monitoring, EMAP researchers will remove data gaps and allow the unequivocal assessment of the health of the nation's resources.
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  • 9
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 65 (2000), S. 119-127 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: DOAS ; Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ; urban air quality ; monitoring ; vertical distribution ; ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The concentrations of ozone, NO2 and SO2, measured with a DOAS system 70 m above ground level in the city of Graz were compared with data from conventional ground stations. The dependence of vertical trace-gas distributions on stability categories and time of the day or year was investigated. Concerning the maximum ozone concentrations in summer, the DOAS data are representative for the ground-level situation. In average, the concentrations 70 m above ground are more than twice the ground-level concentrations. It has been shown that beside the reaction with NO, dry deposition is an important sink for ozone near the surface. The DOAS NO2-concentrations are representative for ground-level conditions in summer, except for the morning maximum of NO2. In winter the DOAS NO2-concentrations amount for 73% of the ground level values in average. Concerning the slow reacting trace gas SO2, the DOAS data are always representative for the ground-level conditions.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: mercury ; mining ; monitoring ; aquatic ; acid mine drainage ; floc ; Clear Lake ; remediation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mercury (Hg) in the aquatic ecosystem of Clear Lake has been documented since the 1970s when fishes were found to have elevated levels of toxic methyl mercury (meHg). Mining practices at the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine (active intermittently from 1872–1957) along the shoreline of Clear Lake included the bulldozing of waste rock and overburden ore into the shallow nearshore regions of the lake and the creation of steeply sloped piles of waste rock at the water's edge. This process, plus erosion of the waste rock piles, resulted in the accumulation of an estimated 100 metric tons of Hg in Clear Lake. A monitoring program to assess Hg in Clear Lake was established in 1992, and conducted continuously from 1994. Drought conditions in California had persisted for ca. 6 yrs prior to 1992, when the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) remediated the steeply sloped eroding waste rock piles, which appeared to reduce sediment Hg concentrations significantly. In April 1995, a white flocculent material was observed in Clear Lake adjacent to the mine and has been observed every year since, leading to the discovery of ongoing acid mine drainage (AMD), low pH fluids high in Hg and extremely high in sulfate. AMD is now believed to be the most likely cause of elevated meHg in Clear Lake. The discovery of this source of meHg production in Clear Lake, which will significantly influence remedial options, was only made possible by implementation of a diligent monitoring program.
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  • 11
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    The environmentalist 20 (2000), S. 63-67 
    ISSN: 1573-2991
    Keywords: lead ; pollution ; deposits ; plants ; Karachi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lead concentrations were determined for particulates which were deposited during one year on the leaves of roadside plants in Karachi. The particulates were collected from the leaves at a height of one metre. The lead accumulated by the leaves of different species was also measured. A statistically significant correlation was found between the number of passing petrol driven vehicles and the lead concentration in the deposits at different designated sites. However, no significant correlation was found between the concentration in the deposits and the lead accumulated by the leaves. A lead concentration of 30.00±6.6 ppm was recorded as the highest concentration in the particulate deposits, while maximum lead accumulated by the leaves was noted as 3.12±1.09 ppm.
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  • 12
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    Water, air & soil pollution 124 (2000), S. 155-168 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; copper ; estuarine sediments ; heavy metals ; lead ; sequential extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Estuarine systems adjacent to urban areas are at risk of contamination by contaminants from anthropogenic sources, such as heavy metals. We anticipated that the sediments of the Swan River estuary, which runs through metropolitan Perth in Western Australia, would show metal contamination related to industrialization and inputs of stormwater. Total Cu, Pb and Cd concentrations, and Cu, Pb, Cr and Zn inoperationally-defined fractions, were determined inseparate sampling exercises in near-shore sediments ofthe upper Swan River estuary.Total metal concentrations in sediments were not high (maximum values of 297 mg kg-1 for Cu, 184 mg kg-1 for Pb and 0.9 mg kg-1 for Cd) when compared with Australian environmental assessmentguidelines for soils. On the basis of linear regressions between sediment metal concentrations andphysicochemical properties of the sediments (pH, organic carbon, particle size distribution), no single parameter could explain the variation in metal concentrations for all metals. Sediment organic carbon content was positively correlated with Cu concentration; Cu concentrations also increased significantly with increasing clay content anddecreasing sand content. Pb concentrations showed a significant increase with increasing sediment pH, and were approximately three-fold higher in sediments adjacent to stormwater drain outfalls than in sediments remote from drains; no such effect was observed for Cu or Cd. No effect of distance downstream was observed. Sequential extraction of sediments showed that most of the metals were in relatively immobile forms, for example bound to Feoxides, or only extractable by aqua regia. The enhanced concentrations of Pb near stormwater outfalls suggest that vehicle-derived Pb may be an important contributor of Pb to the estuary.
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  • 13
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 60 (2000), S. 359-366 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: cadmium ; household dust ; lead ; lead smeltery emissions ; soil contamination ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In the environment of a lead smeltery contamination with lead, zinc and cadmium was measured over a 15-year period. Efficient bag filters were installed in order to remove dust from the flue gases. This measure of improvement resulted in a drastic reduction of lead, zinc and cadmium content in suspended particles (by 92, 94 and 89%), to a lesser extent in depositions (by 79, 75 and 68%), whereas in household dust the reduction was considerably lower (by 53, 55 and 70%). It can be assumed that household dust contains also redispersed soil particles on which the dust from the smeltery flue gases has deposited over years. To determine to what extent contaminated soil continues to cause increased population exposure directly or through plants or pastures, in the period 1981–1985 the content of metallic ions in the soil was measured at three depths. Selective solubility of soil metallic compounds was analysed in water, in 1 mol ammoniumacetate solution and in 0.05 mol ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) solution in relation to their solubility in suspended particles, depositions and household dust. A considerably low portion of soluble metallic compounds was found in the soil and physico-chemical characteristics of the soil and portion of metallic ions bound to fulvice and humic acids were determined. The behaviour of metallic ions in contact with soil samples was studied in laboratory and it was found that approximately 50% of lead, 70% of zinc and 7% of cadmium ions change into non-soluble or poorly soluble compounds. By qualitative phase analysis in the non-soluble fraction PbO2, Pb3P4O13, Zn(OH)2, ZnO, Fe2O3 and Cd(OH)2 were identified.
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  • 14
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 61 (2000), S. 207-229 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: benthos ; birds ; diatoms ; ecologicalindicators ; integrated assessment ; fish ; lakes ; monitoring ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: monitoring ; ecosystem processes ; conceptual modeling ; indicators ; human impacts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Monitoring at large geographic scales requires a framework for understanding relationships between components and processes of an ecosystem and the human activities that affect them. We created a conceptual model that is centered on ecosystem processes, considers humans as part of ecosystems, and serves as a framework for selecting attributes for monitoring ecosystems in the Sierra Nevada. The model has three levels: 1) an ecosystem model that identifies five spheres (Atmosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Sociocultural), 2) sphere models that identify key ecosystem processes (e.g., photosynthesis), and 3) key process models that identify the "essential elements"that are required for the process to operate (e.g., solar radiation), the human activities ("affectors") that have negative and positive effects on the elements (e.g., air pollution), and the "consequences"of affectors acting on essential elements (e.g., change in primary productivity). We discuss use of the model to select attributes that best reflect the operation and integrity of the ecosystem processes. Model details can be viewed on the web at http://www.r5.fs.fed.us/sncf/spam_report/index.htm(Appendix section).
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: authorisation ; field research ; model ecosystems ; monitoring ; pesticides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract On request of the Dutch government a committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands has reviewed the role that results of field research in its broadest sense (i.e., including multi-species toxicity tests in the laboratory, research on model ecosystems et cetera) can play in ecotoxicological risk assessment for the authorisation of pesticides. The Committee believes that field research can provide valuable additional data about the exposure of non-target organisms and the resultant effects at population, community and ecosystem level. However, it frequently is unclear how these data might be used in reaching a decision about authorisation. To solve this problem, it is necessary to specify what is understood by “unacceptable damage”. Both more clearly formulated protection goals of the government and a better understanding of the ecological significance of effects are needed to clarify this. Furthermore, the Committee points out that the statistical power of field trials must be sufficient to allow for the detection of changes that might be regarded as ecologically relevant. Finally, it recommends keeping a finger on the pulse in relation to authorised pesticides by monitoring their presence in environmental compartments and by investigating their role in suddenly occurring mortality among conspicuous animal species, such as birds, fish and honeybees. This kind of research forms a safety net for substances that have been wrongly authorised.
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  • 17
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    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 179-201 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmosphere ; bioaccumulation ; isotope ratios ; lead ; macrophytes ; sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Stable Pb isotope ratios were used to trace thesources and pathways of Pb between the atmosphere,surficial sediment fractions, the white water-lilyNymphaea odorata, and waters collected at 26littoral sites in 23 Ontario lakes in summer 1993,three years after alkyl Pb additives were finallyeliminated from Canadian gasoline. Based onsimilarities of isotopic composition, the exchange ofPb between lakewater and sediment 'carbonate', andsubsequently between 'carbonate', 'oxide' and othersediment fractions, was the most likely water-sedimentpathway of Pb movement. pH controlled Pb fractionationwithin surficial sediments, with the 'organic' poolcomprising 80–97% of total Pb in most acidic lakesand 15–60% in alkaline lakes. About 28% of the Pb inN. odorata shoots was accumulated directly fromwater, whereas there was no evidence of root uptake ofPb from sediments. The Pb in plant tissues wasisotopically homogeneous and dissimilar to thevariable composition exhibited in ambient waters andsediments. Plant Pb isotopes strongly resembled thehistorical Canadian atmospheric (alkyl Pb) signature.A possible explanation is that, like essential tracemetals, historically-accumulated Pb was highlyconserved during the annual growth cycle of thislong-lived, clonal macrophyte, being storedover-winter in underground rhizomes and recycled intospring growth. Given the low rate of 'new' Pb uptake,historical alkyl Pb may continue to dominate planttissues for some time, even though it was notdetectable in littoral waters and sediments.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid precipitation ; acid vain ; Atlantic salmon ; LRTAP ; monitoring ; Nova Scotia ; rivers ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) resource of eastern Canada is impacted by acid rain in the Southern Upland (Atlantic Coast) area of Nova Scotia. Salmon runs in this area have become extinct in 14 rivers, are severely impacted in 20 rivers, and lightly impacted in 15 rivers. Water chemistry and fish communities in nine Southern Upland salmon rivers were studied from 1982 to 1996 as part of the effort to monitor the effects of the emission controlprograms in Canada and the United States. There hasbeen no statistically significant change in total ioncontent of Southern Upland river water, but there wasa significant decline in sulfate levels that was balanced by an increase in organic anions, and declines in calcium and magnesium that were balanced by increases in sodium and potassium. A geochemical scenario is proposed to account for these chemical changes. River water pH levels showed no overall linear trend, but at borderline toxicity sites the year-to-year variations in pH were correlated withchanges in juvenile salmon population densities. Tenfish species were collected, but none showed anysignificant overall time trend in population density.Fish species diversity was positively correlated with pH.
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  • 19
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    Water, air & soil pollution 122 (2000), S. 93-103 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: base saturation ; deposition ; forest ecosystems ; monitoring ; regeneration ; soil acidification ; total acid load
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Between 1993 and 1995 a system of six intensive monitoring stations in representative stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies), sessile oak (Quercus robur) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) were installed in forests of Saxony (Germany), they are integrated in the European Level II - Programme. As a complementary system, and in addition to the annual nation-wide forest decline survey, 280 sites within the forest soil condition survey (European Level I - Programme) have been examined since 1992. The results of deposition monitoring show that until 1997 the acidity in precipitation and troughfall still was very high, despite of strong reductions in industrial emissions between 1989 and 1992. The annual fluxes (hydrological year 1996) of sulphur in throughfall ranged between 16 and 77 kg-ha-1, whereas the fluxes of total inorganic N varied between 17 and 46 kg-ha-1. The forest soils show high degrees of acidification with only low base saturation. In most cases the nutrient status of the soils has to be improved in the course of a regeneration programme in order to rebuild more natural forest ecosystems.
