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  • Articles  (269)
  • 42.55  (107)
  • Coleoptera  (98)
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • Springer  (269)
  • 1980-1984  (269)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pitfall-trap catches of the carabid beetle Pterostichus melanarius, in relation to gut contents and prey densities, in insecticide treated and untreated spring barley (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pterostichus melanarius ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; pitfall traps ; insecticides ; prey ; hunger ; activity ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; Fenitrothion ; Sumicidin (Fenvalerate) ; spring barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au cours d'essais à grande échelle, effectués en 1981 et 1982, sur orge de printemps, pour évaleur l'effet des insecticides Fenitrothion et Sumicidine (fenvalerate) sur les arthropodes utiles, un accroissement significatif des captures, dans des trappes pièges de Barber, de Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) a été observé plusierus semaines après le traitement dans les lots traités par rapport aux lots témoins. Significativement plus de femelles de P. melanarius ont été capturées dans les parcelles traitées pendant cette période d'accroissement après traitement. Une diminution correspondante dans les populations de proies a été observée à la suite des traitements. Chaque femelle de P. melanarius des parcelles traitées avait une fraction significativement moins importance de son intestin remplie d'aliments solides (arthropodes) que celles des parcelles non traitées. Des auteurs précédents avaient observé des taux de capture plus rapides dans les trappes et ne plus grande mobilité des carabes affamés. La réduction des populations proies par l'application d'insecticides affamerait les carabes dont l'activité serait par suite plus élevée. Comme le taux de captures dans les trappes est dû à la fois à la taille de la population et à son activité, on en déduit que la capture par trappes seule ne peut donner une image exacte de l'effet des insecticides sur les populations de carabes dans les champs.
    Notes: Abstract During large-scale field experiments in 1981 and 1982, designed to assess the effects of the insecticides Fenitrothion and Sumicidin (Fenvalerate) on beneficial arthropods in spring barley, significant increases in pitfall-trap catches of Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) were observed in treated plots compared to untreated controls, several weeks after treatment. Significantly more female P. melanarius were caught in treated plots during these post-treatment increases. Corresponding decreases were observed in prey populations following treatments. Individual female P. melanarius from treated plots had significantly fewer of their gut areas full of solid (arthropod) food when compared to those from untreated control plots. Earlier workers observed both faster recapture rates in pitfalls and higher mobility in hungry carabid beetles. The following hypothesis is suggested: reducing prey populations by the application of insecticides results in hungrier carabid beetles with consequently higher activity. Since pitfall-trap catch is determined not only by population size but also activity, it is argued that pitfall-trap catches alone cannot give a true measure of the effects of insecticides on carabid populations in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345200
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae division by 5-trifluoro-methyl-6-azauracil (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1159-1161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 5-trifluoromethyl-6-àzauracil ; yeast cell cultures ; cell division ; inhibition of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell division, as studied in asynchronous cultures of yeast cells, is sensitive to 5-trifluoromethyl-6-azauracil (F3CAzU). Under defined conditions (10 mmoles l−1 F3CAzU) this compound blocks immediately and completely the process of cell division. Using synchronized cells, the time-point at which division process of yeast cell can be inhibited by F3CAzU has been determined. The inhibitor effect of this compound is completely reversed by thymine, thymidine and uracil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01971472
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of proteinases and carbohydrases in the midgut of larvae of the sweetpotato weevilCylas formicarius elegantulus and response of proteinases to inhibitors from sweet potato (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 97-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Cylas formicarius elegantulus ; sweetpotato weevil ; sweet potato ; digestion ; enzyme distribution ; trypsin-inhibitors ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'activité endoprotéinase était limitée au liquide de la lumière des régions ventriculaires antérieure et postérieure de l'intestin moyen des larves deCylas formicarius elegantulus Summers. Les aminopeptidases ont été trouvées dans le liquide de la lumière (18%), mais étaient principalement associées avec les fractions insolubles des cellules du ventricule postérieur (82%). Suivant le substrat, l'activité carboxypeptidase était à peu près également répartie entre le liquide de la lumière et les fractions insolubles des cellules du ventricule postérieur. L'amylase, enzyme secrétée, a été observée à la fois dans la lumière antérieure et postérieure. Cinq bandes d'activité amylase ont été révélées sur zymogrammes d'amidon après électrophorèse d'intestins moyens entiers. Trois des bandes d'amylase pouvaient provenir de la plante. Il y avait au moins 2 α-glucosidases, une secrétée et une liée aux cellules du ventricule antérieur. L'activite β-glucosidase était liée aux cellules du ventricule antérieur, fandis que l'activité α-galactosidase était limitée au fluide de la lumière. Les activités β-galactosidase et cellulase ont été trouvées à la fois dans le liquide de la lumière et dans la fraction cellulaire insoluble. Ainsi, la digestion initiale des grosses protéines et des polymères de carbohydrates se produit dans le liquide de la lumière dans les régions ventriculaires antérieure et postérieure. Cependant, l'achèvement de la digestion des oligopeptides se produit principalement dans le ventricule postérieur, tandis que la fin de la digestion des oligosaccharides se produit dans le ventricule antérieur. Les concentrations en inhibiteurs de trypsine de 5 cultivars d'I. batatas L. diffèrent de 1 à 20. Les endoprotéinases deC. formicarius elegantulus ont été inhibées par des extraits de cultivars, mais les cultivars avec des concentrations relativement élevées d'inhibiteur avainent antérieurement montré être susceptibles d'être attaqués par le coléoptère dans des essais en champs.
    Notes: Abstract Endoproteinase activity was confined to luminal fluid from anterior and posterior ventricular regions of midguts of larvae of the sweetpotato weevil,Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers). Aminopeptidase was found in luminal fluid (18%) but was primarily associated with insoluble fractions from cells of the posterior ventriculus (82%). Depending on substrate, carboxypeptidase activity was about equally distributed between luminal fluid and insoluble fractions from posterior ventriculus cells. Amylase was found in luminal fluid in both the anterior and posterior ventriculus. Five bands of amylase activity were detected on starch zymograms following electrophoresis of whole midgut samples. Three of the amylase bands may be plant-derived. At least two α-glucosidases were present, one secreted and one bound to anterior ventriculus cells. β-Glucosidase activity was bound to anterior ventriculus cells whereas α-galactosidase activity was confined to luminal fluid. β-Galactosidase and cellulase activities were found in both luminal fluid and the insoluble cell fraction. Thus, initial digestion of large protein and carbohydrate polymers occurs in luminal fluid in both anterior and posterior ventriculus regions. However, terminal digestion of oligopeptides occurs primarily in the posterior ventriculus while terminal digestion of oligosaccharides occurs in the anterior ventriculus. A 20-fold difference in trypsin-inhibitor concentration was found among five sweetpotato cultivars. Endoproteinases from sweetpotato weevil larvae were inhibited by extracts from the cultivars but cultivars with relatively high concentrations of inhibitor were previously shown to be susceptible to weevil attack in field trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00569949
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Group theory and experiments on helical and linear distributed feedback gas lasers (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 115-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 02.20 ; 42.55 ; 42.60D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This study puts forward the concept of helical distributed feedback (DFB) lasers. The basic features of this new type of laser are derived by group theoretical considerations on cylindrical, circular linear periodic, and helical waveguide and laser structures. It is demonstrated that not only linear periodic structures but also helical structures show Bragg and DFB effects. Microwave and far-infrared experiments on passive helical metal waveguides reveal Bragg resonances in transmission. These results initiated the first experimental realization of a helical DFB gas laser, i.e. an optically pumped 496μm CH3F laser with a helical metal waveguide of a pitch close to 250μm. This helical DFB laser shows higher-mode selectivity than the corresponding linear DFB laser. Finally, we show that the concept of helical DFB also applies to dye lasers with internal DFB incorporated by a mixture of the dye with a cholesteric liquid crystal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688518
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Submillimetre laser lines from CH3OH pumped by a13C18O2 pump laser: Observations and assignments (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 17-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-four new optically pumped submillimetre laser lines have been observed when CH3OH is excited using a13C18O2 pump laser. Four of these lines have been assigned to transitions involving the CO stretching band. In addition to these lines, a further six new lines have been observed when pumping with12C18O2 and13C16O2 lasers. One of these lines has been assigned to a transition involving the CO stretching band. The observation of infrared-infrared double resonance signals in CH3OH has allowed the prediction of a further six laser lines which should be excited using a13C18O2 pump laser.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697459
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coherent effects in inverse compton scattering in the high frequency region (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 41
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The conditions under which a cooperative emission from different friges occurs in the scattering between a relativistic electron beam and two interfering laser beams are discussed. In particular, the conditions to have an electron grating are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697638
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bistability and passive Q-switching of a CO2 laser with saturable absorber (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The coexistence of bistability and repetitive passive Q-switching of a CO2 laser with a gaseous saturable absorber has been investigated experimentally. With CH3F as the saturable absorber bistability has been observed simultaneously with passive Q-switching, whereas with CH3OH either one of these phenomena can only exist, as demonstrated for the first time. The measured features of both systems can be explained qualitatively by rate-equation theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697426
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optically pumped submillimetre laser action in formaldoxime and ammonia (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 127-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Strong submillimetre laser action has been obtained on five lines of a new laser gas, formaldoxime. Several new emission lines have also been produced by isotopic CO2 laser pumping of14NH3 and15NH3. One of these lines at 102.9 μm is a rotation-inversion transition in the 2v 2 state, and is the first example of cw laser action in such a highly excited state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697700
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CW and pulsed FIR-CO2 hybrid laser with improved efficiency and amplitude stability at short FIR wavelengths (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 23-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract For the first time stable cw output of a FIR-CO2 hybrid laser has been achieved at wavelengths shorter than 300 μm. Due to the saturable absorber characteristic of the FIR laser gas, cw or pulsed emission is observed on both, the CO2 and the FIR laser output, depending on the operating conditions. Results are reported on different resonant lines in CH3OH and the 67 μm Raman line in NH3. The good efficiency of this laser is also demonstrated by the excitation of two new emission lines in CH3OH, namely 49 and 56 μm, pumped by 9R(22) and 9R(24), respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690022
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of triplet quenchers on vapor-phase dye-laser performance (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 83-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33.50 ; 34.50 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An XeF pumped vapor phase POPOP dye laser with a pulse duration of 300 ns was obtained when trans-stilbene was used as triplet quencher. An energy conversion efficiency of 7,5% with a peak power efficiency of 12% was measured.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697952
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New cw fir laser emissions from CO2 laser-pumped vinyl bromide (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 175-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract 47 new cw far-infrared laser lines with wavelenths between 453 and 2356 μm have been obtained by optically pumping vinyl bromide (C2H3Br) by a CO2 laser. A significant portion of these lines has wavelengths longer than 750 μm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697631
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small-signal gain of Free Electron Laser in a resonator Gaussian mode (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 163-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.50 ; 42.55 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present an analytical expression for the small-signal gain of a Free Electron Laser (FEL) in the presence of a Gaussian mode. To describe the electron beam evolution we use the one-dimensional (1-d) Vlasov equation. Our perturbation result, valid for small values of the parameterq (length of the undulatorL divided by the Rayleigh rangeZ R), can be extrapolated to values ofq≈4÷5.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697707
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transverse mode dynamics in a free-electron laser (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 9-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.20 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We derive the most general equations of motion for the electrons and the electromagnetic field in a free-electron laser including the effects of diffraction and pulse propagation. The field evolution is expressed in terms of the amplitudes and phases of a complete set of transverse modes. The analytic solution is given in the small-signal regime, where the theory is shown to be in excellent agreement with a recent experiment at Orsay.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690020
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pressure dependence of laser oscillation and superfluorescent emission from an optically pumped CF4 laser (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experiments on pressure dependence of a CF4 laser have been carried out to elucidate dynamic characteristics of CF4 molecules pumped by CO2 lasers. The results are followed by a model calculation which characterizes collisional quenching of the energy levels related to the stimulated emission. The enhancement of the laser output induced by buffer-gas addition, which was found under specific conditions, is discussed in relation to the competition between laser and superfluorescent emissions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697463
