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  • Drosophila  (236)
  • Evolution  (188)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Chemistry
  • General Chemistry
  • Springer  (430)
  • 1985-1989  (290)
  • 1975-1979  (140)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary relationship of psbA genes from cyanobacteria, cyanelles and plastids (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: psbA ; Cyanelle ; Cyanophora paradoxa ; Evolution ; Sequence analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The psbA gene is part of the reaction center of photosystem II in cyanobacteria and the plastids of higher plants. Its primary sequence is highly conserved among all species investigated so far and its sequence shows homologies with the L and M subunits of the reaction center of photosynthetic bacteria. We have analyzed the psbA homolog from a eukaryotic alga, Cyanophora paradoxa, where the gene is encoded on cyanelle DNA. These cyanelles are surrounded by a murein sacculus and resemble cyanobacteria in many other characteristics, although they are genuine organelles that functionally replace plastids. Analysis of the gene revealed a psbA protein identical in length (360 codons) with the cyanobacterial counterpart. The overall sequence identity is, however, more pronounced between cyanelle psbA and the shorter (353 amino acids) psbA product found in higher plants. These data strongly support the postulated bridge position of cyanelles between chloroplasts and free-living cyanobacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419913
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and complete sequence of the yeast isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase gene (ILS1) (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 99-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase ; Isoleucine ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase gene (ILS1) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cloned and sequenced. This gene was initially cloned because it cross-hybridizated to what is now presumed to be the isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase gene (cupC) from the protozoan Tetrahymena hhermophila. The ILS1 gene was determined to be 1,072 amino acids in length. A comparison with a recently published sequence of ILS1 1 from another laboratory (Englisch et al. 1987) was made and differences noted. Two promoter elements were detected, one for general amino acid control and one for constitutive transcription. A heat shock protein (hsp70) gene (probably SSA3) was found 237 by upstream from the ILS1 translation start site. The ILS1 amino acid sequence was compared to isoleucyl-tRNA synthetases from other organisms, as well as to valyl-, leucyl- and methionyl-tRNA synthetases. Regions of conservation between these enzymes were found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00435455
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chloroplast ribosomal DNA organization in the chromophytic alga Olisthodiscus luteus (1989)
    Springer
    Current genetics 15 (1989), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chloroplast DNA ; Chlorophyll a/c alga ; Evolution ; Ribosomal operon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary There are almost no data describing chloroplast genome organization in chromophytic (chlorophyll a/c) plants. In this study chloroplast ribosomal operon placement and gene organization has been determined for the golden-brown alga Olisthodiscus luteus. Ribosomal RNA genes are located on the chloroplast DNA inverted repeat structure. Nucleotide sequence analysis, demonstrated that in contrast to the larger spacer regions in land plants, the 16S–23S rDNA spacer of O. luteus is only 265 by in length. This spacer contains tRNAIle and tRNAAla genes which lack introns and are separated by only 3 bp. The sequences of the tRNA genes and 16S and 23S rDNA termini flanking the spacer were examined to determine homology between O. luteus, chlorophytic plant chloroplast DNA, and prokaryotes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00435509
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and conservation of the foldback transposable element inDrosophila (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 28 (1989), S. 220-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Foldback element ; Transposable element
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Foldback elements are a family of transposable elements described inDrosophila melanogaster. The members of this dispersed repetitive family have terminal inverted repeats that sometimes flank a central region. The inverted repeats of all the family members are homologous. The study of the distribution and conservation of the foldback elements in differentDrosophila species shows that this distribution is different from that of the hybrid dysgenesis systems (PM and IR). Sequences homologous to foldback elements were observed by Southern blots and in situ hybridization in all species of themelanogaster subgroup and in some species of themontium andtakahashii subgroups. The element was probably already present before the radiation of these subgroups. No evidence of horizontal transmission of the foldback element could be observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02102479
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of theβ A- andβ B-globin gene clusters of sheep (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 28 (1989), S. 175-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Sheep ; Globin genes ; Evolution ; Gene duplication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Domestic sheep have two common alleles at the adult β-globin locus,β A andβ B. Here we report the structure of the β-globin locus of A-haplotype sheep. The locus consists of 12 genes, organized as a triplicated 4-gene set: 5′ ∈I-∈II-ΨβI-βC-∈III-∈IV-ΨβII-βA-∈V-∈VI-ΨβIII-βF 3′. This arrangement is identical to that of the closely related goat locus. Sheep with the B haplotype have a locus arrangement consisting of a duplicated four-gene set, lacking the βC gene as well as three other genes present in A sheep and goats. In order to understand the evolutionary history of the B sheep locus, we have sequenced the βB gene from these sheep, and the βB gene from A-haplotype sheep, and compared the sequences to those of the sheep βA, goat βC, and βA, and cow adult β genes. Our results indicate that the βB gene has diverged recently from the βA gene, and therefore the βB locus structure may have resulted from a recent deletion from a triplicated locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02102474
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An NTP-binding motif is the most conserved sequence in a highly diverged monophyletic group of proteins involved in positive strand RNA viral replication (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 28 (1989), S. 256-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolution ; Multiple sequence alignment ; NTP binding ; Phylogenetic analysis ; Positive-strand RNA viruses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary NTP-motif, a consensus sequence previously shown to be characteristic of numerous NTP-utilizing enzymes, was identified in nonstructural proteins of several groups of positive-strand RNA viruses. These groups include picorna-, alpha-, and coronaviruses infecting animals and como-, poty-, tobamo-, tricorna-, hordei-, and furoviruses of plants, totalling 21 viruses. It has been demonstrated that the viral NTP-motif-containing proteins constitute three distinct families, the sequences within each family being similar to each other at a statistically highly significant level. A lower, but still valid similarity has also been revealed between the families. An overall alignment has been generated, which includes several highly conserved sequence stretches. The two most prominent of the latter contain the socalled “A” and “B” sites of the NTP-motif, with four of the five invariant amino acid residues observed within these sequences. These observations, taken together with the results of comparative analysis of the positions occupied by respective proteins (domains) in viral multidomain proteins, suggest that all the NTP-motif-containing proteins of positive-strand RNA viruses are homologous, constituting a highly diverged monophyletic group. In this group the “A” and “B” sites of the NTP-motif are the most conserved sequences and, by inference, should play the principal role in the functioning of the proteins. A hypothesis is proposed that all these proteins posses NTP-binding capacity and possibly NTPase activity, performing some NTP-dependent function in viral RNA replication. The importance of phylogenetic analysis for the assessment of the significance of the occurrence of the NTP-motif (and of sequence motifs of this sort in general) in proteins is emphasized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02102483
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mu transposable elements are structurally diverse and distributed throughout the genusZea (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 29 (1989), S. 28-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Transposable elements ; Zea mays ; Evolution ; Inverted repeats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Robertson's Mutator stock of maize exhibits a high mutation rate due to the transposition of theMu family of transposable elements. All characterizedMu elements contain similar ≈200-bp terminal inverted repeats, yet the internal sequences of the elements may be completely unrelated. Non-Mutator stocks of maize have a 20–100-fold lower mutation rate relative to Mutator stocks, yet they contain multiple sequences that hybridize to theMu terminal inverted repeats. Most of these sequences do not cohybridize to internal regions of previously clonedMu elements. We have cloned two such sequences from the maize line B37, a non-Mutator inbred line. These sequences, termedMu4 andMu5, have an organization characteristic of transposable elements and possess ≈200-bpMu terminal inverted repeats that flank internal DNA, which is unrelated to other clonedMu elements.Mu4 andMu5 are both flanked by 9-bp direct repeats as has been observed for otherMu elements. However, we have no direct evidence that they have recently transposed because they have not been found in known genes. Although the internal regions ofMu4 andMu5 are not related by sequence similarity, both elements share an unusual structural feature: the terminal inverted repeats extend more than 100 bp internally fromMu-similar termini. The distribution of these elements in maize lines and related species suggests thatMu elements are an ancient component of the maize genome. Moreover, the structure of theMu termini and the fact thatMu termini are found flanking different internal sequences leads us to speculate thatMu termini once may have been capable of transposing as independent entities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02106179
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Probable reassortment of genomic elements among elongated RNA-containing plant viruses (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 29 (1989), S. 52-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genome organization ; Evolution ; Plant virus ; RNA recombination ; Sequence similarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The relationships of genome organization among elongated (rod-shaped and filamentous) plant viruses have been analyzed. Sequences in coding and noncoding regions of barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) RNAs 1, 2, and 3 were compared with those of the monopartite RNA genomes of potato virus X (PVX), white clover mosaic virus (WClMV), and tobacco mosaic virus, the bipartite genome of tobacco rattle virus (TRV), the quadripartite genome of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), and icosahedral tricornaviruses. These plant viruses belong to a supergroup having 5′-capped genomic RNAs. The results suggest that the genomic elements in each BSMV RNA are phylogenetically related to those of different plant RNA viruses. RNA 1 resembles the corresponding RNA 1 of tricornaviruses. The putative proteins encoded in BSMV RNA 2 are related to the products of BNYVV RNA 2, PVX RNA, and WClMV RNA. Amino acid sequence comparisons suggest that BSMV RNA 3 resembles TRV RNA 1. Also, it can be proposed that in the case of monopartite genomes, as a rule, every gene or block of genes retains phylogenetic relationships that are independent of adjacent genomic elements of the same RNA. Such differential evolution of individual elements of one and the same viral genome implies a prominent role for gene reassortment in the formation of viral genetic systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02106181
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intra- and interspecies analyses of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene family reveal independent evolution in primates and rodents (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 29 (1989), S. 126-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Carcinoembryonic antigen ; Evolution ; Gene family ; Human ; Rat ; Synonymous substitutions ; Silent molecular clock ; Evolutionary trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Various rodent and primate DNAs exhibit a stronger intra- than interspecies cross-hybridization with probes derived from the N-terminal domain exons of human and rat carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-like genes. Southern analyses also reveal that the human and rat CEA gene families are of similar complexity. We counted at least 10 different genes per human haploid genome. In the rat, approximately seven to nine different N-terminal domain exons that presumably represent different genes appear to be present. We were able to assign the corresponding genomic restriction endonuclease fragments to already isolated CEA gene family members of both human and rat. Highly similar subgroups, as found within the human CEA gene family, seem to be absent from the rat genome. Hybridization with an intron probe from the human nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) gene and analysis of DNA sequence data indicate the conservation of noncoding regions among CEA-like genes within primates, implicating that whole gene units may have been duplicated. With the help of a computer program and by calculating the rate of synonymous substitutions, evolutionary trees have been derived. From this, we propose that an independent parallel evolution, leading to different CEA gene families, must have taken place in, at least, the primate and rodent orders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02100111
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rates of molecular evolution and the fraction of nucleotide positions free to vary (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 29 (1989), S. 180-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Divergence ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Molecular evolution ; Constraints ; Two-parameter model ; Evolutionary distance ; Evolution ; Mutation ; Neutral space ; Variable positions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Selective constraints on DNA sequence change were incorporated into a model of DNA divergence by restricting substitutions to a subset of nucleotide positions. A simple model showed that both mutation rate and the fraction of nucleotide positions free to vary are strong determinants of DNA divergence over time. When divergence between two species approaches the fraction of positions free to vary, standard methods that correct for multiple mutations yield severe underestimates of the number of substitutions per site. A modified method appropriate for use with DNA sequence, restriction site, or thermal renaturation data is derived taking this fraction into account. The model also showed that the ratio of divergence in two gene classes (e.g., nuclear and mitochondrial) may vary widely over time even if the ratio of mutation rates remains constant. DNA sequence divergence data are used increasingly to detect differences in rates of molecular evolution. Often, variation in divergence rate is assumed to represent variation in mutation rate. The present model suggests that differing divergence rates among comparisons (either among gene classes or taxa) should be interpreted cautiously. Differences in the fraction of nucleotide positions free to vary can serve as an important alternative hypothesis to explain differences in DNA divergence rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02100116
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in salmonid mitochondrial DNA: Evolutioinary constraints and mechanisms of substitution (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 29 (1989), S. 233-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Mitochondrial DNA ; Salmonids ; Nucleotide sequence ; Transitions ; Transversions ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sequence comparisons were made from 2214 bp of mitochondrial DNA cloned from six Pacific salmonid species. These sequences include the genes for ATPase subunit 6, cytochrome oxidase subunit 3, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L, tRNAGLY, and tRNAARG. Variation is found at 338 silent and 12 nonsilent positions of protein coding genes and 10 positions in the two tRNA sequences. A single 3-bp length difference was also detected. In all pairwise comparisons the sequence divergence observed in the fragment was higher than that previously predicted by restriction enzyme analysis of the entire molecule. The inferred evolutionary relationship of these species is consistent between methods. The distribution of silent variation shows a complex pattern with greatly reduced variation at the junctions of genes. The variation in the tRNA sequences is concentrated in the DHU loop. The close relationship of these species and extensive sequence analyzed allows for an analysis of the spectrum of substitutions that includes the frequencies of all 12 possible substitutions. The observed spectrum of substitutions is related to potential pathways of spontaneous substitution. The salmonid sequences show an extremely high ratio of silent to replacement substitutions. In addition the amino acid sequences of the four proteins coded in this fragment show a consistently high level of identity with theXenopus sequences. Taken together these data are consistent with a slower rate of amino acid substitution among the cold-blooded vertebrates when compared to mammals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02100207