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  • 20
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    Water, air & soil pollution 122 (2000), S. 281-297 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: landfill ; leachate ; monitoring ; MSW ; prediction ; refuse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Parameters such as pH, concentrations of Cl-, turbidity,NH3-N, CODCr and BOD5 (simplified as COD and BODrespectively in the following text) in leachate generated inthe large-scale testing landfill unit and closed landfill unitsat Shanghai Refuse Landfill were monitored from April 1995 toOctober 1998. The mathematical simulation formula between theseparameters and refuse age were established based on the dataobtained from the testing landfill unit and justified by thedata obtained at the closed landfill units from 1989 to 1993.The long-term predictions for the leachate concentrations forthe Landfill were made using the mathematical simulation formulaestablished. It was predicted that the COD and BOD may bereached to the strictest standard for pollution control on municipal solid wastes landfill in China, i.e., COD 〈 100 mg L-1 and BOD 〈 30 mg L-1, after 15 yr natural attenuation. The time predicted for NH3-N concentrations to reach the discharging standard, 15 mg L-1, was found to be at least 23–26 yr or even longer. The predictions for concentrations of Cl-, turbidity, and pH values in leachate are also given. The natural attenuation of Cl- is the slowest and might be decreased to 200 mg Cl- L-1, the agricultural irritation standard, after at least 58 yr.
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  • 21
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    Water, air & soil pollution 122 (2000), S. 351-368 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: contaminated soil ; EDTA ; lead ; removal of lead ; treatment of calcareous soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract EDTA is a powerful chelating reagentwhich has been often proposed for the decontaminationof lead polluted soils. Despite the pronouncedselectivity of this reagent for Pb, a low degree ofutilisation is observed when treating calcareoussoils, due to the co-dissolution of calcite. Thisstudy demonstrates that it is possible to suppresscalcite dissolution and optimise the degree of EDTAutilisation, using the calcium salt of EDTA, insteadof the common sodium salts. Initial experiments, whichwere carried out mixing pure cerrusite (PbCO3)with a Na2CaEDTA solution, have shown that Pb isquantitatively solubilised, while calcium precipitatesin the form of aragonite. The performance of thisreagent in the decontamination of soils has beentested on a soil sample from Lavrion (Greece)containing 7.3–8.8% of Ca and heavily polluted withPb at levels up to 3.5%. The parameters which weretested include the reaction time, the stoichiometricexcess of Na2CaEDTA with respect to Pb and theeffect of successive treatment stages with freshNa2CaEDTA solutions. The experimental resultshave shown that long reaction times, exceeding 24 hr, are required in order to obtain sufficient Pbremoval and preserve the calcium content of the soil.Lead extraction increases from 27 to 40% prolongingthe reaction time from 1 to 24 hr atNa2CaEDTA/Pb = 1 mol/mol. Increasing theNa2CaEDTA/Pb molar ratio from 1 to 3.5 mol/mol,enhances the dissolution of Pb from 40 to 53%, whichis not proportional to the stoichiometric excesssupplied. The efficiency of Pb removal is maximized,up to 75%, applying three successive leaching stages.The major benefit of Na2CaEDTA in comparison withthe disodium EDTA salt is the preservation of soilcalcite. The initial calcium content of the soil wasfound to increase by 4% using the Ca salt; on thecontrary, the treatment with Na2H2EDTA undersimilar experimental conditions has resulted indissolving 27% of soil Ca.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 123 (2000), S. 159-166 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: coagulation ; Cryptosporidium ; filtration ; Giardia ; monitoring ; turbidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The most commonly used water filtration technique involves coagulation and rapid rate filtration, either in conventional plants with flocculation and sedimentation, or in direct filtration plants in which the sedimentation process is omitted. Both versions of coagulation and filtration can be effective for controlling Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts, but research done by several investigators has shown that coagulation and filtration must be operated very carefully to attain the best results. When filtered water turbidity is 0.1 ntu or lower, the process is most effective. Careful control of coagulation chemistry and of filtration rate increases, continuous monitoring of filtered water turbidity, and proper management of backwash water are keys to successful filtration.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 139-156 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: aldicarb ; herbicides ; insecticides ; monitoring ; organochlorine ; organophosphate ; surface water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A survey was conducted of pesticide distribution in the water ofthe upper Jordan basin, due to the importance of its quality asthe main source of drinking water in Israel.A preliminary survey of pesticide distributers and farmersrevealed intensive use of many pesticides in agriculture. Fourof these were selected as targets for monitoring in the surfacewater of the region, at seven sampling stations. The highestresidue found was of aldicarb and its metabolites, with lowercontent of organophosphate and organochlorine insecticides. Noconcentrations reached the maximum levels permitted by the EPAfor drinking water, but recommendations were made, nonetheless,for continuous monitoring of pesticides in the region.Subsequent monitoring (1993–1997) showed a steady decrease in aldicarb residues.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; atmospheric deposition ; dendrochemistry ; lead ; tree rings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lead is very toxic and if ingested cancause severe health problems to both animals andhumans. To determine if lead accumulation in treescould provide a direct pathway to enter the foodchain, oaks (Q. nigra or Q. velutina)growing near two lead smelting facilities in Alabama,U.S.A., were analyzed for lead in acorns, leaves and treecores. A relatively pristine site was used as acontrol. Lead was not detected in acorns collected atany site, and was only found in tree cores from thesites near smelters. Significant increases in treecore lead from 1975–1995 were detected at the activesmelter site. Results were different from the inactivesmelter site; lead increased in tree cores until thesmelter ceased operation, then decreased afterclosing. Soil lead decreased linearly with distancefrom both smelters. In addition, a significantpositive relationship was observed between leaf andsoil lead at the site with the active smelter, andmay be the result of both translocation via treeroots, and foliar absorption of deposited lead ionsinto the leaf structure.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric pollution ; cadmium ; cobalt chromium ; copper ; lead ; manganese ; nickel ; Romania ; soil contamination ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The present paper is a study of the heavy metal contamination ofnatural soils due to atmospheric transport in the northern partof Eastern Carpathians. The study area is located north of BaiaMare, the main Romanian centre for processing complex sulphideores. Ten undisturbed soil profiles of andosols and andic soilswere investigated. The distribution of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn,Mn, Ni, Co, Cr and Cd) was studied along the soil profile and atspecific distances from the pollution sources. In addition tothe total nitric acid soluble fraction of the metals, amounts oflead, copper, zinc and manganese extractable with 0.05 Mhydrochloric acid were determined to evaluate the fraction ofeach metal potentially available to plants. Surface soils in theIgnis Mountains (10 km from Baia Mare) were more polluted withlead (200–800 ppm), with the concentration decreasing withdistance from the processing plants. Lower lead concentrationswere observed in the deeper soil horizons. The fraction of leadextractable in 0.05 M hydrochloric acid was generally higher athigh total concentrations of lead. From its geographical andsoil profile distributions it is also evident that cadmium wasalso supplied in appreciable amounts to the topsoil from thesame polution sources, whereas the trend was weaker for zincand chromium and not evident for copper, manganese, nickel, orcobalt. The fraction extractable with 0.05 M hydrochloric acidgenerally followed the order Pb 〉 Cu 〉 Zn 〉 Mn.
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  • 26
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 56 (1999), S. 269-291 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: grid approach ; mapping ; monitoring ; National Forests ; purposive sampling ; random sampling ; statistical inventory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A forest ecological inventory and monitoring system combining information derived from maps and samples is proposed based on ecosystem regions (Bailey, 1994). The system extends the design of the USDA Forest Service Region 6 Inventory and Monitoring System (R6IMS) in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The key uses of the information are briefly discussed and expected results are illustrated with examples. The system is flexible, allowing regions based on ecological considerations to be modified. Sampling intensities that are affordable are likely to be insufficient to provide meaningful estimates for key parameters relating to rare and endangered species, watersheds, and other ecological units. Methods are proposed for collecting additional information in follow-up surveys and combining it with relevant information obtained in R6IMS. Near-continuous information on weather and possible pollution variables recorded by instruments at sampling sites is needed to develop meaningful models to understand what is happening in the ecoregions. R6IMS and the proposed additions constitute a dynamic system which will be modified further as data are analyzed.
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 57 (1999), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: dissolved oxygen ; EMAP ; estuary ; Gulf of Mexico ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Because deficient dissolved oxygen (DO) levels may have severe detrimental effects on estuarine and marine life, DO has been widely used as an indicator of ecological conditions by environmental monitoring programs. The U.S. EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program for Estuaries (EMAP-E) monitored DO conditions in the estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico from 1991 to 1994. DO was measured in two ways: 1) instantaneous profiles from the surface to the bottom were taken during the day, and 2) continuous measurements were taken near the bottom at 15 min intervals for at least 12 h. This information was summarized to assess the spatial distribution and severity of DO conditions in these estuaries. Depending on the criteria used to define hypoxia (DO concentrations usually 〈2 mg L-1 or 〈5 mg L-1) and the method by which DO is measured, we estimate that between 5.2 and 29.3% of the total estuarine area in the Louisianian Province was affected by low DO conditions.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: Swainson's hawk ; monocrotophos ; ecotoxicology ; monitoring ; mortality
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Approximately 6,000 dead Swainson's hawks (Buteo swainsoni) were discovered in the Pampas of Argentina in 1995–96. Subsequent meetings held between Argentine, US, Canadian, and Swiss personnel led to an agreement whereby chemical companies removed the organophosphate (OP) monocrotophos (MCP) from the area where mortalities had occurred in northern La Pampa province. We monitored hawks in the MCP exclusion zone from 28 November 1996 through 25 January 1997. We sampled 133 hawks for exposure to anti-cholinesterase insecticides, 131 of which showed no apparent signs of adverse effects. Two hawks had inhibited ChE that recovered over time. Feather and footwash samples from captured birds were tested for OP residues. One feather sample was positive for dimethoate; no footwash sample was positive for any of the OPs screened. Cholinesterase (ChE) activities from hawks in Argentina were (mean±SE, n=131) 0.674±0.014 total ChE, 0.236±0.006 acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and 0.438±0.013 butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Mean plasma AChE from Argentine hawks was significantly depressed below North American reference values. Total ChE and BChE activities were not significantly different. Mortality due to OP poisoning was not found in the MCP exclusion zone in northern La Pampa, though it continued outside of the zone where MCP was used, both legally and illegally. Education campaigns and extension efforts, emphasizing the local MCP restrictions, were effective in controlling Swainson's hawk mortalities in the study area where substantial mortality occurred the previous two years.
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 43-60 
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: carbon offsets ; emission trading ; energy efficiency ; evaluation ; forestry ; global climate change ; greenhouse gas emissions ; joint implementation ; monitoring ; reporting ; verification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Because of concerns with the growing threat of global climate change from increasing emissions of greenhouse gases, the United States and other countries are implementing, by themselves or in cooperation with one or more other nations, climate change projects. These projects will reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or sequester carbon, and will also result in non-GHG benefits (i.e., environmental, economic, and social benefits). Monitoring, evaluating, reporting, and verifying (MERV) guidelines are needed for these projects to accurately determine their net GHG, and other, benefits. Implementation of MERV guidelines is also intended to: (1) increase the reliability of data for estimating GHG benefits; (2) provide real-time data so that mid-course corrections can be made; (3) introduce consistency and transparency across project types and reporters; and (4) enhance the credibility of the projects with stakeholders. In this paper, we review the issues involved in MERV activities. We identify several topics that future protocols and guidelines need to address, such as: (1) establishing a credible baseline; (2) accounting for impacts outside project boundaries through leakage; (3) net GHG reductions and other benefits; (4) precision of measurement; (5) MERV frequency and the persistence (sustainability) of savings, emissions reduction, and carbon sequestration; (6) reporting by multiple project participants; (7) verification of GHG reduction credits; (8) uncertainty and risk; (9) institutional capacity in conducting MERV; and (10) the cost of MERV.
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 55 (1999), S. 279-298 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: biological indicators ; change ; epilithic lichens ; global climate ; Israel ; monitoring ; Negev desert
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The issue of biological monitoring of the local consequences of anticipated global climate change is considered for the Central Negev Highlands, Israel. Epilithic lichens are suggested as biological monitors. The proposed methodology of such monitoring consists of a sampling scheme, including lichen measurement along transects on flat calcareous rocks, and construction of a trend detection index (TDI). TDI is a sum of lichen species cover with coefficients chosen so as to ensure maximum ability to detect global climate trends. Coefficients have been estimated in a study of lichens along an altitudinal gradient from 500 to 1000 m a.s.l. The gradient study demonstrated that the TDI index is performed better than other integrated indices. Recommendations on this system to monitor climate change with epilthic lichens are given. Measuring, for instance, a hundred transects in fifty plots (two transet per plot scheme) allows one to detect a climate-driven change in the epilithic lichen community corresponding to a 0.8 °C shift in annual mean temperature. Such resolution appears sufficient in view of global warming of 2.5 °C considered by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as a realistic prediction for the end of the next century.