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intense laser generation from an atomic-fluorine laser (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 235-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An intensive generation of radiation from a discharge-pumped atomic-fluorine gas laser is reported. A peak power exceeding 330 kW and a total energy of more than 2 mJ is obtained for a number of lines in the red, using a NF3∶He (1∶100) gas mixture at total pressure of 500 Torr. The circuitry optimization is described and the conditions for effective operation of the atomic-fluorine laser are discussed. The temporal and the spectral characteristics of the laser emission are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697333
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Energy transfer in slab dye lasers (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.55 ; 42.72
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple model of the energy transfer between a booster dye and the active dye in a flashlamp pumped planar waveguide dye laser is described. Analytical results are compared with experiments for several dyes in the 600–650 nm region. A twofold increase of laser output was found at a wavelength (630 nm) which is of particular interest for several applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697425
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-phase locking in lasers with homogeneously broadened emission lines (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 187-193 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.50 ; 42.55 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown by numerical analysis based on Lamb's equations of motion, that standing-wave lasers with purely homogeneously broadened emission lines exhibit regular multimode oscillations. Specifically, modes lying far from the line centre are quenched due to mode competition, and the amplitudes of the oscillating modes approach steady-state values. The stabilization of the amplitudes is normally accompanied, or followed, by an evolution of the phases towards a phase-locked regime, where the relative phasesψ n = 2φ n −φ n + 1 −φ n − 1 [φ n phase in then th mode, defined by (6)] attain either the value 0 or ± π. The build-up times for the relative phases are found to vary over a wide range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688527
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Improved gain on the Cl2(D′3 П g −A′3 П u ) transition at 258 nm by halogen donor mixing (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 11-15 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The temporal development of the small-signal gain on the Cl2(D′−A′) transition at 258 nm has been investigated by means of an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) technique. For electron beam pumped He/Cl2 mixtures, the gain appears only at the end of the pumping pulse, whereas for He/Cl2/CCl4 mixtures the temporal gain profile coincides with the fluorescence pulse, and the maximum gain coefficient increases by about a factor of two. The observed effects are due to the mixing of both halogen donors and can be explained by considering the quenching of theD′-state by electrons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697515
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  • 19
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    A subpicosecond dye laser pumped by a xenon ion laser (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 191-192 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A pulsed xenon ion laser has been used to pump a rhodamine 6G dye laser utilizing a ring resonator. The dye laser has been passively mode-locked; a pulsewidth of 0.5 ps and a 50 kW peak power have been obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697634
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  • 20
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    A new blue-green XeF (C→A) excimer laser amplifier concept (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 227-231 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The feasibility of using the electrically excited XeF(C»A) excimer medium as an efficient wideband amplifier in the blue-green region of the spectrum has been investigated. Calculations show that for an intense blue-green optical flux input the amplification characteristics of XeF(C»A) improve, as a result of both bleaching of the pump induced absorbers and by additional production of XeF(C) level population. The removal of one of the major absorbing species, Xe** in the XeF (C»A) laser mixture by means of a pulsed ruby laser probe beam has been demonstrated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00693931
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  • 21
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    Pure MW Raman laser emission in superradiant mode in ammonia by pumping with 9P20 CO2 laser line (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 33-35 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33.80 Bx ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this work, clear FIR Raman emission in ammonia was observed when a 9P20 CO2 line was used as a pump. We have noted an intense pump depletion and strong superradiant FIR and MIR emissions. The time history of these radiations has also been recorded. The intense MIR radiation is a new line observed in the ammonia laser.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697462
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Optical klystron experiments for the ACO storage ring Free Electron Laser (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 207-219 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract To improve the gain in the Orsay storage ring Free Electron Laser (FEL) experiment, the 17 period permanent magnet undulator has been modified to form an optical klystron (OK). We report the measurement of spontaneous emission and the effects on it of energy spread and angular spread. Gain and laser induced bunch lengthening measurements with the OK are also reported and are in very good agreement with the FEL classical theory. The spontaneous emission spectrum which is easy to measure with good signal to noise ratio, turns out to be a very good diagnostic tool forenergy spread and angular spread measurements on storage rings. The factor of four increase in the small gain obtained by converting the undulator NOEL into an OK was the critical factor in the recent operation of the ACO storage ring laser above threshold.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697637
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  • 23
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    Xe2Cl fluorescence and absorption in self-sustained discharge XeCl lasers (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 167-172 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescence at 490 nm from the triatomic excimer Xe2Cl* has been investigated to determine the 308 nm absorption due to this species in an x-ray preionized, self-sustained gas discharge XeCl laser. The dependence of Xe2Cl* density on laser intensity (at 308 nm), buffer gas and Xe and HCl partial pressures has been determined for discharges with a peak electrical power deposition of 2.5 GWl−1. Xe2Cl* absorption is estimated to reach 0.6% cm−1 under non-lasing conditions but decreases to a non-saturable 0.2% cm−1 for intracavity laser intensity〉1 MW cm−2. XeCl* and Xe2Cl* fluorescence intensities were found to be a similar for both helium and neon buffer gases but laser output was a factor of two greater with a neon buffer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697708
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  • 24
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    Cloning and integrative deletion of the RAD6 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 559-566 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA repair ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three overlapping plasmids were isolated from a YEp24 library, which restore Rad+ functions to rad6-1 and rad6-3 mutants. Different subclones were made and shown to integrate by homologous recombination at the RAD6 site on chromosome VII, thus verifying the cloned DNA segments to be the RAD6 gene and not a suppressor. The gene resides in a 1.15 kb fragment, which restores Rad+ levels of resistance to U.V., MMS and γ-rays to both rad6-1 and rad6-3 strains. It also restores sporulation ability to rad6-1 diploids. Integrative deletion of the RAD6 gene was shown not to be completely lethal to the yeast. Our results suggest that the RAD6 gene has some cell cycle-specific function(s), probably during late S phase.
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    Purification and genetic control of α-pheromone-inactivating glycoproteins in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1984), S. 39-45 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: α-Pheromone-inactivating glycoproteins ; bar1-1 ; Barrier proteins ; Purification ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two kinds of a-mating-type-specific proteins inactivating α pheromone (α factor) were purified from heat shock extract of MATa cells. Their molecular weights were estimated to be 400,000 and 200,000 by gel filtration. Both proteins were detected in MATa SST1 cells but not in MATα SST1, MATa sst1-1 and MATa/MATα SST1/SST1 cells. In addition, the proteins were detected in matα2-1 SST1 cells but not in matα1-2 SST1 cells. From these results, it is concluded that these proteins are synthesized under the control of the SST1 gene and responsible for the Barrier action of MATa cells. The relationship of these proteins to the secreted Barrier protein having a higher molecular weight is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00396202
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    Structure and function of the TRP3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Analysis of 3′- and 5′-deletions in vivo and in vitro (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; TRP3 gene ; Deletion analysis ; Enzyme function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two sets of deletions, entering the TRP3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from the 3′- and the 5′-end were constructed. Complementation analysis with chromosomal trp3A, trp3B and trp3C mutations was done by introducing the 3′- and 5′-truncated gene on a multicopy 2 μm-vector. The N-terminal glutamine amido transferase function is encoded by a DNA fragment of 600–700 bp, and the C-terminal indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase function by a DNA fragment of about 900 bp, whereas both functions together are encoded by a contiguous DNA fragment of about 1,500 bp. The bi functional TRP3-peptide thus could be dissected into two catalytically independent peptides in vivo. For the indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase activity, independent catalytic activity was also demonstrated in vitro: deletions entering the TRP3 gene from the 5′-end, and lacking large parts of the sequence coding for the glutamine amidotransferase function, still are able to ex press a peptide exhibiting functional indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase activity in vitro. Deletion plasmids pME505·De1C102·2μm and DelC10·2μm exhibited shorter TRP3 transcripts according to the deleted DNA-fragments (150 and 426 by respectively) but yielded peptides of invariable Mr of 35,000 d. Transcription and translation of these peptides, which probably represent the independently folding indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase core are discussed.
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    Cloning of a DNA fragment from Cephalosporium acremonium which functions as an autonomous replication sequence in yeast (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cephalosporium acremonium ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Autonomous replication sequence ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A fragment of DNA which functions as an autonomous replication sequence in yeast was cloned from Cephalosporium acremonium. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was isolated from an industrial strain of C. acremonium (08G-250-21) highly developed for the production of the antibiotic, cephalosporin C. Size, 27 kb, and restriction pattern indicated this DNA was identical to mtDNA previously isolated (Minuth et al. 1982) from an ancestral strain (ATTC 14553) which produces very low amounts of cephalosporin C. A 1.9 kb Pst1 fragment of the Cephalosporium mtDNA was inserted into a Pst1 site of the yeast integrative plasmid, Ylp5, to produce a 7.5 kb plasmid, designated pPS1. The structure of pPS1 was verified by restriction analysis and hybridization. PS1 transformed Saccharomyces cerevisiae (DBY-746) to uracil prototrophy at a frequency of 272 transformants/μg DNA. Transformation frequencies of 715 transformants/μg DNA and zero were obtained for the replicative plasmid, YRp7, and the integrative plasmid YIp5, respectively. Southern hybridization and transformation of E. coli by DNA from yeast transformed by pPS1 verified that pPS1 replicates autonomously in yeast. The uracil-independent pPS1-yeast transformants were mitotically unstable. The average retention of pPS1 after three days growth in selective and non-selective medium was 4.5% and 0.4%, respectively, compared to retentions of 4.6% and 0.5% for YRp7. The properties of pPS1 were compared to those of a related plasmid, pCP2. pCP2 was constructed (Tudzynski et al. 1982) by inserting the C. acremonium 1.9 kb Pst1 fragment into the yeast integrative plasmid, pDAM1.
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    Cloning by genetic complementation and restriction mapping of the yeast HEM1 gene coding for 5-aminolevulinate synthase (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 327-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 5-aminolevulinate synthase ; Cloned gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have cloned the structural gene HEM1 for 5-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by transformation and complementation of a yeast hem1–5 mutant which was previously shown to lack ALA synthase activity (Urban-Grimal and Labbe Bois 1981) and had no immunodetectable ALA synthase protein when tested with yeast ALA synthase antiserum. The gene was selected from a recombinant cosmid pool which contained wild-type yeast genomic DNA fragments of an average size of 40 kb. The cloned gene was identified by the restauration.of growth on a non fermentable carbon source without addition of exogenous ALA. Sub cloning of partial Sau3A digests and functional analysis by transformation allowed us to isolate three independent plasmids, each carrying a 6 kb yeast DNA fragment inserted in either orientation into the single BamHI site of the vector pHCG3 and able to complement hem1–5 mutation. Analysis of the three plasmids by restriction endonucleases showed that HEM1 is contained within a 2.9 kb fragment. The three corresponding yeast trans formants present a 1, 2.5 and 16 fold increase in ALA synthase activity as compared to the wild-type strain. The gene product immunodetected in the transformant yeast cells has identical size as the wild-type yeast ALA synthase and its amount correlates well with the increase in ALA synthase activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419820
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    An improved isolation procedure for yeast two-micrometer minichromosomes (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1984), S. 107-111 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 2 μm minichromosomes ; Metrizamide gradients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two micrometer minichromosomes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated without detergent using metrizamide gradients. 2 μm minichromosomes showed a lower density in metrizamide gradients relative to genomic chromatin. Our results suggest a lower ratio of proteins to DNA in 2-μm minichromosomes as compared with genomic chromatin. The procedure described herein yields minichromosomes free of cellular chromatin and ribosomal protein contamination. This method may be useful for the isolation and characterization of other yeast minichromosomes.