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of a locality in snake venomα-neurotoxins with a singificant compositional similarity to marine snailα-conotoxins: Implications for evolution and structure/activity (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 29 (1989), S. 355-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: α-Conotoxin ; α-Neurotoxin ; Erabutoxin b ; Evolution ; Venom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary α-neurotoxins from elapid snake venoms andα-conotoxins from marine snails bind specifically and with high affinity to nicotinic cholinoceptors. Although both types of toxin are polypeptides, there is more than a fourfold difference in size between the two and no clear sequence homology is evident. A systematic computer search of the three-dimensional structure of erabutoxin b (anα-neurotoxin from the false sea snakeLaticauda semifasciata) was performed to identify the locality that most closely matched the amino acid compositions of the smallerα-conotoxins (from the marine snailsConus magus andConus geographus). The area of greatest similarity centered on residue position 25 of erabutoxin b, a locale that is conserved throughout the snakeα-neurotoxins and their homologues. Six Proteins unrelated to erabutoxin b were compared to theα-conotoxins to show that the extent of the erabutoxin b/α-conotoxin match was too high to be coincidental. Homologues of erabutoxin b, namelyα-cobratoxin fromNaja naja siamensis and cytotoxin VII4 fromNaja mossambica mossambica, were also analyzed. The extent of the matching with theα-conotoxins decreased in the series erabutoxin b〉α-cobratoxin〉cytotoxin VII4, and this also relates the order of similarity to the pharmacological properties of theα-conotoxins. Theα-conotoxin-like area of the snakeα-neurotoxins is peripheral to the site previously considered important for binding to the cholinoceptor, even though it seems to represent the focus of evolutionary convergence between the two types of neurotoxin. The area of resemblance does, however, have strong associations with the conformational behavior of the snake toxins. Hence, the outcome of this study has important consequences for the current ideas on snakeα-neurotoxin structure/activity relationships and the evolutionary origins of neurotoxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02103622
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemistry of high mountain lakes in siliceous chatchments of the Central Eastern Alps (1989)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 51 (1989), S. 108-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Chemistry ; mountain lakes ; silica ; acidity ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Alpine lakes in siliceous catchments of Tyrol and Carinthia (Austria) show signs of acidification. About 9% of the studied lakes have no alkalinity, more than 20% are below pH 6. About two thirds of all lakes have acid neutralizing capacities below 100 μeq 1−1. In spite of moderate precipitation acidity, some lakes show considerable concentrations of dissolved reactive aluminum during or shortly after snowmelt. High altitude lakes of the Alps are definitely more acidic than high mountain lakes in remote areas. Large differences in water and soil chemistry of nearby situated lakes were attributed to heterogeneities of bedrock geology. Paleolimnological investigations on former pH values of five lakes, based on diatom assemblages in the sediment, showed different developments: recent and past acidification, stable conditions, and alkalinization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879298
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two different sets of cis elements regulate scute to establish two different sensory patterns (1989)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1989), S. 227-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Campaniform sensilla ; Drosophila ; Achaete-scute complex ; Cis regulatory sites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have analysed the role of the achaete-scute gene complex in the development of the pattern of campaniform sensilla on the wing blade of Drosophila. We show that the complete pattern results from the superimposition of two independent subpatterns, one of which depends on the achaete gene and the other on scute. The scute subpattern comprises several clusters of sensilla, most of which seem to require the presence of control regions located upstream of the transcribed region. This is in contrast with the pattern of scute-dependent bristles, most of which depends on control elements located downstream of the transcribed region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375909
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pattern triplications following genetic ablation on the wing ofDrosophila (1989)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1989), S. 65-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell communication ; Pattern formation ; Cell differentiation ; trans-regulatory genes ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects ofpolyhomeotic (ph) mutants in imaginal cells have been studied in a clonal analysis. Clones of cells, homozygous forph, sort-out after a few divisions, probably as a consequence of modified cell affinities. The dorso-ventral margin of the wing has special characteristics that retard this phenomenon. The formation and exclusion of a clone of 8–16 cells affect the polarity of the wild-type neighbour cells and can provoke pattern triplications. The results suggest that a defect in intercellular communication prevents the wild-type cells from maintaining coordinated positional information. The cells react by regenerative growth, and reorganize into a new pattern. The pleiotropic phenotypes ofph mutants are explained according to a common hypothesis aboutph + function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02447741
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proximal-distal pattern formation inDrosophila: graded requirement forDistal-less gene activity during limb development (1989)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1989), S. 157-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Distal less ; Limb development ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The development of all of the adult limbs inDrosophila depends upon the activity of theDistal-less gene. We report here the phenotypic characterization of a number of hypomorphicDistal-less alleles which indicates that there is a graded requirement forDistal-less activity in the developing limbs. Previous analysis of genetically mosaic animals indicated that cells in the early primordia of the limb imaginal dises possess a graded proximal-distal positional information which depends on the presence of theDistal-less gene for its expression. Taken together these data suggest thatDistal-less may directly encode the graded positional information that is required to organise the proximal-distal axis of the developing limbs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02438941
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Follicle cell development is partly independent of germ-line cell differentiation in Drosophila oogenesis (1989)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 198 (1989), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Oogenesis ; Follicle cells ; Egg shell ; Ovarian tumor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The developmental potential of the cells of the somatic follicular epithelium (follicle cells) was studied in mutants in which the differentiation of the germ-line cells is blocked at different stages of oogenesis. In two mutants, sn 36a and kelch, nurse cell regression does not occur, yet the follicle cells around the small oocyte continue their normal developmental program and produce an egg shell with micropylar cone and often deformed operculum and respiratory appendages. Neither the influx of nurse cell cytoplasm into the oocyte nor the few follicle cells covering the nurse cells are apparently required for the formation of the egg shell. In the tumor mutant benign gonial cell neoplasm (bgcn) the follicle cells can also differentiate to some extent although the germ-line cells remain morphologically undifferentiated. Vitelline membrane material was synthesized by the follicle cells in some bgcn chambers and in rare cases a columnar epithelium, which resembled morphologically that of wild-type stage-9 follicles, formed around the follicle's posterior end. The normal polarity of the follicular epithelium that is characteristic for mid-vitellogenic stages may, therefore, be established in the absence of morphologically differentiating germ-line cells. However, the tumorous germ-line cells do not constitute a homogeneous cell population since in about 30% of the analyzed follicles a cell cluster at or near the posterior pole can be identified by virtue of its high number of concanavalin A binding sites. This molecular marker reveals an anteroposterior polarity of the tumorous chambers. In follicles mutant for both bgcn and the polarity gene dicephalic the cluster of concanavalin A-stained germ-line cells shifts to more anterior positions in the follicle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375904
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of microbial floras on the distributions of five domestic Drosophila species across fruit resources (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 78 (1989), S. 533-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Microbial associations ; Resource partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The distributions of five Drosophila species and four components of the microflora have been compared across a total of 48 traps baited with four different fruit and vegetable substrates in two domestic compost heaps in Canberra (Australia). Large and consistent differences are found, both among the Drosophila and among the microbial classes, in their distributions across traps baited with different substrates. Moreover the distribution of each Drosophila species shows a unique set of strong associations with the microbial distributions. Thus the distributions of both D. simulans and D. melanogaster are found to be strongly negatively correlated with the abundance of bacteria while D. simulans is also strongly positively correlated with the titre of fermenter yeasts. D. immigrans is strongly positively correlated both with bacteria and with non-fermenter yeasts. D. hydei is positively correlated with nonfermentery yeasts and D. busckii is negatively correlated with fermenter yeasts. Moulds are the only microbial class not consistently associated with the distribution of any of the Drosophila species. The correlations with the other microbial classes are sufficient to explain the majority of the abundance differences of the Drosophila species among the trap types. It is therefore proposed that the clear partitioning of the fruit resources by the Drosophila is due to their differing primary interactions with the microflora.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378745
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lanthanum mimicks the trp photoreceptor mutant of Drosophila in the blowfly Calliphora (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 166 (1989), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Blowfly ; Drosophila ; Photoreceptor ; Lanthanum ; trp mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of lanthanum on the light response of blowfly (Calliphora erythrocephala) photoreceptors was studied. The electrophysiological behaviour of the photoreceptors in the presence of La can be summarized as follows: 1. Upon long stimulation the photoreceptors responded with a ‘transient receptor potential’, i.e. the cells depolarized at the onset of the stimulus and then repolarized to (or below) the resting potential. This effect was dependent on stimulus intensity and occurred only at high intensities. During illumination membrane noise was reduced. 2. The light-induced changes in membrane potential were paralleled by changes in membrane resistance. 3. The time course of the receptor response was slowed down. 4. Light adaptation led to an increase in response latency. 5. The recovery of the receptor response after light adaptation was slowed down. 6. The sensitivity of the receptor cells measured by the response to short light stimuli was reduced. In summary, the electrophysiological behaviour of Calliphora photoreceptors in the presence of La was very similar to that of the photoreceptors of the trp (transient receptor potential) mutant of Drosophila melanogaster. This result suggests that La and trp mutation affect the same cellular processes in the photoreceptors.
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    Construction of a physical map of the 45 kb photosynthetic gene cluster of Rhodobacter sphaeroides (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 454-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Photosynthesis ; Photosynthetic bacteria ; Evolution ; Bacteriochlorophyll ; Reaction centres ; Light harvesting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1) A number of overlapping clones have been isolated from a Rhodobacter sphaeroides gene bank. Following conjugative gene transfer from Escherichia coli these clones restore a wild type phenotype to several mutants unable to synthesise bacteriochlorophyll. 2) The insert DNA was analysed by restriction mapping and together the clones form the basis of the first restriction map of the 45 kb photosynthetic gene cluster of Rb. sphaeroides. 3) This cluster is bounded on one side by puh A encoding the reaction centre H polypeptide and on the other by the puf operon encoding reaction centre L and M apoproteins and light harvesting LH1 and polypeptides. 4) DNA fragments from the 45 kb cluster were used to probe genomic DNA from other photosynthetic bacteria. Using heterologous hybridisation conditions, a significant degree of homology is shown between Rb. sphaeroides and these other bacteria, suggesting close evolutionary links with Rb. capsulatus in particular.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00416606
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    Thermotoga thermarum sp. nov. and Thermotoga neapolitana occurring in African continental solfataric springs (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1989), S. 506-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Eubacteria ; Evolution ; Extreme thermophile ; Thermotoga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three new strains of eubacterial hyperthermophiles were isolated from continental solfataric springs at Lac Abbé (Djibouti, Africa). Due to their morphology, lipids, and RNA polymerases they belong to the genus Thermotoga. Strains LA4 and LA10 are closely related to Thermotoga neapolitana found up to now only in the marine environment. Strain LA 3 differs from Thermotoga maritima and Thermotoga neapolitana in significant physiological and molecular properties. It is described as the new species Thermotoga thermarum.
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    Food preferences and nematode parasitism in mycophagousDrosophila (1989)
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    Ecological research 4 (1989), S. 209-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: Annual life cycle ; Drosophila ; Fungus preference ; Nematode parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Food preferences and nematode parasitism were studied in natural populations of mycophagousDrosophila in and near Sapporo, northern Japan. Species which preferred fresh mushrooms showed species-specific responses toPleurotus mushrooms:D. pirka bred only onPleurotus cornucopiae, D. trivitata onP. cornucopiae andP. ostreatus, D. trilineata on these twoPleurotus mushrooms and some other mushrooms, whileD. sexvittata bred on a wide variety of mushrooms but seldom onPleurotus mushrooms. Species which preferred decayed mushrooms (D. quadrivittata, D. histrioides, D. testacea and species of thequinaria species-group) showed host preferences different from those of the above species. The rate of parasitism by nematodes was generally higher in species which prefer decayed mushrooms than in species which prefer fresh mushrooms. Among species which prefer fresh mushrooms, onlyD. trilineata was parasitized frequently by nematodes. It was not clear what factors determine the rate of parasitism in these mycophagousDrosophila. D. pirka, D. trivittata andD. trilineata passed through three or four generations per year and entered reproductive diapause in early September in and near Sapporo.
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    Two nearby sites bind zen protein independently (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 90 (1989), S. 27-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: zerknullt gene ; homeobox protein ; Drosophila ; filter binding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The region upstream from the zerknullt (zen) gene contains three sites that specifically bind the zen protein product of the gene. Evidence for these binding sites was obtained by the filter binding technique and the DNase footprinting technique. The filter binding technique was used to scan various segments of DNA for the presence of possible specific binding sites. Segments that were selectively retained by the filter binding technique invariably contained one or more specific binding sites according to the DNase footprinting technique. Two of the zen protein binding sites were spaced only 30 base pairs apart. These sites could be separated without any loss in their specific binding properties. It is concluded that these two sites function independently in the binding of zen protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225218
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    Comparative analysis of glue proteins in theDrosophila nasuta subgroup (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 507-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) ; glue proteins ; glycosylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The patterns of protein fractions from total salivary glands and from glue plugs were compared in seven members of theDrosophila nasuta subgroup by the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The glue protein patterns are member specific concerning the numbers and the electrophoretic mobilities of major and minor glue protein fractions. However, the major fractions of all subgroup members could be grouped into five SDS-PAGE domains according to the homologies of their electrophoretic mobilities, prominence of Coomassie blue staining, and PAS reaction. In all subgroup members, major fractions are involved in posttranslational modifications into larger protein molecules of the final glue. Quantitative estimations of the glue proteins inD. n. nasuta andD. n. albomicans reveal that they constitute between 55 and 60% of the total salivary gland proteins, whereas inD. melanogaster and inD. hydei the fraction is only 32 and 35%, respectively.