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 58 (1999), S. 105-119 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: Australia ; interspecific differences ; lead ; metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We examined the levels of cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium in four species of birds near Sydney, New South Wales, Australia in January, 1996. Molted contour feathers were collected from silver gull, Larus novaehollandiae (Royal National Park and downtown Sydney), sulphur-crested cockatoo, Cacatua sulphurea (Blue Mountains, Royal National Park, and Sydney), Australian white ibis, Threskiornis molucca (Sydney), and rock dove Columba livia (Royal National Park and Sydney). We tested the null hypothesis that there were no species or locational differences in metal levels. There were significant species differences in all metals, with rock doves having the highest levels of cadmium, chromium, lead, and manganese, and silver gulls having the highest levels of mercury and selenium. Metal levels were generally low in cockatoos, and were lowest in those from the Royal National Park. For silver gulls, cadmium, lead, and chromium levels were highest at Sydney, and there were no locational differences in manganese, mercury, and selenium levels. For rock doves, cadmium, chromium and manganese were higher in Sydney, and there were no locational differences in lead, mercury, and selenium. Overall, cadmium and chromium levels were significantly higher in Sydney than in the Royal National Park for all species, and there were no locational differences in mercury levels. Although the levels of most metals in feathers from these Australian birds were within the ranges reported worldwide, lead levels in ibises and rock doves were among the highest reported worldwide, suggesting a cause for concern.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: EDTA ; heavy metals ; leaching ; lead ; soil remediation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The performance of EDTA for the treatment of calcareous soils contaminated with heavy metals from mining and smelting activities was evaluated in this study. Soil samples containing variable levels of contamination, from 500 to 35 000 mg kg-1 Pb and 700 to 20 000 mg kg-1 Zn, were subjected to EDTA treatment and the extraction of heavy metals was found to vary, ranging between 50 and 98% for Pb and 50 to 100% for Zn. Total residual concentrations were above the limits set by regulatory authorities; leachable metals, however, were efficiently removed and treated soils were all acceptable in terms of toxicity. The effect of EDTA concentration and pulp density was studied on a soil sample containing 12 000 mg kg-1 Pb and 10 000 mg kg-1 Zn. Heavy metals removal was improved at low pulp densities and when EDTA concentration was increased from 0.025 to 0.25 M. The tetrasodium salt Na4-EDTA was found to be less effective for metals removal compared to the disodium salt Na2-EDTA, though applied at higher concentrations. This experimental work has also demonstrated the great importance of soil matrix for the overall evaluation of the EDTA leaching as a cost effective remedial option. The simultaneous dissolution of calcite was found to consume approximately 90% of the available EDTA. It was thus concluded that for the treatment of calcareous soils the design criteria and cost estimations should be based on the calcite content of the soil.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: antioxidant enzymes ; fish ; iodothyronine 5′-monodeiodinase ; lead ; lipid peroxidation ; thyroid hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An oxidative mechanism in the lead-induced inhibition of thyroid function with special reference to iodothyronine 5′- monodeiodinase (5′-ID) activity has been identified in the fish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Lead treatment (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 ppm of lead nitrate/day for 30 days) enhanced tissue lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). In addition, serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentration and hepatic 5'-ID activity were markedly decreased by 10 ppm of lead nitrate. These findings support the view that higher concentrations of lead nitrate inhibit the extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine (T4) to T3. Moreover, oxidative stress from lead intoxication could be responsible for inhibiting 5′-ID activity.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 327-348 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lead ; soils ; stream sediments ; urban catchment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper focuses on lead contamination in topsoils and stream sediments of public access areas in a largely urban UK catchment. It compares severity of contamination with accepted trigger thresholds, examines spatial patterns relative to urban and industrial development, and explores potential mobility of lead using ‘plant available’: total lead ratios. Total and ‘plant available’ lead concentrations, organic content and pH were determined on 298 topsoil and 54 stream sediment samples using standard laboratory procedures. At the lowest total lead trigger threshold, approximately two thirds of topsoil and one third of stream sediment samples were contaminated. For ‘plant available’ lead the proportions were somewhat lower. The spatial pattern was characterised by ‘hot spot’ contamination, with highest values occurring in central and southern parts of the catchment which have a long urban and industrial history. Potential lead mobility is greatest in rural western and northern parts of the catchment where the lead fractions are probably derived from pedological alteration and weathering of soil parent materials. Conversely, in the urban and industrial areas, much of the lead probably consists of less mobile particulate forms. The implications of these findings for assessment, monitoring and management of contaminated areas are discussed.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 113 (1999), S. 77-95 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: extraction ; hydraulic conductivity ; lead ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Extraction using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and other chelates has been demonstrated to be an effective method of removal of Pb from many contaminated soils. However, column leaching of Pb from alkaline soils with EDTA has been problematic due to extremely low soil permeability. The first purpose of this study was to develop batch extraction procedures and methods of analysis of batch extraction data to provide Pb solubility information which can be used to model the column extraction of Pb from soils. The second purpose was to determine the effect of the addition of KOH and CaCl2 to K2H2EDTA extract solution on both hydraulic conductivity and Pb removal. A Pb-contaminated soil sample was collected from an abandoned battery recycling facility. Both batch shaker extractions and column leaching experiments were completed using 5 different EDTA extract solutions. When only CaCl2 was added to EDTA no change in the amount of Pb removed by batch extraction was observed. As expected, lead solubility was observed to decrease as pH was increased by the addition of KOH. However, Pb solubility was only slightly decreased by the addition of both CaCl2 and KOH. The amount of time required to leach 6.0 L of extraction solution through the soil columns varied from 2 to 33 days. The addition of CaCl2 and/or KOH resulted in increased soil hydraulic conductivity relative to the EDTA-only solution. The hydraulic conductivity was related to residual calcium carbonate content, suggesting that dissolution of CaCO3 and subsequent production of CO2 gas in the soil pores was partially responsible for the observed reductions in soil permeability. However, Pb removal was diminished with the addition of CaCl2 and KOH because of the decreased Pb solubility and also kinetic limitations associated with the shorter residence time of the extract solution in the column.
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 57 (1999), S. 253-264 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: accumulation ; Bacopa Monnieri ; cadmium ; chromium ; copper ; lead ; manganese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The metal accumulation potential of Bacopa monnieri L. was assessed under simulated laboratory conditions. This study was carried out in mixed metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn) condition and repeated exposures in artificial contaminated soil. The growing shoots were planted in garden subsoil containing 3, 16, 32, 64, 160 μM each of the above metals. After 8 weeks, plants were refeeded to three times higher concentrations of each metal than initially used to assess the maximum accumulating potential of the metals. The accumulation of the metals by the root and shoot was concentration and duration dependent. The metal accumulation was considerably higher in the fine root than in the shoot and showed the following order : Mn 〉 Cr 〉 Cu 〉 Cd 〉 Pb. The plants showed high tolerance to the metals as no visible phytotoxic symptom was produced after 8 weeks. However, as a result of combined metal toxicity, chlorophyll content was reduced by 62% after 12 weeks. The highest metal concentration was lethal to the plant at 16 weeks. In view of their high tolerance, the plants of B. monnieri may be considered for the amelioration of industrially-polluted wetlands experiencing regular flushing of wastewaters.
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 47-72 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: flow-normalisation ; long-term trends ; monitoring ; nitrogen ; riverine load ; statistical analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p ≤0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO3-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 110 (1999), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: contamination ; heay metal ; immobilization ; lead ; remediation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lead contamination is of great environmental concern due to its effect on human health. This study investigated the feasibility of using Florida phosphate rocks (PR) to immobilize aqueous Pb from Pb-contaminated soils. Occidental Chemical PR effectively immobilized Pb from 13 Pb-contaminated soils, but its effectiveness was affected by soil pH and extent of Pb contamination, with aqueous Pb reduction ranging from 21.8 to 100%. Longer reaction times improved aqueous Pb reduction. Six out of 7 Florida PR effectively immobilized aqueous Pb from the Burch Loam soil. Phosphate rock from Cargil Fertilizer was ineffective, with aqueous Pb reduction of 4.73%. The relative effectiveness of 6 Florida PR to immobilize aqueous Pb, excluding Cargil Fertilizer PR, was: Occidental Chemical 〉 CF Chemical 〉 Nu Gulf Industries 〉 Agri-Chemical 〉 IMC 〉 Agrico Chemical. Phosphate rock solubility (as estimated by acid extraction and X-ray diffraction) failed to predicate the effectiveness of PR to immobilize aqueous Pb from Pb-contaminated soils, partially due to the complexity and kinetics of reactions between PR and soils. Our results demonstrate that PR has a potential to cost-effectively treat Pb-contaminated soils.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: dry deposition ; dry deposition velocity ; forest ; monitoring ; surface resistance ; SO2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In 1990 a project to develop a dry deposition monitoring method of SO2, NH3 and NO2 to Speulder forest in the Netherlands began. Detailed annual deposition fluxes for these gases were measured throughout November 1992 to December 1995. This paper describes the measurement set-up and the analysis of the deposition parameters for SO2. The dry deposition velocity was usually smaller than the maximum Vd, showing a resistance to surface uptake, except for periods when the canopy is wet and surface resistance is negligible. Several methods were tested to estimate annual average fluxes from the gradient measurements. Annual fluxes were estimated by selecting the data for periods fulfilling gradient theory and extending the data by using an inferential method for the other periods. The surface resistance parametrisation used in the inferential method was tested using the selected data and was found to yield systematic larger fluxes of the order of 20%. Annual fluxes were 465 mol ha-1 a-1 in 1992/1993, 460 mol ha-1 a-1 in 1994 and 330 mol ha-1 a-1 in 1995. The uncertainty in the annual flux was estimated to be 25%. The annual average dry deposition velocity was 1.5 cm s-1. No large differences were found in deposition parameters between each of the three years.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 201-214 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; fly Ash ; lead ; metal solubility ; soil amendments ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A model was tested which predicts the pH and solution metal concentration in the solution phase of soil amended with (waste-) incinerator fly ash (FA). Graded quantities of calcareous metal-rich FA were equilibrated with an acid clay soil, in aerated CaCl2 suspensions (0.01 M), to give a pH range of 3.1 (100% soil) to 7.5 (100% FA). As the FA loading was increased, the concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb in solution passed through a maximum and then declined until the pH of the soil/ash mixtures approximated that of the pure FA (pHFA). This apparently complex pattern was accurately described by a simple pH- dependent adsorption equation relating adsorbed metal (Mads) to divalent metal concentration in solution (M2+) and pH through 3 constants designated n, Kads} and m: For pH 〈 pHFA, log (Mads (M2+)n) = Kads + m pH However, at greater ash loadings the solution metal concentration and pH remained constant with FA addition and a solubility product (Ks) could be applied: For pH ≥ pHFA, og(M2+) = log Ks - 2 pH Metal concentrations in solution [Msoln] were greatest at very low FA loadings (around 2%); at lower FA additions [Msoln] was limited by total metal concentration while at higher additions of ash the solubility of metals was suppressed by the liming effect of the fly ash. It was therefore concluded that low levels of dust transfer from disposal sites to surrounding acidic soils may be the greatest source of metal pollution to biological and aquatic systems.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 114 (1999), S. 339-346 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: biomonitoring indices ; germination ; heavy metals ; lead ; mercury ; rice ; seedling growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of seeds of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (Ratna and IR36) separately with 10-5and 10-4M PbCl2and HgCl2decreased germination percentage, germination index (GI), shoot and root length, tolerance index (TI), vigour index (VI) and dry mass of shoot and root but increased percentage difference from control (% DFC) of germination and percentage phytotoxicity in both the cultivars. It was observed from these indices that the phytotoxic effect of mercury was greater than lead at identical concentrations and that IR36 appeared more tolerant than Ratna to these metals. Among the monitoring indices examined, TI, VI, and % phytotoxicity seemed to serve as good biological monitoring methods for evaluating the relative toxicity of lead and mercury to rice cultivars.