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    Homoplasmic yeast cells contain no selectable “hidden” mitochondrial alleles (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 81-84 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondrial genes ; Vegetative segregation ; Uniparental inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Zygotes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are heteroplasmic for mitochondrial alleles produce diploid progeny that are homoplasmic for one allele or the other, judged by the criterion that upon further subcloning they produce daughter cells of only one phenotype or the other. Here we show that when such cells are subjected to strong selection for the missing allele, it cannot be detected, so that it is probably not present in even a single copy.
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    Regulation of transcription of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CYC1 gene: Identification of a DNA region involved in heme control (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 45-48 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Iso-1-cytochrome c ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Heme ; Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant (hem1 cycl-1) was transformed with plasmids bearing a chromosomal centromer (CEN3) and a 2 μm DNA replication origin. In one of the plasmids a functional CYC1 gene was present, in a second plasmid an XhoI fragment located between bases -245 and -678 upstream from the translation initiation codon had been deleted, in a third plasmid this region had been inverted. Results of hybridization experiments carried out with mRNA isolated from heme-deficient and heme-containing transformants indicated that heme controls transcription of the CYC1 gene and that DNA sequences located within the upstream XhoI fragment are involved in activation of the gene by heme.
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    Structure and function of the TRP3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Analysis of transcription, promoter sequence, and sequence coding for a glutamine amidotransferase (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 165-172 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; TRP3 gene ; Sequence analysis ; Enzyme function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The structure and function of the TRP3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were analyzed. Subcloning of an original 4.8 kb BamHI DNA fragment, carrying the yeast TRP3 gene, allowed for a localization of the gene on a 2.5 kb ClaI/BamHI fragment. Transcription was found to proceed from the ClaI site towards the BamHI site. Three major transcription start sites were determined at positions −92, −87, and −81 by S1-mapping. The synthesis of the TRP3 gene is regulated by the general control, and was found to take place- at the transcriptional level. The sequence of the 5′-noncoding region up to position −400 and part of the coding region to position 840 were determined. The 5′-noncoding region contains sequences common to most amino acid biosynthetic genes known so far, namely a presumptive ribosome binding site, “Goldberg-Hogness boxes”, and a consensus sequence, possibly involved in the general control. For the coding region a single open reading frame was found. The deduced amino acid sequence was aligned with homologous amino acid sequences of Neurospora crassa, Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli. The exceptionally high homology (40–60%) between these sequences led us to postulate that the TRP3 gene product is of the structure NH2-glutamine amidotransferase-indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase-COOH.
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    Cloning and identification of a DNA fragment coding for the sup1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 467-470 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cloning ; Suppressor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A plasmid, pYsup1-1, containing a DNA fragment able to suppress the recessive mutant phenotype of the suppressor locus sup1 (allele sup1-ts36) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated from a bank of yeast chromosomal DNA cloned in cosmid p3030. The complementing gene was localized on a 2.6 kb DNA fragment by further subcloning. Evidence is presented that the cloned DNA segment codes for the sup1 structural gene (chromosome IIR).
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    Hybridization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with Candida utilis through protoplast fusion (1984)
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 575-580 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Candida utilis ; Protoplast fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Auxotrophic mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis were hybridized through protoplast fusion. Spontaneous, UV- and FPA-induced mitotic segregation indicated that after cell fusion, exclusion of the S. cerevisiae nucleus or nuclear fusion followed by preferential loss of S. cerevisiae chromosomes can take place. Some of the hybrids were stable. One of them, expressed mating and sporulation functions of the S. cerevisiae parent. Thus, markers from both parents could be recovered as mitotic and meiotic segregants.
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    Selective inhibition of transition from sexual agglutination to zygote formation by ethyl N-phenylcarbamate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 188-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Agglutination substance ; α Pheromone ; Cell cycle ; Ethyl N-phenylcarbamate ; Mating reaction ; Microtubules ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of ethyl N-phenylcarbamate (EPC) on the mating reaction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied, with special attention on the effect on the α pheromone action. EPC inhibited zygote formation at a concentration which promoted induction of sexual agglutinability. EPC enhanced agglutinability induction by α pheromone, but inhibited α-pheromone-induced formation of large pearshaped cells in a mating type. The enhancement of agglutinability induction was accompanied with increased production of a agglutination substance and inhibition of α pheromone inactivation. EPC arrested the cell cycle of a cells probably in the step controlled by CDC19, CDC35, cAMP etc., just before the step controlled by CDC28, α pheromone etc.
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    An examination of factors affecting the instability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae glucan synthetase in cell free extracts (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 209-214 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Glucan synthetase ; EDTA ; Magnesium ; Sucrose ; Fluoride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Yeast β(1–3) glucan synthetase is stimulated and stabilized by EDTA. Sucrose protects the enzyme from selfinactivaton. Preincubation of cell free extracts at low sucrose concentrations indicates a slow transition of the enzyme towards dissociation. Transition kinetics at 30° C and 0° C in the presence and in the absence of sucrose are interpreted assuming that a subunit is thermolabile in the free state and that sucrose increases its stability. Magnesium is deletereous for glucan synthetase in cell-free extracts. Chaotropic agents inactivate glucan synthetase according to their capacity to solubilize and depolymerize biological compounds. Fluoride plays a special role in the activation of glucan synthetase. Its action appears to be dependent on the presence of GTP (or other nucleotides). The role of all these agents on the activity and stability of the enzyme is interpreted in a unified scheme.
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    Comparison of the killer toxin of several yeasts and the purification of a toxin of type K2 (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 357-361 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Killer toxin ; Extracellular glycoprotein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A total of 13 killer toxin producing strains belonging to the genera Saccharomyces, Candida and Pichia were tested against each other and against a sensitive yeast strain. Based on the activity of the toxins 4 different toxins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 2 different toxins of Pichia and one toxin of Candida were recognized. The culture filtrate of Pichia and Candida showed a much smaller activity than the strains of Saccharomyces. Extracellular killer toxins of 3 types of Saccharomyces were concentrated and partially purified. The pH optimum and the isoelectric point were determined. The killer toxins of S. cerevisiae strain NCYC 738, strain 399 and strain 28 were glycoproteins and had a molecular weight of Mr=16,000. The amino acid composition of the toxin type K2 of S. cerevisiae strain 399 was determined and compared with the composition of two other toxins.
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    Isolation, and biochemical and biological characterization of an a-mating-type-specific glycoprotein responsible for sexual agglutination from the cytoplasm of a-cells, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Agglutination substance ; Cell-cell recognition ; Glycoprotein ; Mating ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sexual agglutinability ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An a-mating-type-specific substance responsible for sexual agglutination was purified to 397-times in specific activity (units/mg protein) from the cytoplasm of a-mating type cells. The purified substance gave a single band stained with PAS reagent but not with both Coomassie brilliant blue and silver staining reagent by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 8 M urea. However, incorporation of [35S]methionine and Lowry reaction clearly indicate that the substance is a glycoprotein. The substance specifically masked sexual agglutinability of cells of the opposite mating type α, indicating univalent action. The substance is a glycoprotein with a carbohydrate content of 90%, a pI of 4.5, and a molecular weight of 130,000. The substance was inactivated by 2-mercaptoethanol and proteolytic enzymes but not by glycolytic enzymes. The substance formed a complementary complex having no biological activity when mixed with α-agglutination substance from the wall or cytoplasm of α-cells in vitro.
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    α-mating-type-specific suppression and a-mating-type-specific enhancement by tunicamycin of sexual agglutinability in the yeast Saccharomyces cervisiae (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 310-314 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Glycoprotein ; Inducible strains ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sexual agglutinability ; Tunicamycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of tunicamycin (TM) on the sexual agglutinability and zygote formation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied using the two kinds of haploid strains, inducible and constitutive for sexual agglutinability. Induction of sexual agglutinability by opposite mating type sex pheromone of inducible strains was inhibited by TM in α mating type but not in a mating type. The recovery by temperature-shift-down from the temperature-suppressed sexual agglutinability of constitutive strains was enhanced by TM in a mating type but rather inhibited in α mating type. Pretreatment with TM of constitutive strains enhanced sexual agglutinability in a mating type but not in α mating type. The above-mentioned a-mating-type-specific agglutinability-enhancing actions of TM were discussed in relation to the action mechanism of α pheromone which induces or enhances the sexual agglutinability of a cells. Zygote formation was inhibited by TM in both constitutive and inducible strains at concentrations which showed only partially inhibitory effect on sexual agglutinability.
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    Role of glandular scales of lepidote rhododendrons in insect resistance (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1787-1798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) ; black vine weevil ; Ericaceae ; Rhododendron ; trichomes ; glandular scales ; essential oils ; volatiles ; plant resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Glandular scales on selected lepidote rhododendron species varied in density from 109 ± 13 to 4180 ± 60/cm2 of leaf surface. Globules contained within the scales stained with Sudan IV, a lipophilic dye. Essential oil contents of the scales varied with species from 24 ± 8 to 151 ± 35 ng/scale. Black vine weevil [(Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.)] feeding on leaves from a sample of rhododendron species was inversely related to leaf essential oil content, and weevil feeding on membrane filters was inhibited by application of essential oil extracts from leaves of most lepidote rhododendrons tested. Results suggest that the glandular scales of the lepidote rhododendrons function, at least in part, in plant defense against insects.
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    Chemical stimuli in host-habitat location byLeptopilina heterotoma (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae), a parasite ofDrosophila (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 695-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Leptopilinaheterotoma ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; host-habitat searching ; chemoreception ; fermentation products ; ethanol ; ethyl acetate ; acetaldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical stimuli play an important role in the process of searching for a host habitat by parasitic wasps. Volatile compounds originating from host habitats and/or hosts are the cues that enable such a location.Leptopilina heterotoma, a larval parasite ofDrosophila, is attracted to the food of its host, baker's yeast. Analysis of the fermentation products of baker's yeast, using a mass spectrometer, and olfactometer studies indicate that three fermentation products of this yeast, the main component of the host habitat in our laboratory, attractL. heterotoma: ethanol (5%), ethyl acetate (10−2, 10−3%), and acetaldehyde (1%). A combination of these three compounds, however, cannot compete with baker's yeast in attracting the parasites. Thus other factors, such as different compounds, concentrations, and/or combinations, also, play a role and remain to be tested.Leptopilina heterotoma does not use host-related olfactory cues in long-distance habitat location as it cannot distinguish between host habitat and host habitat with hosts.