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    Comparative analysis of glue proteins in theDrosophila nasuta subgroup (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 507-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) ; glue proteins ; glycosylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The patterns of protein fractions from total salivary glands and from glue plugs were compared in seven members of theDrosophila nasuta subgroup by the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The glue protein patterns are member specific concerning the numbers and the electrophoretic mobilities of major and minor glue protein fractions. However, the major fractions of all subgroup members could be grouped into five SDS-PAGE domains according to the homologies of their electrophoretic mobilities, prominence of Coomassie blue staining, and PAS reaction. In all subgroup members, major fractions are involved in posttranslational modifications into larger protein molecules of the final glue. Quantitative estimations of the glue proteins inD. n. nasuta andD. n. albomicans reveal that they constitute between 55 and 60% of the total salivary gland proteins, whereas inD. melanogaster and inD. hydei the fraction is only 32 and 35%, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02396148
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    Rapid enzyme kinetic assays of individualDrosophila and comparisons of field-caughtD. melanogaster andD. simulans (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 263-277 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; kinetic plate reader ; enzyme polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Techniques for performing numerous enzyme kinetic assays with minimum time and effort would be valuable to studies of the evolutionary genetics of metabolic control and the quantitative genetics of determinants of kinetic parameters. Microtiter plate readers have been used for a variety of repetitious analytical techniques, and instruments are available that can take repetitive readings with sufficient speed to perform kinetic assays. The ability of these instruments to assay rapidly the kinetic properties of small samples makes them potentially useful for a number of problems in population genetics. While the ability to handle large numbers of samples is very attractive, the small sample volumes and optical imprecision of microtiter plates result in some sacrifice in accuracy. This paper presents methods for performing kinetic assays on individual field-caughtDrosophila, quantifies the precision of these methods, and characterizes differences amongDrosophila melanogaster andD. simulans from samples caught in California and Pennsylvania. Comparisons between field-caught and laboratory rearedD. melanogaster show that most of the characters are very similar, with the exception of αGPDH, which has a threefold higher mean activity among field-caught flies. The phenotypic correlations are presented with a brief discussion of their relevance to assessing the evolution of metabolic control of these enzymes.
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    Thealdox-2 locus ofDrosophila melanogaster also affects sulfite oxidase and molybdenum metabolism (1989)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 99-118 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; aldox-2 ; molybdoenzymes ; sulfite oxidase ; molybdenum ; tungsten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mutation at thealdox-2 locus inDrosophila melanogaster affects the specific activities of four molybdoenzymes differentially during development. Sulfite oxidase activity is normal during late larval and pupal stages but is reduced during early adult stages inaldox-2 organisms. There was complete concordance among the effects ofaldox-2 on sulfite oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and pyridoxal oxidase, when 38 stocks were analyzed which were derived from single recombination events betweenc andpx, markers which flankaldox-2. Several different biochemical analyses indicate that the active molybdoenzymes present in thealdox-2 strain are normal with respect to size, shape,pH-activity profile,K m , and molecular weight. Significant differences were found between thealdox-2 strain and the OR control strain in their responses to dietary Na2MoO4 and Na2WO4. The mutant strain is much more resistant to the effects of dietary Na2WO4 and much more responsive to the administration of Na2MoO4 than the OR control strain when these effects are quantitated by measurements of molybdoenzyme specific activities. This evidence suggests that thealdox-2 + gene product has a molybdenum binding site which can also bind tungsten and that this site is altered in the mutant strain. The hypothesis presented explains the observed effects of thealdox-2 mutation and relates them to the other mutations reported in this gene-enzyme system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00563021
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    High-resolution analysis of locomotor activity rhythms indisconnected, a visual-system mutant ofDrosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 19 (1989), S. 529-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; circadian clock ; ultradian oscillations ; disconnected mutant ; visual system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Free-running locomotor activity and eclosion rhythms ofDrosophila melanogaster, mutant at thedisconnected (disco) locus, are substantially different from the wild-type phenotype. Initial periodogram analysis revealed little or no rhythmicity (Dushayet al., 1989). We have reanalyzed the locomotor activity data using high-resolution signal analysis (maximum-entropy spectral analysis, or MESA). These analyses, corroborated by autocorrelograms, uncovered significant residual circadian rhythmicity and strong ultradian rhythms in most of the animals tested. In this regard thedisco mutants are much like flies expressing mutant alleles of theperiod gene, as well as wild-type flies reared throughout life in constant darkness. We hypothesize that light normally triggers the coupling of multiple ultradian oscillators into a functional circadian clock and that this process is disrupted indisco flies as a result of the neural lesion.
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    Effect of rate of inbreeding on inbreeding depression in Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 123-127 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Inbreeding depression ; Drosophila ; Natural selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This experiment was designed to study the relationship between rate of inbreeding and observed inbreeding depression of larval viability, adult fecundity and cold shock mortality in Drosophila melanogaster. Rates of inbreeding used were full-sib mating and closed lines of N=4 and N=20. Eight generations of mating in the N=20 lines, three generations in the N=4 lines and one generation of full-sib mating were synchronised to simultaneously produce individuals with an expected level of inbreeding coefficient (F) of approximately 0.25. Inbreeding depression for the three traits was significant at F=0.25. N=20 lines showed significantly less inbreeding depression than full-sib mated lines for larval viability at approximately the same level of F. A similar trend was observed for fecundity. No effect of rate of inbreeding depression was found for cold shock mortality, but this trait was measured with less precision than the other two. Natural selection acting on loci influencing larval viability and fecundity during the process of inbreeding could explain these results. Selection is expected to be more effective with slow rates of inbreeding because there are more generations and greater opportunity for selection to act before F=0.25 is reached. Selection intensities seem to have been different in the three traits measured. Selection was most intense for larval viability, less intense for fecundity and, perhaps, negligible at loci influencing cold shock mortality.
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    Enzyme diversity in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 634-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Isoenzymes ; Evolution ; Domestication ; Biological structure ; Genetic distances
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The survey of enzyme polymorphism in West African pearl millet cultivars reported by Tostain et al. 1987 has been extended to include populations from other regions of Africa and from India. The eight enzyme systems studied included: alcohol dehydrogenase, β-esterase, catalase, phosphoglucoisomerase, phosphoglucomutase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, and malate dehydrogenase. One-hundred-ninety-nine populations of millet were analyzed, including 74 populations studied earlier. No new enzyme diversity was observed. Intrapopulation diversity ranged from 70%–90% of the total diversity, depending on their regions of origin. Four principal groups were distinguished in the following decreasing order of diversity: early-maturing cultivars from West and East Africa, late — maturing cultivars from West and East Africa, cultivars from India, and cultivars from southern Africa. The early-maturing cultivars were distributed between two principal focal points from East Africa in the East to Mali in the West. In the center were found millets from Niger which were most diverse. Indian and southern African cultivars were distinct, with the former appearing relatively similar to those of Niger, and the latter somewhat similar to late-maturing cultivars from West Africa, a diverse group that included late-maturing cultivars from East Africa. Based on the results obtained, an evolutionary hypothesis proposed here includes: multiple domestications in the Sahel, creation of early-maturing cultivars and their migration eastwards to India plus a southwards migration to Sudanian zone, and creation of late-maturing cultivars and their migration simultaneously westwards, eastwards, and southwards to southern Africa.
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    Genomic organization of the ribosomal DNA of sorghum and its close relatives (1989)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 844-850 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Evolution ; Restriction fragment length polymorphism ; Grasses ; Maize ; Sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The structure and organization of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and several closely related grasses were determined by gel blot hybridization to cloned maize rDNA. Monocots of the genus Sorghum (sorghum, shattercane, Sudangrass, and Johnsongrass) and the genus Saccharum (sugarcane species) were observed to organize their rDNA as direct tandem repeats of several thousand rDNA monomer units. For the eight restriction enzymes and 14 cleavage sites examined, no variations were seen within all of the S. bicolor races and other Sorghum species investigated. Sorghum, maize, and sugarcane were observed to have very similar rDNA monomer sizes and restriction maps, befitting their close common ancestry. The restriction site variability seen between these three genera demonstrated that sorghum and sugarcane are more closely related to each other than either is to maize. Variation in rDNA monomer lengths were observed frequently within the Sorghum genus. These size variations were localized to the intergenic spacer region of the rDNA monomer. Unlike many maize inbreds, all inbred Sorghum diploids were found to contain only one rDNA monomer size in an individual plant. These results are discussed in light of the comparative timing, rates, and modes of evolutionary events in Sorghum and other grasses. Spacer size variation was found to provide a highly sensitive assay for the genetic contribution of different S. bicolor races and other Sorghum species to a Sorghum population.
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    Chromosomal location of gliadin coding genes in T. aestivum ssp. spelta and evidence on the lack of components controlled by Gli-2 loci in wheat aneuploids (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 177-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat aneuploids ; Null forms ; Storage proteins ; Gliadins ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electrophoretical analyses of the gliadin fraction extracted from seeds of the intervarietal substitution lines of T. aestivum ssp. spelta in the T. aestivum ssp. vulgare cv ‘Chinese Spring’ for the homoeologous groups 1 and 6 and substitution lines of 6D chromosome of ‘Chinese Spring’ in the durum wheat cv ‘Langdon’ allowed the identification of seeds without gliadin proteins controlled by genes on chromosome 6A and 6B. A gliadin component of ‘Chinese Spring’, not previously assigned to any specific chromosome, is controlled by chromosome 6D in the 6D (6A) and 6D (6B) disomic substitution lines of ‘Langdon’. Additional genes controlling the synthesis of this component may be present on other chromosomes, very likely 6A and 6B, since the analysis of the ‘Chinese Spring’ compensating nullisomic-tetrasomics involving the 6D chromosome does not show the loss of this component or any apparent change in staining intensity. Chromosomal location data and two-dimensional gliadin maps reveal close homologies between the two hexaploid wheats, ‘Chinese Spring’ (T. aestivum ssp. vulgare) and T. aestivum ssp. spelta, belonging to different subspecies in the hexaploid group of genomic formula AABBDD. The comparison of gliadin electrophoretic patterns aiding in the identification of evolutionary pathways in wheat is stressed.
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    Evidence for the existence of 2n gametes in Lotus tenuis Wald. et Kit. (2n=2x=12): their relevance in evolution and breeding of Lotus corniculatus L. (2n=4x=24) (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 400-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Lotus corniculatus ; Lotus tenuis ; 2n gametes ; Evolution ; Breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Crosses between male sterile L. corniculatus (2n=4x=24) and L. tenuis (2n=2x=12) plants were performed in order to verify the presence of 2n gametes in L. tenuis. All but one of the plants from these crosses had 2n=4x=24 and the L. corniculatus phenotype; this plant had 2n=2x=12 and the L. tenuis phenotype. The plants also showed good quantity of pollen at tripping, good pollen fertility and good percentage of seed setting in the backcross to L. corniculatus. On the whole, both cytological and morphological observations, showing that all but one of the plants from L. corniculatus x L. tenuis were normal tetraploids, suggest the existence of diploandrous gametes in L. tenuis. On the other hand, haploid parthenogenesis probably gave origin to the dihaploid plant 2n=2x=12.
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    Heterosis in crosses between lines of Drosophila melanogaster selected for adaptation to different environments (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 253-259 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Heterosis ; Selection ; Drosophila ; Genotype x environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Experiments were designed to examine whether heterosis would occur in crosses of Drosophila melanogaster populations adapted to 18 °C or 28 °C environments. Crosses were examined in parental environments, an intermediate environment (23 °C) and a mixed environment (alternating 18°/28°C). Parental populations did not show divergence for larval viability, cold shock or high temperature mortalities when tested in a common environment. However, the 28 °C population was less fecund than the 18 °C population, but had higher larval competitive ability and higher adult longevity. Heterosis for viability, cold shock mortality and high temperature mortality occurred in crosses between a population adapted to 18 °C and another adapted to 28 °C, but not in crosses between two populations adapted to the same temperature. The results suggest that, in the absence of drift, heterosis is expected in crosses between lines or populations with different histories of selection but not between lines with the same selection histories.
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    The characterization and comparative analysis of high-molecular-weight glutenin genes from genomes A and B of a hexaploid bread wheat (1989)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 689-700 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum ; Homoeoalleles ; Evolution ; Dough ; Gene library
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two high-molecular-weight subunit (HMWS) glutenin genes from the A and B genomes of the hexaploid bread wheat Triticum aestivum L. cv Cheyenne have been isolated and sequenced. Both of these genes are of the high Mr class (x-type) of HMW glutenins, and have not been previously reported. The entire set of six HMW genes from cultivar Cheyenne have now been isolated and characterized. An analysis of the Ax and Bx sequences shows that the Ax sequence is similar to the homoeologous gene from the D genome, while the Bx repeat structure is significantly different. The repetitive region of these proteins can be modelled as a series of interspersed copies of repeat modifs of 6, 9, and 15 amino acid residues. The evolution of these genes includes single-base substitutions over the entire coding region, plus insertion/deletions of single or blocks of repeats in the central repetitive domain.
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    Vestigal mutants of Drosophila melanogaster live better in the presence of aminopterin: Increased level of dihydrofolate reductase in a mutant (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 218 (1989), S. 475-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Vestigial ; Dihydrofolate reductase ; Aminopterin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Vestigial (vg) mutants of Drosophila melanogaster are characterized by atrophied wings. In this paper we show that: (1) aminopterin an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR), an inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase induce nicks in the wings of wild-type flies and phenocopies of the vg mutant phenotype when vg/+ and vg B/+ flies are reared on these substances (vgB is a deficiency of the vg locus). Only thymidine and thymidylate can rescue the flies from the effect of aminopterin. We propose that the vg phenotype is due to a decrease in the dTMP pool in the wings. (2) Mutant vg strains yield more offspring on medium containing aminopterin than on normal medium. The resistance of vg larvae to the inhibitor seems specific to the gene. This is the first case of aminopterin resistance in living eucaryotes. In contrast sensitivity of the vg larvae to FUdR is observed. (3) An increase in the activity and amount of DHFR is observed in mutant strains as compared with the wild-type flies. Our data suggest that the vg + gene is a regulatory gene acting on the DHFR gene or a structural gene involved in the same metabolic pathway.
