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  • Articles  (2,664)
  • Springer  (2,664)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 1985-1989  (2,491)
  • 1940-1944  (173)
  • Technology  (2,664)
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  • Articles  (2,664)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 9 (1989), S. 85S 
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Thermal plasma ; plasma reactors ; waste treatment ; metals recovery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal plasma arc systems are being applied to a wide variety of high-temperature applications. The use of electricity is proving to be a cost-effective alternative for the treatment of industrial wastes, recycling of scrap, upgrading of existing metallurgical processes, and new methods for the production of materials. Thermal plasma arc reactors are classified according to; (1) the mode of arc attachment, as nontransferred and transferred: and (2) the site for energy and/or mass transfer, as dispersed phase or condensed phase (bulk, film and packed bed). Unique features in the design of plasma reactor systems and applications in waste treatment and metals production are discussed.
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  • 2
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 9 (1989), S. 135S 
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Modeling ; thermal plasma processing ; supersonic jets ; heat transfer ; control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal plasma processing of materials is a rapidly growing area of research. The commercialization of these processes, however, has been limited by the lack of fundamental understanding of how the various processes work. Research has historically focused on developing models of fluid flow and heat transfer to particles injected into either DC arc or RF plasma jets. These models in the past have simplified boundary conditions to meet computational limitations. Recent advances in models have now been made, allowing evaluations of more of the plasma process variables. Supersonic flow modeling in a DC jet and modeling of the effects of particle loading (particulate feed rate) have been accomplished and are reviewed here. Materials processing using thermal plasmas has been separated into the categories of synthesis, melting, and deposition, and is discussed in view of the processing effects on the resultant material structures. Process modeling leading to process understanding is reviewed with an emphasis on process control and optimization. Commercialization of plasma processes requires controls and process transducers which result from experimentation and process models. Approaches to develop process controls from the current technical base are presented.
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  • 3
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 9 (1989), S. 165-188 
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Low-pressure multipole discharge ; kinetic equilibrium among species ; electron energy distribution function ; Balmer line profiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is devoted to the study of kinetic equilibrium among electrons, H2 molecules, H atoms, and positive H+, H 2 + , and H 3 + ions in a multipole discharge working under low-pressure (1- to 15-m Torr) and moderated current conditions. In such a discharge used either as a H+ or a H− ion source or for plasma-surface interactions, the dependence of the densities of these species versus experimental parameters is of a great interest. In the present situation, the electron energy distribution function (e.e.d.f.) is largely nonmaxwellian. The kinetic model that determines the densities of the plasma species is self-consistently coupled to the e.e.d.f. calculated through the use of the Boltzmann equation. The influence of the main processes, volume ones, and those involving plasma walls is emphasized. An attempt is made to use the profiles of Balmer lines obtained experimentally in order to determine absolute concentrations of H atoms and H 2 + ions. Results derived from the experiment are compared to results of the model. Such an analysis of Balmer line shapes appears to be an interesting way to determine, by anin situ nonintrusive method, the absolute concentration of H atoms.
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  • 4
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 9 (1989), S. 235-255 
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Ozone synthesis ; heterogeneous catalysis ; silica ; semicorona discharges
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Catalytic effects of solid surfaces in the synthesis of ozone have been examined under semicorona discharges conditions. It was found out that in the presence of a granular dielectric (silica) in the discharge gap, the ozone formation was accelerated and higher ozone concentrations were obtained. The mechanism of catalytic effects of silica is discussed.
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  • 5
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    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 9 (1989), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Thermal plasmas ; synthesis of Si3N4 ; experiments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Submicron α-, β-, and amorphous-phase silicon nitride particles have been synthesized in an experimental plasma reactor, using metallic silicon and ammonia as reactants. Injection of ammonia at different locations of the reactor results in different yields. A maximum yield of 85 wt% has been achieved by injecting NH3 at both downstream and upstream locations of the reactor. The powders synthesized in this way contained approximately 60 wt% silicon nitride in crystal form with equal amounts of α and β phases. The remainder consisted of the amorphous phase. The average size of the particles ranged from 50 to 90 nm, with a standard deviation of 1.47–1.87 depending on the location of ammonia injection. Seeding with 1 and 10 wt% of preexisting silicon nitride particles for fostering heterogeneous nucleation did not improve the yield, but it changed the particle size distribution.
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  • 6
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 39-46 
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The construction of offset curves is an important problem encountered often in design processes and in interrogation of geometric models. In this paper the problem of construction of offsets of curves lying on the same parametric surface is addressed. A novel algorithm is introduced, whose main feature is the use of geodesic paths to determine points of the offset. The offset is then approximated in the underlying surface parameter space by B-splines interpolating data points obtained by traveling a known distance along the geodesics departing from corresponding points of the progenitor in a direction perpendicular to the latter. A comprehensive error checking scheme has been devised allowing adaptive improvement of the approximation of the offset. The applicability of the algorithm is demonstrated by number of numerical examples.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Intelligent computer-aided design (CAD) emulates the human activity of design so that production planning, decision making, and inventive design can be performed by computers. Based on the history of human experience in engineering design, a formalized and systematic approach to design should include procedures from (1) conceptual design, (2) layout design, and (3) numerical optimization. The highest level within such a system should be responsible for specifying and symbolically optimizing skeleton structures of generic (nonspecific) elements within the design process that are eventually to be specified uniquely (pinned down) and ultimately optimized numerically. Planning plays a key role in such a system. Planning has been utilized as a tool for process organization within the knowledge domains of chemical engineering, electrical engineering, manufacturing, as well as for general problem formulation and solution. State estimation, subtask scheduling, and constraint propagation have been found to be factors of prime importance in this type of problem. Problems associated with the implementation of a planning strategy within a knowledge-based system for mechanical engineering design optimization are discussed. A hypothesis for planning is put forth and examined within the context of a model of the mechanical design optimization process. An example that demonstrates the applicability of this approach to mechanical power transmission design is considered.
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  • 8
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 91-103 
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Many computer-aided tools have been developed to assist designers, engineers, and managers with specific well-defined functions, yet they are not well integrated. This paper develops the need for an information architecture to integrate the processes and subsequent software used throughout the life of a building. It then defines a process model of the functions required to provide a facility to the end user, namely, managing, planning, designing, constructing, and operating the facility. This process model implies that the proposed information architecture must support the life-cycle process, effectively capture knowledge, and act as an integrator of industry accepted decision-making tools. Finally, a knowledge-based approach to implementing the information architecture is propsed.
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  • 9
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 79-89 
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces a strategy for the construction of object-oriented knowledge frameworks. Global control programs, which are traditionally used for manipulating structured representations, have been replaced by domain-specific resources. This new approach offers increased efficiency and simplified development of knowledge-based expert systems for problem domains that deal with a variety of complex structured information. A theoretical foundation is laid for the representation of knowledge, starting with the adoption of a simple schema for structuring stereotypical information. Data and method abstraction is achieved by installing knowledge frames into part of an object-oriented class system that supports procedural attachment and object communication. This allows frame specialization using domain-specific resources and subsequent construction of modular systems with these specialist frames. Editors are introduced for the alteration of data primitives used in declarative representation. Algorithms, which operate on these data primitives, are given for frame instantiation, data access, and user-directed inference. Examples from structural engineering are used throughout the paper to illustrate the practical application of object-oriented knowledge frameworks.