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  • 42
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    Water, air & soil pollution 113 (1999), S. 127-132 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: arsenic ; lead ; risk assessment ; soil contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Establishing permissible concentrations for As and Pb in soils is of practical importance because of toxicity of these metals, their widespread contamination, and limited resources available for remediation of contaminated soils. The USEPA pathway approach to risk assessment was used to assess an environmental hazard related to As and Pb in soils and to evaluate safe concentrations of these metals in contaminated soil. The results from large-scale field experiments with soil fly ash-biosolids blends were used as input data to analyze pathways of the most intense transfer of the contaminants to a target organism. A direct soil ingestion by children (the soil-human pathway) was considered the most important exposure route to soil As and Pb. A conservative risk analysis shows that As concentrations in soil can reach 40 μg g-1 without a hazard to exposed organisms. A Pb concentration in soil up to 300 μg g-1 does not cause an excessive intake of Pb by humans as evaluated by a direct soil ingestion exposure model.
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  • 43
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    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 163-178 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; copper ; lead ; MSW-biosolids compost ; MSW compost ; soil ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The goal of this study was to measure the As, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn contents of soils amended with municipal solid waste (MSW) and MSW-biosolids compost and to determine the long-term transport of these metals to lower soil horizons. Lead, Cu, Cd and Zn contents in the composts were 3–20 times more concentrated in the compost compared to the soil at the Calverton, NY, U.S.A. farm. As a result, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn were elevated in the upper 5 cm soil layer following compost application and the metal enrichment was proportional to the amount of compost applied (21–62 Mg ha-1). In addition, Pb, As and Cu contents of the non-compost amended Calverton soils were enriched above the tillage depth (20–25 cm). Cu, Pb and As enrichment was attributed to the historical use of sodium arsenite, lead arsenate and copper sulfate insecticides and fungicides. Results of the metal analyses of soil cores collected 16 and 52 months following compost application showed that Cu, Zn and Pb remained confined to the upper 5 cm soil layer. The low water extractable fraction of these metals in MSW and MSW-biosolids compost was a major factor limiting the transport of these metals to lower soil horizons. In contrast, Cd leaching from the upper 0–5 and 5–10 cm soil layers was continuous over the 52 month study period and was attributed primarily to the presence of soluble Cd in phosphate fertilizer initially applied to the Calverton farm soil.
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  • 44
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    Water, air & soil pollution 115 (1999), S. 21-70 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric transport ; current-use pesticides ; deposition ; field measurements ; long-range transport ; monitoring ; organochlorine pesticides ; pesticides ; rainwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Recently, evidence has accumulated that the extensive use of modern pesticides results in their presence in the atmosphere at many places throughout the world. In Europe over 80 current-use pesticides have been detected in rain and 30 in air. Similar observations have been made in North America. The compounds most often looked for and detected are the organochlorine insecticide lindane and triazine herbicides, especially atrazine. However, acetanilide and phenoxyacid herbicides, as well as organophosphorus insecticides have also frequently been found in rain and air. Concentrations in air normally range from a few pg/m3 to many ng/m3. Concentrations in rain generally range from a few ng/L to several µg/L. In fog even higher concentrations are observed. Deposition varies between a few mg/ha/y and more than 1 g/ha/y per compound. However, these estimates are usually based on the collection and analysis of (bulk) precipitation and do not include dry particle deposition and gas exchange. Nevertheless, model calculations, analysis of plant tissue, and first attempts to measure dry deposition in a more representative way, all indicate that total atmospheric deposition probably does not normally exceed a few g/ha/y. So far, little attention has been paid to the presence of transformation products of modern pesticides in the atmosphere, with the exception of those of triazine herbicides, which have been looked for and found frequently. Generally, current-use pesticides are only detected at elevated concentrations in air and rain during the application season. The less volatile and more persistent ones, such as lindane, but to some extent also triazines, are present in the atmosphere in low concentrations throughout the year. In agricultural areas, the presence of modern pesticides in the atmosphere can be explained by the crops grown and pesticides used on them. They are also found in the air and rain in areas where they are not used, sometimes even in remote places, just like their organochlorine predecessors. Concentrations and levels are generally much lower there. These data suggest that current-use pesticides can be transported through the atmosphere over distances of tens to hundreds, and sometimes even more than a thousand kilometres. The relative importance of these atmospheric inputs varies greatly. For mountainous areas and remote lakes and seas, the atmosphere may constitute the sole route of contamination by pesticides. In coastal waters, on the other hand, riverine inputs may prevail. To date, little is known about the ecological significance of these aerial inputs.
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  • 45
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    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 523-534 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; cobalt ; chromium ; copper ; lead ; manganese ; nickel ; organic carbon ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The levels and distributions of eight heavy metals in the sediments of four mangrove areas, namely Abu Dhabi, Umm al-Quwain, Ras al-Khaimah, and Khor Khuwair along the shoreline of the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) were investigated. The metal levels, expressed as μg g−1 as well as organic carbon (%) in different mangrove areas were scattered in the ranges: 3.12–6.94 for cadmium (mean 4.82), 5.70–14.0 for cobalt (mean 10.2), 8.28–18.9 for chromium (mean 11.9), 5.31–29.4 for copper (mean 7.21), 28.8–169 for manganese (mean 84.1), 14.8–109 for nickel (mean 36.4), 13.2–49.8 for lead (mean 28.1), 4.59–22.4 for zinc (mean 11.3), and ND-2.13 for organic carbon (mean 0.63%). Significant variations in the levels of these metals were considered due to: 1) organic carbon content; 2) presence of well developed mangrove forests; and 3) anthropogenic inputs such as discarded automobiles, transformers, batteries, tires and spilled crude oil, atmospheric fallout as well as waste-waters disposal. In addition recreational activities cause negative effects. Concentrations of manganese, nickel and lead were significantly higher than the other metals. The high concentrations of Mn and Ni were due to non-anthropogenic sources (the geological nature formations and the presence of high mountains of basic igneous rocks), whereas the high levels of lead were due to inputs from oil spills, discarded solid wastes such as automobiles, batteries and the prior high rate of petrol combustion lead. Significant relationships were observed between several couples of metals in different mangrove regions, as well as between a number of heavy metals and organic carbon, indicating that complexation with organic materials may play an important role in the distribution patterns of these metals. Metals and organic carbon analyses for different grain-size fractions showed higher levels in the finest fraction (〈63 μm) specially for manganese and copper. Except for lead, comparison of metal levels in mangrove sediments with those of the Arabian Gulf indicated that the mangrove sediments along U.A.E. shorelines contained similar concentrations as other Arabian Gulf regions.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; environmental ; marine ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring ; trichloroethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on trichloroethylene (TRI) was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 19 studies for fish, 30 studies for invertebrates and 14 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a PNEC value of 150 µg/l. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuaries and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.1 µg TRI/l water and a worst case PEC of 3.5 µg TRI/l water. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 40 to 1,500 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentration. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern for food chain accumulation is expected.
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  • 47
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    Environmental and ecological statistics 5 (1998), S. 81-91 
    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: density estimation ; distance sampling ; detection function ; monitoring ; Pollard-Yates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Line transect sampling is an effective survey method for estimating butterfly densities because it provides unbiased estimates of site-density (provided key assumptions are met), and estimates are comparable among sites. For monitoring Karner blue butterflies in Wisconsin, USA, comparable estimates are required because each year a different selection of sites will be monitored. Annual state-wide indices of species abundance can be derived from the site-surveys and compared to previous year's indices to monitor trends. We advocate that line transect sampling is preferable to Pollard-Yates transects as a survey technique for monitoring Karner blue butter- flies. The Pollard-Yates surveys do not adjust for diferences in site detectability. As a consequence, estimates of among-site from Pollard-Yates surveys can be biased. © Rapid Science 1998
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: spectacled eider (Somateria fischeri) ; threatened ; lead ; Alaska
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We collected, 342 blood samples from spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri) on their breeding grounds in western Alaska from late May through to early August 1993–1995. Lead concentrations of ≥0.50 p.p.m. wet weight were found in the blood of 20% of the adult female eiders, 2% of the adult males and 6% of the ducklings. Lead was detected (≥0.02 p.p.m.) more frequently in the blood of adult females than in adult males or ducklings and the maximum concentrations were 14.37, 0.50 and 4.28 p.p.m. wet weight, respectively. In adult females, there was a significant difference in the proportion of detectable blood lead concentrations between three collection times (arrival/nesting, hatch and brood rearing), with the highest proportion (92%) occurring at hatch. Nine hens with blood lead concentrations of ≥0.50 p.p.m. were captured a second time several weeks to 1 year later. In the hens sampled twice at intervals of several weeks, the blood lead concentrations increased and declined at mean daily rates of 1.10 and 0.94, respectively. The lead concentrations in the blood of adults were not correlated with body weights. Radiographs were taken of 119 eiders and corresponding blood samples from 98 of these birds were analysed for lead. Ingested shot was seen in X-rays of 12 adults and three ducklings and, of the 13 blood samples tested, all had detectable lead concentrations. Of the birds without radiographic evidence of ingested shot, 84% of the adult females, 19% of the adult males and 17% of the ducklings had detectable lead concentrations in their blood. Breeding ground exposure of waterfowl to lead shot is unusual and is of particular concern in spectacled eiders because of their threatened status and declining numbers in western Alaska.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-1642
    Keywords: watershed ; water quality ; monitoring ; science education ; environmental data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract From 1992 to 1994, Saturday Academy and the Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology instituted the pilot phase of a long-term monitoring program called the Student Watershed Research Project (SWRP). The SWRP program was developed to create and maintain collaboration among eighth through twelfth grade teachers and students, scientists, businesses, governmental agencies, and community members which would couple environmental education with the collection of high quality, reproducible watershed health data. The original authors of this paper set out to evaluate the impacts of the SWRP program in terms of changes in educational attitudes of participants and collection of accurate data. Findings demonstrate that assuring accuracy of student collected data was challenging, that teachers and students benefited greatly from a hands-on research approach to science education, and that such an approach would be difficult without the support of a program like SWRP. The SWRP program is entering its seventh year in the Portland, Oregon and Vancouver, Washington metropolitan areas with approximately half of the pilot phase participants still involved. A Quality Assurance Project Plan has been developed to assure data accuracy. Evaluation student science education attitudes documents improved results on a yearly basis.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: radiocaesium ; mercury ; lead ; fish ; Chernobyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Samples of fish and sediments collected from waters within 10 km of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant were analysed for radiocaesium and other atmospherically transported pollutants (lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg)) were measured in fish tissues. For comparison, fish muscle was also sampled from a less-contaminated area of the Kiev Reservoir and from a hatchery in Kiev. In sediments, 137Cs was the major gamma-emitting isotope, with concentrations of over 100 Bq g−1 in canals adjacent to the reactor and in ponds that were downwind during the accident. The radiocaesium distributions appeared non-normal, were very patchy and could vary by over 100% in samples collected metres to tens of metres apart. Fish muscle radiocaesium from ponds within 10 km of the power plant was in the range of 6–192 Bq g−1. The fish muscle radiocaesium concentrations were highest in ponds from the downwind sites and were correlated with the sediment radiocaesium concentrations. The lead and mercury concentrations in fish were relatively low (medians 〈0.8 μg Hg per g dry mass and 〈150 ng Pb per g dry mass), suggesting little contamination from lead applied to the burning reactor after the accident. The radiocaesium levels in fish in areas close to the reactor continue to be high enough to cause health concerns to humans that might utilize these resources.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; environmental ; marine ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring ; chloroform
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on chloroform was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 23 studies for fish, 17 studies for invertebrates and 10 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a typical PNEC value of 72 µg/l. Due to limitations of the studies evaluated, a worst PNEC of 1 µg/l could also be used. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuaries and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.2 µg chloroform per litre of water and a worst case PEC of 5 to 11.5 µg chloroform per litre of water. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 6 to 360 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentrations. A worst case ratio, however, points to a potential risk for sensitive species. Refinement of the assessment is necessary by looking for more data. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern is expected for food chain accumulation.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; environmental ; marine ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring ; tetrachloroethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on tetrachloroethylene (PER) was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 18 studies for fish, 13 studies for invertebrates and 8 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a PNEC value of 51 µg/l. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuary waters and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.2 µg PER/l water and a worst case PEC of 2.5 µg PER/l water. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 20 to 250 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentration. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern is expected for food chain accumulation.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: catchment ; monitoring ; nitrogen deposition ; nitate leaching ; runoff chemistry ; stream chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Samples were collected from 13 upland sites (main inflow and loch outflow) in the UK along an N deposition gradient of 12-50 kg ha-1 yr-1 to determine the relationship between N deposition and NO3 - concentrations in surface waters. There was no direct correlation between NO3 - leaching and soluble inorganic N deposition at these sites, but a significant relationship with NO3 - was found using a deposition function incorporating dissolved organic carbon (DOC) flux from each catchment. A similar but less significant relationship was found between NO3 - concentration and DOC:DON ratio in runoff water. Catchments showed evidence of N saturation, i.e., when mean NO3 - concentration exceeded 5 µeq L-1, when the mean DOC:DON ratio fell below an approximate value of 25. Five other large loch sites (LLS) with multiple subcatchments were used to test these relationships and for four of these mostly heathland sites the predicted NO3 - concentrations closely matched measured values. At the fifth site, where most subcatchments were forested, the deposition function and DOC:DON ratios gave conflicting predictions and both methods generally underestimated measured NO3 - concentrations. If the capacity of these catchments to retain deposited N is determined by C supply then many upland catchments in the UK may experience increasing NO3 - concentrations in runoff in the future at current or increased levels of N deposition.