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    Gene sequence for the 9 kDa component of Photosystem II from the cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum indicates similarities between cyanobacterial and other leader sequences (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 216 (1989), S. 334-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Evolution ; Thylakoid ; Leader sequence ; Photosystem II
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 9 kDa polypeptide which is loosely attached to the inner surface of the thylakoid membrane and is important for the oxygen-evolving activity of Photosystem II in the thermophilic cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum has been purified, a partial amino acid sequence obtained and its gene cloned and sequenced. The derived amino acid sequence indicates that the 9 kDa polypeptide is initially synthesised with an N-terminal leader sequence of 44 amino acids to direct it across the thylakoid membrane. The leader sequence consists of a positively charged N-terminal region, a long hydrophobic region and a typical cleavage site. These features have analogous counterparts in the “thylakoid-transfer domain” of lumenal polypeptides from chloroplasts of higher plants. These findings support the view of the proposed function of this domain in the two-stage processing model for import of lumenal, nuclear-encoded polypeptides. In addition, there is striking primary sequence homology between the leader sequences of the 9 kDa polypeptide and those of alkaline phosphatase (from the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli) and, particularly in the region of the cleavage site, the 16 kDa polypeptide of the oxygen-evolving apparatus in the thylakoid lumen of spinach chloroplasts.
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    Mutagenic DNA repair genes on plasmids from the ‘pre-antibiotic era’ (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 218 (1989), S. 323-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Mutagenic DNA repair ; Evolution ; Murray collection ; impCAB
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Resistance transfer factors are natural conjugative plasmids encoding antibiotic resistance. Some also encode mutagenic DNA repair genes giving resistance to DNA damage and induced mutagenesis. It has been shown that antibiotic resistance has been acquired by recent transposition events; however, we show here that mutagenic repair genes existed much earlier on these types of plasmids. Conjugative plasmids from eight incompatibility groups from the Murray collection of ‘pre-antibiotic era’ enterobacteria were tested for complementation of mutagenic repair-deficient Escherichia coli umuC36. Although none of these plasmids carry transposon-encoded drug resistance genes, IncI1 and IncB plasmids were identified which restored ultraviolet resistance and induced mutability to umuC36 mutants. Furthermore they increased the UV resistance and induced mutability of wild-type E. coli, Klebsiella aerogenes and Citrobacter intermedius, thus showing that they could confer a general selective advantage to a variety of hosts. Like know mutagenic repair genes, complementation by these plasmid genes required the SOS response of the host cell. Nucleotide hybridisation showed that these plasmids harboured sequences similar to the impCAB locus, the mutagenic repair operon of modern-day IncI1 plasmids. The evolution of mutagenic repair genes is discussed.
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    Regulatory elements involved in the tissue-specific expression of the yellow gene of Drosophila (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 218 (1989), S. 118-126 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Regulation ; yellow gene ; Germline transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have assessed the DNA sequence requirements for the correct spatial pattern and phenotypic expression of y in the late embryo/larvae. The wild-type larval phenotype requires both the regions between-294 bp and-92 bp and a portion of the intron; the sequence element(s) located within the intron can act in a position independent manner to effect the wild-type larval phenotype. The larval expression pattern was examined by tissue experiments in situ and by staining germline transformants derived from various y/lacZ fusion constructs. The larval expression of y is restricted to the mouthparts, microsetae and anal plates. While the-495 bp to+194 bp region alone cannot effect a wild-type larval expression pattern, this region in conjunction with the intron appears to be sufficient to drive β-gal expression in an essentially wild-type pattern. Our data further suggest that the-294 bp to-92 bp region contains elements which specify the larval pattern and that the element(s) in the intron normally act to enhance the level of expression necessary for the wild-type larval phenotype. We also present a phenotypic analysis of the adult cuticle structures of germline transformants derived from a variety of deletion and rearrangement constructs of the y gene. This analysis has revealed several new features associated with the regulation of y expression.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00330574
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    Search for Drosophila genes encoding a conserved domain present in the achaete-scute complex and myc proteins (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1989), S. 281-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; achaete-scute complex ; myc ; Protein domains ; Genomic search
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Several genes of the achaete-scute complex (ASC) of Drosophila melanogaster encode a 60 amino acids long conserved domain which shares a significant homology with a region of the vertebrate myc proteins. Based on these results, the existence of a family of Drosophila genes that would share both this conserved domain and the neurogenic function of the AS-C has been postulated. To test this proposal, we have searched a D. melanogaster genomic library with a probe that encodes the conserved domain. Only under very low stringency hybridization conditions, clones not belonging to the AS-C cross-hybridized with the probe. Those that gave the strongest signals were characterized. Sequencing of the cross-hybridizing regions showed that they had no significant homology with the conserved domain, the sequence similarity extending at the most for 37 nucleotides. Although our results do not conclusively disprove the existence of a family of AS-C-like genes, they indicate that the conservation of the domain would be lower than that found for shared motifs in other families of Drosophila developmental genes.
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    The non-existence of a principle of natural selection (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 255-273 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Natural Selection ; Evolution ; Principle ; Probability ; Propensity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The theory of natural selection is a rich systematization of biological knowledge without a first principle. When formulations of a proposed principle of natural selection are examined carefully, each is seen to be exhaustively analyzable into a proposition about sources of fitness and a proposition about consequences of fitness. But whenever the fitness of an organic variety is well defined in a given biological situation, its sources are local contingencies together with the background of laws from disciplines other than the theory of natural selection; and the consequences of fitness for the long range fate of organic varieties are essentially applications of probability theory. Hence there is no role and no need for a principle of the theory of natural selection, and any generalities that may hold in that theory are derivative rather than fundamental.
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    Does evolutionary biology contribute to ethics? (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 287-301 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Evolution ; Incest Taboo ; Ethics ; Behavioral Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Human propensities that are the products of Darwinian evolution may combine to generate a form of social behavior that is not itself a direct result of such pressure. This possibility may provide a satisfying explanation for the origin of socially transmitted rules such as the incest taboo. Similarly, the regulatory processes of development that generated adaptations to the environment in the circumstances in which they evolved can produce surprising and sometimes maladaptive consequences for the individual in modern conditions. These combinatorial aspects of social and developmental dynamics leave a subtle but not wholly uninteresting role for evolutionary biology in explaining the origins of human morality.
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    How evolutionary biology challenges the classical theory of rational choice (1989)
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    Biology and philosophy 4 (1989), S. 457-481 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Evolution ; evolutionary biology ; fitness ; decision theory ; theory of choice ; rationality ; rational behavior ; reductionism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract A fundamental philosophical question that arises in connection with evolutionary theory is whether the fittest patterns of behavior are always the most rational. Are fitness and rationality fully compatible? When behavioral rationality is characterized formally as in classical decision theory, the question becomes mathematically meaningful and can be explored systematically by investigating whether the optimally fit behavior predicted by evolutionary process models is decision-theoretically coherent. Upon investigation, it appears that in nontrivial evolutionary models the expected behavior is not always in accord with the norms of the standard theory of decision as ordinarily applied. Many classically irrational acts, e.g. betting on the occurrence of one event in the knowledge that the probabilities favor another, can under certain circumstances constitute adaptive behavior. One interesting interpretation of this clash is that the criterion of rationality offered by classical decision theory is simply incorrect (or at least incomplete) as it stands, and that evolutionary theory should be called upon to provide a more generally applicable theory of rationality. Such a program, should it prove feasible, would amount to the logical reduction of the theory of rational choice to evolutionary theory.
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    The genetic basis of adaptation to selection for longevity inDrosophila melanogaster (1989)
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    Evolutionary ecology 3 (1989), S. 31-39 
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    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Genetic elements ; isozymes ; life span ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analysis of electrophoretic loci shows that at least four differences exist in isozymes of long- and short-lived populations ofD. melanogaster, descended by selection from a common ancestral stock. Adults of longlived populations differ in gene dosage of phosphoglucomutase (PGM), NAD malate dehydrogenase (MHD), NADP malic enzyme (ME) and by additional mobility variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). Larvae, however, differ only by variants of G6PD. The differences in these enzymes, considered together with the greater flight endurance that long-lived populations have shown elsewhere, suggest that increased glycogen synthesis plays a significant role in the improved life span of selected populations. Adaptation to selection for increased life span may, therefore, derive from an improved ability to use dietary sucrose in the media provided. The distribution of electrophoretic loci agrees with the results of a study indicating the position of genetic elements contributing to life span.
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    Evolution of developmental homeostasis inDrosophila mojavensis (1989)
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    Evolutionary ecology 3 (1989), S. 189-201 
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    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Developmental homeostasis ; life history traits ; Drosophila ; breeding site variation ; cactus ; Sonoran desert
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Variation in life histories among populations of cactophilicDrosophila mojavensis has been hypothesized to be a by-product of a shift to one of two alternate host plants. When cultured on the ancestral and a secondary host cactus, a Baja population expressed shorter development times and smaller thorax sizes than a mainland population, but viability did not differ. Comparisons with all reciprocal F1 and F2 crosses between populations revealed that genetic differences in development time and thorax size were largely additive. Homeostasis in these life history traits was population specific, except for viability. Homeostasis in development time was greater in the Baja population than in the other crosses, suggesting dominance for decreased homeostasis in the mainland population. Underdominance in viability homeostasis of the F1 hybrids suggested some incompatibility between populations. Homeostasis in thorax size was greater in females than in males and differed among parental populations. Maintenance of heritable differences and genetic variation for homeostasis in these traits suggested a role for cactus-specific differences in environmental uncertainty caused by variation in breeding site duration and abundance in nature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02270720
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    Hemoglobin polymorphism in macaques with reference to the evolution ofMacaca fascicularis andMacaca mulatta (1989)
    Springer
    Primates 30 (1989), S. 95-102 
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    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Macaques ; Hemoglobin ; Duplication hypothesis ; Evolution ; Isoelectric focusing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Blood samples were collected fromMacaca fascicularis andMacaca mulatta living in indoor breeding groups and investigated electrophoretically. Hemoglobin polymorphism was observed in both species. Isoelectric focusing was performed on urea denaturated samples to test the hypothesis of a site duplication at theα-chain locus inM. fascicularis (Barnicot et al., 1970). The results of our investigations do not support the above mentioned hypothesis. Only one locus coding theα-chain was detected, and this is under the control of two alleles. Evolutionary events at the molecular level are discussed, as well asWheatley's hypothesis (1980) that malaria was an important force behind divergence in both species. InM. fascicularis hemoglobin variants might be similarily connected with malaria resistance as in man. We suggest that this was not an important process behind speciation in macaques.
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    Mobile elements and transposition events in the cut locus of Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 241-248 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Chromosomal walking ; Cut locus ; Drosophila ; Unstable mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have cloned from the Oregon R strain of Drosophila melanogaster a 240 kb segment of DNA that contains the cut (ct) locus, and characterized the region for the presence of repetitive elements. Within this region at least five copies of the suffix element were detected, as well as several putatively novel mobile elements. A number of mutations obtained from the unstable ct MR2 strain and its derivatives were mapped within the cut locus. Comparison between parental and daughter strains indicates that frequently two or more independent transposition events involving the cut locus occur simultaneously within a single germ cell, thus providing a molecular basis for the transposition explosion phenomenon.
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    Molecular cloning and transcript mapping of the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase dhod locus of Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 397-403 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Pyrimidine biosynthesis ; Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase ; Molecular mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The dhod locus encodes dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzymatic step of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. This locus was cloned previously by a chromosome walk in cytogenetic region 85A. The location of dhod within 85A DNA has been determined by mapping two rearrangement mutations to a small DNA region. A nearly full-length cDNA clone of the dhod transcript was isolated and partially sequenced, to confirm its identity. The cDNA clone was also used to map the transcribed DNA. A 1.5 kb dhod RNA is described which is most abundant in embryos and displays minor length heterogeneity in pupae and adults. The developmental expression of this transcript is discussed relative to the expression of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase activity and other genes of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway.
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    Significant differences between the chloroplast genomes of two Acetabularia mediterranea strains (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 199-203 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Sequence rearrangement ; Gene localization ; Restriction analysis ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The chloroplast DNAs of Acetabularia mediterranea strains 5 and 17 differ significantly in their restriction patterns. Southern blotting analysis using gene probes derived from the coding regions of spinach genes showed that psbB and petB each map to unique restriction fragments which are shared in strains 5 and 17. On the other hand psaA, psbA and rbcL map to different restriction fragments in strains 5 and 17 probably as a result of restriction fragment length polymorphism. In addition to restriction fragment polymorphism there is evidence for much larger differences in the organization of the plastome. The most striking difference is the absence in strain 5 of a 10 kb repeated sequence which has previously been demonstrated in strain 17. However, both strains apparently share at least 8 kb of the 10 kb repeated sequence. Restriction analysis of independent clones of the 10 kb sequence revealed a family of non-identical repeats.