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  • 10
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 147-160 
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the role of geometry in achieving automation of the overall finite element analysis process. Emphasis is placed on the geometry requirements for two of the key technologies within this process: fully automatic mesh generation and adaptive analysis. A geometric framework that permits the implementation of automated finite element procedures is presented. This includes high-level geometry-based problem specification and control, powerful data structures, and the geometric functionality that is necessary to support automation. An open architecture system, called TAGUS, which incorporates these notions and permits manipulation of geometry, topology, and attribute data from within an applications program, is also presented. In addition, the paper contrasts the geometry requirements of problems with static domains versus the special considerations that must be given for dynamically changing domains. Finally, a view of an integrated system architecture for analysis automation is presented.
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  • 11
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 205-219 
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An expert system, ETUDES—Expert Time integration control Using Deep and Surface Knowledge System, which addresses the determination of the timestep for time integration of linear structural dynamic equations is described. This time-step may also be applicable for a moderately nonlinear simulation of the same structure. The program also determines whether an explicit or implicit method is most efficient for the particular simulation. A production rule programming system written in OPS5 is used for the implementation of this prototype expert system. Issues relating to the expert system architecture for this application, such as knowledge representation and structure, as well as domain knowledge are discussed. The prototype is evaluated by measuring it's performance in various benchmark model problems.
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  • 12
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 177-193 
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an algorithm for the generation of Delaunay triangulations for general nonmanifold geometric models. Octree concepts are used for point placement and providing the linear, with respect to the number of elements, growth rate of the algorithm. Compatibility and classification procedures are used in conjunction with point injection procedures to ensure that the final Delaunay triangulation is a geometric triangulation of the domain of interest.
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  • 13
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 259-259 
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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  • 14
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 249-257 
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The tools available to the mechanical engineer—for example, geometric modeling and computer-aided analysis—are individually quite powerful, but they are based on different geometric representations. Hence, they do not always work well together. In this paper an analysis method is presented that operates directly on the geometric modeling representation. Therefore, the time-consuming and error-prone procedure of generating a mesh is skipped. The method is based on boundary integral equations, but unlike previously published methods, the boundary elements aren-sided trimmed patches, the same patches that are used by modern geometric modelers to represent complex solids. The method is made practical by defining shape functions over the trimmed patches in such a way that the number of degrees of freedom can be controlled. This is done by using a concept called virtual nodes. The paper begins by deriving the trimmed patch boundary element. Then its properties are discussed in comparison with existing boundary element and finite element methods, and several examples are given.
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  • 15
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 235-247 
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses an automatic, adaptive finite element modeling system consisting of mesh generation, finite element analysis, and error estimation. The individual components interact with one another and efficiently reduce the finite element error to within an acceptable value and perform only a minimum number of finite element analyses. One of the necessary components in the automated system is a multiple-level local remeshing algorithm. Givenh-refinement information provided by an a posteriori error estimator, and adjacency information available in the mesh data structures, the local remeshing algorithm grades the refinement toward areas requesting refinement. It is shown that the optimal asymptotic convergence rate is achieved, demonstrating the effectiveness of the intelligent multiple-level localh-refinement.
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  • 16
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 91-94 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The paper reports on different approaches to the problem of matching action spectra of photosensitizers to tissue transparency. A photoacoustic spectrometer is presented which allows measuring both true extinction coefficients of tissues and drug concentrations in different organs. The recent development of anthracycline drugs with the absorption spectra in the red region of the visible and the first demonstration of their photoactivated cytotoxicity are reported. The potentials of two-step processes to sensitize toxic effects mediated by commonly used photosensitizers via mechanisms alternative to singlet oxygen formation are also discussed.
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  • 17
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 83-89 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Summary Standardized operations including incisions and ablations were carried out on pigthroats immediately prior to evaluation of the depths of thermal damage zones measured with a unit of 30 mikrons. The following parameters were applied on the tissue: 1) Continuous versus single pulse mode. 2) equal energy impacts with variation of time and power density. 3) super pulse versus non super pulse. In the 1st series the tissue damage for all tissues examined were significantly lower in the single pulse mode than in the continuous mode. In the 2nd series the pooled material showed a significance in favour of short impacts with high power density although the total energy required for a single operation was up to 40% higher in the high power/short time series. The 3rd series showed no significance in differences between super pulse and nonsuper pulse damage when applying the same average output on the laryngeal tissues involved.
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  • 18
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 373-374 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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  • 19
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 385-386 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The German Certificate Program is divided into 2 parts. Part 1 is the basic course in which independent of the medical faculty basic information is given about laser physics, laser tissue interaction, principles of laser systems and accessories, and the safety regulations. In addition to basic information, the course gives information about the principles of laser application and therapeutic guidelines. This course is carried out in the same way for medical staff (nurses, technical assistants), biomedical engineers and physicists. The second part is for medical doctors only; it is organized for each medical field and contains an additional course in which special questions are discussed of indications, contra-indications, diagnostic problems and peri-operative treatment. Moreover there are a number of laser procedures which will be performed by the doctor under the supervision of the instructor. This procedure and certification is under discussion with the Bundesärztekammer (German Medical Association) and the other medical societies in the medical field.
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  • 20
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 13-16 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Nd-YAG laser ; Open lung surgery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We report on nineteen patients who successfully underwent open lung performance with a Nd-YAG laser in the period December 1987 to August 1988. Reasons for laser operations were lung metastases (twelve cases), lung fibrosis (five patients), one lung cyst and one tuberculoma. We used the Nd-YAG laser in non-contact mode, with focus hand-piece spot size of 1.5 mm, a continual 1064 nm wavelength and a power output 90 W. In these nineteen cases we performed 35 laser photoablations of lung tissue. All patients healed without any serious complications. The major advantage of Nd-YAG laser beam in open lung surgery is in the rapid sealing effect of small airways and of blood vessels up to 3 mm. The Nd-YAG laser seems to be very suitable for operations in lung periphery.
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  • 21
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 65-65 
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  • 22
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 71-72 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
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  • 23
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 329-340 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In general “Dose” by itself as an amount of energy is not a relevant parameter for the description of penetration by non-ionizing (laser) radiation. But dosimetry should not only include the measurements of relevant parameters and its relatioships to tissue effects but also include all possibilities of measurements and relationships which help to control the biological result on tissue by irraditation with non-ionizing laser radiation.
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  • 24
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract To obtain guidelines which can regulate laser use and safety in medicine and surgery in the EEC, a careful study of legislations of different countries should be taken into account. Existent legislations can be adapted to laser technological progress, to recommend equal regulations to all EEC members, while retaining the autonomy of each participating country. In view of that, we have explored existing rules and legislations of different countries to compare and to use them in our favour.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: HeNe laser ; GaAs laser ; Organ culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of pulsed Gallium-Arsenide and continuous Helium-Neon waves on embryonic chick heart fragments in vitro were investigated. Heart fragments were exposed for different irradiation times, varying from 1 s to 1500 s, to the laser beam. No differences could be observed between the irradiated and sham-irradiated fragments after an in vitro study of their 3 H-thymidine uptake, cell membrane permeability and cellular migration. This means that the effectiveness of low-intensity laser irradiation for wound healing can not be explained by an immediate influence on the mentioned characteristics of a living cell.