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  • 54
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    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 593-602 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioindicators ; citrus ; deposition ; lead ; road traffic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The present study investigates the accumulation of Pb, Cu, Mn and Zn in leaves of Citrus limon (L.) Burm picked up from a field situated near a busy road. Samples were collected at different distances of 1–500 m from the road. Washed and unwashed foliage of citrus were analyzed by AA. Differences between washed and unwashed samples were found only for lead which indicated a significant reduction in concentration in all distances that come up to 52.35%, the differences evidence that this metal mainly reaches leaves by aerial deposition. Lead concentration in leaves of citrus with regard to distance from the roads decreases rapidly with increasing distance. Lead levels were higher than typical background concentrations. These concentrations indicated that lead pollution on a local scale is caused by emissions from motor vehicles that are still using leaded gasoline, that is, the only source of contamination known in this place. The content of the other metals did not present significant differences between washed and unwashed samples and the concentrations are not a function of the distance from the road.
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  • 55
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    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 471-480 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: benzo(a)pyrene deposition ; Lithuania ; monitoring ; moss chemistry ; plant tissue chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Benzo(a)pyrene (BP) has been investigated in bulk atmospheric deposition, moss, needles of pine and some species of vascular plants. At two remote Lithuanian sites, for 1990-1995 the flux of benzo(a)pyrene from the atmosphere to the ground surface varied between 0.3 to 4.8 μg-2 mo-1. Consequently the territory of Lithuania (65,000 km2) yearly was exposed to 624-2574 kg of carcinogen. The distribution of BP in soil and various vascular plant tissues (Trifolium tepens, Elitrygea repens, Thymus serpyllum) indicates that benzo(a)pyrene is assimilated by flora. The concentration of BP is different in various organs of vascular plants and mostly depends on the degree of soil pollution. More than 300 samples of moss, mostly Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi were analyzed for BP. From 3.1 to 896.0 μg kg-1 of BP were measured in the moss samples. The flux of BP to the ground surface correlates well with its concentration in moss. A map of BP flux across Lithuania was created.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; marine ; environmental ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on 1,1,2-trichloroethane (T112) was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 22 studies for fish, 45 studies for invertebrates and 9 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a PNEC value of 300 µg/l. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuaries and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.01 µg T112/l water and a worst case PEC of 5 µg T112/l water. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 60 to 30,000 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentration. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern is expected for food chain accumulation.
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  • 57
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 53 (1998), S. 279-295 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: acidification ; dry and wet deposition ; euthrophication ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A monitoring station for atmospheric deposition was designed and constructed. Three such stations were applied in a pilot project for a year on three sites (Speulder forest in The Netherlands, Auchencorth in Scotland and Melpitz in Germany) in different regions in Europe to estimate local inputs and to validate deposition models which are currently used or developed to estimate ecosystem specific deposition in Europe. Fluxes at Auchencorth Moss are lowest for all components, except for those much influenced by the sea as a source. As Melpitz is located far away from seas, these components are lowest at this site. Wet deposition is the dominant source of input at Auchencorth, whereas at Speulder forest, through its roughness and pollution climate, dry deposition is dominant. At this site dry deposition velocities are highest. Melpitz is a polluted site. Particularly sulphur deposition is high. It is recommended to equip several locations in Europe with intensive deposition monitoring methods. Such a network will be an extension of existing monitoring programmes on air pollution, such as that run by Eurepean Monitoring and Evaluation Programme for the long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe (EMEP). The intensive monitoring locations should be selected based on pollution climates and type of vegetation, common in Europe.
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  • 58
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 53 (1998), S. 395-399 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; marine ; environmental ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A voluntary programme on risk assessment for chlorinated chemicals was initiated by Euro Chlor (the European Chlorine Producers Federation). The study was targeted on the marine environment, starting with the North Sea, and the methodology used was based on the European Union risk assessment principles. Details of the method used are described in this paper. A first set of five compounds is published in this special issue: chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: risk assessment ; chlorinated compound ; environmental ; marine ; exposure ; aquatic toxicity ; monitoring ; 1,2-dichloroethane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This risk assessment on 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC) was carried out specifically for the marine environment, according to the methodology laid down in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and the Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1997). The study consists of the collection and evaluation of data on effects and environmental concentrations from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area. The risk is indicated by the ratio of the "predicted environmental concentrations" (PEC) and the "predicted no effect concentrations" (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 21 studies for fish, 17 studies for invertebrates and 7 studies for algae have been evaluated. Both acute and chronic toxicity studies have been taken into account and the appropriate assessment factors have been used to define a PNEC value of 1100 µg/l. Most of the available monitoring data apply to rivers and estuaries and were used to calculate PECs. The most recent data (1991-1995) support a typical PEC of 0.5 µg EDC/l and a worst case PEC of 6.4 µg EDC/l. The calculated PEC/PNEC ratios give a safety margin of 170 to 2200 between the predicted no effect concentration and the exposure concentration. Additional evaluation of environmental fate and bioaccumulation characteristics showed that no concern is expected for food chain accumulation.
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  • 60
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    Water, air & soil pollution 102 (1998), S. 221-238 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: contaminated ; EDTA ; lead ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lead contamination of soils is a common problem throughout the world. Laboratory batch test and bench scale experiments have shown that EDTA can be used to remove lead from contaminated soils. However, due to the high cost and laborious task associated with actual environmental remediation of a lead contaminated soil, there is a need to be able to predict the outcome of a remediation process in advance in order to optimize the process and minimize the cost. This paper describes the development and validation of a computer model which can be used to simulate the removal of lead from a contaminated soil column using EDTA as the chelating agent. The model is able to simulate the lead removal from soil based on equilibrium as well as kinetic dissolution of Pb. The comparison of the simulated results with actual lead concentrations both in effluent and soil shows that the model can predict the lead removal process with reasonable accuracy.
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  • 61
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    Water, air & soil pollution 103 (1998), S. 423-439 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: airborne particles ; air pollution ; arsenic ; cadmium ; chromium ; copper ; lead ; manganese ; nickel ; precipitation ; selenium ; vanadium ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The concentrations of vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in precipitation and on airborne particles were measured at three Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN) monitoring stations on Lakes Superior, Michigan and Erie during 1993 and 1994. These data were used to estimate annual wet and dry deposition fluxes at these sites. In most cases, both wet and dry deposition make an important contribution to the total atmospheric flux of trace metals. Total (wet + dry) annual loadings of Zn and Cr are higher at the Lake Erie site than at the Lake Michigan and Lake Superior sites. Atmospheric loadings of the other metals are similar at all three sites. Wet deposition of metals is more closely related to precipitation amount than to the concentration of metals in the precipitation. Dry deposition fluxes are controlled by the concentration of trace metals on large particles. Total particle mass concentrations are higher during the summer and fall at the Lake Erie site, however no seasonal trends in total particle mass at the other sites or trace metals at any of the sites were detected. The total atmospheric loadings calculated in this work are in agreement with other estimates of metals deposition to the Great Lakes.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Lake Redó ; lake sediments ; lead ; metal pollution ; mining ; 210Pb-dating ; Pyrenees ; stable Pb isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Variations in Pb concentration in lake sediments reflect changes in the fluxes of this element in the past. A sediment core from a lake in the Pyrenees (Lake Redó at 2,240 m a.s.l., NE Spain) was studied, with the aim of reconstructing past environmental and climatic conditions in the lake and its catchment area. The core was dated using both 210Pb and 14C. A surface peak of Pb concentration, which was about 10 times higher than the background level, was found. This peak is attributed to mining activities since the beginning of this century. Although Pb pollution due to the combustion of gasoline is expected to be present, no evidence can be deduced from Pb isotope ratios of sediment due to the masking effect of Pb from mines. A second peak appeared in a deeper layer, with a maximum Pb concentration of about 17 times higher than the background level. The origin of this peak is unclear. All evidence suggests that the ancient peak is due to mining operations in the central Pyrenees area, which were not documented historically.
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  • 63
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    Water, air & soil pollution 102 (1998), S. 303-312 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: alkalinity ; fish ; food ; gills ; lead ; metal uptake ; Pb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We studied Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from two oligotropic high mountain lakes in Northern Tyrol, Austria, that differed in pH (5.4 and 7.1) and alkalinity (1.3 and 100.3 µeq L-1). Concentrations of Pb in gills, liver, kidney, gut and contents of stomach and gut were investigated during winter and summer to elucidate pathways for Pb uptake in these fish. Our study illustrates ratios of Pb concentrations of gills to stomach or gills to intestine (G/S and G/l ratios) to be a valuable tool for evaluating the relative contributions of different pathways of metal uptake in fish. In both sampling periods (winter, summer) the gills appear to represent a major route pf Pb uptake in fish from low alkalinity lakes. However, during the ice-covered period the diet becomes an increasingly important additional source of Pb contamination.
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  • 64
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    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 661-665 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: cadmium ; environmental contamination ; lead ; serum ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lead additives in automotive fuel, smog from a nearby industrial center warranted an investigation on cadmium and lead in Manisa, a city of tabacco processing. Hundred and one children were screened in view of lead and cadmium exposure. In 23 children between the ages of 0–2 years the mean (±SEM) serum lead level was 7.15 ± 0.10 μg/dl, in 28 between the ages of 3–6 years was 7.20 ± 0.10 μg/dl and in 50 between the ages of 7–15 years was 7.20 ± 0.10 μg/dl, respectively, with no significant differences. Serum cadmium levels in the same groups of children was 0.066 ± 0.008 ng/ml, 0.078 ± 0.008 ng/ml 0.088 ± 0.006 ng/ml, respectively. The difference in cadmium levels between the age groups of 0–2 years and 7–15 years was significant (p〈0.038). This significant increase in blood cadmium level is also shown by simple linear regression analysis: Cadmium (ng/ml) = 0.049 + 0.005 (age), and p〈0.0001, F Ratio = 50.578, coefficient of correlation = 0.581. Our study revealed that lead is not a serious environmental contaminant for children, yet; however, the increasing trend seen in exposure to cadmium warrants serious consideration and urgant preventive measures.
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  • 65
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    Water, air & soil pollution 108 (1998), S. 51-68 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Crustacea ; growth ; heavy metals ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) accumulation in juvenile Porcellio scaber were studied over 6 months after exposing them to three different concentrations of lead and cadmium in their food. Subsequently the ability of P. scaber to eliminate lead and cadmium was studied over two months. Growth was measured to determine whether metal contamination leads to physiological stress in the animals. The accumulation of Pb and Cd in P. scaber shows two different phases. Up to the age of 2–3 months the assimilation exceeds the rate of growth and leads to rapidly increasing concentrations. After 3 months the rate of accumulation is proportional to the rate of growth and the heavy metal concentrations remain on a stabilized level. P. scaber was able to eliminate about 40% of the assimilated lead within 2 weeks but there was no elimination of Cd within 7 weeks. Contaminated P. scaber shows significant growth reduction. The physiological response of P. scaber to heavy metal contamination is discussed.
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  • 66
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    Water, air & soil pollution 108 (1998), S. 391-409 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: contamination ; lead ; migration ; partitioning ; soil ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The chemical partitioning of lead and zinc is described in contaminated soils and underlying strata at historical lead smelting sites. Sections of soil-rock cores from eight sites of age 200 to c.1900 yr were analysed using a sequential extraction procedure. Of the total amount of lead and zinc present in soils, only a small proportion is in a readily mobile form. However, this proportion increases significantly as the pH falls below 5 and for lead reaches 37% in soils at Bole A. A high proportion of lead in soils appears to be associated with the carbonate and specifically adsorbed phase. It is suggested that this is partly due to the formation of cerussite (PbCO3) in soils contaminated with calcareous slag wastes. Lead present in the residual phase in contaminated soils may be related to the presence of the element in silicate slag particles. Rapid migration of lead to a depth of 5.6 m in sandstone at Bole A was related to its high solubility in the acidic soils and rock at this site. Comparable migration at Bole C proceeds by a different mechanism, possibly with lead in association with Fe-Mn oxides and slag particles. In clay infill in fractured sandstone at Bole A, anthropogenic lead present at a depth of 4.4 m was extracted predominantly in the fraction representing Fe-Mn oxides.