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    Attraction of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to a pheromone trap (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 723-752 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; pheromone ; release ; recapture ; diffusion ; model ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; trap ; marking ; dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The movement of bark beetles near an attractive pheromone source is described in terms of mathematical models of the diffusion type. To test the models, two release experiments involving 47,000 marked spruce bark beetles [Ips typographus (L.)] were performed. The attractive source was a pheromone trap, surrounded by eight concentric rings with eight passive trap stations on each ring. Captures were recorded every 2–10 minutes for the pheromone trap and once for the passive traps. The models were fitted to the distribution in time of the central pheromone trap catch and to the spatial distribution of catch among the passive traps. The first model that gives a reasonable fit consists of two phases: Phase one—After release the beetles move according to a diffusion process with drift towards the pheromone trap. The strength of the drift is inversely proportional to the distance from the traps. Phase two—those beetles attracted to, but not caught by, the pheromone trap are no longer influenced by the pheromone, and their movement is described by a diffusion process without drift. In phase two we work with a loss of beetles, whereas the experiment seems to indicate that the loss of beetles in phase one is negligible. As a second model, the following modification of phase one is considered: After release the beetles move according to a diffusion process without drift, until they start responding to the pheromone (with constant probability per unit time), whereafter they start moving according to a diffusion process with drift. This study, like other release experiments, shows that the efficiency of the pheromone trap is rather low. What is specific for the present investigation is that we try to explain this low efficiency in terms of dynamic models for insect movement. Two factors seem to contribute: Some beetles do not respond to pheromone at all, and some beetles disappear again after having been close to the pheromone trap. It also seems that the motility of the beetles decreased after they ceased responding to the pheromone. Furthermore, the data lend some support to the hypothesis that flight exercise increases the response of the beetles to pheromone.
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    Receptor cells inIps typographus andDendroctonus micans specific to pheromones of the reciprocal genus (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 759-769 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; Dendroctonus micans ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; exo-brevicomin ; (+)-ipsdienol ; single-cell recordings ; interspecific attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Olfactory receptor cells were studied electrophysiologically inIps typographus andDendroctonus micans. The investigation revealed cells which were keyed to pheromone compounds characteristic of the reciprocal genus. Thus, cells keyed toexo-brevicomin were found inI. typographus, whereas cells keyed to (+)-ipsdienol were present inD. micans. Laboratory behavioral tests indicated an attractive effect of the two compounds on beetles of the reciprocal genus. InI. typographus the effect ofexo-brevicomin predominantly concerned males and enhanced their response to the pheromone “ipslure.” It is suggested thatexo-brevicomin serves as an interspecific attractant forI. typographus, which may be guided by pheromone compounds of the reciprocal genus in finding suitable breeding material. The function of (+)-ipsdienol inD. micans is more uncertain. It may be either a pheromone or an interspecific messenger.
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    Olfaction in the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Electroantennogram studies (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1759-1785 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotton boll weevil ; Anthonomus grandis ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; pheromone ; kairomone ; plant odor ; olfaction ; electroantennogram ; attractant ; host plant ; green leaf volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennogram (EAG) techniques were utilized to measure the antennal olfactory responsiveness of adult boll weevils,Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to 38 odorants, including both insect and host plant (Gossypium hirsutum L.) volatiles. EAGs of both sexes were indicative of at least two receptor populations: one receptor population primarily responsive to pheromone components and related compounds, the other receptor population primarily responsive to plant odors. Similar responses to male aggregation pheromone components (i.e., compounds I, II, and III + IV) were obtained from both sexes, but females were slightly more sensitive to I. Both sexes were highly responsive to components of the “green leaf volatile complex,” especially the six-carbon saturated and monounsaturated primary alcohols. Heptanal was the most active aldehyde tested. More acceptors responded to oxygenated monoterpenes than to monoterpene hydrocarbons. β-Bisabolol, the major volatile of cotton, was the most active sesquiterpene. In general, males, which are responsible for host selection and pheromone production, were more sensitive to plant odors than were females. In fact, males were as sensitive to β-bisabolol and heptanal as to aggregation pheromone components. Electrophysiological data are discussed with regard to the role of insect and host plant volatiles in host selection and aggregation behavior of the boll weevil.
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    Quantitative variation of pheromone components in the spruce bark beetleIps typographus from different attack phases (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1029-1055 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips typographus ; spruce bark beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol ; ipsenol ; cis-verbenol ; ipsdienol ; trans-verbenol ; verbenone ; myrtenol ; trans-myrtanol ; 2-phenylethanol ; ß-isophorone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ips typographus beetles were collected in the field, separated into eight attack phases (from beetles walking on the trunk of a tree under attack to those excavating gallery systems with a mother gallery longer than 4 cm), and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol,cis- andtrans-verbenol, verbenone, myrtenol, trans-myrtanol, ipsenol, ipsdienol, and 2-phenylethanol were quantified from excised hindguts against an internal standard, heptyl acetate, in the extraction solvent. Methylbutenol, the pinene alcohols, and 2-phenylethanol showed the same pattern of variation between attack phases in males, with the largest amounts present before accepting females and then a fast decline. Ipsenol and ipsdienol were not detected in males before the females were accepted, and the amounts increased when the females start their egg laying. Verbenone occurred only in trace amounts. The beetles were sampled from five Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) of differing resin flow. The correlations between the nine pheromone components and five major host monoterpenes in the gut showed that the variation in the amount of methyl-butenol, ipsenol, and ipsdienol could not be explained by the variation in the amounts of host monoterpenes. In contrast over 80% of the quantitative variation ofcis-verbenol,trans-verbenol, and myrtenol was explained by the amount of α-pinene. The nine pheromone components from 36 individual males were also quantified. Both methylbutenol andcis-verbenol showed a large variation in both amounts and proportions. Females containedtrans-verbenol and traces of most other components found in males. When accepted by the male, they also contained a female-specific compound, β-isophorone. Behavioral and biosynthetic implications of the results are discussed.
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    Biogenesis of mitochondria: Defective yeast H+-ATPase assembled in the absence of mitochondrial protein synthesis is membrane associated (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 16 (1984), S. 561-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: H+-ATPase complex ; assembly defect ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mitochondrial biogenesis ; membrane association
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the extent to which the assembly of the cytoplasmically synthesized subunits of the H+-ATPase can proceed in a mtDNA-less (rho°) strain of yeast, which is not capable of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Three of the membrane sector proteins of the yeast H+-ATPase are synthesized in the mitochondria, and it is important to determine whether the presence of these subunits is essential for the assembly of the imported subunits to the inner mitochondrial membrane. A monoclonal antibody against the cytoplasmically synthesized β-subunit of the H+-ATPase was used to immunoprecipitate the assembled subunits of the enzyme complex. Our results indicate that the imported subunits of the H+-ATPase can be assembled in this mutant, into a defective complex which could be shown to be associated with the mitochondrial membrane by the analysis of the Arrhenius kinetics of the mutant mitochondrial ATPase activity.
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    Selective predation on chemically defended chrysomelid larvae (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1693-1700 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; leaf-beetle larva ; Phratora vitellinae ; Plagiodera versicolora ; Hymenoptera ; Tenthredinidae ; sawfly ; Tenthredo olivacea ; predation ; conditioning ; defensive secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory experiments showed that femaleTenthredo olivacea prefer to prey upon insects of a previously encountered species, instead of upon unknown ones. This has been observed when comparing two natural prey of the sawfly, the larvae ofPhratora vitellinae and those ofPlagiodera versicolora. The two species secrete copious amounts of defensive secretion, the first salicylaldehyde, and the latter a mixture of cyclopentanic monoterpenes. The predator appears less reluctant when encountering a species whose secretion has been previously experienced. A selective pressure might thus exist favoring rare secretions, which is consistant with the well-known diversity of defensive compounds among sympatric insects.
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    Response ofDiabrotica virgifera virgifera, D. v. Zeae, andD. porracea to stereoisomers of 8-methyl-2-decyl propanoate (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1123-1131 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Diabrotica ; western corn rootworm ; Mexican corn rootworm ; sex pheromone ; stereospecificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The four stereoisomers of 8-methyl-2-decyl propanoate were tested in the United States and Mexico for attractiveness toDiabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, the western corn rootworm,D. v. zeae Krysan and Smith, the Mexican corn rootworm, andD. porracea Harold. Males ofD. v. virgifera andD. v. zeae responded strongly to the (2R,8R)-isomer and secondarily to (2S,8R), whileD. ponacea responded exclusively to the (2S,8R)-isomer. The (2S,8S)- and (2R,8S)-isomers were inactive in all tests. Synergism or inhibition was not detected when various mixtures of the isomers were tested withD. v. virgifera. These phenomena were not tested withD. v. zeae andD. ponacea.
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    Insect predator-prey coevolution via enantiomeric specificity in a kairomone-pheromone system (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 487-492 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonusfrontalis ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Thanasimus dubius ; Cleridae ; southern pine beetle ; kairomone ; behavior ; olfaction ; coevolution ; predator ; enantiomer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Insect predators can be guided to their prey by a kairomonal response to the prey pheromone. We found this phenomenon to be highly specific in the bark beetle predatorThanasimus dubius. Olfactory responses and behavioral tests revealed that the predator is guided to its major preyDendroctonusfrontalis by the primary enantiomer of the pheromone of the prey, (1S, 5R)-(−)-frontalin. These and other findings suggest the co-evolution of a kairomone system of the predator and the pheromone system of its prey.
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    Interconversion of verbenols and verbenone by identified yeasts isolated from the spruce bark beetleIps typographus (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1349-1361 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Microbial transformations ; aggregation pheromones ; microorganisms ; yeasts ; bark beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Ips typographus ; cis-verbenol ; trans-verbenol ; verbenone ; 3-methylbutanol ; 2-phenylethanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Six yeast strains have been isolated and identified from the spruce bark beetle,Ips typographus. We have studied the ability of the yeasts to interconvertcis-verbenol,trans-verbenol, and verbenone. (1S)-cis-Verbenol is an active component in the aggregation pheromone ofIps typographus. The isolatedCandida molischiana/ Hansenula capsulata strain can convert both (1R)- and (1S)-cis-verbenol to verbenone. TheCandida nitratophila strain converts (1R)-cis-verbenol totrans-verbenol and (1S)-cis-verbenol to verbenone. Some of the yeast strains produce 3-methylbutanol, 2-methylpropanol, and 2-phenylethanol after growth in Sabouraud medium.
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    Response of the european elm bark beetle,Scolytus multistriatus, to host bacterial isolates (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1133-1149 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Smaller European elm bark beetle ; Scolytus multistriatus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; elm bacterial isolates ; gamma irradiation ; trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of the European elm bark beetle,Scolytus multistriatus, to host bacterial isolates was studied qualitatively under field conditions. Initial experiments indicated that such isolates were attractive to in-flight beetles. These isolates, identified asBacillus subtilis (five strains),B. pumilus, andEnterobacter cloacae, were grown on nutrient agar in glass vials and attached to sticky traps in elm woods. Although beetles were caught on the bacterial isolate-baited traps, the catches were variable, inconsistent, and often contradictory from one experiment to another. High numbers ofS. multistriatus were caught on traps baited with three strains ofB. subtilis, but in addition to thesubtilis strains, there were also aerial contaminants in the treatments, namelyE. aerogenes, Corynebacterium sp., andFlavobacterium sp. Also, relatively high catches were recorded on nutrient agar controls. When elm wood-bark plugs, sterilized (by gamma irradiation) and unsterilized, were placed in vials with the host bacterial isolates, the presence or absence of fresh elm, gamma irradiated or not, had no noticeable effect on beetle attractancy.