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  • 26
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 131-131 
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  • 27
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 139-139 
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  • 28
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 155-158 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Gynaecological oncology ; Lasertherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Tumour recurrences in the gynaecological field after conventional therapy are a big problem because there is little choice for other therapies without inflicting further damage. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is indicated because it is selective and without side-effects in flat or small recurrences. We treated 15 patients with vaginal and vault recurrences of cervix carcinoma, adenocarcinoma in the corpus uteri and rectum. The PDT was performed after 24–48 h with Hp, 5 mg/kg body weight, injection, and an argon-dye laser for 13 cases, tungsten and xenon lamps in 2 cases. All patients were previously treated with conventional therapy (i.e. surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy). Doses ranged from 60 to 500 J cm−2. The results were: 8 complete local responses, 6 partial responses, 1 no change. Four patients died because of distant metastases or progression. One partial response was treated with brachytherapy and is now disease free. All the other patients are still living. In all cases we have seen no side-effects from PDT. The patients were sheltered from the sunlight for 20–30 days after therapy.
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  • 29
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 165-175 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Following several research programs in the 1960's aimed at studying the adverse biological effects of lasers and other optical radiation sources, laser occupational exposure limits were set and general safety standards were developed. Today, the experience from laser accidents and the development of new lasers and new applications have altered the format of the exposure limits and the safety procedures. It is critically important to distinguish between different biological injury mechanisms. The biological effects of ultraviolet radiation upon the skin and eye are additive over a period of at least one workday, and require different safety procedures. The scattered UV irradiance from excimer lasers may be quite hazardous, depending upon wavelength and action spectra. Since laser technology is young, the exposure of an individual in natural sunlight must be studied to evaluate the potential for chronic effects. The safety measures necessary in the use of lasers depend upon a hazard evaluation. The appropriate control measures and alternate means of enclosure, baffling, and operational control measures are presented. Present laser safety standards are explained briefly. Eye protective techniques and eyewear are considered for a variety of sources. The optical properties of enclosure materials are also discussed.
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  • 30
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 93-96 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: CO2 laser ; Paralysis ; Vocal cord ; Bilateral ; Cordectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Bilateral vocal-cord paralysis usually causes dyspnoea with inspiratory stridor. Most patients have a fairly satisfactory voice. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a series of 24 patients with bilateral vocal-cord paralysis treated by CO2 laser cordectomy during 1978–86. Breathing improved in 19 patients. In most of the patients, however, the voice worsened. If further surgery is necessary this can easily be performed. In appropriate patients the CO2 laser is an ideal surgical tool for the performance of a cordectomy in patients with bilateral vocal-cord paralysis.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Cholesteatoma ; Haematoporphyrin ; Photo-dynamic therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In a previous project on haematoporphyrin (HP) uptake by experimentally induced cholesteatoma of the rabbit, it was shown that HP concentration was remarkably high in the cholesteatoma, with a peak at three hours after intravenous administration of the drug. On the basis of these results an attempt was made to destroy the matrix of cholesteatoma by means of photodynamic therapy. Cholesteatomas were induced bilaterally in the ears of eight rabbits which were divided into two groups, according to the interval between HP administration (5 mg/kg body weight) and irradiation. The irradiation was carried out with light at 600–680 nm, filtered from the emission a quartz halogen lamp (dose rate 300 mW cm−2; total dose 120 J cm−2). The first group was submitted to photodynamic therapy after three hours and the second after twelve hours. In both groups half the rabbits were sacrificed at 24 h and half at 48 h post-irradiation. Histological studies showed significant vascular lesions, necrosis of the wall of the cholesteatoma, interstitial extravasation of blood, and oedema in a high percentage of the animals. The lesions were much greater in animals sacrificed at 48 h after photodynamic therapy.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 137-138 
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 151-154 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
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    Notes: Abstract The treatments of 250 patients with the CO2 laser is described. The procedures were performed under local anaesthesia with minimal instrumentation apart from the laser. Operations were rapid and relatively bloodless, and excellent cosmetic and functional results were obtained. In the post-operative period there was minimal oedema and no significant bleeding. Post-operative pain was also minimal allowing patients to resume their normal diet on the first post-operative day and to return to work. The experience gained with this first group of patients suggests that ideal cases for treatment by this modality include leukoplakia, haemangiomas, epulis and prosthesis fibromas. The CO2 laser is now being used to a lesser extent on in-patients and on those with malignant lesions.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 375-379 
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 397-399 
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    Notes: Abstract Our Laser Platform reaches more than 9 years of surgical experience, using the CO2 and the Nd:YAG lasers in a multidisciplinary way. By the end of September 1988, 2609 surgical laser procedures have been performed. Bronchoscopic and GI endoscopic laser procedures are not included in this data. Since 3 years, the laser sessions of the annual French Surgical Association Congress are under our responsability. This paper relates the previous laser workshops programs and details the forthcoming workshop on Lasers in Proctology.
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: 1.318μm Nd-YAG laser ; Laser tissue effects ; New wavelength
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    Notes: Abstract In in vitro and animal experiments the tissue effects of the 1.318μm Nd-YAG laser were compared to those of the standard 1.064μm Nd-YAG laser in order to evaluate the advantages of the new wavelength with a ten times higher absorption in water for gastroenterological tumour treatment. Under irradiation parameters related to clinical endoscopic practice, the laser of the wavelength 1.318μm needs for both vaporization and coagulation significantly less energy than the 1.064μm laser. Since vaporization at 1.318μm is always accompanied by a higher coagulation effect compared to 1.064μm the risk of late necrosis and resulting perforation appears to be increased.
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  • 37
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    Keywords: Mathematical model ; Laser surgery ; Optical fibres ; Tumours ; Thermal diffusion ; Multiple fibres
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model is employed to discuss the region treated by local hyperthermia, when the source of heat is a laser whose energy is directed into the treatment region through four optical fibres ending at the corners of a square. If treatment is over a period that is substantially longer than the time for the temperature distribution to reach equilibrium, a steady state model using four point sources can be employed to obtain a general idea of the temperatures reached and the region treated for different power levels and sizes of square. For shorter times, and for more accurate estimation of the regions treated, numerical calculation on a computer is essential. The details of the calculation depend on individual cases, but we demonstrate here that such computations are possible, and present a series of typical results. A comparison is made with the results of a series of experiments on canine liver, showing that it is possible to obtain good qualitative and numerical agreement.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 1-2 
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 17-23 
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    Notes: Conclusion If the indications of the Carbone Dioxide lasers are judiciously chosen, this equipement will be found to be usefull and reliable because of its original action on the living tissues. Its values in Plastic Surgery and dermatology is evident after several hundreds of treatments. Argon Laser is still the best tool for port-wine-stains treatment and continous manner has greatly improved our results. In all cases, the laser and the technic are chosen first because of specific tissue conditions, second after good learning for better results and safety.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 79-84 
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    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Haematoporphyrin derivative ; Misonidazole ; Radiosensitizers
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    Notes: Abstract Fifty-six Fischer 344 rats bearing subcutaneous 9L-gliosarcoma tumours were studied to determine if Misonidazole (MISO), combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT), would be more effective than PDT alone. PDT, like conventional radiation, is potentiated by oxygen, and if there are areas of hypoxic cells within the tumour it is possible that the addition of the radiosensitizing drug should make the treatment more effective. Thirty-nine rats were divided into eight groups as controls. Seventeen rats were divided into three groups and received MISO combined with PDT, five rats were exposed to a laser dose of (nm = 630) 300 J at 300 mW, seven rats to a laser dose of 600 J at 600 mW and five rats to a laser dose of 2160 J at 600 mW. The tumours were approximately 1 cm3 when treated. Animals treated with either PDT at 300 J or 600 J failed to show any effect on growth of the tumour. At 2160 J a definite delay in growth was observed but addition of MISO did not potentiate this effect. The results indicate this combined therapy did not slow the growth rate of the tumours in this model. The implication of these results are discussed.