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    Genetic characterization of the mei-41 locus in Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1989), S. 190-199 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Mutagen sensitivity ; Recombination ; Gene structure ; Drosophila ; mei-41
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mutagen-sensitive mutant mus(1)104 D1 of Drosophila melanogaster maps to a position on the X chromosome very close to the meiotic mutant mei-41 D5 . Both mutants have been characterized as mutagen-sensitive and defective in post-replication repair. In the present report we show by complementation studies that mus(1)104 and mus(1)103 are allelic with mei-41. In addition, two reported alleles of mus(1)104 lie between the mei-41 alleles A10 and D5. The size of the mei-41 locus is estimated to be about 0.1 centimorgans (cM). Because several alleles of mei-41 have been shown to reduce recombination and increase meiotic chromosome loss and nondisjunction, mus(1)104 D1 females were examined for defects in meiosis. Although there was no evidence for reduced recombination on the second chromosome in homozygous mus(1)104 D1 females, heterozygous mus(1)104 D1 /mei-41 〉D5 and mus(1)104 D1 /deficiency females showed reduced levels of recombination. However, there was no evidence of an increase in nondijunction in these females.
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    Cloning and analysis of fs(1) Ya, a maternal effect gene required for the initiation of Drosophila embryogenesis (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1989), S. 257-265 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Maternal effect ; Syngamy ; Embryonic development ; Molecular cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The maternal effect locus fs(1) Ya is required for the fusion of the apposed sperm and egg pronuclei (syngamy) following fertilization in Drosophila. It is tightly linked to another complementation group, fs(1) Yb, needed for both oogenesis and embryogenesis. We have isolated a set of overlapping cloned sequences in the 3B4-6 region of the X chromosome encompassing the fs(1) Ya-fs(1) Yb region. A single 2.4 kb maternal transcript is encoded with-in this region, and an 8.5 kb DNA fragment that contains this transcript complements both fs(1) Ya and fs(1) Yb mutations. Northern and in situ hybridization analyses show that the maternal transcript is only present in nurse cells and oocytes beginning in previtellogenic stages, and is evenly distributed in the cytoplasm of 0–2 h syncytial embryos. The transcript is not detected in later stages of embryonic development. This expression pattern correlates closely with the genetic and developmental characteristics expected of the fs(1) Ya gene product.
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    An abundant testis RNA species shows sequence similarity to Y chromosomal and other genomic sites in Drosophila hydei (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1989), S. 469-477 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Y chromosome ; Repetitive DNA ; Testis RNA ; Transposable elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A cDNA clone bank was constructed from testis poly(A)+ RNA of Drosophila hydei and screened for clones which hybridize to Y chromosomal DNA sequences. The insert of clone cDhT14 hybridizes to a family of repeated DNA sequences with members distributed within the Y chromosome and elsewhere in the genome. This type of sequence has earlier been described as the Y-associated class of DNA. Southern blot analysis of DNA from different wild-type strains of D. hydei suggests that members of the T14 family of repeated DNA sequences are parts of a family of transposable elements. The genomic localization of the T14 family of repeated DNA sequences was revealed by in situ hybridization to metaphase and polytene chromosomes, and to transcripts of Y chromosomal lampbrush loops. Approximately 10–15 members (20%–30%) of the T14 sequence family reside in 8.3 kb PstI restriction fragments. A genomic clone of one of these DNA fragments, DhT14-8.3, hybridizes to transcripts on the Y chromosomal lampbrush loop “cones”, and in conventional in situ hybridization experments to region 12D/13A of the X chromosome and to region 112 of chromosome 5. The cDNA clone cDhT14 represents a part of an abundant testis RNA species of 5.0 kb. This RNA is also present in ovaries and in 0–3 h, 3–6 h and 6–12 h embryos, but less abundantly than in testes. Both the Y chromosomal site of the 8.3 kb PstI fragments and sites elsewhere in the genome are actively transcribed. At least one of the latter genomic sites is transcribed into the 5.0 kb RNA species. This poly(A)+ RNA is present in the cytoplasm of primary spermatocytes as shown by transcript in situ hybridization. The potential function of transcripts from Y chromosomal lampbrush loops is discussed.
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    Comparison of sequences from the malB regions of Salmonella typhimurium and Enterobacter aerogenes with Escherichia coli K12: A potential new regulatory site in the interoperonic region (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 218 (1989), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Maltose transport ; malB region ; Positive regulation ; Palindromic units ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The malE and malK genes from Salmonella typhimurium, and the MalEFG operon and a portion of malK from Enterobacter aerogenes were cloned and sequenced. Plasmid-borne malE genes from both species and the malF and malG genes from E. aerogenes were expressed normally in Escherichia coli, and their products function in maltose transport. This shows that the malB products from the three species are interchangeable, at least in the combinations tested. The general genetic organization of the malB region is conserved. Potential binding sites and distances between them are highly conserved in the regulatory intervals. An unexpected conserved region was detected, which we call the U box, and which could be another target for a regulatory protein. This hypothesis is supported by the presence of the U box in the regulatory, region of the pulA-malX operon in Klebsiella pneumoniae. The intergenic region between malE and malF from S. typhimurium and E. aerogenes, contains inverted repeats similar to the palindromic units (PU or REP) found at the same location in E. coli. The predicted amino acid sequence of the encoded proteins showed 90% or more identity in every pairwise comparison of species.
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    Trophic ecomorphology in eastern Pacific blennioid fishes: character transformation of oral jaws and associated change of their biological roles (1989)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 24 (1989), S. 199-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Blenniidae ; Chaenopsidae ; Evolution ; Generalization ; Labrisomidae ; Morphological series ; Oral jaw apparatus ; Specialization ; Tripterygiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The ecomorphological relationships between the oral jaws and food spectra were highlighted in 34 species of Gulf of California blennioid fishes (5 Tripterygiidae, 13 Labrisomidae, 11 Chaenopsidae and 5 Blenniidae). Twenty-nine species are microcarnivorous, two are omnivorous browsers, two are algae grazers and one was an ‘ectoparasite’ feeder. The spectrum of oral (as opposed to pharyngeal) jaw (OJA) morphology ranges from plesiomorphic, suction-feeding (relatively large, protrusible jaws, with many coniform-caniniform teeth) to apomorphic, biting (relatively small, non protrusible jaws, with a single row of incisiform teeth). As species with similar morphology may widely differ in food, it is concluded, that morphology is not a reliable predictor for ecology in this case. With the exception of a few specialists, species with apomorphic, biting OJA utilize sessile items in addition to mobile categories and thus show a higher food diversity as compared to species with plesiomorphic OJA. Thus in the present case morphological differentiation goes along with ecological generalization. Only three blenniid species with the most apomorphic OJA may be considered as specialized also with regard to food resource utilization. Transformation of morphological characters and the ecological role of the OJA of blennioids may serve as a model to illustrate the steps required to achieve a biting-browsing and grazing feeding apparatus in many taxa of modern acanthopterygian reef fishes.
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    Evolution of structure, order and complexity in biological systems: Part III of a general theory (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of biological physics 17 (1989), S. 109-125 
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    ISSN: 1573-0689
    Keywords: Evolution ; order ; complexity ; biological systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this, Part III of a general theory, the large-scale features of evolution of structure, order, and complexity are considered as characteristic features of the biological state of matter. This starts with a rigorous formal definition of structure, classes of structural order, complexity, measures of complexity, and how these arise through evolution by a cumulative process of storing information in memory systems. Three such memory systems have evolved: the genetic memory, the immune memory, and the memories of the nervous system. The evolution, characteristic parameters and the limitations of these memory systems are explored. From these considerations emerge the large-scale features of the evolutionary pathways of biological structure, function, and complexity.
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    Dentition patterns among Pacific and Western Atlantic butterflyfishes (Perciformes, Chaetodontidae): relationship to feeding ecology and evolutionary history (1989)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 25 (1989), S. 159-170 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Jaws ; Evolution ; Corals ; Teeth ; Cladistics ; Specialists
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The jaw dentition of fifteen species of Pacific and Western Atlantic chaetodontid butterflyfishes was examined in light of their feeding habits and phylogenetic relationships. The ancestral tooth pattern is typical of many of the butterflyfishes, and variations on this basic pattern involve changes in the arrangement, length and number of teeth, and tooth shape to a lesser extent. Many of the more derived conditions can be explained by simple changes in relative jaw shape and size. Despite what appears to be adequate time for evolutionary changes to occur between the Pacific and Western Atlantic faunas, many species retain the generalized tooth arrangement permitting efficient exploitation in a very generalized manner. However, Pacific species as a whole show more specialized morphologies for hard coral feeding than do Western Atlantic species. Cases of parallel and divergent evolution are identified between and among the two faunas. Most morphological change associated with feeding in butterflyfishes is confined to the anterior region of the head, and particularly a few key elements. Suggestions for future morphological studies on the chaetodontids are outlined.
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    Theamylase gene-enzyme system of fishes (1989)
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    Journal of comparative physiology 159 (1989), S. 237-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Amylase ; Mosquitofish ; Rat ; Drosophila ; Structure ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Amylases from the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis holbrooki, Pisces: Poeciliidae) and rat were purified and compared withDrosophila amylases in terms of structure and function. At the structural level, amino acid compositions of the three amylases were compared. At the functional level, amylase activities were compared on various substrates and in the presence of inhibitors. While the amylases from all three organisms had properties typical of alpha-amylases, both structural and functional differences were observed. Using resemblance coefficients of distance and similarity from numerical taxonomy, it was determined that the amylases from the rat andDrosophila were more similar to each other than either was to amylase from the mosquitofish, and that structural differences between the amylases did not reflect functional differences, i.e. there was no correlation between amylase structural and functional distances.
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    Subunit-specific monoclonal antibodies to tarantula hemocyanin, and a common epitope shared with calliphorin (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 159 (1989), S. 139-151 
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    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Calliphorin ; Hemocyanin ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Evolution ; Spiders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three murine hybridoma cell lines secreting IgG1 antibodies to 4×6 tarantula (Eurypelma californicum) hemocyanin were isolated, and the monoclonal antibodies Ec-7, Ec-8 and Ec-24 characterized by immunoblotting, immunoelectrophoresis and ELISA. WholeEurypelma hemocyanin, and the isolated subunitsa tog served as probes. For the subunits a novel, quick purification scheme on FPLC combined with immuno-affinity chromatography was established. Additionally, two cell lines secreting IgM antibodies were isolated. These antibodies showed irrelevant cross reactivities. Ec-7 strongly reacts with subunitd and weakly withb. Ec-8 and Ec-24 are specifically directed againstEurypelma subunitsa ande, respectively. The epitopes of Ec-7 and Ec-8 are sequence-dependent, whereas the Ec-24 epitope is conformation-dependent. Ec-8 and Ec-24 are specific forEurypelma hemocyanin. Ec-7 is not reactive to crustacean, centipede or gastropod hemocyanins, but binds to scorpion hemocyanin and to the immunological correlates of subunitsd andf in the hemocyanins of the spiderCupiennius salei and the xiphosuranLimulus polyphemus. In immunoblots with different polyclonal antisera,Eurypelma andAstacus hemocyanin cross-reacted with calliphorin, a larval serum protein from the blowflyCalliphora vicina. Calliphorin and chelicerate hemocyanins share the Ec-7 epitope. Sedimentation coefficients, pH stability regions, subunit size, and electron microscopical appearance of calliphorin are indiscernable from a typical 1×6 arthropod hemocyanin. This relationship is discussed in the context of hemocyanin evolution.
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    Comparative study of musculature in goldon monkey (Rhinopithecus) (1989)
    Springer
    Human evolution 4 (1989), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Keywords: Snub-nosed monkey ; Myology ; Evolution ; Functional anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Some differences between the muscular system of three species of golden monkeys were shown. The major features of the myology in these animals, besides that ofCercopithecoidea, are similar to the anthropoid apes and humans. Although most of the features between taxa of golden monkeys are largely homologous, there are also some differences. Our results differ slightly from thosePatterson (1942) obtained inR. roxellanae. Some conclusions reported by Patterson were obviously incorrect, since the specimen he used did not have a head. Many mylogical characters are similar to other species ofCercopithecoidea while some resemble those of apes. Many are similar to those of the leaf monkey, though some of them show much more development. The golden monkey is more advanced than any other species ofCercopithecoidea. We hypothesize that in terms of the myological characters the golden monkeys seem to occupy a position between the leaf monkeys and the apes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02436420
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    Blood markers and genetic evolution in Cercopithecinae (1989)
    Springer
    Primates 30 (1989), S. 403-422 
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    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Evolution ; Polymorphism ; Phylogeny ; Genetic markers ; Cercopithecinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Serum proteins and RBC enzymes were surveyed in 16 species (183 animals) of African guenons (tribe Cercopithecini) in order to determine their genetic polymorphism and to establish dendrograms on the basis of their allele frequencies. The molecular data obtained were compared with those of mangabeys (16 animals tested) and discussed in the light of our results inPapio andMacaca. The species surveyed wereCercopithecus neglectus, C. hamlyni, C. l'hoesti (C. l'h. l'hoesti, C. l'h. preussi, andC. l'h. solatus), C. nictitans, C. mitis (C. m. kolbi, C. m. albotorquatus, C. m. stuhlmanni, andC. m. albogularis), C. cephus, C. ascanius, C. erythrotis, C. petaurista, C. mona, C. pogonias, C. wolfi, andC. aethiops, Miopithecus talapoin, Allenopithecus nigroviridis andErythrocebus patas, Lophocebus albigena, andCercocebus torquatus. Eleven loci (ten systems) were studied in red blood cell enzymes and the Gc, Gm, Km, and Bm systems in DBP and immunoglobulin serum proteins. Most of the loci were polymorphic. Similar and different polymorphisms occur in closely related species or subspecies, particularly inCercopithecus. Guenons have phenotypes clearly distinct from mangabeys.