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    Alkanes from surface lipids of sunflower stem weevil,Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1335-1347 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect hydrocarbons ; sunflower stem weevil ; Cylindrocopturus adspersus ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; 9,19-dimethylalkanes ; 9,21-dimethylalkanes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The stem weevil,Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) yields 3% of its body weight as extractable lipids (40 μg/ weevil). The alkane fraction was composed ofn-alkanes (38%) and branched alkanes (62%). The compounds were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The chromatogram contained several single-component peaks (9 of 25). Only seven dimethylalkanes were isolated (17.8%): 9,19- and 9,21-dimethylheptacosane; 9,19- and 9,21-dimethylnonacosane; 9,21- and 11,21-dimethylhentriacontane; and 11,21-dimethyltritriacontane. Important methylalkanes were: 2-methyltetra- and hexacosanes and 10-methylhexa- and octacosanes. Late-eluting gas chromatography peaks were composed of simple alkane mixtures or a single component.
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    Effect of allyl isothiocyanate on field behavior of crucifer-feeding flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Mustard oil ; allyl isothiocyanate ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; flea beetle ; beetle ; Phyllotreta ; Psylliodes ; crucifer ; rutabaga ; behavior ; isothiocyanate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract When water traps baited with allyl isothiocyanate (AIC)diffusing through polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and rubber membranes were used to monitor four species of crucifer-feeding flea beetle adults in a rutabaga field at L'Assomption, Que. in 1980–1981, differential responses to AIC were observed.Phyllotreta cruciferae was more attracted to AIC thanP. striolata, whereas the behavior ofPsylliodes punctulata was not affected by the presence of AIC. The traps with the PVC membrane caught significantly more flea beetles than the traps with the rubber membrane in 1980, but caught a similar number in 1981. Sticky traps covered with AIC mixed with Tangletrap® caught significantly more flea beetles than control sticky traps.
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    Aggregation pheromone of the deodar weevll,Pissodes nemorensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Isolation and activity of grandisol and grandisal (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1417-1423 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pissodes nemorensis ; deodar weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; aggregation pheromone ; grandisol ; grandisal ; synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The bark weevilPissodes nemorensis, a pest of pines and exotic cedars in the southeastern United States, utilizes a male-produced aggregation pheromone. The presumed pheromone components, grandisol (cis-2-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclobutaneethanol) and its corresponding aldehyde, grandisal, were isolated from extracts of male volatiles and male hindguts. A field test in northern Florida showed that the combination of grandisol, grandisal, and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) bolts acted synergistically to attract large numbers of male and femaleP. nemorensis. These components deployed in various paired combinations were not as attractive as the tripartite mixture. There was no evidence that flying weevils were attracted to unbaited pine bolts. The aggregation pheromone forP. nemorensis appears to be similar to that of a parapatric sibling species,P. approximatus.
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    Attractive and inhibitory pheromones produced in the bark beetle,Dendroctonus brevicomis, during host colonization: Regulation of inter- and intraspecific competition (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 861-877 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Cleridae ; Dendroctonus brevicomis ; Enoclerus lecontei ; Pinus ponderosa ; bark beetle ; exo-brevicomin ; frontalin ; verbenone ; trans-verbenol ; ipsdienol ; aggregation ; pheromone ; competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Quantities of attractive (exo-brevicomin and frontalin) and inhibitory (trans-verbenol, verbenone, and ipsdienol) pheromones were monitored in both sexes ofDendroctonus brevicomis during their colonization of a ponderosa pine. Verbenone was found in males in the greatest amounts at the time of landing, and it declined more rapidly than the other pheromones in either sex. The amounts of frontalin andexo-brevicomin in males and females, respectively, increased after initial boring within the host but began to decline after mating. The quantity oftrans-verbenol in both sexes (females had significantly more) declined more gradually thanexo-brevicomin, frontalin, and verbenone. Ipsdienol was found only in males during the initial stages of attack when encountering the resin. It is suggested that along with a general decline in all pheromonal components, a sufficient change in the ratio of the attractive pheromones to an inhibitory pheromone,trans-verbenol, may play a role in termination of aggregation.trans-Verbenol may also function along with verbenone and ipsdienol in limiting the density of attack and thus intraspecific competition. These inhibitory pheromones also appear to cause several competing species of bark beetle to avoid landing in areas infested withD. brevicomis, even when their own pheromone is present.
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    Volatile food attractants forOryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) from oats (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 301-309 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oryzaephilus surinamensis ; Coleoptera ; Cucujidae ; oats ; attractants ; (E)-2-nonenal ; (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal ; 2-furaldehyde ; formaldehyde ; propanal ; hexanal ; heptanal ; octanal ; (E)-2-heptenal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sawtoothed grain beetle,Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae), is attracted to certain volatile components that occur in whole and rolled oats as determined by a laboratory pitfall chamber bioassay. More than 100 components were detected in the attractive carbonyl-containing fractions; 14 of these, making up 60% of the total, were identified and bioassayed. Although hexanal, heptanal, octanal, (E)-2-heptenal, and 2-furaldehyde, at doses ranging variously from 1 to 100 μg, were all significantly attractive, only 1 /10 to 1 /100 as much (E)-2-nonenal or (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal was necessary to produce comparable insect response. In addition, propanal and formaldehyde (previously reported in oats but not detected by us) were bioassayed and found to be attractive.
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    Response of Colorado potato beetles,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), to volatile components of tansy,Tanacetum vulgare (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1325-1333 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Colorado potato beetle ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; tansy ; Tanacetum vulgare ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; interplanting ; volatile compounds ; insect attractance ; insect avoidance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responses of Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), to volatile components of tansy,Tanacetum vulgare L., were investigated in order to establish a chemical basis for observed reduction in beetle populations when potatoes,Solanum tuberosum L., were interplanted with tansy. Colorado potato beetles exhibited avoidance behavior to tansy oil, volatiles from intact tansy plants, a “hydrocarbon fraction” of tansy oil, obtained by fractionation on alumina, and five of the 13 known components of tansy oil that were tested. One constituent of tansy oil, α-pinene, attracted beetles.
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    Response of the clerid predatorThanasimus dubius (F.) to bark beetle pheromones and tree volatiles in a wind tunnel (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 177-187 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Cleridae ; Thanasimus dubius ; beetle ; predation ; frontalin ; ipsdienol ; α-pinene ; southern pine beetle ; Ips spp. ; Scolytidae ; ipsenol ; endo-brevicomin ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tree volatiles and pheromones produced by southern bark beetles were bioassayed for response by the clerid predatorThanasimus dubius (F.). Upwind flights in a laboratory olfactometer, modified from Visser (1976), were used to determine the attractiveness of compounds. Differences in response to a solvent control and pheromone treatment were tested for statistical significance using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Both sexes ofT. dubius responded to frontalin, ipsdienol, and α-pinene in a dose-dependent manner with different but overlapping concentration ranges. Strong differences between the sexes were observed in response totrans-verbenol, verbenone, andl-β-pinene. Neither sex responded to ipsenol orendo-brevicomin.
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    Behavioral responses of elm bark beetles to baited and unbaited elms killed by cacodylic acid (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1623-1634 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cacodylic acid ; pheromone ; Phomopsis oblonga ; Dutch Elm disease ; elm bark beetles ; Scolytus scolytus ; Scolytus multistrialus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diseased elms, treated with various doses of cacodylic acid in northwest England, became attractive to elm bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). This attraction seemed to be independent of pheromone baits. However attractive the trees became, they were unsuitable to the beetles as breeding sites since significantly more beetles visited the trees than were stimulated to penetrate and attempt to breed. It seems as if colonization of trap trees by the bark saprophytePhomopsis oblonga following cacodylic acid treatment made the trees unsuitable to beetles for breeding.
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    Pheromone production by axenically rearedDendroctonus ponderosae andIps paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 281-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dendroctonus ponderosae ; Ips paraconfusus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; axenic rearing ; monoterpenes ; aggregation pheromones ; trans-verbenol ; exo-brevicomin ; ipsenol ; ipsdienol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mountain pine beetles,Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, and California five-spined ips,Ips paraconfusus Lanier, were reared axenically from surface-sterilized eggs on aseptic pine phloem. After 24 hr in host logs, axenip femaleD. ponderosae and maleI. paraconfusus produced the aggregation pheromones,trans-verbenol (D. ponderosae), and ipsenol and ipsdienol (I. paraconfusus). Emergent, axenically reared maleD. ponderosae contained normal amounts of the pheromoneexo-brevicomin. Axenic femaleD. ponderosae treated with juvenile hormone or exposed to vapors of α-pinene, produced the pheromonetrans-verbenol. By 25–35 days after eclosion, axenic females exposed to α-pinene vapors produced over six times as muchtrans-verbenol as wild females, suggesting that while microorganisms in wild females may producetrans-verbenol, they may also inhibit production of the pheromone or use it as a substrate.
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    Effect of multilure and its components on parasites ofScolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 373-385 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aggregation pheromone ; Scolytus multistriatus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Cheiropachus colon ; Entedon leucogramma ; Spathius benefactor ; Dendrosoter proluberans ; Cerocephala eccoptogastri ; Hymenoptera ; Pteromalidae ; Braconidae ; Eulophidae ; European elm bark beetle ; parasites ; kairomone ; multilure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several hymenopterous parasites ofScolytus multistriatus are attracted to components of its aggregation pheromone, multilure.Cheiropachus colon, Entedon leucogramma, Dendrosoter protuberans, Spathius benefactor, andCerocephala eccoptogastri are attracted in various degrees to multilure, its components (multistriatin, 4-methyl-3-heptanol, and cubebene), and component combinations.C. colon was trapped in greatest numbers, yet was usually less numerous thanE. leucogramma andD. protuberans in the study area. Impact of traps onC. colon may conceivably be reduced by multistriatin content in baits and/or by withholding traps untilS. multistriatus flight begins.