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  • 41
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    Keywords: Lasers ; Electrocautery ; Oral surgery ; Tissue effects
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    Notes: Abstract The tissue effects of the steel scalpel, electrocautery, CO2 laser and contact Nd-YAG laser were studied on rat tongue. The tip of the tongue (3 mm) was cut off and fixed for histology. The rats (6-10/method/age group) were kept alive for 2, 7 and 14 days, when the remaining tongue was resected. In each postoperative age group the effects to the epithelium and muscular layer were determined separately. Peroperative bleeding was measured and attention was paid to wound contraction and inflammatory cell infiltration. Postoperative bleeding occurred with the steel scalpel and electrocautery, but not with the lasers. A significant delay in early re-epithelialization was observed after the use of all thermal knives. Resection with steel scalpel was found to result in the smallest damage to the tissues on day 0 (P〈 0.01), whereas on day 7 no significant differences were observed between scalpel, electrocautery and CO2 laser. On the other hand there was a significant difference between scalpel and contact Nd-YAG laser (P〈 0.05). On day 14 these differences were no longer significant. Wound contraction on days 7 and 14 was evident after scalpel incision and slight after thermal knives. The steel scalpel causes less tissue damage than the thermal knives, whereas the advantages of a bloodless operation can be achieved with both lasers used in this study.
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  • 42
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    Keywords: Cancer detection ; Fluorescence spectroscopy ; Haematoporphyrin derivative ; Laser excitation ; Phthalocyanine
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    Notes: Abstract Several photosensitizers were screened for their tumour-marking ability using laserinduced fluorescence in Wistar/Furth rats bearing subcutaneous adenocarcinomas inoculated in muscle. Of the studied photosensitizers, dihaematoporphyrin ether appeared to exhibit the best tumour-demarcation properties. Polyhaematoporphyrin ester and tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine were almost as good although the fluorescence yield was much lower. Monomeric haematoporphyrin also showed some tumour-marking qualities. By forming fluorescence intensity ratios, information from both the blue and the red spectral regions were used to provide the highest tumour-to-muscle contrast. Two excitation wavelengths were used, of which 337 nm rather than 405 nm excitation light seemed to yield a better tumour demarcation, due to a greater difference in the superimposing autofluorescence between tumour and surrounding tissue. The study included measurements on many inner organs in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the interaction between the drugs and various kinds of tissue.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 141-150 
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    Keywords: Low level laser therapy ; Mid-laser ; Soft-laser ; Photobioactivation ; Biostimulation
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The biological and clinical effects of sub-thermal doses of laser light is an area of some controversy. In this review the published scientific evidence for such effects is examined with particular reference to the physics of the light delivery and dosimetry.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 167-170 
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    Keywords: Zn(II)-phthalocyanine ; photosensitizer ; photodiagnosis atheroma
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    Notes: Abstract Phthalocyanines are structural analogs of porphyrins and are characterized by a closely similar mechanism of transport in the bloodstream. We evaluated the accumulation of liposomebound Zn(II)-phthalocyanine (Zn-Pc) by atherosclerotic aortas in rabbits. The biodistribution of intravenously injected Zn-Pc (0.023 mg/kg body weight) in the serum and some tissues resembled that previously observed for other experimental animals. Moreover, significant amounts of Zn-Pc were recovered from the aorta of the atherosclerotic and not of the normal rabbits. The maximum accumulation (circa 0.04μg of Zn-Pc g−1 tissue) was observed at 3 h after injection. We conclude that Zn-Pc might act as a fluorescence marker for atheromas and it has a potential as a phototherapeutic agent in atherosclerosis.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 197-197 
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 221-227 
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    Keywords: Optical properties ; Photodynamic therapy ; Glioma ; Brain tumour
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    Notes: Abstract The in vitro optical properties of slices of human brain tissue were measured. The experiments were performed with an integrating sphere and covered the wavelength range from 400 to 1100 nm. Both normal brain tissue (white and grey matter) and tumour tissue (a malignant glioma and a melanotic melanoma) were investigated. From the experimental data the Kubelka-Munk absorption and scattering coefficients were determined. From these data we calculated the transport absorption and scattering coefficients by using the diffusion approximation. Blood and water appeared to be the dominant chromophores. In the wavelength range mentioned, the absorption coefficients varied over more than two orders of magnitude. The scattering coefficients increased slowly towards the shorter wavelengths.
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  • 47
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    Keywords: Nd-YAG laser therapy ; Palliative treatment ; Colorectal adenocarcinoma ; Multivariate prognostic analysis
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    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to report long-term results of endoscopic Nd-YAG laser therapy used in the palliative treatment of 95 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma, to define parameters that could predict the long-term outcome and to define better the indications and limitations of Nd-YAG laser therapy. Ninety-five patients, 56 men, 39 women (mean age 78±12 years) were treated. Sixty-three adenocarcinomas were present in the rectum and 32 in the colon. Normal bowel function was restored in 41 of the 55 patients (75%) after a median of 3 (range 1–14) sessions, rectal bleeding was completely controlled in 40 of the 49 patients (82%) after a median of 2 (range 1–7) sessions and other rectal symptoms (mucus rectal discharge and tenesmus) were completely controlled in 12 of the 25 patients (48%) after a median of 3 (range 1–7) sessions. The cumulative probability of remaining symptomatically improved at 6 and 12 months for the 84 patients, initially symptomatically improved by attack treatment, was 45±6% and 15.5±5%. Four perforations, two rectovaginal fistulae, two symptomatic stenoses and two asymptomatic stenoses occurred. In the stepwise regression analysis (Cox model), among eight variables, two variables had an independent prognostic value. The surgical contraindications unrelated to cancer extentp〈0.01) and the importance of intraluminal destruction after attack treatment (p〈0.01) were positively correlated with duration of symptomatic improvement.
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    Research in engineering design 1 (1989), S. 121-137 
    ISSN: 1435-6066
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This is the second of a two-part paper summarizing and reviewing research in mechanical engineering design theory and methodology. Part I included 1) descriptive models; 2) prescriptive models; and 3) computer-based models of design processes. Part II includes: 4) languages, representations, and environments for design; 5) analysis in support of design; and 6) design for manufacture and the life cycle. For each area, we discuss the current topics of research and the state of the art, emphasizing recent significant advances. A final section is included that summarizes the six major areas and lists open research issues.