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    Ecological aspects of cactus triterpene glycosides I. Their effect on fitness components ofDrosophila mojavensis (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 663-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; triterpene glycosides ; cactus ; fitness components ; host-plant relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of pentacyclic triterpene glycosides extracted from agria and organ pipe cacti on three fitness parameters of the cactophilic fruit fly,Drosophila mojavensis were tested. Triterpene glycosides from organ pipe increased development time and reduced larval viability while those from agria produced smaller adults (reduced fecundity). In addition, the microbial communities in the organ pipe saponin media were less dense than those in the media to which agria saponins had been added. The role of cactus triterpene glycosides in the ecology of thisDrosophila species is discussed.
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    Evolution of yields from populations with age-specific cropping (1989)
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    Evolutionary ecology 3 (1989), S. 343-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Evolution ; exploitation ; fisheries ; Gadus morhua ; life history ; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Age-specific exploitation of a natural population acts as a selective force on genetic variation in life history traits. Evolution arising from this selection may bring about evolutionary changes in the total yield which the population is able to sustain. An analysis of this process is given for a harvested population with densitydependent recruitment, in which selection of life history traits by cropping is independent of density and frequency. Evolution of the total yield depends on an interplay between the yield from an individual over the course of its life and recruitment; whether the total yield increases or decreases depends on the properties of particular populations. Evolution brought about by harvesting does not, in general, lead to the maximization of the total yield. Nonetheless, by appropriate choice of an age-specific harvest pattern, it is possible in principle to select the life history which gives the maximum total yield following evolution; this harvest pattern is called the ‘evolutionarily stable optimal harvesting strategy’ (ESOHS). Results of the analysis are illustrated with data on the Arcto-Norwegian cod.
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    Effects of early adult experience on host selection in insects: Some experimental and theoretical results (1988)
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    Journal of insect behavior 1 (1988), S. 3-15 
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: host preference ; habitat selection ; experience ; learning ; Drosophila ; host races ; population genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment with Drosophila melanogasterrevealed that when flies encounter a particular food type soon after emergence, the probability of their subsequently being attracted to such a resource is increased. In this experiment, the length of time flies experienced their postemergence environments was under the control of the flies themselves. The experiment thus realistically mimicked one form of experiential effect that may be important in nature. A theoretical model is developed which shows that enhanced adult preferences for the types of resources fed on as larvae can substantially increase the degree of host-based genetic subdivision within a polyphagous population.
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    Male mating activity and genetic aspects in imaginal diapause of Drosophila triauraria (1988)
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 47 (1988), S. 81-88 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: imaginal diapause ; male mating activity ; genetics ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les femelles de D. triauraria Bock & Wheeler (Dipt. Drosophilidae) sont connues pour présenter une diapause reproductrice aux photophases courtes. Les mâles eux aussi ont révélé une activité sexuelle réduite aux photophases courtes, c'est-à-dire qu'ils sont entrés comme les femelles en diapause reproductive. Les photophases critiques pour l'induction de la diapause des mâles et des femelles n'ont pas présenté de différences. Les diapause des mâles et des femelles s'achèvent même sous courtes photophases, mais la diapause mâle était quelque peu plus faible que la diapause femelle. La photophase critique et le taux de diapause ont varié en fonction de l'origine géographique dans l'espèce actuelle. Lors de croisements entre lignées diapausantes et non-diapausantes, la photophase critique et la durée de la diapause ont été héritées quantitativement. A partir de ces expériences et d'expériences précédentes de croisements (Kimura, 1983), quelques modèles de méchnisme d'induction de la diapause de cette espèce sont proposés.
    Notes: Abstract In Drosophila triauraria Bock & Wheeler (Diptera: Drosophilidae) of which females were known to enter reproductive diapause at short daylengths, males also showed reduced mating activity at short daylengths, i.e., males as well as females entered reproductive diapause. The critical daylength for diapause induction did not differ between females and males. Both male and female diapause ended even under short daylengths, but the male diapause was somewhat weaker than the female diapause. The critical daylength and the diapause rate varied geographically in this species. In the cross between diapausing and non-diapausing strains, the critical daylength and the diapause duration inherited in a quantitative manner. On the basis of the present and previous crossing experiments, some models are proposed on the mechanism of diapause induction of this species.
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    In wheat ctDNA, segments of ribosomal protein genes are dispersed repeats, probably conserved by nonreciprocal recombination (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 127-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Wheat chloroplast DNA ; Repeated sequences ; Ribosomal protein genes ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Some dispersed repeated sequences and their flanking regions from wheat and maize ctDNAs have been characterized. Two sets of wheat ctDNA repeats were found to be the chloroplast ribosomal protein genesrpl2 andrpl23, plus nonfunctional segments of them, designatedrpl2′ andrpl23′. Pairwise comparisons were made between the wheatrp123 andrpl23′, and the maizerp123′ sequences. The precise patterns of homology suggest that the divergence of the wheat and maize nonfunctional (rpl23′) sequences is being retarded by nonreciprocal recombination, biased by selection for individuals with functional (rpl23) sequences. The implied involvement of these sequences in mechanisms of homologous recombination, and therefore in the creation and spread of new ctDNA variants, is discussed.
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    Nucleotide sequence of the Physarum polycephalum small subunit ribosomal RNA as inferred from the gene sequence: secondary structure and evolutionary implications (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 265-273 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Physarum polycephalum ; rRNA ; Sequence ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence of the Physarum polycephalum small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene has been determined. Sequence data indicate that the mature 19S SSU rRNA is 1,964 nucleotides long. A complete secondary structure model for P. polycephalum SSU rRNA has been constructed on the basis of the Escherichia coli 16S rRNA model and data from comparative analyses of 28 different eukaryotic sequences. A “four-helix” model is presented for the central domain variable region. This model can be applied both to vertebrate and most lower eukaryotic SSU rRNAs. The increased size of P. polycephalum SSU rRNA relative to the smaller SSU rRNAs from such other lower eukaryotes, as Dictyostelium, Tetrahymena or Saccharomyces is due mainly to three G+C-rich insertions found in two regions known to be of variable length in eukaryotes. In a phylogenetic tree constructed from pairwise comparisons of eukaryotic SSU rRNA sequences, the acellular myxomycete P. polycephalum is seen to diverge before the appearance of the cellular mycomycete Dictyostelium discoideum.
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    Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding the small subunit precursor of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase from Chlamydomonas moewusii (1988)
    Springer
    Current genetics 14 (1988), S. 461-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Evolution ; Sequence comparison ; RUBISCO ; Transit peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have isolated and characterized a full-length cDNA clone encoding the precursor of the small subunit (pSU) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RUBISCO) from the green alga, Chlamydomonas moewusii. Comparison with the C. reinhardtii rbcS1 gene sequence reveals that both small subunit (SS) coding regions are 75% homologous and that their predicted mature polypeptide chains are each composed of 140 amino acids. In contrast, their transit peptides appear to be divergent. We also show that transcription of the C. moewusii rbcS gene(s) which generates a 1,230 and a 930 base mRNA species are light-stimulated/or accumulated during the light period of the cell cycle. Finally, the SS polypeptide sequences of fifteen different photosynthetic organisms are compared; this analysis reveals at least five well-conserved polypeptide domains.
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    The evolutionary relationships among known life forms (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 28 (1988), S. 98-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: rRNA ; Evolution ; Sequence comparison ; Parsimony ; Bootstrap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Sequences of small subunit (SSU) and large subunit (LSU) ribosomal RNA genes from archaebacteria, eubacteria, and the nucleus, chloroplasts, and mitochondria of eukaryotes have been compared in order to identify the most conservative positions. Aligned sets of these positions for both SSU and LSU rRNA have been used to generate tree diagrams relating the source organisms/organelles. Branching patterns were evaluated using the statistical bootstrapping technique. The resulting SSU and LSU trees are remarkably congruent and show a high degree of similarity with those based on alternative data sets and/or generated by different techniques. In addition to providing insights into the evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic (nuclear) lineages, the analysis reported here provides, for the first time, an extensive phylogeny of the mitochondrial lineage.
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    Unusual evolutionary conservation of 5S rRNA pseudogenes inAspergillus nidulans: Similarity of the DNA sequence associated with the pseudogenes with the mouse immunoglobulin switch region (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 28 (1988), S. 125-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Aspergillus nidulans ; 5S rRNA ; Pseudogenes ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary AllAspergillus nidulans 5S rRNA pseudogenes known so far are the result of integration of an approx. 0.2-kbp-long DNA sequence into the 5S rRNA genes. This sequence, called block C, is present in at least five copies in theA. nidulans genome and seems to be associated either with 5S rRNA genes or pseudogenes. In contrast to the 78% sequence conservation of the C-block in pseudogenes, the truncated 5′ halves of the pseudogenes are very highly conserved (96.9–100%). We postulate that the 5S rRNA pseudogenes are still a subject of concerted evolution. The C-block sequence shows similarity to the switch region of the mouse heavy chain immunoglobulin gene. A characteristic motif GGGTGAG is repeated several times in both sequences; the sequence conservation is 63%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143503
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    Alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism inDrosophila: Enzyme kinetics of product inhibition (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 28 (1988), S. 145-150 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; Enzyme kinetics ; Product inhibition ; Microevolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Because natural populations ofDrosophila melanogaster are polymorphic for different allozymes of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and becauseD. melanogaster is more tolerant to the toxic effects of ethanol than its sibling speciesD. simulans, information regarding the sensitivities of the different forms of ADH to the products of ethanol degradation are of ecological importance. ADH-F, ADH-S, ADH-71k ofD. melanogaster and the ADH ofD. simulans were inhibited by NADH, but the inhibition was relieved by NAD+. The order of sensitivity of NADH was ADH-F〈ADH-71k, ADH-S〈ADH-simulans with ADH-F being about four times less sensitive than theD. melanogaster enzymes and 12 times less sensitive than theD. simulans enzyme. Acetaldehyde inhibited the ethanolto-acetaldehyde activity of the ADHs, but at low acetaldehyde concentrations ethanol and NAD+ reduced the inhibition. ADH-71k and ADH-F were more subject to the inhibitory action of acetaldehyde than ADH-S and ADH-simulans, with ADH-71k being seven times more sensitive than ADH-S. The pattern of product inhibition of ADH-71k suggests a rapid equilibrium random mechanism for ethanol oxidation. Thus, although the ADH variants only differ by a few amino acids, these differences exert a far larger impact on their intrinsic properties than previously thought. How differences in product inhibition may be of significance in the evolution of the ADHs is discussed.
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    Evolution of tropomyosin functional domains: Differential splicing and genomic constraints (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 27 (1988), S. 228-235 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Tropomyosin ; Differential splicing ; Evolution ; Isochore ; Codon usage ; Sequence convergence ; Functional constraints
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have cloned and determined the nucleotide sequence of a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoded by a newly isolated human tropomyosin gene and expressed in liver. Using the leastsquare method of Fitch and Margoliash, we investigated the nucleotide divergences of this sequence and those published in the literature, which allowed us to clarify the classification and evolution of the tropomyosin genes expressed in vertebrates. Tropomyosin undergoes alternative splicing on three of its nine exons. Analysis of the exons not involved in differential splicing showed that the four human tropomyosin genes resulted from a duplication that probably occurred early, at the time of the amphibian radiation. The study of the sequences obtained from rat and chicken allowed a classification of these genes as one of the types identified for humans. The divergence of exons 6 and 9 indicates that functional pressure was exerted on these sequences, probably by an interaction with proteins in skeletal muscle and perhaps also in smooth muscle; such a constraint was not detected in the sequences obtained from nonmuscle cells. These results have led us to postulate the existence of a protein in smooth muscle that may be the counterpart of skeletal muscle troponin. We show that different kinds of functional pressure were exerted on a single gene, resulting in different evolutionary rates and different convergences in some regions of the same molecule. Codon usage analysis indicates that there is no strict relationship between tissue types (and hence the tRNA precursor pool) and codon usage. G+C content is characteristic of a gene and does not change significantly during evolution. These results are in good agreement with an isochore composition of the genome, and thus suggest a similar chromosomal environment in chicken, rat, and human.
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    Sequence similarities of the protamine genes: Implications for regulation and evolution (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 27 (1988), S. 291-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: P1 P2 protamines ; Evolution ; Regulatory sequence ; Primordial sequence ; Similarity ; Alignment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary With the recent availability of the primary structural data for the trout, bovine, and mouse protamine genes, a detailed comparison of their structures has been made. This has revealed extensive conservation of potentially biologically significant regions. An inverse correlation is apparent between gene copy number and the number of sequence-distinct protamines synthesized with the number of CP-box-like (CCYPCCC) putative transcription modulating sequences situated 5′ to these genes. A common nucleotide sequence 5′ to the CP-box-like putative transcription modulating sequence(s) at the end of a common region has been identified. It is postulated that this is the testis-specific protamine P1 transcription regulator sequence. Evidence based on sequence similarity is also provided for the existence of a primordial protamine gene and a scheme for the evolution of vertebrate protamine genes is proposed.