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    Pheromone biosynthetic pathways: Conversion of ipsdienone to (−)-ipsdienol, a mechanism for enantioselective reduction in the male bark beetle,Ips paraconfusus (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1057-1064 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips paraconfusus ; bark beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; ipsdienone ; ipsenol ; ipsdienol ; enantiomers ; diastereomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The enantiomeric composition of the pheromone components (+)-ipsdienoI, e.e. 87.6%, and (−)-ipsenol, e.e. 93.8%, produced by the male bark beetleIps paraconfusus (Scolytidae) under natural conditions was determined by HPLC separation of their diastereomeric ester derivatives. Males confined in an atmosphere of ipsdienone produced (−)-ipsdienol, e.e. 28%, and (−)-ipsenol, e.e. 86%, indicating an enantiomeric selectivity in the conversion of the ketone to the alcohols. These findings demonstrate an enantioselective conversion mechanism in the biosynthetic pathway to the pheromones from myrcene, a host-plant terpene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987512
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    Antifeedant activity of quassinoids (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1497-1507 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Antifeedant ; Mexican bean beetle ; Epilachna varivestis ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; southern armyworm ; Spodoptera eridania ; Lipidoptera ; Noctuidae ; quassinoids ; Simaroubaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antifeedant activity of 13 quassinoids of different structural types has been studied against the Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis Mulsant) 4th instar larvae and the southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania Crawer) 5th instar larvae. All quassinoids tested displayed significant activity against the Mexican bean beetle and, thus, do not reveal a simple structure-activity relationship. Five quassinoids were active against the southern armyworm. Interestingly, four of these-bruceantin (I), glaucarubinone (VI), isobruceine A (VIII), and simalikalactone D (XI)-possess the required structural features for antineoplastic activity. The noncytotoxic quassin (X) is an exception; it is active against both pests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990319
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    Der Einfluß von Cadmium, Zink, Blei und Quecksilber auf die Enzymaktivität beiSaccharomyces cerevisiae in vitro (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Schwermetallwirkung ; Malatdehydrogenase ; Glutamatdehydrogenase ; Glycerinaldehyd-3-phosphatdehydrogenase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The difference between cadmium, zinc, lead, and mercury in regard of their effects on the activity of the enzymes tested is very slight. Concentrations higher than 10−5 M reduce significantly the activity of the enzymes, and concentrations of approximately 10−3 M inhibit it completely. An increase of the activity cannot be detected. The addition of combinations of cadmium, zinc, and lead results in a summing up of the toxic effects, whereas the interaction between mercury and the other three heavy metals shows a cumulative effect, which is appointed nearly completely by the heavy metal more toxic. The findings suggest that under in-vitro conditions there exists a direct interaction between the heavy metals and the enzymes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vier Schwermetalle Cadmium, Zink, Blei und Quecksilber unterscheiden sich in ihrer Wirkung auf die Aktivität der untersuchten Enzyme nur sehr wenig. Konzentrationen über 10−5 M vermindern die Enzymaktivität signifikant, und Konzentrationen von etwa 10−3 M unterbinden sie völlig. Eine Steigerung der Enzymaktivität läßt sich nicht feststellen. Die Zugabe von Cadmium-, Zink- und Bleikombinationen führt zu einer Addition der toxischen Effekte, während bei der Interaktion zwischen Quecksilber und den anderen drei Schwermetallen die Gesamtwirkung fast ausschließlich durch das stärker hemmende Schwermetall allein bestimmt wird. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, daß es unter Invitro-Bedingungen zu einer direkten Wechselwirkung zwischen den Schwermetallen und den Enzymen kommt.
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    The feeding characteristics and development of larvae of a salvinia weevil Cyrtobagous sp. (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 291-296 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Cyrtobagous ; Salvinia weevil ; Feeding characteristics of larvae ; Development of larvae ; Plant nutrition ; Temperature effects on development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après leur naissance, les larves de Cyrtobagous sp. passent de 1 à 4 jours à brouter les racines, et de 0 à 9 jours dans les bourgeons de la plante hôte, Salvinia molesta, avant d'y creuser une galerie dans le rhizome. Bien que les larves aient été capables de survivre jusqu'à 38 jours en broutant les racines, quant elles furent privées de rhizome, elle ne purent achever leur développement. Quand les galeries furent commencées, le développement larvaire, entre 21° et 31°, dépendit de la température et de la teneur en azote de l'hôte. Les larves ne se développèrent pas à 17°. Une haute valeur nutritive de l'aliment consommé par les larves réduisit la durée du développement, mais n'influença pas la durée ultérieure de leur développement nymphal. Les lieux de prise de nourriture et les dégâts produits par des larves isolées furent précisés.
    Notes: Abstract Newly-emerged larvae of a salvinia weevil, Cyrtobagous sp. spent from 1–4 days browsing on the roots and from 0–9 days in the buds of the host plant, Salvinia molesta, prior to tunnelling into the rhizome of this aquatic weed. Although larvae were able to survive up to 38 days browsing on roots when rhizomes were withheld, they were unable to complete development. After tunnelling began, larval development between 21° and 31° was dependent on temperature and nitrogen levels in the host. Larvae failed to develop at 17°. High nutritional intake by the larvae reduced larval development time but did not influence duration of their subsequent pupal development. The feeding sites and plant damage produced by individual larvae were assessed.
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    A new, X-linked body colour mutation in Tribolium confusum (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 124-126 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Negret ; Melanic mutant ; X-linked mutation ; Flour Beetle ; Tribolium confusum ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300913
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    Responses of Prostephanus truncatus to components of the aggregation pheromone of Rhyzopertha dominica in the laboratory and field (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 266-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Storage pests ; Coleoptera ; Bostrichidae ; Prostephanus truncatus ; (±)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate ; Rhyzopertha dominica ; (±)-1-methyl-butyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate ; Dominicalure ; Aggregation pheromone ; Monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les réponses de Prostephanus truncatus Horn (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) à deux constituants de la phéromone d'agrégation de Rhyzopertha dominica Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), le (±)-1-méthylbutyl (E)-2-méthyl-2-penténoate et le (±)-1-méthylbutyl (E)-2,4-diméthyl-2-pentéoate, connus comme “Dominicalure 1” et “Dominicalure 2”, ont été étudiées au laboratoire et au champ. Auslaboratoire ces composés ont été essayés individuellement et en mélange 1:2. Une membrane de caoutchouc imprégnée de phéromone a été utilisée comme émetteur lent, et une courbe de réponse en fonction de la dose a été établie. P. truncatus répondait plus vigoureusement à la Dominicalure 2 seule. Tous ces traitements ont été comparés dans un essai aux champs en Tanzanie, dans lesquels des pièges en carton ondulé contenant des diffuseurs de phéromone étaient placés dans des entrepôts de maïs dans les fermes. La Dominicalure 1 et le mélange de 1 et 2 étaient tous deux efficaces pour piéger R. dominica. La Dominicalure 2 a piégé plus de P. truncatus que les autres traitements et était à peu près aussi efficace que le contrôle visuel pour détecter la présence de cet insecte dans les stocks. On peut envisager que la Dominicalure 2 pourrait servir de base à un programme pour lutter contre P. truncatus en Afrique de l'Est.
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory and field studies have been made of the responses of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) to two components of the aggregation pheromone of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) — (±)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate and (±)-1-methylbutyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate, known as “Dominicalure 1” and “Dominicalure 2” respectively. In the laboratory, these compounds were tested individually and as a 1:2 mixture; P. truncatus responded most strongly to Dominicalure 2 alone. All three treatments were compared in a field trial in Tanzania to monitor both R. dominica and P. truncatus in farm stores. Dominicalure 1 or a mixture of 1 and 2 were both highly effective for trapping R. dominica. In contrast, Dominicalure 2 trapped more P. truncatus than the other treatments and was about as effective as visual inspection at demonstrating the presence of the beetle in stores. Dominicalure 2 could form the basis of a monitoring programme for P. truncatus in East Africa.
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    New FIR laser lines from optically pumped DCOF (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 1-4 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Twenty FIR laser lines with wavelengths between 146 and 2000 μm have been observed from deuterated formyl fluoride (DCOF) optically pumped with isotopic CO2 lasers. Tunable diode laser measurements on thev 4 band of DCOF were combined with earlier high precision spectroscopic data on thev 3 andv 4 bands, and enabled identification of the transitions responsible for 9 of the new FIR lines.
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    Theory of synchronously pumped dye lasers (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 135-142 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.60 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of cw synchronously pumped dye lasers is presented. Under the assumption that the cavity (tuning element) bandwidth is much wider than the bandwidth of the transform limited pulses generated, the pulse forming dynamics is rigorously treated. It is shown that for a finite mismatch between the lengths of the dye and the pump lasers, a steady-state pulse develops in the dye laser cavity with a conserved pulseshape. The characteristics (energy, shape, peak power, duration) of these pulses of ultimate width are quantitatively determined as a function of cavity mismatch. An analytical solution for the pulse envelope is determined, which yieldsI(t)∝Sech2(t/t p ) to a good approximation.
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    The effect of added nitrogen on multiphoton absorption by ammonia (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 75-78 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33 ; 34 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Multiphoton absorption (MPA) of the CO2 laser 9 μmR(30) line (pulse width 60 ns, FWHM) by NH3 and NH3/N2 mixtures was studied as a function of gas composition, pressure and laser fluence (Φ). MPA occurs for Φ smaller than those that have been used for optically pumped NH3/N2 lasers; consequently a simple two-level absorption model will not adequately describe laser action in these systems. The photon energy deposited in NH3/N2 mixtures can be calculated from the MPA cross-section and the fluence dependence of the illumination geometry. An examination of the efficiency of conversion of this absorbed energy to the reported radiant energy of optically pumped NH3/N2 lasers shows an optimum value which depends on pressure, and gas composition.
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    Power enhancement of the cw 12.08 μm NH3 Raman laser with the addition of H2/He buffer gases (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 105-111 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of H2, He, and N2 buffer gases on the efficiency of the cw 12.08 μm NH3 Raman laser are studied experimentally. The laser output power is increased by nearly 60% with the addition of H2 or He, which we essentially attribute to the high thermal conductivity of these buffer gases. In the optimum conditions (NH3/H2:1/1 mixture with 0.35 Torr partial pressure of NH3) 3.3 W output power at 12.08 μm is obtained which corresponds to 11% power conversion efficiency.
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    A cw uv copper hollow cathode laser in the 260 nm region (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 127-135 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A cw uv copper hollow cathode laser is described, which could be operated for a longer time duration with an output power of 7 mW in the 260 nm region. A double-cathode configuration with a protection for the mirrors from metal-vapour deposition is presented. Characteristics of the laser output power, the spontaneous emission, and the ion densities in the negative glow were measured as depending on the discharge current, the neon gas pressure, and the size of the cathode slit. The observed saturation of the laser output power at high discharge current (1 A/cm2) and the optimum slot size are discussed.
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    Population inversion in thallium by flashlamp-photodissociation of TII (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 83-84 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 33.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A population inversion between the 62 P 3/2 and 62 P 1/2 state of thallium has been achieved for the first time by incoherent photodissociation of TII. This is accomplished by using wall-ablating flashlamps of short risetime and appropriate light filtering. The inversion lasts about 4 μs and is terminated by quenching collisions.
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    The vibrational relaxation time constant for theB v=0 level of XeCl (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 193-198 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 33 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The vibrational relaxation time constant for theB v=0 vibrational level of XeCl* has been investigated by observing the coupling between theB v=1 andB v=0 vibrational levels under saturated lasing conditions. Based on this observation, estimates of the expected extraction efficiency from theB-state have been made.
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    Further study of continuous-wave CO flame chemical laser of the CS2/O2/N2O type (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 29-33 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This report describes an experimental examination of the output characteristics of the continuous-wave (cw) carbon monoxide flame chemical laser (FCL) of the CS2/O2/N2O type in case of small CS2/O2 reactants ratios (tipically CS2/O2≦1/10). A linear burner which gives a homogeneous and stable flame was used during the experimental study. The measurements of temperature distribution in CS2/O2 as well as CS2/O2/N2O flames show maximum temperatures of 1040 and 890 K, respectively. The addition of nitrous oxide (N2O) leads to dramatically enhanced output laser power caused primarily by V−V transfer processes. A chemical efficiency, based on the reaction O+CS→CO*+S, of 3% was achieved. The spectral composition of the CO FCL of the CS2/O2/N2O type shows lasing in the region from 5.130 to 5.586 μm. Experimental results were obtained with a nondispersive optical cavity.
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    FIR NH3 cascade laser excited by a Q-switch laser (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 5-8 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Short FIR laser pulses of high repetition rate are obtained by pumping NH3 with the pulses of a passively Q-switched IR laser. The two cascade laser transitions observed show coupled relaxation oscillations. The pulse shapes and delay times are qualitatively in agreement with a four-level rate-equation model.