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    Research in engineering design 1 (1989), S. 19-34 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We introduce the metamodel as a new modeling framework for design objects based on General Design Theory, a mathematical model of design. Using General Design Theory, the metamodel concept can serve three functions: (1) as a central modeling mechanism to integrate models, (2) as a mechanism for modeling physical phenomena, and (3) as a tool for describing evolving design objects. Modeling with multiple points of view is realized by representing physical phenomena that occur in the deisng object and by constructing models with knowledge of physics and design from the metamodel. We illustrate the first and second functions of metamodels with an example based on naive physics, and we illustrate the third function of the metamodel through design experiments. Finally, we present two systems to illustrate how the metamodel mechanism can be implemented.
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    Research in engineering design 1 (1989), S. 75-86 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We develop atask-structure for design problem-solving. The task-structure of a complex problemsolving activity such as design is a hierarchical organization of subtasks. For each task in the task-structure, we can then proceed to investigate whatmethods may be available, and what knowledge and inference requirements each of these methods have. Some of the methods may be domain-specific, some of them more generic in character, some may involve traditional computational techniques, and some others may involve searching in a problem space for solutions to the task. However, this systematic process of identifying tasks, methods, and subtasks will help us to see how design as a general problem is solved not by one method or technique but by an opportunistic exploitation of whatever methods are available (i.e., theknowledge required for using a method is available) to help accomplish a subtask. Thus, in principle, very different methods and knowledge can be brought into play in as flexible a way as applicable. For design problem-solving, we provide such an analysis for a family of design methods that we callpropose-verify-critique-modify methods. We end with remarks about how these methods can be flexibly integrated in a control structure that matches the subtasks with methods for which knowledge is available.
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    Research in engineering design 1 (1989), S. 145-146 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 111-118 
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    Notes: Abstract HF chemical lasers are of great interest as high power radiation sources in the 2.5 to 3.5μm range. Among their recent applications, requiring simple, compact, high power lasers, producing short pulses at high repetition rates are certain types of delicate laser surgery. A novel HF chemical laser design is described which fulfils all the requirements of delicate surgery. The performance characteristics of it are given and its advantages over the better known CO2 lasers as far as laser and tissue interaction, beam handling, delivery system and safety are analysed. These novel HF lasers, operating on SF6, C3H8 and He are operating with 12% efficiencies, specific energy extractions up to 36J/L and repetition rates up to 100Hz. To the best of our knowledge these figures compare very favourably with any corresponding figures reported update in the literature.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 143-154 
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    Notes: Abstract The critical characteristics of different fibers have been examined to determine their ability for laser power delivery. An analysis of our measurements has been carried out for the purpose of determining the most promising medical laser fiber systems (LFS).
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 191-199 
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    Notes: Abstract The state of the art of the radiation, and electrical safety standards of laser medical equipment in Italy will be reviewed, with special attention to the manufacturing requirements and to the user's guide. Comments on points requiring an updating or a revision will be presented in view of future modifications of the standards at the national and at the European level. Performance standards and qualification of laser equipment will also be discussed.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 205-212 
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    Notes: Abstract The use of lasers in therapy has been increasing for the last 10 years. Actually, lasers are very much used in several fields. As an example, more than 60% of ophtalmologists, and 10% of gynecologists, E. N. T. and gastroenterologists use regularly a laser (1). The development of the use of lasers in therapy has multiple effects on the organization of medical care and on the relations between different specialties such as endoscopy and surgery. Evaluation of its impact on medical care is very important. The evaluation concerns the safety and efficacy of the lasersystem, the benefit to the patient, and the doctor's skill. Part of the evaluation is done by official organizations, like the homologation procedure for the laser system. But, scientific societies, like laser societies, have also a role to play. Therefore, the “SOCIETE FRANCAISE DES LASERS MEDICAUX” (SFLM) decided to sponsor a survey on “education and safety” among his members.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 239-242 
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    Notes: Abstract A short review on the present portuguese situation of Laser Medicine is ma de, followed by the proposal of rules considered to be minimal on this field.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 261-262 
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    Notes: Summary A significant problem in practical clinical work is the availability of reproducible data for treatment. This is not a special problem in laser medicine. Our concept of therapeutical guidelines is divided into three parts. Part 1 is an overview of all laser systems in order to compare the advantages and disadvantages of different systems; it is easy to check what each laser can do. Part 2 is an overview of the main indications but not structured according to medical fields, but body regions, because the principles of treatment in regions are not very different between the medical specialties. In this part, the laser performances are rated, which means one can see at a glance for which indications which laser is the best or without any advantages. The third part has data about treatment with a special laser. In these tables there are not only laser parameters such as power, spot size, exposure time and wavelength, but also remarks about special application procedures.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 119-127 
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    Notes: Abstract The characteristics of two modified fiber tips, the metal laser probe and the rounded sapphire contact probe, were examined in vitro and in vivo with respect to some of the risks of laser angioplasty. Both probes have an atraumatic, blunt shape. The laser beam profile of the sapphire contact probe looses its focussing properties in water. In vitro, we found a large temperature gradient from the front to the rim of the probe. Ablative temperatures were reached at the tip whereas the temperature of the metal connector near the rim of the sapphire crystal rose only 30 °C in blood when 15 W Nd-YAG was applied for 1 s. In contrast, the metal laser probe reached temperatures over 500 °C in an in vitro tissue/blood environment when 10 W was applied for 5 s. The metal probe ablated both in the forward and the radial direction. In a rabbit model there was a large variation in temperature of the metal in vivo (70 – 320 °C). The highest temperatures were associated with acute complications. However, in spite of transmural coagulation necrosis the artery wall remained functionally intact during a follow up period of up to 56 days.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 177-179 
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    Notes: Abstract Following a brief historical introduction the current status of Medical Laser Safety legislation and practise in the United Kingdom is outlined. Manufacturing and Administrative measures are specified both for public hospitals and private clinics
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 213-213 
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 235-238 
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    Notes: Abstract Until now there are no national safety regulations for the medical use of lasers in the Netherlands. However, a committee of experts from hospitals, Health Council of the Netherlands, TNO Medical Technology Unit and industry is preparing recommendations. Their work is based on MPE values and special measurements that are performed to assess divergence and intensity distribution of laser beams, as well as optical and thermal properties of materials that are used in the clinical setting. The final intention of the committee is to advise government and hospitals on technical, environmental and administrative measures for the safety of the various medical laser applications.