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  • 67
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    Water, air & soil pollution 104 (1998), S. 29-40 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioaccumulation ; cadmium ; incineration ; lead ; lichens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Nine corticolous lichens have been used to detect the lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) given off by a municipal solid waste incinerator. This bioindication study involved lichens gathered from unpolluted sites around Grenoble (Isère, France) to three conditions: the first batch was set up down wind of the waste incinerator fumes, the second one was set up in the ambient atmosphere of the plant, and the third was kept in a non polluted place. After one month of exposure, the batches were compared. The lichens from the first and second batches did not show any appreciable thallus change. Pb and Cd concentrations have shown that lichens accumulate heavy metals in variable ways according to the species and to the conditions of pollution.
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  • 68
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    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 217-226 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: California ; monitoring ; nitrate export ; Sierra Nevada ; stream water chemistry ; sulfate export ; watershed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Based on studies of high-elevation, Sierra Nevada catchments during the period from 1983 through 1996, we describe temporal variations in the concentrations of NO3 - and SO4 2- in surface waters. During snowmelt, some catchments had a pattern of NO3 - increase to a plateau between the start of snowmelt and some weeks before runoff peaked, and a decline as runoff increased to its maximum. In other catchments, NO3 - concentrations peaked during the autumn and winter. Long-term trends in surface water chemistry were evident in only two catchments: an increase in SO4 2- concentrations in surface waters of the Ruby Lake basin, and a lowering of annual maxima and minima of NO3 - concentrations at Emerald Lake. From October 1987 through April 1994, SO4 2- concentrations increased from about 6 µeq L-1 to about 12 µeq L-1 in Ruby Lake, and in Emerald Lake, NO3 - maxima declined by 25-50 %.
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  • 69
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 101-115 
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; costs ; forests ; Joint Implementation ; mitigation ; monitoring ; policies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Forest sector mitigation options can be grouped into three categories: (1) management for carbon (C) conservation, (2) management for C storage, and (3) management for C substitution. The paper provides background information on the technical potential for C conservation and sequestration worldwide and the average costs of achieving it. It reviews policy measures that have been successfully applied at regional and project levels toward the reduction of atmospheric greenhouse gases. It also describes both national programs and jointly implemented international activities. The monitoring methods, and the items to monitor, differ across these categories. Remote sensing is a good approach for the monitoring of C conservation, but not for C substitution, which requires estimation of the fossil fuels that would be displaced and the continued monitoring of electricity generation sources. C storage, on the other hand, includes C in products which may be traded internationally. Their monitoring will require that bi- or multi-lateral protocols be set up for this purpose.
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Carbon storage ; Joint Implementation ; monitoring ; remote sensing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Adequate monitoring of carbon sequestered by forestry activities is essential to the future of forestry as a climate change mitigation option. A wide range of approaches has been taken to monitor changes in forest carbon attributable to project activities. This paper describes simple, least-cost/least-precision methods, remote sensing, periodic carbon inventories, and traditional research methods. Periodic carbon inventories are the preferred approach because they are cost-effective, provide measurements with known levels of precision, and allow the monitoring of other values such as biodiversity and commercial timber volumes. Verification of monitoring estimates is discussed as an auditing process designed to evaluate reported carbon sequestration values. The limitations of remote sensing for biomass determination and the potential for changes in monitoring approaches due to improvements in technology are briefly reviewed.
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 231-246 
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Farm forestry ; carbon sequestration ; monitoring ; evaluation
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In Mexico an estimated 4.5 × 106ha are available for farm forestry, while up to 6.1 × 106 ha could be saved from deforestation by making shifting agriculture more productive and sustainable. Various farm forestry systems are technically, socially, and economically viable, including live fences, coffee with shade trees, plantations, tree enrichment of fallows, and taungya, with a C-sequestration potential varying from 17.6 to 176.3 Mg C ha−1. A self-reporting system with on-site spot checks is presented for the monitoring and evaluation (M&E), and will be tested in a farm forestry C-sequestration pilot project, to begin in Chiapas, Mexico, in 1997. The M&E procedure will facilitate the collection of field data at low cost, help ensure that the systems continue to address the needs of farmers, and give farmers an understanding of the value of the service that they are providing.
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  • 72
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 101-115 
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; costs ; forests ; Joint Implementation ; mitigation ; monitoring ; policies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Forest sector mitigation options can be grouped into three categories: (1) management for carbon (C) conservation, (2) management for C storage, and (3) management for C substitution. The paper provides background information on the technical potential for C conservation and sequestration worldwide and the average costs of achieving it. It reviews policy measures that have been successfully applied at regional and project levels toward the reduction of atmosphere greenhouse gases. It also describes both national programs and jointly implemented international activities. The monitoring methods, and the items to monitor, differ across these categories. Remote sensing is a good approach for the monitoring of C conservation, but not for C substitution, which requires estimation of the fossil fuels that would be displaced and the continued monitoring of electricity generation sources. C storage, on the other hand, includes C in products which may be traded internationally. Their monitoring will require that bi- or multi-lateral protocols be set up for this purpose.
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  • 73
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 231-246 
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Farm forestry ; carbon sequestration ; monitoring ; evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In Mexico an estimated 4.5×106ha are available for farm forestry, while up to 6.1×106ha could be saved from deforestation by making shifting agriculture more productive and sustainable. Various farm forestry systems are technically, socially, and economically viable, including live fences, coffee with shade trees, plantations, tree enrichment of fallows, and taungya, with a C-sequestration potential varying from 17.6 to 176.3 Mg C ha−1. A self-reporting system with on-site spot checks is presented for the monitoring and evaluation (M&E), and will be tested in a farm forestry C-sequestration pilot project, to begin in Chiapas, Mexico, in 1997. The M&E procedure will facilitate the collection of field data at low cost, help ensure that the systems continue to address the needs of farmers, and give farmers an understanding of the value of the service that they are providing.
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  • 74
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    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 381-397 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lead ; Hubbard Brook ; spodosol ; forest floor ; particles and colloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A dynamic simulation based on a simple box model was made to predict Pb transport in spodosols of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Simulated results suggest that labile Pb in the forest floor may be undergoing a rapid loss, and that Pb content may reach an equilibrium within ∼100 years with a steady-state level of approximately 0.2 kg ha-1 (concentration = 1.3 μg g-1). The predicted Pb loss from the forest floor is much higher than the observed Pb export based on zero-tension lysimeters, which are designed to optimize measurement of dissolved substances. It is suspected that lysimeters might have failed to effectively collect particles and colloids. The dissolved Pb2+ loss from the forest floor, which is governed by nonlinear retardation, is insignificant relative to total Pb losses, so linear rate removal of particles and colloids from the forest floor is an adequate approximation of Pb transport. The mineral soil is currently acting as a net sink for the Pb released from the forest floor. The model suggests that Pb content in and Pb output from the mineral soil has been increasing since the 1970s. This increase should continue until a steady-state is reached in about 100 years. Unlike the forest floor, the mineral soil loses its Pb via dissolved forms that are regulated by nonlinear adsorption/desorption retardation.
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  • 75
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    Environmental and ecological statistics 4 (1997), S. 131-152 
    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: biodiversity ; geographic information systems ; geostatistics ; monitoring ; response surfaces ; spatial analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Echelons provide an objective approach to prospecting for areas of potential concern in synoptic regional monitoring of a surface variable. Echelons can be regarded informally as stacked hill forms. The strategy is to identify regions of the surface which are elevated relative to surroundings (Relative ELEVATIONS or RELEVATIONS). These are areas which would continue to expand as islands with receding (virtual) floodwaters. Levels where islands would merge are critical elevations which delimit echelons in the vertical dimension. Families of echelons consist of surface sectors constituting separate islands for deeper waters that merge as water level declines. Pits which would hold water are disregarded in such a progression, but a complementary analysis of pits is obtained using the surface as a virtual mould to cast a counter-surface (bathymetric analysis). An echelon tree is a family tree of echelons with peaks as terminals and the lowest level as root. An echelon tree thus provides a dendrogram representation of surface topology which enables graph theoretic analysis and comparison of surface structures. Echelon top view maps show echelon cover sectors on the base plane. An echelon table summarizes characteristics of echelons as instances or cases of hill form surface structure. Determination of echelons requires only ordinal strength for the surface variable, and is thus appropriate for environmental indices as well as measurements. Since echelons are inherent in a surface rather than perceptual, they provide a basis for computer-intelligent understanding of surfaces. Echelons are given for broad-scale mammalian species richness in Pennsylvania.
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  • 76
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Carbon storage ; Joint Implementation ; monitoring ; remote sensing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Adequate monitoring of carbon sequestered by forestry activities is essential to the future of forestry as a climate change mitigation option. A wide range of approaches has been taken to monitor changes in forest carbon attributable to project activities. This paper describes simple, least-cost/least-precision methods, remote sensing, periodic carbon inventories, and traditional research methods. Periodic carbon inventories are the preferred approach because they are cost-effective, provide measurements with known levels of precision, and allow the monitoring of other values such as biodiversity and commercial timber volumes. Verification of monitoring estimates is discussed as an auditing process designed to evaluate reported carbon sequestration values. The limitations of remote sensing for biomass determination and the potential for changes in monitoring approaches due to improvements in technology are briefly reviewed.
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  • 77
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    Journal of fusion energy 16 (1997), S. 231-236 
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: Dust ; radioactive inventory ; removal ; monitoring
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In the future fusion reactor, dust control may become more important for safety, than for existing fusion facilities. Some estimations show more than hundreds kg/yr dust will be generated from the plasma facing materials in the vacuum vessel. If we consider continuously operating plant, dust should be monitored and removed during the operation time. Optical monitoring methods and electrostatic removal methods are useful approaches to accomplish this. An investigation of the development of the dust removal system for a fusion reactor is reported in this paper.