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    Repetitive passive Q-switching and bistability in lasers with saturable absorbers (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 57-77 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report detailed experimental data on the passive Q-switching operation in a CO2 laser with CH3I saturable absorber, and on the transient behaviour in the near-Q-switching situation. Under suitable operating conditions, we found bistability in the output power. In some cases, we observed the simultaneous presence of bistability and passive Q-switching. The theoretical part of the paper starts from the four-level model of laser with saturable absorber, as formulated by other authors. By adiabatically eliminating the variables of the resonant levels, we reduce the problem to a set of three differential equations, from which we derive explicit analytical conditions for the rise of passive Q-switching. These conditions turn out to be in good qualitative and partially quantitative agreement with our experimental findings as well as with other experimental data previously obtained by other authors. Finally we classify the possible combinations of passive Q-switching and bistability that one can find in this type of experiments.
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    Dye stability under excimer-laser pumping (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 109-116 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stability of polymethine dyes under XeCl laser excitation has been investigated. (For these dyes emitting in the ir the difference between absorbed and emitted photoenergy is 2 eV.) The stability was measured in an amplifier device operating in the saturated regime. While the influence on dye concentration is negligible, the fluence dependence shows the importance of two photon absorptions. A meausure for the stability is the number of photons which can be emitted per dye molecule before the dye solution has degraded to 50% of the initial value. This value is in the range of 150–280. The stability is clearly related to the formation of photoproducts absorbing at the pump and the laser wavelength. A model starting from the change in the dye solution absorption spectra is in very good agreement with the observed energy decays.
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    Modulation of radiation in nonstationary resonant media (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 41-45 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.10 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study the propagation of radiation in a gas, the resonant frequency of which changes with time when affected by external electric and magnetic fields. It is shown that for an harmonic change of the resonant frequency under appreciable energy exchange between electromagnetic field and medium, deep amplitude modulation of radiation may be achieved. The analytical expressions obtained for a field in a gas allow rather accurate calculation of the space-time structure of the radiation penetrated through the medium layer. The numerical calculations are compared with the known experiment [4], good agreement is obtained. The transformation of radiation between dispersive branches with adiabatic stepwise variation of the resonant frequency has been also studied. Branch-tobranch transformation is investigated and the adiabatic invariant is found to be the total number of the high and low frequency radiation quanta corresponding to two dispersive branches.
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    cw far-infrared lasing in15NH3, stark resonantly pumped by a CO2 or N2O laser (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 79-81 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract 48 new resonant pumping schemes, by ir Stark tuning, have been performed on15NH3, with cw CO2 and N2O lasers. Among the 25 different fir wavelengths obtained, 15 correspond to new emissions, raising thus to 45 the total number of cw fir emissions from this gas, in the presence of electric field.
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    Nuclear association in yeast of a hybrid vector containing mitochondrial DNA (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 165-166 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cephalosporium acremonium ; Mitochondrial hybrid vector ; Nuclear association
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hybrid vector pCP2, consisting of the bacterial plasmid pBR325, the nuclear gene Leu-2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a fragment of mitochondrial DNA from Cephalosporium acremonium, was found to associate with the nucleus in a transformed strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This was inducted by (1) efficient expression of the Leu-2 gene as evidenced by a short generation time on selective medium; (2) independence of Leu-2 gene expression from mitochondrial protein synthesis, since pCP2 was shown to replicate and to be expressed in petite mutants; (3) association of pCP2 with isolated DNA from nuclei as proved by transformation experiments with E. coli.
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    Mating factor dependence of G1 cell cycle mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 309-312 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; G1 cdc mutants ; tα-factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants in four G1 cdc strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated which failed to show division arrest in the presence of α-factor. The cell cycle properties, terminal arrest morphology and mating competence of these mutants at the restrictive temperature were examined. The G1 specific arrest of the cdc 36 and cdc39 mutants is dependent upon the availability of an intact mating factor response system in Mat a cells. Cdc28 and cdc37 mutants exert their cell cycle blocks independently of the mating factor pathway. It is likely that the nature of the primary growth defect in cdc36 and cdc39 mutants is such that the α-factor pathway is activated in the absence of the pheromone at the restrictive temperature and that G1 arrest is a secondary consequence of a non-cycle specific event in such mutants.
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    Mitotic segregation of 2 μm-pbr322 chimaeric plasmids in yeast (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 235-237 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA replication ; Shuttle vectors ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitotic segregation of three 2 μm-pBR322 chimaeric plasmids (YEp6, YEp21, and YEp24) was studied in yeast. Each displayed a characteristic rate of loss: YEp6 was lost at approximately twice the rate of YEp21 and YEp24. The loss rates were not significantly increased when two chimaeric plasmids were coresident, nor was the endogenous 2 μm plasmid itself displaced. Therefore these plasmids appear to be compatible in yeast.
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    Analysis of the effect of radiation repair mutations on the DEL1 mutator region of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 57-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DEL1 ; rad ; ste7
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In DEL1 strains of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the iso-1-cytochrome c (CYC1) region is flanked on either side by Tyl elements in direct orientation which promote cyc1 deletions of the bracketed DNA in the haploid cell. In this study, we asked which genes might control this event by testing the possibility that the DEL1 mutation mechanism requires an enzyme (or enzymes) that is also utilized in the repair of damaged DNA. To this end, we independently coupled eight repair mutations, rad3–2, rad4–4, rad6–1, rad6–3, rad9–1, rev3–1, rad50–1, and rad51-1, toDEL1 and asked whether DEL1 was still functional. We found that none of these rad mutations significantly affects the mutation frequency of 10−6-10−5 established in DEL1 strains for the CYC1 locus. Furthermore, we determined that ste7, a temperature-sensitive sterile allele known to alter gene regulation in Ty-mediated mutations, is not required for DEL1 function. Finally, DEL1 is not temperature-sensitive at 23° or 37 °C.
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    Leucine biosynthesis in yeast (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 369-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Isoenzymes ; Induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Tetrad analysis indicates that α-isopropylmalate synthase activity of yeast is determined by two separate genes, designated LEU4 and LEU5. LEU4 is identified as a structural gene. LEU5 either encodes another α-isopropylmalate synthase activity by itself or provides some function needed for the expression of a second structural gene. The properties of mutants affecting the biosynthesis of leucine and its regulation suggest that the expression of LEU1 and LEU2 (structural genes encoding isopropylmalate isomerase and β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, respectively) is controlled by a complex of a-isopropylmalate and a regulatory element (the LEU3 gene product). Similarities and differences between yeast and Neurospora crassa with respect to leucine biosynthesis are discussed.
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    Trehalose: Its role in germination of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 393-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Trehalose ; Glycogen ; Sporulation ; Germination ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants with specific lesions were used to differentiate between the functions of glycogen and trehalose in S. cerevisiae. Diploids which harbor the glc1/glc1 mutation depend upon the phosphorylated, less active form of glycogen synthase and show a more active, phosphorylated form, of the enzyme trehalase. These conditions are due to a lesion in the regulating subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Such cells are unable to sporulate. Diploids which contain the sst1/sst1 mutation have normal glycogen metabolism but their trehalose-6-phosphate synthase is not active. Such strains sporulate but germination is poor and only one-spore tetrads are formed. These results confirm that glycogen is needed to trigger sporulation while trehalose plays a role in the germination process. Different systems, I and II, of trehalose accumulation were proposed. System I would require the UDPG-linked trehalose synthase, whereas system II would constitute an alternative pathway, specifically induced or activated by the expression of a MAL gene. The presence of system II in its constitutive form in the constructed diploids would favour trehalose synthesis during growth on glucose, however, it did not overcome the glycogen deficiency during sporulation nor the lack of trehalose for germination. It seems that only system I, namely trehalose 6-P-synthase, plays a role in the germination process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445880
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    Protein secretion in yeast: Two chromosomal mutants that oversecrete killer toxin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 449-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Oversecretion mutants ; Protease defect ; Wall glucan defect ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two chromosomal mutations in yeast that result in oversecretion of the K1 killer toxin protein were examined. A recessive mutation in gene ski5 appears to lead to toxin oversecretion through a defect in a cell surface, PMSF-inhibited protease. A wild type killer strain degraded toxin following synthesis, and degradation could be partially prevented by addition of PMSF to the growth medium. The ski5 mutation caused an approximate ten fold oversecretion of toxin, similar to that seen in a PMSF-treated wild type culture, and no increased oversecretion in the presence of PMSF. The ski5 mutation caused oversecretion of other low molecular weight secreted proteins and appeared to oversecrete the α-factor pheromone, as judged by activity tests. The ski5 mutation was complemented by mutations in ski genes 1–4, and the mutant was not supersensitive to mating pheromones or K2 killer toxin. We also examined killer strains with a mutation in the nuclear gene krel which results in a defective (1→6)-β-D-glucan cell wall receptor for killer toxin. Such strains oversecrete toxin into the growth medium, but also, unexpectedly, oversecrete most other secreted proteins. The defect in (1→6)-β-D-glucan in these mutants appears to perturb the partitioning of secreted proteins between the cell wall and the medium.
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    Analysis of yeast DNA by alkaline filter elution (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 427-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DNA ; Alkaline elution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The method of analysis of DNA in mammalian cells by alkaline elution from filters (Kohn et al. 1974) was adapted for studies on yeast DNA. By this technique spheroplasts obtained from yeast cells are lysed on filters and single-stranded DNA fragments selectively eluted by alkaline solutions. The procedure was applied to monitor the occurrence of replication intermediates and production of DNA single-strand breakage by MMS, and its repair in growth medium.
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    The study of a rDNA replicator in Saccharomyces (1983)
    Springer
    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 433-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast transformation ; Yeast autonomously replicating sequences ; Ribosomal RNA genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have previously demonstrated that the loss of Rcp-CEN3, a centromeric plasmid containing yeast rDNA autonomously replicating sequences (ARS) is as high as around 50% per generation for most yeast strains. In this study we have attempted to elucidate mechanisms underlying the high mitotic instability of Rcp-CEN3. For this purpose a tandem duplication of a rDNA ARS was constructed in Rcp-CEN3. The new plasmid having two ARSs possesses a markedly higher mitotic stability as compared to a monoARS Rcp-CEN3. The mitotic stability of this centromere-containing plasmid which has two replicators corresponds to the calculated value for the mitotic stability of two monoARS plasmids Rcp-CEN3 in given cells. Genetic analysis has demonstrated that both plasmids having one or two ARSs are maintained in the single copy state. These results demonstrate that the mitotic instability of centromeric plasmid Rcp-CEN3 carrying a rDNA ARS is associated with the absence of stringent control of replication from the rDNA ARS. A possible mechanism of replication of the chromosomal rDNA repeats in yeast is discussed in the light of this data.
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    Mating-type-specific cell cycle arrest and shmoo formation by α pheromone of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Hansenula wingei (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 136 (1983), S. 79-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: α Pheromone ; Cell cycle ; G1 arrest ; Hansenula wingei ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Shmoo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cell cycle of a (5) mating type cells of Hansenula wingei was arrested in the G1 phase by α pheromone of Saccharomyces cerevisiae but not by α(21) pheromone of H. wingei, although both the α pheromones are known to induce sexual agglutination ability of a mating type cells of H. wingei. Cells of α mating type of H. wingei became shmooed or arrested in the G1 phase in response to neither a pheromone of H. wingei nor α pheromone of S. cerevisiae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00415615
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    Anaerobic growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the absence of oleic acid and ergosterol? (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 64-67 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Anaerobic growth ; Hungate technique ; Tween 80 ; Ergosterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Nontrachet strain 522 was successfully grown anaerobically on various glucose concentrations in Yeast Nitrogen Base (YNB) medium (pH 3.5) prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide (CO2). This growth occurred in the absence of Tween 80 and ergosterol. The medium, prepared using the Hungate technique for cultivation of strictly anaerobic bacteria, contained the reducing agent cysteine·HCl·H2O (0.03%). Anaerobic growth was stimulated by the addition of Tween 80 and ergosterol to the anaerobic medium.