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    Notes: Abstract Accident prevention regulations, e.g. VBG 93 “Laser Radiation”, are a national particularity in the FRG. The regulations issued by the injuries insurance institutes are binding upon employers and employees. The apparatus and equipment safety law makes the VBG 93 obligatory also for manufacturers and importers. National and international standards are referred to in relevant context in the VBG 93. The VBG 93 is also used by the governmental authorities for the protection of labour. The medical apparatus decree has to be observed also for medical application. Some important aspects of the VBG 93 will be described in detail.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 5-6 
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 361-365 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper the Author presents the guidelines of laser therapy in the Lisbon Institute of Ophthalmology, with spetial referance to the laser parameters, the ocular pathology imposing laser therapy and the necessary conditions for safety of the patient and of the doctor, operating with laser.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 381-384 
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    Notes: Abstract Although Laser technology has been around in Greece for quite some time, the medical and surgical application of Lasers has only recently started. However, the future seems to be promising due to the existence of advanced Laser Institutes, especially in Crete, the recent creation of the “Greek Medical Laser Society”, the increasing number of well trained physician, in the field of Laser and the expected close cooperation of all of the above.
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    Notes: Abstract Three different lasers were compared under the same conditions for their effectiveness at producing photodynamic damage to normal colon following sensitization with aluminium sulphonated phthalocyanine (AlSPc). One laser was an argon ion pumped continuous wave (CW) dye laser and the other two were pulsed at 10 kHz (copper vapour laser pumped dye laser, and 5 Hz (flashlamp pumped dye laser). The CW and 10 kHz laser were equally effective at producing damage. The 5 Hz laser failed to produce a photodynamic effect, although occasionally caused a photomechanical effect when the laser fibre was placed touching the colonic mucosa. Quantitative analysis suggests that the high energy pulses of the flashlamp pumped dye laser saturate AlSPc, so very little of the available energy can be used to produce a photodynamic effect, in contrast to the two other lasers which do not produce saturation conditions.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 129-138 
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    Notes: Abstract Transmitting 308 nm excimer laser radiation via quartz fibers allows one to perform several surgical procedures inside the eye and on the cornea. A special application tip has been developed for each procedure. 308 nm radiation may damage the lens and the retina of the eye. UV absorbing drugs have been successfully used in in-vitro experiments to reduce the UV exposure of intraocular structures sensitive to 308 nm radiation.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 155-158 
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    Notes: Abstract Fibre optic systems, micromanipulator optics and articulated arms are described with particular emphasis on safety,limitations and areas of likely failure.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 3-3 
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 25-30 
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    Notes: Abstract A significant advantage of Er:YAG and Ho:YAG laser radiation is that it can be transmitted efficiently by fibre, unlike that of the CO2 laser. The important characteristic of excisions made by these mid-infrared-beam lasers is the depth of coagulation beneath the excised surface. Intuitive physical arguments are developed to predict the coagulation depths, which are estimated to be 12μmand 650 μm for Er:YAG and Ho:YAG lesions respectively. These values are in agreement with derivations using more sophisticated physics by the same author elsewhere.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 201-204 
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    Notes: Abstract The Danish National Regulations are worked out by The Ministry of Labour. The regulations are not expressed in a clear form and guidelines for laser use in medical treatment rest more or less on the interpretation of legal and ethical regulations for medical personnel applicable in other areas. These regulations will be presented. Common Laser regulations for the EEC in cooperation with the ELA are suggested.
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  • 72
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 229-234 
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A short survey on the development of the Laser Safety Regulations and Standards in the GDR is given. The last step is the adaptation of the IEC 325 document as the basis of national Laser Safety Standards. This basis is completed by guide-lines covering the general national requirement as well as special regulations for safe use of lasers in medical practise.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Excimer laser ; Argon laser ; Atherosclerosis ; Healing
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Injury associated with laser-induced tissue ablation may be reduced by using pulsed energy delivery at low repetition rates, as opposed to using continuous wave energy delivery. This study was designed to examine the similarities and differences between these two systems as regards the healing process, and to examine whether one is superior to the other. In order to test this postulate, the healing response of normal and atherosclerotic aorta were examined after exposure in vivo to argon and excimer (XeCl 308 nm) laser radiation in hypercholesterolemic swine. Swine were fed hyperlipidemic diets for eight months following balloon denudation of the descending aorta. Following general anaesthetic, the descending aorta was isolated and laser burns were made on both normal and atherosclerotic intima using a continuous wave argon laser delivered through a 50Μ diameter quartz fibre, and a XeCl excimer laser carried through a 1 mm diameter fibre. Energy levels of 3 to 5 J were applied with the argon laser. The pulse duration for the excimer laser was 30 ns and craters were produced using 10 to 60 pulses at a repetition rate of 20 Hz and an energy density of 2 J cm−2. Forty-eight hours after laser application, craters created by both lasers were filled with thrombus material. Argon burns were surrounded by thermal and acoustic injury which was not seen with excimer burns. Three weeks after laser application all crater surfaces were reconstituted. Unlike the excimer burns, argon craters demonstrated necrosis well beyond the crater margins and were characterized by multinucleate giant-cell reaction surrounding char debris. By nine weeks both excimer and argon laser burns were covered by fibrous tissue but could be distinguished by the fact that char debris and subjacent tissue injury arose with the argon burns. The results suggest that both lasers can be used to remove focal atherosclerotic plaque from arteries without inducing excessive thrombogenicity. Rapid healing is observed with both; however, damage to surrounding tissue is significantly greater with a continuous energy delivery laser as opposed to pulsed energy delivery.
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  • 74
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 133-135 
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  • 75
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    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Diffusing fibre tips ; Interstitial light delivery ; Light dosimetry
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Optimal delivery of light to the tumour is of considerable importance in photodynamic therapy. The most effective way of delivering laser light to the tumour tissue is through an implanted optical fibre. In order to investigate the possible effects taking place at the tips of fibres implanted in tissue, fibres were used to deliver light to human blood and the transmission of light by the blood was measured at different power levels. The maximum power level which could be delivered without charring or coagulation at the fibre tip was measured for five different fibres. Three plane cut fibres and two with 1.5 cm long diffusing tips were studied. Charring and coagulation, which resulted in practically no light being delivered more than 0.5 mm from the fibre tip, were observed at relatively low-output powers (70-130 mW) for all the plane-cut fibres. This is less than the level required to deliver a clinically useful dose in a reasonable time. In contrast, neither charring nor coagulation was observed at the diffusing tips for output powers up to 1.1 W and consequently these should be the fibres of choice for interstitial photodynamic therapy. Observed changes in light transmission through the blood with increasing output power indicate that, for accurate light dosimetry, a means of monitoring delivered light in vivo during photodynamic therapy is essential.
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  • 76
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Tumour imaging ; Tc-99m-HpD ; Kinetics ; Photodynamic therapy
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The in vivo uptake of Tc-99m-labelled HpD in a murine tumour has been investigated using nuclear imaging techniques. Eighty-four per cent of the palpable tumours were visualized with good contrast resolution. The peak tumour-to-surrounding-normal-tissue ratio of 5:1 was at 4 h post-injection indicating the optimum time of imaging. The high level of HpD in the blood-pool component of the tumour could indicate that photodynamic therapy administered within 2 h after intravenous injection (‘early PDT’) could lead to damage of tumour vasculature and tumour necrosis. The therapeutic response achieved by this early method needs to be investigated.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Brain tumour ; Rat ; Detection ; Fluorescence ; Laser ; Haematoporphyrin derivative
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Laser-induced fluorescence has been used for the identification of brain tumours in rats, which have been previously given tumour-seeking haematoporphyrin derivative. A pulsed nitrogen laser (λ=337 nm) was used in conjunction with an optical multichannel analyzer. For both inoculated RG-2 and TCVC rat-brain-tumour models, the blue autofluorescence was strongly reduced in the tumour compared with normal brain tissue, and at the same time the characteristic red-drug signal increased. The contrast between tumour and normal tissue was strongly enhanced by forming the ratio between the two signals. Implications for possible improvement of tumour delineation in brain tumour surgery are discussed.