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  • 78
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    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 381-397 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lead ; Hubbard Brook ; spodosol ; forest floor ; particles and colloids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A dynamic simulation based on a simple box model was made to predict Pb transport in spodosols of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Simulated results suggest that labile Pb in the forest floor may be undergoing a rapid loss, and that Pb content may reach an equilibrium within ∼100 years with a steady-state level of approximately 0.2 kg ha−1 (concentration = 1.3 μg g−1). The predicted Pb loss from the forest floor is much higher than the observed Pb export based on zero-tension lysimeters, which are designed to optimize measurement of dissolved substances. It is suspected that lysimeters might have failed to effectively collect particles and colloids. The dissolved Pb2+ loss from the forest floor, which is governed by nonlinear retardation, is insignificant relative to total Pb losses, so linear rate removal of particles and colloids from the forest floor is an adequate approximation of Pb transport. The mineral soil is currently acting as a net sink for the Pb released from the forest floor. The model suggests that Pb content in and Pb output from the mineral soil has been increasing since the 1970s. This increase should continue until a steady-state is reached in about 100 years. Unlike the forest floor, the mineral soil loses its Pb via dissolved forms that are regulated by nonlinear adsorption/desorption retardation.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 337-351 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: transport ; soil columns ; breakthrough curves ; lead ; proton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Column experiments have been extensively used in transport studies of major cations but few investigations are available on migration through soils of strongly retained species that are environmentally relevant (like heavy metals). By presenting some selected experiments (lead and proton step-breakthrough tests in different conditions), this study shows that the soil-column technique is also applicable in the case of species which exhibit very large retention factors. The use of very small soil columns (about 0.4 mL of pore volumes) combined with relatively high flow rates (0.1–0.3 mL min−1 ) allows to observe the entire breakthrough curve (adsorption and desorption front up to 5000 pore volumes) in reasonable experimental time, in reproducible conditions and without experimental drawbacks. In the adopted experimental conditions no kinetic effects, related to diffuse transport and sorption reaction were recognized; moreover, Peclet number was higher than 60. Consequently, it was possible to calculate the equilibrium isotherms from the diffuse fronts of the breakthrough. Knowledge that can be derived, concerning the reversibility of the adsorption process, the influence of complexation on the adsorption, the kinetics of complex formation, and the effect of dissolution on proton transport, is also discussed.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric aerosol ; acid digestion procedure ; atomic absorption spectrometry ; heavy metal ; lead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a simple, reliable, economical, safe, accurate and reproducible method for atmospheric aerosol lead determination in glass fiber filters, consisting on an acid digestion procedure and atomic absorption spectrometry quantification. The acid digestion is accelerated by the use of a microwave oven with capped Teflon PFA vessels, and a two steps power and time program. The mixture of 10 mL HNO3 and 1 mL HF was selected between many tries, for both economic and environmental reasons. The use of direct standards for quantification is proposed instead of added standards on filters, using background correction (deuterium lamp). The filter lead content quantification was carried out through blank analyses. Lead determinations were carried out then in 2629 samples of atmospheric aerosol at three sampling points in the city of Cartagena (Spain), from 1990 to 1994. We present the annual average of these values for each year and sampling location.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 255-273 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmosphere ; Korea ; lead ; Pb/Fe ratio ; urban/nonurban
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The geographical and temporal distribution patterns of atmospheric lead (Pb) were investigated using the data acquired from four sampling locations in Won Ju City, Kang Won Do, Korea (February 1991 to August 1995). The monthly atmospheric Pb concentrations of four study sites were found in the range of 0.0005–0.250 (site #1: grassland, N=47), 0.013–0.405 (site #2: residential, N=53), 0.004–0.420 (site #3: commercial, N=50), and 0.004-1.881 µg m−3 (site #4: industrial, N=52). From all four sampling stations, maximum concentrations of Pb commonly occurred during winter, whilst minimum concentrations were typically observed during summer. Although seasonal differences in meteorological conditions are important to explain such temporal distribution trends, the increase in Pb levels during the spring season, especially during the month of April appears to reflect the influence of soil dust evasion from China. While Pb distributions were strongly affected by seasonality, examination of inter-annual variation trends revealed that the Pb levels had been gradually decreasing over the study periods and that such phenomenon was ubiquitous throughout all the study sites. The annual decrease rates of Pb, computed from the regression analysis, spanned from -0.014 (grassland) to -0.055 µg m−3 yr−1 (industrial). The existence of strong geographical variabilities was also confirmed by the development of a concentration gradient across the four sampling sites on the order: industrial (0.326±0.307, N=52) ≫ commercial (0.157±0.104, N=50) 〉 residential (0.149±0.102, N=53) 〉 grassland (0.088±0.060, N=47). A series of statistical analysis on the data sets in concert with computation of Pb/Fe elemental ratios indicate that the industrial sources may not directly be influencing the Pb levels of the other studied sites. Albeit changes in its long-term distribution trends, the data collected from this study confirm that atmospheric Pb may be classified as a group of constituents whose distribution is rather predictable spatiotemporally due both to: (1) strong repetitiveness of seasonal distribution trends and (2) relative spatial homogeneities that are associated with its unique physicochemical properties.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 59-69 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fly-ash particles ; ombrotrophic peats ; air pollution history ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The movement of fly-ash particles in a sequence ofSphagnum moss was studied in laboratory experiments and field investigations. The data obtained in the laboratory show that only 0.8% of particles, placed on the surface of a 6–10 cm thickSphagnum layer, were washed out with water (700–750 mm) during the 241 days of the experiment. The majority of added particles were fixed in the upper part (90% in 1–3 cm) of the moss layer. A SEM study indicates that sorption is slightly species-dependent due to the micromorphological parameters of theSphagnum species. The storage of particles bySphagnum mosses allows the use of natural sequences to study the history of atmospheric pollution. The distribution of particles in the upper part of moss layers in Viru Bog (50 km east of Tallinn, North Estonia) shows good agreement with the known air pollution history in Tallinn.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 225-245 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid precipitation ; Quebec ; lakewater quality ; acidification and recovery ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A total of 51 lakes in southern Quebec, Canada, were sampled between 1985 and 1993 to study changes in water chemistry following reductions in SO2 emissions (main precursor of acid precipitation). Time series analysis of precipitation chemistry revealed significant reductions in concentrations and deposition of SO4 2- from 1981 to 1992 in southern Quebec as well as reductions in concentrations and deposition of base cations (Ca2+, Mg2+), NO3 - and H+ in the western section of the study area. Reductions in atmospheric inputs of SO4 2- have resulted in decreased lakewater SO4 2- concentrations in the majority of the lakes in our study, although only a small fraction (9 of 37 lakes used in the temporal analysis) have improved significantly in terms of acidity status (pH, acid neutralizing capacity – ANC). The main response of the lakes to decreased SO4 2- is a decrease in base cations (Ca2++Mg2+), which was observed in 17 of 37 lakes. Seventeen lakes also showed significant increases in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) over the period of study. The resulting increases in organic acidity as well as the decrease in base cations could both play a role in delaying the recovery of our lakes.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 373-384 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lead ; lead arsenate ; orchards ; soil ; Michigan ; automobile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Pb content in orchard soils at Mission Peninsula, Michigan was determined to assess the impact of historical lead arsenate applications. Soil samples at 72 sites located in five orchards were collected at depths of 2-, 20-, 50-, and 100 cm. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to quantify Pb levels (μg g-1). Mean surface Pb levels at individual orchards ranged from〈 1–136 μg g-1 and rapidly decreased with depth, to 〈1–5 μg g-1 at 100 cm. The impact of textural class and slope angle on Pb levels was also analyzed. Correlation coefficients linking Pb levels with textural class were weak, ranging from 0.21 to –0.07. Varying slope steepness and slope position within orchards failed to affect the spatial pattern of soil Pb. Soil Pb levels were also compared at 5 sites along local roads with varying levels of automobile traffic. Samples were collected 1 m from the roadside at the same depth intervals studied in orchards. Average daily traffic along the busiest roadsites ranged from 8200 to 16 000; these sites had Pb levels of 90–210 μg g-1. Such locales had Pb levels similar to the more intensively sprayed orchards.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 373-384 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: lead ; lead arsenate ; orchards ; soil ; Michigan ; automobile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Pb content in orchard soils at Mission Peninsula, Michigan was determined to assess the impact of historical lead arsenate applications. Soil samples at 72 sites located in five orchards were collected at depths of 2−, 20-, 50−, and 100 cm. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to quantify Pb levels (jig g−1). Mean surface Pb levels at individual orchards ranged from 〈1–136 pg g−1 and rapidly decreased with depth, to 〈 1-5 μg g−1 at 100 cm. The impact of textural class and slope angle on Pb levels was also analyzed. Correlation coefficients linking Pb levels with textural class were weak, ranging from 0.21 to −0.07. Varying slope steepness and slope position within orchards failed to affect the spatial pattern of soil Pb. Soil Pb levels were also compared at 5 sites along local roads with varying levels of automobile traffic. Samples were collected 1 m from the roadside at the same depth intervals studied in orchards. Average daily traffic along the busiest roadsites ranged from 8200 to 16 000; these sites had Pb levels of 90–210 μg g−1. Such locales had Pb levels similar to the more intensively sprayed orchards.
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  • 86
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    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 337-351 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: transport ; soil columns ; breakthrough curves ; lead ; proton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Column experiments have been extensively used in transport studies of major cations but few investigations are available on migration through soils of strongly retained species that are environmentally relevant (like heavy metals). By presenting some selected experiments (lead and proton step-breakthrough tests in different conditions), this study shows that the soil-column technique is also applicable in the case of species which exhibit very large retention factors. The use of very small soil columns (about 0.4 mL of pore volumes) combined with relatively high flow rates (0.1–0.3 mL min-1 ) allows to observe the entire breakthrough curve (adsorption and desorption front up to 5000 pore volumes) in reasonable experimental time, in reproducible conditions and without experimental drawbacks. In the adopted experimental conditions no kinetic effects, related to diffuse transport and sorption reaction were recognized; moreover, Peclet number was higher than 60. Consequently, it was possible to calculate the equilibrium isotherms from the diffuse fronts of the breakthrough. Knowledge that can be derived, concerning the reversibility of the adsorption process, the influence of complexation on the adsorption, the kinetics of complex formation, and the effect of dissolution on proton transport, is also discussed.
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  • 87
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    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 255-273 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmosphere ; Korea ; lead ; Pb/Fe ratio ; urban/nonurban
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The geographical and temporal distribution patterns of atmospheric lead (Pb) were investigated using the data acquired from four sampling locations in Won Ju City, Kang Won Do, Korea (February 1991 to August 1995). The monthly atmospheric Pb concentrations of four study sites were found in the range of 0.005-0.250 (site #1: grassland, N=47), 0.013–0.405 (site #2: residential, N=53), 0.004–0.420 (site #3: commercial, N=50), and 0.004-1.881 µg m-3 (site #4: industrial, N=52). From all four sampling stations, maximum concentrations of Pb commonly occurred during winter, whilst minimum concentrations were typically observed during summer. Although seasonal differences in meteorological conditions are important to explain such temporal distribution trends, the increase in Pb levels during the spring season, especially during the month of April appears to reflect the influence of soil dust evasion from China. While Pb distributions were strongly affected by seasonality, examination of inter-annual variation trends revealed that the Pb levels had been gradually decreasing over the study periods and that such phenomenon was ubiquitous throughout all the study sites. The annual decrease rates of Pb, computed from the regression analysis, spanned from –0.014 (grassland) to –0.055 µg m-3 yr-1 (industrial). The existence of strong geographical variabilities was also confirmed by the development of a concentration gradient across the four sampling sites on the order: industrial (0.326±0.307, N=52) ≫ commercial (0.157±0.104, N=50) 〉 residential (0.149±0.102, N=53) 〉 grassland (0.088±0.060, N=47). A series of statistical analysis on the data sets in concert with computation of Pb/Fe elemental ratios indicate that the industrial sources may not directly be influencing the Pb levels of the other studied sites. Albeit changes in its long-term distribution trends, the data collected from this study confirm that atmospheric Pb may be classified as a group of constituents whose distribution is rather predictable spatiotemporally due both to: (1) strong repetitiveness of seasonal distribution trends and (2) relative spatial homogeneities that are associated with its unique physicochemical properties.
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  • 88
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 47 (1997), S. 223-237 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: contamination ; groundwater ; monitoring ; nitrate ; pesticide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A shallow aquifer in central South Dakota was monitored for thepresence of nitrate and pesticides. A total of 593 nitrate samples and428 pesticide samples were analyzed from nine different sites and 14wells between 1989 and 1994. Nested wells were installed at four sitesto characterize the distribution pattern of nitrate and pesticidemovement in ground water. Nitrate concentrations and pesticidedetections were qualitatively compared with area precipitation and watertable fluctuations. The results indicate that nitrates tend to betransported by a leaching mechanism in a matrix flow and may appearin ground water within months after the fertilizer application in thefields. The pesticide movement is primarily controlled by geologicaland chemical characteristics of medium and pesticides.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric aerosol ; acid digestion procedure ; atomic absorption spectrometry ; heavy metal ; lead
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a simple, reliable, economical, safe, accurate and reproducible method for atmospheric aerosol lead determination in glass fiber filters, consisting on an acid digestion procedure and atomic absorption spectrometry quantification. The acid digestion is accelerated by the use of a microwave oven with capped Teflon PFA vessels, and a two steps power and time program. The mixture of 10 mL HNO3 and 1 mL HF was selected between many tries, for both economic and environmental reasons. The use of direct standards for quantification is proposed instead of added standards on filters, using background correction (deuterium lamp). The filter lead content quantification was carried out through blank analyses. Lead determinations were carried out then in 2629 samples of atmospheric aerosol at three sampling points in the city of Cartagena (Spain), from 1990 to 1994. We present the annual average of these values for each year and sampling location.