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    Inhibition of bud initiation by ethyl N-phenylcarbamate results in meiotic development in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 171-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acetate growth medium ; Anti-microtubule agent ; Bud initiation ; Ethyl N-phenylcarbamate ; Meiosis ; Mitotic cell cycle ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sporulation induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were incubated in acetate growth media containing 2.5 mM ethyl N-phenylcarbamate (EPC), bud initiation was inhibited preferentially, and eventually overgrown, unbudded cells accumulated. During subsequent incubation, meiosis and ascospore formation occurred at high frequencies. The behavior of EPC-treated cells was essentially the same as that of cells transferred to a starvation sporulation medium. EPC thus has a pronounced effect on the mitotic growth of yeast cells, which leads to meiotic development. Our observations indicate that EPC has a decisive function in the initiation of meiosis in rich growth media.
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    Nucleotide pools of growing, synchronized and stressed cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 135 (1983), S. 63-67 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nucleotide pools ; Continuous cultivation ; Synchronized growth ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract High pressure liquidd chromatography has been used to study the acid soluble nucleotide pool of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under different conditions of growth. ATP, ADP, AMP, NAD, GTP, UTP, UDP, CTP, CDP, and UDP-sugars plus UMP could be separated and were found in concentrations higher than 0.1 μmol per g yeast cell dry weight (=detection limit). During glucose-limited continuous culture the levels of individual nucleotides depended on the growth rate, which was most pronounced with pyrimidine (uridine, cytidine) nucleotides. The energy charge (E.C.) remained high (0.9) at all growth rates (0.07–0.3 h-1). During synchronized growth at a constant growth rate (0.11 h-1) almost all nucleotide levels and the E.C. remained at constant values with the only exception of UDP-sugars and UMP of which increased levels were found during the phase of budding. Under conditions of metabolic stress (addition of antimycin A, deoxyglucose plus iodoacetate) pronounced changes in the levels of purine (adenine and guanine) nucleotides and the E.C. were observed. All other nucleotides were less influenced by these conditions. Only under these conditions IMP accumulation was observed. The results strongly argue against the significance of purine nucleotide or E.C. measurements under viable conditions. In contrast, changes in the levels of pyrimidine nucleotides seem to be indicative of changes in the flux through the metabolic pathways where they act as coenzymes.
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    Regeneration and biosynthesis of dytiscid defensive agents (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1449-1464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dytiscidae ; Agabus seriatus ; Agabus obtusatus ; defensive secretions ; steroids ; regeneration ; pygidial glands ; prothoracic glands ; cholesterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The defensive secretions of the dytiscid species,Agabus seriatus (Say) andAgabus obtusatus (Say), were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The intrinsic ability ofA. Seriatus andA. Obtusatus to regenerate their prothoracic gland defensive secretions under laboratory conditions was determined by analyzing the secretions every seventh day for five weeks. Both beetles regenerated ∼ 80% of their prothoracic gland components within two weeks.A. seriatus was injected with [4-14C]cholesterol and after a three-week regeneration period 7.5% of the14Clabel was found in the steroidal defensive secretion from the prothoracic glands.
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    1-Methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol as an aggregation pheromone ofDendroctonus pseudotsugae (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1533-1541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aggregation pheromone ; attractant ; 1-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol ; Dendroctonus pseudotsugae ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Douglas-fir beetle ; 3-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-ol ; Pseudotsuga menziesii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 1-Methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol (1,2-MCH-ol) was synthesized, identified as a compound found in volatiles of the female Douglas-fir beetle, and shown by bioassays to be an aggregation pheromone. 1,2-MCH-ol matches in both GC retention index and mass spectrum a compound released by the female after feeding. 3,3-MCH-ol was also synthesized as a candidate compound; its mass spectrum is presented because published mass spectra are incorrect for this compound. Synthetic 1,2-MCH-ol increased arrestment and stridulation of males in olfactory walkways and increased trap catches of flying beetles. Males were more responsive to 1,2-MCH-ol than females.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988419
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    Ethanol and other host-derived volatiles as attractants to beetles that bore into hardwoods (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 181-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Buprestidae ; Cerambycidae ; Cleridae ; Scolytidae ; wood-boring beetles ; bark beetles ; ethanol ; host attractants ; hardwood tree insects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ethanol, methanol, acetone, and acetaldehyde—chemicals identified in the inner bark of living trees—were used to bait vane traps placed in crowns of oak trees in Connecticut. Ethanol-baited traps caught more cerambycid, scolytid, and clerid beetles than unbaited traps. Buprestidae were not attracted to ethanol. Acetaldehyde and acetone were not attractive to any family. A mixture of ethanol, methanol, and acetaldehyde was no more attractive than ethanol alone. The vane traps were very effective at catching Cerambycidae and Scolytidae, but ineffective compared to sticky panels at catching Buprestidae.
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    Sensitivity of antennae of male and femaleIps paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to their natural aggregation pheromone and its enantiomeric components (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 561-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Ips paraconfusus ; aggregation pheromone ; enantiomer ; electrophysiology ; electroantennogram ; interruption ; allomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Antennae of male and femaleIps paraconfusus were equally and highly sensitive to their male-produced, multicomponent aggregation pheromone. Female and male antennae were highly sensitive to the pheromonal component, (S)-(−)-ipsenol, but essentially insensitive to its antipode, (R)-(+)-ipsenol. Further, female and male antennae were more sensitive to the pheromonal component, (S)-cis-verbenol, than to its antipode, (R)-cis-verbenol. Dramatic sexual dimorphism in chiral sensitivity to the ipsdienol enantiortiers was found, with female antennae being more sensitive to the conspecific pheromonal enantiomer, (S)-(+)-ipsdienol, and male antennae being more sensitive to the antipode, (R)-(−)-ipsdienol. Since (R)-(−)-ipsdienol is the principal pheromone of CaliforniaIps pini and interruptsI. paraconfusus aggregation, male antennae appear to be more sensitive to an interspecific allomone than a conspecific pheromone. Of the conspecific pheromonal enantiomers, both male and female antennae were most sensitive to (S)-(+)-ipsdienol, intermediately sensitive to (S)-(−)-ipsenol, and least sensitive to (S)-cis-verbenol. However, when enantiomeric sensitivities were compared to the estimated concentrations of these components in the natural pheromone, (S)-(~)-ipsenol tended to equal or approach the potency of (S)-(+)-ipsdienol as an antennal stimulant, while antennal responsiveness to (S)-cis-verbenol was dramatically less than for the other two pheromonal components. The behavioral implications of such physiological sensitivities are discussed in regard to perception of multicomponent synergistic pheromones and the relative efficacy of each component as an orientation cue.
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    Sensitivity of antennae of male and femaleIps paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to its pheromone and other behavior-modifying chemicals (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 585-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Ips paraconfusus ; pheromone ; enantiomer ; electrophysiology ; electroantennogram ; interruption ; allomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antennal sensitivities of both male and femaleIps paraconfusus were found generally to be greatest for conspecific aggregation pheromones (ipsdienol, ipsenol); intermediate for an additional conspecific pheromone (cis-verbenol), an aggregation synergist (2-phenylethanol), and pheromones/allomones of sympatric species (trans-verbenol, verbenone, and frontalin); and lowest for both host terpenes (alpha-pinene and myrcene) and other bark beetle-produced odorants (exo-brevicomin and linalool). Of the enantiomeric compounds tested, antennae of both sexes did not differ in sensitivity between thetrans-verbenol enantiomers at low dosage levels; but at higher dosages, the conspecific-produced enantiomer, (1R,4S,5R)-(+)-trans-verbenol, elicited larger mean EAG responses than its antipode, (1S,4R, 5S)-(−)-trans-verbenol. At the mid-dosage range, female antennae tended to be slightly more responsive to (S)-(−)-verbenone than to (R)-(+)-verbenone, while male antennae were equally responsive to stimulations by either verbenone enantiomer. In field bioassays there was a large and significant reduction in trap catches ofI. paraconfusus on traps where the (S)-(−)- or (R)-(+)-enantiomers of verbenone were evaporated beside logs containing boring conspecific males. Only when the (S)-(−)-enantiomer of verbenone was evaporated beside logs containing boring males did the sex ratio ofI. paraconfusus trapped shift from female-dominated to male-dominated attraction. Thus both physiological and behavioral data suggest a differential chiral sensitivity of female beetles for the verbenone enantiomers. The relative sensitivities between different chiral compounds derived from one or the other of the common precursoral host terpenes, (S)-(−)- and (R)-(+)alpha-pinene or myrcene, are discussed.
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    Defensive and pheromonal secretion of the tergal gland ofAleochara curtula II. Release and inhibition of male copulatory behavior (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 13-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aleochara curtula (Goeze) ; Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae ; tergal gland secretion ; defense ; mating stimulants ; female sex pheromone ; hydrocarbons ; n-aldehydes ; substituted 1 ; 4-benzoquinones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract At high concentrations, the defensive tergal gland secretion (TGS)3 of the staphylinid beetle,Aleochara curtula, inhibits the male copulatory response (grasping with parameres). Inhibitory chemicals, for which a function as alarm substances is assumed, aren-undecane, 1-undecene,n-dodecanal, toluquinone, and 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone. When emitted in small amounts, however, the TGS releases the male grasping response. The main components with aphrodisiac effect are (Z)-4-tridecene,n-dodecanal, and (Z)-5-tetradecenal. These supplementary mating stimulants, which are not sex specific, work synergistically with the aphrodisiac female sex pheromone from thé epicuticular lipids and are discussed as alerting pheromones of short-term effect. Antennal movements of resting males as an indication of the recognition of a female and the approach to the mate are released at somewhat longer distances, when the TGS is additionally present.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987767
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    Field response of the dutch elm disease vectors,Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) andS. scolytus (F.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to 4-methyl-3-heptanol baits containing α-, β-,δ-, or δ-multistriatin (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 67-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Scolytus multistriatus ; S. scolytus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; elm bark beetle ; multistriatin stereoisomers ; Dutch elm disease ; aggregation pheromone ; field responses ; attractant baits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The field responses of English populations of the Dutch elm disease vectors,Scolytus multistriatus andS. scolytus to baits containing 4-methyl-3-heptanol, a host synergist [(−)-α-cubebene or (−)-limonene] and (±)-α-, (+)-β-, (−)-β-, (±)-γ-, or (±)-δ-multistriatin were examined. (±)-α-Multistriatin, released at 5–10 μg/day, enhanced the response ofS. multistriatus to baits containing 4-methyl-3-heptanol and either of the host synergists but had no effect on the capture ofS. scolytus. The release of larger amounts (57 or 365 μg/day) of (±)-α-multistriatin interrupted the response of both species to the 4-methyl-3-heptanol baits. It appears that α-multistriatin has multiple functions as a behavior-modifying substance for the two beetles. The (+)-β-, (−)-β-, (±)-γ-, and (±)-δ-multistriatins were inactive when released at 5–10 μg/day. The results of these field experiments suggest that one bait can be formulated to capture both species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987771
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