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  • 78
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 285-287 
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  • 79
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    Research in engineering design 1 (1989), S. 3-18 
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This article describes a schematic synthesis problem and one of its solution techniques. The problem domain consists of devices that can be described as networks of lumped-parameter, idealized elements in the translational-mechanical, rotational-mechanical, fluidmechanical, and electrical media. Such devices include speedometers, accelerometers, pneumatic cylinders, and pressure gauges. Design problems in this domain are specified by an input quantity, an output quantity, and the desired relationship between the input and output. The solution technique is based on three steps: 1) generate a candidate design, 2) derive and classify the behavior of the candidate, 3) based on the derived behavior and domain knowledge, modify the candidate (if possible) to bring it in line with the specification. The key idea behind this techniques is that an abstract characterization of the essential properties of the candidate design expedites the analysis and modification. The results of this work are aimed at computer tools for preliminary mechanical design.
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  • 80
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    Research in engineering design 1 (1989), S. 69-73 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
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  • 81
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    Research in engineering design 1 (1989), S. 87-103 
    ISSN: 1435-6066
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Good mechanical designs are often composed of highly integrated, tightly coupled components in which the interactions among the components are essential to the function and economic execution of the design. This assertion runs counter to design methodologies in other engineering fields, such as software design and circuit design, that advocate designs in which each component fulfills a single function with minimal interaction. Because of the geometry, weight, and cost of mechanical components, converting a single functional requirement into a single component is usually not practical. Each component may contribute to the performance of more than one function, and the performance of each function may be distributed over many components. In fact, most mechanical components perform not only the desired function, but also have many additional, unintended behaviors. In good mechanical designs, these additional behaviors often are exploited. We describe a synthesis strategy to utilize these behaviors by transforming design specifications in a function-preserving manner to obtain function structures which correspond closely to collections of available components. This strategy is elaborated in the context of simple gearbox design. We feel that design strategies derived from characteristics of good designs will foster improved design practice and facilitate the development of computer-based assistance to the designer.
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  • 82
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Structural analysis involves three main phases, namely, modeling, analysis, and results processing. Computer software exists in order to automate the analysis and results processing phases. However, modeling is still done largely by hand, especially for frame structures. This paper considers automated modeling of frame structures in the context of a computer integrated system for structural engineering design. In this system a structure is defined in terms of its components and connections, and it is necessary to create an analysis model in terms of nodes, elements, boundary conditions, and so on. The paper describes the logic of the modeling process, describes the output from the process, and shows how this output can be used as input data for a structural analysis program. The scope is limited to determination of the structure stiffness properties and assembly of the stiffness matrix.
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  • 83
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 105-118 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with one particular type of solid model representation. Constructive solid geometry (CSG) describes solids in terms of primitive shapes combined by Boolean operators. The goal of this paper is to present an algorithm suitable for the visualization of a given CSG-object for verification purposes. To accomplish this, the CSG representation is to be converted into a polygonal boundary representation (B-Rep), which allows the easy display of the solid's visible edges and surfaces. An algorithm performing this conversion is called a “boundary evaluator.” This paper describes the fundamental concepts leading to this new algorithm and presents some examples. The boundary evaluator described here follows the following steps: (1) A polygonal mesh is created that covers the primitive shapes. (2) Interfering polygons are repertedly subdivided until the resulting mesh contains the intersection curves between the primitives. (3) The location and validity of all polygons must be determined since only valid polygons reflect the solid's final shape. (4) Adjoining coplanar polygons are collected and merged by deleting their common edges. The final result of this procedure is a consistent, nonredundant polygon mesh describing the given solid model. Now the object may be displayed by simple perspective plots, by isometric projections, by hidden line drawings, or through the use of hidden surface removal techniques as color-shaded pictures. The algorithm presented here has been successfully used to create a variety of renderings of various CSG-models. The interpretation, display, and validation of computer-generated CSG models is essential for the successful use of such models in the engineering design process.
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  • 84
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 119-131 
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The preliminary development and final description of the engineering knowledge and reasoning pertaining to an expert system to assist during the field inspection of existing concrete gravity dams have been described in Refs. [1] and [2]. The purpose of this paper is to describe the artificial intelligence (AI) issues that were raised during the construction of the expert system. The first part of the paper deals with techniques used to identify the engineering knowledge, using heuristic classification and/or construction as in the expert system approach and causal and/or teleological reasoning as in the qualitative physics approach. The second part of the paper covers specific issues related to knowledge acquisition. The last part addresses various issues of knowledge representation as they are directly relevant to this expert system. Examples relative to AI concepts have been presented in Ref. [2].
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 105-109 
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    Notes: Abstract The possibility of the potential as well as the safety of an optical fibre delivery system for laser medical applications is reviewed. Fibre directional couplers and connectors are suggested to be developed in view of this power laser application. Finally a special fibre probe radiating a corolla shaped beam for laser angioplasty is briefly described.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 341-350 
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    Notes: Abstract For the measurements of light energy fluence rate in tissues in vitro and in vivo we have developed an isotropic probe. The response of such a probe depends on the refractive index (n) of the medium. This has been measured in a collimated light beam with the probe in air, water (n=1.33), ehtylene glycol (n=1.43) and glycerin (n=1.46). The response as a function of n has also been calculated using diffusion theory, taking into account reflection at the boundaries. Simple formulas are proposed which very well approximate Fresnel reflection of unpolarized light, facilitating mathematical calculations. For a probe of 3.2 mm diameter with little light absorption the theoretical result depends only on n and differs from the experimental data by not more than 6 %. For a probe of 0.8 mm diameter with some light absorption excellent agreement between theory and experiment could be obtained by adjusting the (unknown) absorption and scattering coefficients (μ a,μ s) of the probe material. However, a good fit was only possible within certain limits forμ a, i.e. 0.35 mm−1〈μ a〈0.40 mm−1, whereasμ s (1-g) could be varied between at least 5 and 20 mm−1 (g is the asymmetry parameter of the scattering function).
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 41-61 
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A review is presented of Raman spectroscopic applications in the study of laser-tissue interactions. The basic definitions of Raman spectroscopy are given with emphasis to those concepts and techniques which are relevant to biomedical material characterization. Representative problems from current literature will be discussed, like atherosclerosis of human vessels, eye lens aging, formation and diagnosis of cataracts.