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    Cytoskeletal actin gene families ofXenopus borealis andXenopus laevis (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 27 (1988), S. 17-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Actin genes ; Evolution ; 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have sequenced the coding and leader regions, as well as part of the 3′ untranslated region, of aXenopus borealis type 1 cytoskeletal actin gene [defined according to the arrangement of acidic residues at the N-terminus; Vandekerckhove et al. (1981) J Mol Biol 152:413–426]. The encoded amino acid sequence is the same as the avian and mammalian β (type 1) cytoskeletal actins, except for an isoleucine at position 10 (as found in the mammalian γ cytoskeletal actins), and an extra amino acid, alanine, after the N-terminal methionine. Five introns were found, in the same positions as those of the rat and chicken β-actin genes. The 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions resemble those of the human γ (type 8) cytoskeletal actin gene more closely than the mammalian β genes. Primer extension showed that this type 1 gene is transcribed in ovary and tadpole. Sequencing of primer extension products demonstrated two additional mRNA species inX. borealis, encoding type 7 and 8 isoforms. This contrasts with the closely related speciesXenopus laevis, where type 4, 5, and 8 isoforms have been found. The type 7 isoform has not previously been found in any other species. The mRNAs of theX. borealis type 1 and 8 andX. laevis type 5 and 8 isoforms contain highly homologous leaders. TheX. borealis type 7 mRNA has no leader homology with the other mRNA species and, unlike them, has no extra N-terminal alanine codon. The evolutionary implications of these data are discussed.
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    Histone genes in three sea star species: Cluster arrangement, transcriptional polarity, and analyses of the flanking regions of H3 and H4 genes (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 27 (1988), S. 36-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Histone genes ; Sea stars ; Echinoderms ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The arrangement of core histone genes and their transcriptional polarity has been determined for three species of sea stars (Pisaster ochraceus, P. brevispinus, andDermasterias imbricata) representing two orders which diverged over 500 million years ago. Each species has approximately 500 core histone cluster repeats per haploid genome. The close phylogenetic relationship between thePisaster species is evident from the correspondence of restriction sites in the repeat element, identical arrangement of core histones, and high degree of sequence homology in both the coding and spacer regions of the H3 gene. TheDermasterias repeat has the same gene order and transcriptional polarity of core histones, but its restriction map is significantly different. Moreover, theDermasterias H3 gene has the same amino acid sequence, but in comparison toPisaster nucleotide sequences, shows a high level of silent substitutions. Analyses of the nucleotide sequence of the 5′ and 3′ regions surrounding the H3 gene from each species demonstrate the presence of appropriately spaced consensus and processing signal segments. The 3′ spacer segment of theDermasterias H4 gene contains an unusual, threefold tandemly repeated, 21-nucleotide, AT-rich sequence. No similar sequence is seen in theP. brevispinus H4 3′ region, but these two species show a striking regularity of distribution of five different homologous oligomers in the 3′ spacer.
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    Structure of the human hemopexin gene and evidence for intron-mediated evolution (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 27 (1988), S. 102-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Hemopexin ; Evolution ; Gene structure ; Recombination ; Sequence homology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The human hemopexin gene was isolated and its structure determined. The gene spans approximately 12 kb and is interrupted by nine introns. When the intron/exon pattern was examined with respect to the polypeptide segments they encode, a direct correspondence between exons and the 10 repeating units in the protein was observed. The introns are not randomly placed; they fall in the middle of the region of amino acid sequence homology in strikingly similar locations in 6 of the 10 units and in a symmetrical position in the two halves of the coding sequence. These features strongly support the hypothesis that the gene evolved through intron-mediated duplications of a primordial sequence to a five-exon cluster. A more recent gene duplication led to the present-day gene organization.
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    Appendage morphogenesis in Drosophila: a developmental study of the rotund (rn) gene (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 19-26 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Morphogenesis ; Appendages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The phenotype of rotund (rn) null alleles is described, and compared to wild type. The mutants are expressed zygotically and cause position specific defects in certain imaginal discs (antenna, legs, wing, haltere and proboscis) and their corresponding adult derivatives. In the discs, specific folds are absent in rn mutants compared to wild type. Clonal analysis shows that the rn + gene is partially autonomous in its expression in cells destined to form certain distal parts of the adult appendages. The results are consistent with the idea that the rn + gene is required for normal morphogenesis of specific distal parts of the adult appendages.
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    The type and location of homeotic transformations in the tumorous-head mutant of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 40-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Homeosis ; Tumorous-head ; Bithorax-complex mutant ; Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Transformations of tumorous-head Drosophila melanogaster were examined in order to investigate whether head structures were replaced by specific abdominal structures. Heads selected for the presence of genital structures were analyzed in detail. Female abnormalities included any combination of vaginal teeth, vulvar papillae, sensilla trichodea, abdominal tergites 6 (T6), 7 (T7), 8 (T8) and anal plate. Anal plate was observed in the prefrons and rostral membrane, while all other genital structures were intimately associated with modified shingle cuticle. Male abnormalities included transformation of antennal structures to penis, clasper teeth, lateral plate, anal plate and eye to T6. The distribution of each type of homeotic structure was confined to general regions of the eye-antenna, with no precise dividing lines between them. However, the spatial sequence of homeotic structures in the eye-antenna was generally the same as the sequence of the same structures in the posterior abdomen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376040
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    Two groups of interrelated genes regulate early neurogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 457-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neurogenesis ; Neurogenic genes ; Achaetescute complex ; Daughterless ; Genetic interactions ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Drosophila melanogaster the neuroblasts separate from epidermoblasts to give rise to the neural primordium. This process is under the control of several genes. The group of the so-called neurogenic genes is required for epidermal development; other genes, comprising those of the achaete-scute complex and daughterless, are required for neural development. We have studied the relationships between both groups of genes in two different ways. We have analyzed the phenotype of double-mutant embryos and our results show that the neural hyperplasia caused by neurogenic mutations can be partially prevented if a mutation in one of the other genes is present in the same genome. Only the neural cells that do not require the function of a particular gene of the achaete-scute complex in the wild-type seem to develop to a neural fate in the double mutant embryos. At least some of the genetic interactions affect the transcriptional level, as shown by in situ hybridization, since the territories of transcription of the achaetescute genes are expanded in neurogenic mutants. All cells of the neurogenic region of the double mutants apparently initiate neural development. However, during later development some of these cells switch their fate either to epidermogenesis or to cell death and this leads to the final phenotype of the double mutants. We discuss these results with respect to the events of early neurogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00385679
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    Induced neuroma formation and target muscle perturbation in the giant fiber pathway of the Drosophila temperature-sensitive mutant shibire (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 383-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; shibire ; Neuronal development ; Muscle ; Giant fiber pathway
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The temperature-sensitive mutation shibire (shi) in Drosophila melanogaster is thought to disrupt membrane recycling processes, including endocytotic vesicle pinch-off. This mutation can perturb the development of nerves and muscles of the adult escape response. After exposure to a heat pulse (6 h at 30° C) at 20 h of pupal development, adults have abnormal flight muscles. Wing depressor muscles (DLM) are reduced in number from the normal six to one or two fibers, and are composed of enlarged fibers that appear to represent fiber fusion; large spaces devoid of muscle fibers suggested fiber deletion. The normal five motor axons are present in the peripheral nerve PDMN near the ganglion. However, while some motor axons pass dorsally to the extant fibers, other motor axons lacking end targets pass into an abnormal posterior branch and terminate in a neuroma, i.e., a tangle of axons and glia without muscle target tissue. Hemisynapses are common in axons of the proximal PDMN and within the neuroma, but they are rarely seen in control (no heat pulse) shi or wild-type flies. All surviving muscle fibers are innervated; no muscle tissue exists without innervation. Fibrillar fine structure and neuromuscular synapses appear normal. Fused fibers have dual innervation, suggesting correct and specific matching of target tissue and motor axons. Motor axons lacking target fibers do not innervate erroneous targets but instead terminate in the neuroma. These results suggest developmental constraints and rules, which may contribute to the orderly, stereotyped development in the normal flight system. The nature of the anomalies inducible in the flight motor system in shi flies implies that membrane recycling events at about 20 h of pupal development are critical to the formation of the normal adult nerve-muscle pattern for DLM flight muscles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398989
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    Reversible commitment of neural and epidermal progenitor cells during embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 413-418 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell interactions ; Cell commitment ; Neurogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cell-cell interactions are involved in mediating developmental fate. An example is the decision of the neuroectodermal cells of Drosophila to develop as neural or epidermal progenitors, where cellular interactions participate in the process of acquisition of either cell fate. The results of heterochronic cell transplantations we describe here suggest that both neuroblasts and epidermoblasts are not irreversibly committed to a particular developmental fate. Rather, they retain the ability to interact with neighbouring cells and, under our experimental conditions, are capable of switching their fate during a relatively long period of time, i.e. until the end of embryonic stage 11.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398992
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    Genetic interaction between homoeotic Sex combs reduced and Regulator of bithorax (or trithorax) genes of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 435-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Homoeotic genes ; Segment differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Regulator of bithorax (Rg-bx)−, or trithorax (trx)− lethal larvae occasionally show a homoeotic transformation of the dorsal prothorax to mesothoracic structures. This transformation suggests a reduced activity of the Sex combs reduced (Scr) gene on the basis of gene dosage studies, as well as enhanced expression of the phenotypes of the weak Scr − alleles in Rg-bx − larvae. Morphological observations of adult flies doubly heterozygous for Rg-bx and Scr mutations also suggest the enhancement of an aspect of Scr adult phenotypes. I conclude that the Rg-bx + gene function is required for the optimal expression of the Scr gene in larval and imaginai cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398995
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    Expression of a reporter gene resembles that of its neighbour: an insertion in the hairy gene of Drosophila (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 507-512 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Reporter gene ; hairy ; Segmentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Random insertions of a promotor fused to a reporter gene, such as Lac-Z, reveal regulatory sequences that confer temporal and spatial patterns of gene expression in eukaryotes. These patterns may reflect the activity of a neighbouring gene and thus lead to the isolation of new genes essential for normal development. Here, we demonstrate that this hypothesis is true for an insertion into the well characterized segmentation gene, hairy, in Drosophila. The insertion is homozygous lethal and fails to complement other hairy alleles, giving the phenotype described for hairy mutations. The insertion is located at 66D on the polytene chromosome map, is within 300–600 bp 5′ to the first hairy exon, and is orientated in the same sense (5′-3′) as the hairy transcription unit. Expression of β-galactosidase (β-gal), deriving from the insertion, follows closely the spatio-temporal patterns of expression of hairy gene product during embryogenesis. In addition, other sites of β-galactosidase expression are shown in the third larval instar stage and in the adult ovary. The results show that some insertions, giving restricted patterns of reporter gene expression, will reflect the temporo-spatial activity of a nearby gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00385685
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    Abnormal ovarian morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster after injection of embryos with conditioned media from the Daudi cell line (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 370-374 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Injection of embryo ; Daudi conditioned medium ; Rudimentary ovaries ; Mean number of ovarioles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila melanogaster embryos were injected before the blastoderm stage with conditioned media from several male Burkitt's lymphoma human cell lines and the Daudi cell line. Such injections do not have any effect on the male genital apparatus or on the female tract. The Daudi conditioned medium modifies the ovarian morphogenesis of the flies and the rudimentary ovaries obtained look like nymphal gonads. Moreover, they have a drastically reduced number of germ cells. The ovaries that looked functional contain numerous necrotic germ cells and the mean number of ovarioles per fly is significantly smaller than that of the controls. The abnormalities observed resemble the results of experimental and genetic lack of germ cells. They disappear at very high dilution (1×10−6).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375958
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    Electrically mediated protein movement inDrosophila follicles (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 231-238 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Electrical polarity ; Ovarian follicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Distribution of rhodamine-conjugated lysozyme injected into the sixteen-cell syncytium comprising the germ-line portion of theDrosophila follicle is shown to be affected by charge. Positive molecules are able to migrate through intercellular bridges from the oocyte to the nurse cells, but are unable to migrate detectably from nurse cells to the oocyte. Their negatively charged counterparts can move from the nurse cells to the oocyte, but are unable to traverse the intercellular bridges in the counter direction. This charge-dependent movement of molecules is accompanied by an electrical potential difference, focused across the nurse cell-oocyte bridges, which makes the nurse cells negatively charged to the oocyte. The addition of insect hemolymph to the physiological salt solution in which the experiments were performed resulted in only a small increase in the transmembrane resistance, but enhanced the potential difference between oocyte and nurse cells from 0.2±0.3 (SE) mV (nurse cells negative) to 2.3±0.45 (SE) mV (nurse cells negative).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439430
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    Maternal and zygotic requirement for thepolyhomeotic complex genetic locus inDrosophila (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 239-246 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Homeosis ; Epidermal development ; Embryology ; Clonal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The complex genetic locuspolyhomeotic (ph) is a member of thePolycomb (Pc)-group of genes and as such is required for the normal expression of ANT-C and BX-C genes. It also has probably other functions since amorphicph alleles display a cell death phenotype in the ventral epidermis of 12-h-old embryos. Here it is shown that lethal alleles ofph (amorph and strong hypomorph) show transformation of most of their segments towards AB8. Theph + product is required autonomously in imaginal cells. The total lack ofph + function prevents viability of the cuticular derivatives of these cells.ph has a strong maternal effect on segmental identity and epidermal development that can not be rescued by one paternally supplied dose ofph + in the zygote. These phenotypes differ substantially from those of previously describedPc-group genes. AmongPc-group genes,ph seems to be the only one that is strongly required both maternally and zygotically for normal embryonic development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439431
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    The reinforcement-extinction process of selector gene activity: a positive feed-back loop and cell-cell interactions in Ultrabithorax patterning (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 424-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Ultrabithorax ; Development ; Regulation ; Protein distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Most viable alleles of homeotic genes cause partial transformations within given lineages in a topographically specific fashion. We study this phenomenon as a way to understand the normal mechanisms involved in the spatial regulation of homeotic gene expression. To this end we have investigated the distribution of Ultrabithorax (Ubx) proteins in imaginai discs mutant for hypomorphic and neomorphic alleles of Ubx and alleles of trans-acting genes. We find that the morphological discontinuities observed in the adult transformations are caused by corresponding new patterns of the Ubx proteins in the imaginai anlagen. These novel patterns of Ubx proteins are understood as a consequence of a process of reinforcement-extinction of Ubx expression. The evidence suggesting that this process results from a positive feed-back loop and cell-cell interactions is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398994
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    Mutational dissection of gene expression in the abdominal region of the bithorax complex of Drosophila in imaginal tissue (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 131-140 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Bithorax complex ; Drosophila ; Abdominal-B mutations ; Genetic mosaics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The phenotypic effects in imaginal hypodermal tissue of a number of Abdominal-B mutations of the bithorax complex are described. Evidence is given from complementation analysis that the phenotypic heterogeneity in both the spatial limits and the nature of the homeotic transformations produced is not an arbitrary classification of allelic differences that we find. We have used genetic mosaic analysis to support the interpretation that the Abdominal-B genetic unit can exist in a number of alternative functional states of expression during development and that individual Abdominal-B mutations may abolish some states whilst leaving others unaffected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427916
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    Genetic analysis of viable and lethalfused mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 221-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Segment polarity gene ; Maternal effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fused is a segmentation gene belonging to the segment-polarity class. Mutations at thefused locus are known to display pleiotropic effects, causing zygotically determined anomalies of ovaries and of some adult cuticular structures, and maternally determined embryonic segmentation defects. In order to determine the amorphic phenotype offused and to study the genetical basis of its pleiotropy, newfused alleles (18 viable and 11 lethal) were isolated. The phenotype of these mutants and of others already known are described, taking into account zygotic and maternal effects. The main results provided by this analysis are as follows. Firstly, allfused alleles show the whole complex fused phenotype, and a good correlation is observed between the strength of the wing and segmentation defects, suggesting that a single function is involved in both processes. Secondly, all embryonic and larval lethals carry deficiencies which allow us to localizefused between the 17C4 and 17D2 bands of the X-chromosome. Thirdly, the 24 viable and 2 pupal lethals examined behave as point mutants, as shown cytologically or by Southern blot analysis. However, only one of them, the pupal lethalfu mH63 was proven to carry a nullfused allele, since it displays in germ-line clones a strong maternal phenotype and a very low zygotic rescue, similar to those of the small deficiencyDf(1)fu z4. The phenotype of the amorphic mutant indicates that zygotic ezpression offused is required for normal metamorphosis, while maternal expression is necessary for a normal segmentation pattern, since a complete loss offused expression during oogenesis cannot be compensated zygotically.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439429
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    Developmental analysis of fs(1)gastrulation defective, a dorsal-group gene of Drosophila melanogaster (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 75-91 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Maternal effect mutation ; Pattern formation ; Gastrulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The gastrulation defective (gd) locus is a maternally expressed gene in Drosophila required for normal differentiation of structures along the embryonic dorso-ventral axis. Cuticular defects of the offspring from females with different combinations of gd alleles comprised a phenotypic continuum. Complementation among several alleles produced normal offspring while progressively more severe mutations produced a graded loss of structures from ventral, and then lateral, blastoderm cells. The most severely affected embryos consisted entirely of structures derived from dorsal blastoderm cells. Histological examination of staged siblings from selected allelic combinations showed that internal tissues were similarly affected. The tissues observed in amorphic embryos support new, more dorsal, assignments of fate map positions for blastoderm precursors of the cephalopharyngeal apparatus, hindgut and ventral nerve cord. The loss of ventral and lateral structures did not occur through cell death and appeared to involve a change in blastoderm cell fate. A direct effect of the mutations on blastoderm cell determination, however, was insufficient to explain the development of the dorsalized embryos. Intermediate phenotypes suggested that cell interactions or movements associated with morphogenesis are required for the determination of some cell fates in the dorsoventral axis. Thus, the developmental fate of all blastoderm cells may not be fixed at the time of blastoderm formation.