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  • 90
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 48 (1997), S. 45-72 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: forest health ; indicators ; indices ; monitoring ; requirements ; strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Part of this paper has been prepared for the lecture Forest Health Assessment-Criteria,Methods and Problems given by the author at the UIMPuniversity course Sanidad Forestal en el Bosques Mediterraneos yTemplados. Implicacion de la Contaminacion Atmosferica y del Cambio Global, held in Valencia, Spain, October, 1995. Assessment and monitoring of forest health representsa key point for environmental policy and for the management ofenvironmental resources. With the renewed interest in assessment andmonitoring of forest health generated by the suspected occurrence ofa widespread forest decline in Europe and North America, manyactivities have been undertaken: however, some questions should beconsidered and clarified when attempting to estimate forest health.Particularly, the objective(s) of the assessment and monitoringprogram should be carefully identified. Identification of a program‘stask has a number of implications and consequences: it implies adefinition of what concept of forest health (forest ecosystem health,forest health or forest trees health?) is assumed, what will be thetarget entity to be monitored, and therefore the identification of therelevant assessment questions and assessment endpoints.Consequences concern the definition of the spatial scale (frominternational to landscape and plot scale monitoring) and ecologicalcoverage (from single species population to population ofecosystems) of the program, which can have a considerable influenceon the choice of the proper sampling strategy and tactic, as well ason the most suitable methods, indicators and indices to be used.Although much of the work in the field of forest health and airpollution has concentrated on surveys on crown transparency anddiscoloration, there is an entire range of methods, indicators andindices developed to assess the health status of forests. The decisionas to which ones should be used will depend on the aim of theprogram and on economic and practical considerations. A furtherconsideration concerns the time span of the program, but anydecision in this field is subject to many limitations due to difficultiesin predicting future monitoring needs. All these points should becarefully considered and implemented according to a rigorousQuality Assurance procedure since any decision will influence futurework for many years.
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  • 91
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    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 181-186 
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: lead ; wood ducks ; sediment ingestion ; exposure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Waterfowl on lateral lakes of the Coeur d'Alene River and on Lake Coeur d'Alene have been poisoned for many years by lead (Pb) from mining and smelting. In 1992 we undertook a study in the area to determine the importance of sediment ingestion in exposing wood ducks (Aix sponsa) to Pb. Digesta were removed from the intestines of wood ducks collected from contaminated and reference areas. The mean Pb concentration in the digesta of wood ducks from the contaminated area was 32 p.p.m. dry weight. The sediment content was estimated to average less than 2% of the dry weight of the wood duck diet. The lead concentrations in the digesta were closely correlated with the concentrations of acid- insoluble ash, Al, Ti and Fe in the digesta and these four variables are associated with sediment. Samples containing low concentrations of these variables also had low concentrations of Pb. These results suggest that most of the Pb in the digesta came from ingested sediment, rather than from plant material in the diet. The importance of ingested sediment as a source of lead was unexpected, because wood ducks are surface feeders on aquatic plants and they rarely dabble beneath the surface or feed on the bottom. However, it appears that sediment ingestion is sometimes the principal route of exposure to environmental contaminants that are not readily taken up by plants and invertebrates and this route should be considered in risk assessments of waterfowl
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  • 92
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
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  • 93
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    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 243-254 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: arsenic ; lead ; phosphorus ; heavy metal ; mobility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Past use of lead arsenate insecticides has resulted in elevated concentrations of lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) in topsoils of many existing and former deciduous tree fruit orchard sites throughout the world. Application of phosphate (PO4)-containing fertilizers to these soils can increase soil As solubility, phytoavailability and downward mobility. A laboratory soil column experiment was conducted to determine if As released by phosphate additions to a topsoil artificially contaminated with lead arsenate (1.65 mmol total Pb/kg; 1.10 mmol total As/kg) would be appreciably resorbed by the underlying uncontaminated subsoil. Treatments were a factorial combination of topsoil amendment with monoammonium phosphate (MAP, 0 or 16.67 mmol PO4/kg), and amount of leaching (1, 5 and 10 pore volume displacements (PVD) with distilled water under saturated flow conditions). Soil As decreased in the topsoil with increasing amount of leaching and increased in the subsoil. Addition of MAP substantially increased loss of topsoil As, promoted As transport into and through the subsoil, and increased dissolved As concentrations in the column leachates. After 10 PVDs, 95% of the initial soil As remained in the −MAP columns, while 56% of the initial soil As remained the +MAP columns. Dissolved Pb concentrations were 〈0.05μmol/L in all column leachates. The data are consistent with a mechanism of PO4-enhanced release of As in the topsoil and subsequent promotion of As movement through the subsoil by continuing competition of dissolved As and PO4 for ion adsorption sites. The experimental results indicate that use of PO4-containing fertilizers on lead arsenate-contaminated soils has the potential to greatly enhance downward movement of soil As.
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  • 94
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    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 243-254 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: arsenic ; lead ; phosphorus ; heavy metal ; mobility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Past use of lead arsenate insecticides has resulted in elevated concentrations of lead (Pb) andarsenic (As) in topsoils of many existing and former deciduous tree fruit orchard sites throughoutthe world. Application of phosphate (PO4)-containing fertilizers to these soils can increase soil Assolubility, phytoavailability and downward mobility. A laboratory soil column experiment wasconducted to determine if As released by phosphate additions to a topsoil artificially contaminatedwith lead arsenate (1.65 mmol total Pb/kg; 1.10 mmol total As/kg) would be appreciably resorbedby the underlying uncontaminated subsoil. Treatments were a factorial combination of topsoilamendment with monoammonium phosphate (MAP, 0 or 16.67 mmol PO4/kg), and amount ofleaching (1, 5 and 10 pore volume displacements (PVD) with distilled water under saturated flowconditions). Soil As decreased in the topsoil with increasing amount of leaching and increased inthe subsoil. Addition of MAP substantially increased loss of topsoil. As, promoted As transportinto and through the subsoil, and increased dissolved As concentrations in the column leachates.After 10 PVDs, 95% of the initial soil As remained in the -MAP columns, while 56% of the initialsoil As remained the +MAP columns. Dissolved Pb concentrations were 〈0.05 µmol/Lin all column leachates. The data are consistent with a mechanism of PO4-enhanced release of Asin the topsoil and subsequent promotion of As movement through the subsoil by continuingcompetition of dissolved As and PO4 for ion adsorption sites. The experimental results indicatethat use of PO4-containing fertilizers on lead arsenate-contaminated soils has the potential togreatly enhance downward movement of soil As.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: nickel ; lead ; other metals ; salt ; sewage sludge ; acidifying agent (wastewater from olive oil processing) ; soil ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment using soil was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition of different forms of either nickel or lead, together with an acidifying agent, on the distribution of Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu and Mn in wheat plants, and on the post-harvest extractability of these elements in the soil. Two treatments consisting of soil alone or soil mixed with sewage sludge at a rate of 200 Mg ha−1 were used as controls. Nickel (400 mg kg−1) or lead (1600 mg kg−1) was added to the soil as an inorganic salt or mixed previously with sewage sludge. Six further treatments including an acidifying agent (wastewater from olive oil processing: alpechin) were also prepared. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Mesa) plants were harvested 75 d after germination. Dry matter yield of wheat was increased by the addition of sewage sludge. No reductions in yield were observed after the addition of nickel or lead. Nickel concentration and uptake by wheat, and extractability from soil, were higher when the sewage sludge enriched in nickel was added to soil. This effect was enhanced when the acidifying agent was also added. In contrast, lead availability was higher after the addition of inorganic Pb to soil. The addition of both forms of Ni enhanced Zn, Cu and Mn uptake by the plant, whereas the addition of lead increased Zn and Cu. After harvesting, increases in extractable Zn and Cu in the soil were observed only in treatments with sewage sludge, and not after the addition of Ni or Pb, or after the addition of the acidifying agent. Decreasing the pH of the soil with the acidifying agent tended to increase Mn uptake by wheat, and Mn extractability from the soil after harvesting.
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  • 96
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    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 59-69 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fly-ash particles ; ombrotrophic peats ; air pollutionhistory ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The movement of fly-ash particles in a sequence of Sphagnum moss was studied in laboratory experiments and field investigations. The data obtained in the laboratory show that only 0.8% of particles, placed on the surface of a 6–10 cm thick Sphagnum layer, were washed out with water (700–750 mm) during the 241 days of the experiment. The majority of added particles were fixed in the upper part (90% in 1–3 cm) of the moss layer. A SEM study indicates that sorption is slightly species-dependent due to the micromorphological parameters of the Sphagnum species. The storage of particles by Sphagnum mosses allows the use of natural sequences to study the history of atmospheric pollution. The distribution of particles in the upper part of moss layers in Viru Bog (50 km east of Tallinn, North Estonia) shows good agreement with the known air pollution history in Tallinn.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: nickel ; lead ; other metals ; salt ; sewage sludge ; acidifying agent (wastewater from olive oil processing) ; soil ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment using soil was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition of different forms of either nickel or lead, together with an acidifying agent, on the distribution of Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu and Mn in wheat plants, and on the post-harvest extractability of these elements in the soil. Two treatments consisting of soil alone or soil mixed with sewage sludge at a rate of 200 Mg ha−1 were used as controls. Nickel (400 mg kg−1) or lead (1600 mg kg−1) was added to the soil as an inorganic salt or mixed previously with sewage sludge. Six further treatments including an acidifying agent (wastewater from olive oil processing: alpechin) were also prepared. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Mesa) plants were harvested 75 d after germination. Dry matter yield of wheat was increased by the addition of sewage sludge. No reductions in yield were observed after the addition of nickel or lead. Nickel concentration and uptake by wheat, and extractability from soil, were higher when the sewage sludge enriched in nickel was added to soil. This effect was enhanced when the acidifying agent was also added. In contrast, lead availability was higher after the addition of inorganic Pb to soil. The addition of both forms of Ni enhanced Zn, Cu and Mn uptake by the plant, whereas the addition of lead increased Zn and Cu. After harvesting, increases in extractable Zn and Cu in the soil were observed only in treatments with sewage sludge, and not after the addition of Ni or Pb, or after the addition of the acidifying agent. Decreasing the pH of the soil with the acidifying agent tended to increase Mn uptake by wheat, and Mn extractability from the soil after harvesting.
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  • 98
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    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 225-245 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid precipitation ; Quebec ; lakewater quality ; acidification and recovery ; monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A total of 51 lakes in southern Quebec, Canada, were sampled between 1985 and 1993 to study changes in water chemistry following reductions in SO2 emissions (main precursor of acid precipitation). Time series analysis of precipitation chemistry revealed significant reductions in concentrations and deposition of SO4 2− from 1981 to 1992 in southern Quebec as well as reductions in concentrations and deposition of base cations (Ca2+, Mg2+), NO3 − and H+ in the western section of the study area. Reductions in atmospheric inputs inputs of SO4 2− have resulted in decreased lakewater SO4 2− concentrations in the majority of the lakes in our study, although only a small fraction (9 of 37 lakes used in the temporal analysis) have improved significantly in terms of acidity status (pH, acid neutralizing capacity — ANC). The main response of the lakes to decreased SO4 2− is a decrease in base cations (Ca2++Mg2+), which was observed in 17 of 37 lakes. Seventeen lakes also showed significant increases in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) over the period of study. The resulting increases in organic acidity as well as the decrease in base cations could both play a role in delaying the recovery of our lakes.
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  • 99
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 48 (1997), S. 285-296 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: herring gulls ; heavy metals ; selenium ; feathers ; bioindicator ; mercury ; lead ; cadmium ; chromium ; manganese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract With increasing interest in assessing the health or well-being ofcommunities and ecosystems, birds are being used asbioindicators. Coloniallynesting species breed mainly in coastal areas that are alsopreferred for humandevelopment, exposing the birds to various pollutants. Inthis paper concentrations of heavy metal and selenium in the feathers ofHerring Gulls(Larus argentatus) nesting in several colonies fromMassachusetts toDelaware are reported. There were significant differencesamong colonies forall metals, with metal concentrations being two to nearly fivetimes higher atsome colonies than others. Selenium showed the leastdifference, and cadmium showed the greatest difference among sites. Concentrations of lead werehighest at Prall‘s Island; mercury was highest at Shinnecock,Huckleberry andHarvey, and manganese was highest at Captree.
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 47 (1997), S. 39-57 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: Antarctica ; McMurdo Station ; monitoring ; wastewater ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract McMurdo Station is the largest research station in Antarctica and has a population that ranges from 250 to 1200 people. Wastewater from the Station is macerated, was sometimes mixed with waste brine from the desalinization plant and is discharged to McMurdo Sound. Effluent water quality has been routinely monitored since 1989, and a special ambient water quality study was conducted by Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) personnel in 1992. Results of the effluent monitoring efforts show that low concentrations of a few organic contaminants have been detected, while concentrations of metals, particularly copper, are considerably higher. Ambient water quality and sea ice monitoring detected very few contaminants, all at very low levels. Only minor and variable dissolved oxygen depression was detected near the outfall. Diatom communities near the outfall differ in relative abundance, cell counts, and chlorophyll a content compared to control sites. For the purpose of evaluating the impact of McMurdo`s effluent on ambient water quality, improved effluent monitoring and sediment quality monitoring are recommended instead of frequent monitoring of ambient water quality.
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