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  • 88
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 367-371 
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    Notes: Abstract Different kinds of laser-tissue interactions have been tested as to their feasibility in urology. Some applications, especially the thermal interactions of tumor destruction have become standard procedures; others, such as laser induced shock wave lithotripsy, promise to become an undisputed method for those urinary calculi elusive to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Further applicabilities, especially those of tumor diagnosis by laser spectroscopy are still in their infancy and the scope of future developments cannot be estimated at present.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Lung cancer ; Photoradiation therapy ; Argon dye laser ; Haematoporphyrin derivatives ; 5-year survivor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A patient with unresectable lung cancer who was treated by photoradiation using haematoporphyrin derivative and a low-energy argon dye laser was presented. The patient, roentgenographically occult and cytologically positive, had three polypoid tumours diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma in the trachea and at the bifurcation of the right upper lobe bronchus. Two of the tumours responded completely after the first course of treatment, and the remaining lesion showed a complete response after the second course of treatment. The patient is apparently diseasefree 72 months after treatment. Photoradiation therapy may be a curative form of treatment in certain early-stage cases of lung cancer.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: YAG Laser/Electrodiathermy ; Pulmonary tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An anatomo-pathological study was undertaken to evaluate the early effects of high and low powered non-contact mode of YAG laser on pulmonary tissue and to compare these effects with those resulting from electro-diathermy. In 40 patients with bronchial carcinoma, thoracotomy was carried out using conventional surgical methods, the part of the lung destined to be excised was then exposed to: Non-contact YAG laser of high or low power (Group A, n=15); cutting/ or coagulation electro-diathermy (Group B,n=15); and mixed (blend) cutting and coagulation electro-diathermy (Group C,n=10). The results indicated that high power non-contact YAG laser is capable of incising the pulmonary parenchyma without bleeding or air leak, only the larger and sub-segmental vessels and bronchial branches needed suturing. This was not the case for electro-diathermy, either in its cutting or blend form. The low power laser was capable of sealing off the superficial bleeding vessels and contracting the alveolar sacs, thus preventing bleeding and air leak. Only the superficial bleeding could be stopped by coagulation diathermy which had no effect in preventing air leak from the parenchyma. Microscopically, apart from evaporation, laser produced charring and coagulative necrosis in the remaining exposed tissue. No evaporation of tissue occurred with electro-diathermy (either in its cutting, blend or coagulation mode). Only a very limited charring and coagulative necrosis was present in the remaining tissues exposed to coagulation electro-diathermy.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 72-72 
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 7-15 
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    Notes: Conclusion In conclusion, it is of utmost importance that when discussing facts and publishing results, all actual parameters must be disclosed, not only total power output of the laser. Power density and energy density, as well as temporal behaviour, such as cw- or pulsed laser systems and pulse shape, repetition rate and optical properties of the treated tissue must be outlined in such a manner, that there can be a common understanding of the result for comparison purposes. The clarification of terms used and precise description of parameters will be one of the most essential points in laser treatment and hence in safety.
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  • 93
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 73-78 
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    Keywords: Transcutaneous microscopy ; Argon-ion laser ; Port Wine Stains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The range of abnormality present in the blood vessels of Port Wine Stains (PWS) has been investigated using the transcutaneous microscope. Although individual lesions show considerable variation in their structure, it is proposed that the lesions can be classified on the basis of the nature of the vascular abnormality present. The microscope can also be used to inspect treated lesions and provide an explanation of the quality of the result of laser irradiation. It is suggested that this technique makes a useful contribution to improving both the initial assessment of the patient and the outcome of treatment.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 253-259 
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    Notes: Abstract In France, the safety problems resulting from the therapeutic use of Laser are controled by two Standards NFC 74-311 and 312 These one are analysed. On the other hand an User's Guide which will be in the next edition as as appendice of the NFC 74-312 Standard is presently under consideration by the French committe. This one is analysed.
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  • 95
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    Notes: Abstract Thermal lasers are used in many specialties. Clinical use of lasers is complicated by variations in tissue characteristics or hazards such as movement. Pionners in this field, relying on experimental work, have mastered the therapeutic use of lasers. Nevertheless, teaching such poorly defined technique has proved to be very difficult. To widespread the use of lasers, it is necessary to work in new directions. The goal is to give the practitioner a real medical tool, which should be cheap, easy and safe to use.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 351-358 
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Presently, ELT is used 1) for the palliation of symptoms related to advanced cancer and 2) for the cure of benign tumors, vascular lesions, and early cancers in high surgical risk patients. The clinical use of new laser applications such as lithotripsy, hyperthermia, fluorescence, and tissue welding will parallel the development of new technologies in laser sources, optic fibers, and endoscopes.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Autofluorescence ; Laser-induced fluorescence ; Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy ; Atherosclerosis ; Tissue diagnostics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated laser-induced fluorescence frompost mortem human arteries in order to find spectroscopic properties allowing discrimination between normal and atherosclerotic vessel wall. A pulsed nitrogen laser emitting light at a wavelength of 337.1 nm was used as an excitation source. The fluorescence spectrum from 370 to 700 nm was captured and analysed by an optical multichannel analyser. Dimensionless contrast functions were formed by using characteristic spectral features at 390, 415, 480, 580 and 600 nm. All samples were investigated in scans across a region where normal as well as diseased vessel wall appeared. The types of plaque were histopathologically divided into four groups, of which three could be singled out using one or more of our spectroscopic criteria. We also investigated the different layers of the normal and diseased vessel wall in order to determine the various contributions to the fluorescence signal. Furthermore, plasma emission spectra were recorded while ablating the normal as well as the diseased vessel wall with an excimer laser, emitting radiation at 308 nm, thus detecting the change in spectral characteristics during the ablation process down into deeper layers.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 203-204 
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Fluorescence microscopy ; Detection of tumours and inflammations ; Photosensitization ; Image processing ; Photobleaching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescence spectra of photosensitizing porphyrins in single cells and tissues were measured using advanced microscopic and fibre-optic techniques. The porphyrin emission bands at 620–700 nm were superposed by autofluorescence of cells and tissues, showing a broad maximum around 520 nm and some lower emission in the red part of the spectrum. To differentiate between these contributions, ‘red’ and ‘green’ spectral ranges were selected where autofluorescence had the same intensity. This selection was used for microscopic imaging to detect porphyrin distributions in tissues by subtraction of the intensity patterns of integral fluorescence-measured in the range of 590–800 nm—and autofluorescence—determined at 520–560 nm. The fluorescence intensities were measured and quantitated in squamous cell carcinomas of Syrian hamsters and in subcutaneously induced inflammations of Wistar rats. Due to quenching or re-absorption of the green fluorescence light in blood vessels, the method was not appropriate for porphyrin detection in vascular systems.
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    Lasers in medical science 4 (1989), S. 187-191 
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Dental hypersensitivity is a commonly seen complaint in dental clinics. It is caused by thermal, chemical or mechanical stimulation of exposed dentine, and may be so severe that it affects mastication. Conservative treatments using topically applied medicines have not achieved good results. Over a period of more than one year, 105 patients suffering from dental hypersensitivity were treated using the Nd-YAG laser. Whilst the effectiveness of this treatment was rated as 90%, the incidence of associated thermal damage to dental pulp was not studied. Other experimental investigations have shown that the thermal effect of the laser can cause damage to dental pulp (1). In this study, histopathological changes to molars of rats and humans have been investigated following irradiation with the Nd-YAG laser. The irradiation dose used was based upon data from a study on changes of pulp after laser irradiation for caries prevention in our hospital (2, 3).
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