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    Dominant maternal interactions with Drosophila segmentation genes (1988)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 197 (1988), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: X-Chromosome Loci ; Dominant maternal effect ; Segmentation genes ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A systematic search for X chromosome loci showing a dominant maternal interaction with the segmentation genes Krüppel, hunchback, knirps and hairy was performed using deficiencies spanning 65% of the X chromosome. No interaction with the knirps gene was observed, but five regions of the X chromosome showed a maternal dominant interaction with the Krüppel gene. Two of these regions also show a maternal dominant interaction with either hunchback (region 10A7–10A8) or hairy (region 10E1–10F3). In all of these interactions dead embryos were observed which showed the same defects as embryos homozygous for the segmentation gene tested. These results suggest that a complex repartition of maternal products necessary for subsequent segmentation may occur in the Drosophila egg.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375934
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    The vectoring of cactophilic yeasts by Drosophila (1988)
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    Oecologia 75 (1988), S. 400-404 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Vectoring ; Drosophila ; Cactophilic yeasts ; Dispersal ; Community structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary At two locations in the Sonoran Desert, yeasts were sampled from species of Drosophila, the flies' cactus hosts, and other neighboring sources of cactophilic yeasts to determine the relation between the yeasts vectored by the fly and the yeasts found in their breeding sites. D. mojavensis, D. nigrospiracula, and D. mettleri vectored yeast assemblages significantly more similar to the yeast species found on the rot from which the flies were collected than to the yeasts found on other rots from the flies host cactus or other rotting cactus at the same site. Rots with Drosophila had fewer yeast species than those without flies, suggesting that flies were associated with younger rots. Rots with flies and the Drosophila also had more yeast species with the capability to produce ethyl acetate than rots without flies. The results support the contention that cactophilic Drosophila feed on a subset of the yeasts available in an area, and may act to maintain differences among the yeast communities found on different species of cactus.
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    Interaction between a picornavirus and a wild population ofDrosophila melanogaster (1988)
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    Oecologia 75 (1988), S. 516-520 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Picornavirus ; Fertility ; Embryonic and larvo-pupal death rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Drosophila C virus (DCV) has a considerable impact on ovarian morphogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster host populations. This virus also affects the developmental time and the fresh weight of infected females. In order to investigate the hypothesis that DCV may play a role in the dynamics ofDrosophila populations, the fertility and embryonic and larvo-pupal death rates of a host population and that of five DCV-free populations were determined. A comparison of two populations, one of them DCV-free, the other infected, suggested that the fertility of the DCV-infected flies was higher than that of uninfected flies, despite a greater larvo-pupal death rate. Fertility of the infected flies was greater among the infected population than for the DCV-free populations. The DCV-free populations originated from five different localities. The virus clearly does have an impact on the biotic potential of its host population. This paper reports for the first time a positive interaction between a viral population and a host population as it increases certain parameters of host population dynamics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00776414
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    Fumarate reduction systems in members of the family Rhodospirillaceae with different quinone types (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 150 (1988), S. 56-60 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Fumarate reduction ; Quinones ; Rhodospirillaceae ; Phototrophic bacteria ; Evolution ; Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nineteen established and one undesignated species of the Rhodospirillaceae were examined for fumarate reduction in connection with their quinone systems. The fumarate reductase activity with reduced methyl viologen (MVH) or FMNH2 as electron donor was found in membrane (chromatophore) preparations from phototrophically grown cells of all species containing menaquinone (MK) and/or rhodoquinone. The species having ubiquinone as the sole quinone contained no fumarate reductase activity, except some Rhodobacter species showing the FMNH2-dependent activity. The MVH-fumarate reductase activity of the MK-type species was not inhibited by Triton X-100 or acetone treatment, suggesting the presence of a fumarate reductase reacting directly with MVH, while such an enzyme was absent in the MK-lacking strains, with few exceptions. The FMNH2-fumarate reduction system was abolished by a detergent or acetone extraction in all bacteria but differed much among species with different quinone types as to the response to respiratory inhibitors. These differences in fumarate-reducing properties and quinone systems among the phototrophic bacteria are discussed from evolutionary and taxonomic viewpoints.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409718
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    Thermotoga neapolitana sp. nov. of the extremely thermophilic, eubacterial genus Thermotoga (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 150 (1988), S. 103-104 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Eubacteria ; Evolution ; Extreme thermophile ; Thermotoga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A second species of the extremely thermophilic, eubacterial genus Thermotoga is described as clearly distinguished from the type species Thermotoga maritima by physiological and phylogenetic criteria. It is named Thermotoga neapolitana.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409725
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    Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial arginine kinases inDrosophila: Evidence for a single gene (1988)
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    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 131-141 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; arginine kinase ; mitochondria ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic isozymes of arginine kinase have been identified inDrosophila melanogaster. On the basis of their immunological similarity, parallel dosage responses, and cosegregation of electrophoretic mobility differences, it is concluded that both isozymes are the product of a single gene. The consequences of this in relation to the regulation and evolution of this unusual gene-enzyme system are discussed. It is inferred that the origin of the phosphagen shuttle must predate the divergence of invertebrates and vertebrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00555494
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    Genetic characterization of dipeptidase activity modifiers inDrosophila melanogaster from natural populations (1988)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 783-803 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; dipeptidase activities ; genetic variation ; activity modifiers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An examination ofDrosophila melanogaster from natural populations revealed genetic variation for dipeptidase-A (DIP-A) and dipeptidase-B (DIP-B) activities within sets of lines that differed from one another only in the second or the third chromosome. Analyses of diallel crosses indicate that both activities are inherited additively, and coordinate control of expression is suggested by the significant positive correlation between the two activities. Electrophoresis and thermal denaturation studies failed to detect structural differences among lines with different levels of DIP-A activity. No characteristic level of activity could be associated with any DIP-A allozyme. Mapping experiments revealed the presence of activity modifiers that are in tight linkage with the structural gene, as well as those that manifest their effects from a distance. The maximum genetic distance between a high-activity effect on DIP-A and the structural gene was determined to be 0.029 map unit. These results are in accordance with the prevalence of activity modifiers for various enzymes inDrosophila melanogaster.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02395523
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    Genetic determinants of glutamine synthetase inDrosophila melanogaster: A gene for glutamine synthetase I resides in the 21B3-6 region (1988)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 571-584 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glutamine synthetase I ; genetic mapping ; allozymes ; null alleles ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recombinational and deletion mapping of electrophoretic variants of the glutamine synthetase I isozyme (GSI) inDrosophila melanogaster locates the gene in the 21B region on the second chromosome. We have conducted a genetic analysis of the region extending cytologically from 21A to 21B4-6. Recessive lethal mutations were generated by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and ethyl nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis and by hybrid dysgenesis (HD). These lethals fall into seven functional groups, which were partially ordered by complementation with cytologically defined deficiencies of this region generated by hybrid dysgenesis. Two of the EMS- and two of the ENU-induced lethals fulfill biochemical criteria expected for null alleles of the GSI gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02399602
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    Genetic characterization of dipeptidase activity modifiers inDrosophila melanogaster from natural populations (1988)
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    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 783-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; dipeptidase activities ; genetic variation ; activity modifiers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An examination ofDrosophila melanogaster from natural populations revealed genetic variation for dipeptidase-A (DIP-A) and dipeptidase-B (DIP-B) activities within sets of lines that differed from one another only in the second or the third chromosome. Analyses of diallel crosses indicate that both activities are inherited additively, and coordinate control of expression is suggested by the significant positive correlation between the two activities. Electrophoresis and thermal denaturation studies failed to detect structural differences among lines with different levels of DIP-A activity. No characteristic level of activity could be associated with any DIP-A allozyme. Mapping experiments revealed the presence of activity modifiers that are in tight linkage with the structural gene, as well as those that manifest their effects from a distance. The maximum genetic distance between a high-activity effect on DIP-A and the structural gene was determined to be 0.029 map unit. These results are in accordance with the prevalence of activity modifiers for various enzymes inDrosophila melanogaster.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553876
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  • 99
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    Glue proteins inDrosophila nasuta (1988)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 527-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; glue proteins ; glycosylation ; Chromosomal linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larval glue protein fractions ofDrosophila nasuta nasuta were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Seven major and at least four minor glue protein fractions were recognized. Six of the major fractions are glycosylated. They migrate as three prominent doublets (〉100, 43, and 30/28 kd). The synthesis of traceable amounts of these major fractions begins already during the second as well as during the early stages of the third larval instar. The 43-kd and the 30/28-kd fractions are coded by X-chromosomal genes. They are probably clustered within the huge puff of division 10, which is the most prominent X-chromosomal puff in the polytene chromosomes of the third larval instar. Complex posttranslational modification of all but one major glue protein fraction (14 kd) leads to the formation of about 15 different protein fractions in the final glue product. The amount of glue protein produced byD. n. nasuta larvae (in relation to the total saliva proteins) is nearly twice the amount produced byD. melanogaster larvae (ca. 55 and 32%, respectively).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553866
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  • 100
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    Genetic determinants of glutamine synthetase inDrosophila melanogaster: A gene for glutamine synthetase I resides in the 21B3-6 region (1988)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 571-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: glutamine synthetase I ; genetic mapping ; allozymes ; null alleles ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recombinational and deletion mapping of electrophoretic variants of the glutamine synthetase I isozyme (GSI) inDrosophila melanogaster locates the gene in the 21B region on the second chromosome. We have conducted a genetic analysis of the region extending cytologically from 21A to 21B4-6. Recessive lethal mutations were generated by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and ethyl nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis and by hybrid dysgenesis (HD). These lethals fall into seven functional groups, which were partially ordered by complementation with cytologically defined deficiencies of this region generated by hybrid dysgenesis. Two of the EMS- and two of the ENU-induced lethals fulfill biochemical criteria expected for null alleles of the GSI gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553780
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