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  • Eddies
  • Turbulence
  • Springer  (60)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Nature P. G.
  • 2005-2009  (2)
  • 1995-1999  (58)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2008 The Author. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Environmental Fluid Mechanics 8 (2008): 551-560, doi:10.1007/s10652-008-9076-5.
    Description: Experiments are reviewed in which a two-layer salt-stratified tank of water was mixed by turbulence. The density profile began as a single step and evolved to a smooth mixed profile. The turbulence was generated by many excursions of a horizontally moving vertical rod with Richardson number Ri 〉 0.9 and Reynolds Number Re 〉 600. There was almost perfect collapse of all the profiles to one universal profile as a function of a similarity variable. We develop a theoretical model for a simple mixing law with a buoyancy flux that is a function of internal Richardson number Rii. A similarity equation is found. A flux law that increases with small Rii and decreases with large Rii is considered next. Since no analytical solution is known, the similarity concept is tested by numerically integrating the equations in space and time. With buoyancy flux monotonically increasing with internal Richardson number, the similarity approach is valid for a profile starting from a slightly smoothed step. However, a shock forms for a mixing law with higher initial Rii (so that buoyancy flux decreases with Richardson number) and the similarity approach is invalid for those initial conditions.
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Mixing ; Stratified ; Similarity solution ; Layered fluid
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2008 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Environmental Fluid Mechanics 8 (2008): 495-509, doi:10.1007/s10652-008-9107-2.
    Description: Estuarine turbulence is notable in that both the dissipation rate and the buoyancy frequency extend to much higher values than in other natural environments. The high dissipation rates lead to a distinct inertial subrange in the velocity and scalar spectra, which can be exploited for quantifying the turbulence quantities. However, high buoyancy frequencies lead to small Ozmidov scales, which require high sampling rates and small spatial aperture to resolve the turbulent fluxes. A set of observations in a highly stratified estuary demonstrate the effectiveness of a vessel-mounted turbulence array for resolving turbulent processes, and for relating the turbulence to the forcing by the Reynolds-averaged flow. The observations focus on the ebb, when most of the buoyancy flux occurs. Three stages of mixing are observed: (1) intermittent and localized but intense shear instability during the early ebb; (2) continuous and relatively homogeneous shear-induced mixing during the mid-ebb, and weakly stratified, boundary-layer mixing during the late ebb. The mixing efficiency as quantified by the flux Richardson number Rf was frequently observed to be higher than the canonical value of 0.15 from Osborn (J Phys Oceanogr 10:83–89, 1980). The high efficiency may be linked to the temporal–spatial evolution of shear instabilities.
    Description: The funding for this research was obtained from ONR Grant N00014-06-1-0292 and NSF Grant OCE-0729547.
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Estuaries ; Shear instability ; Buoyancy flux
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  • 3
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    Boundary layer meteorology 91 (1999), S. 227-257 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Coastal boundary layer ; Initialisation ; Mesoscale model ; Sea model breeze ; Thermal internal boundary layer ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A numerical two-dimensional-mesoscale model with a level 1.5 closure scheme for turbulence is described. The model is used to simulate the boundary layer over coastal complex terrain. Meteorological data available from the Øresund land-sea-land terrain experiment are used to study the performance of the model. The model could simulate generally observed complexities in the mean wind and temperature fields. Internal boundary layers over the water and land surfaces were identified by the height of lowest value in the turbulence kinetic energy profile and this showed good agreement with radiosonde (RS) observations. Some disagreements with the data were also noticed, especially near the surface. The wind speed was over-predicted. Attempts were made to improve the model performance by adopting different schemes for model initialisation. Results showed that initialisation with an early model start time and observed wind profile near the inflow boundary improved the performance. The wind speed over-prediction could be further minimised by using a more realistic objective initialisation scheme. The problem centred around the proper estimation of the turbulent diffusion coefficient K through the closure scheme. Despite using the most popular empirical relationships in the level 1.5 closure scheme, these differences persisted. While this needs further investigation, the present model can be used to supply wind fields for practical purposes such as air pollution calculations.
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  • 4
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    Boundary layer meteorology 91 (1999), S. 483-493 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Flow distortion ; Sonic anemometers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We carried out measurements to test a simple theory of the effect of probe-induced flow distortion on turbulence measurements. We used two three-component sonic anemometers mounted 1.8m apart at a height of 6.7 m. Behind one was a horizontal circular cylinder of radius 0.15 m and length 1.2 m, chosen to model two-dimensional probe-induced flow distortion in the limit where the scale of the turbulence is very large compared to the scale of the probe. The second sonic anemometer measured the undistorted flow. The measured flow-distortion effects on the Reynolds shearing stress and the variances of streamwise and vertical velocity agree well with the theory.
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  • 5
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    Boundary layer meteorology 92 (1999), S. 37-63 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Energy balance ; Glacier ; Katabatic flow ; Stable boundary layer ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Turbulence measurements performed in a stable boundary layer over the sloping ice surface of the Vatnajökull in Iceland are described. The boundary layer, in which katabatic forces are stronger than the large-scale forces, has a structure that closely resembles that of a stable boundary layer overlying a flat land surface, although there are some important differences. In order to compare the two situations the set-up of the instruments on an ice cap in Iceland was reproduced on a flat grass surface at Cabauw, the Netherlands. Wind speed and temperature gradients were calculated and combined with flux measurements made with a sonic anemometer in order to obtain the local stability functions φm and φh as a function of the local stability parameter z/L. Unlike the situation at Cabauw, where φm was linear as a function of z/L, in the katabatically forced boundary layer, the dependence of φm on stability was found to be non-linear and related to the height of the wind maximum. Thermal stratification and the depth of the stable boundary layer however seem to be rather similar under these two different forcing conditions. Furthermore, measurements on the ice were used to construct the energy balance. These showed good agreement between observed melt and components contributing to the energy balance: net radiation (supplying 55% of the energy), sensible heat flux (30%) and latent heat flux (15%). Local sources and sinks in the turbulent kinetic energy budget are summed and indicate a reasonable balance in near-neutral conditions but not in more stable situations. The standard deviation of the velocity fluctuations σu, σv, and σw, can be scaled satisfactorily with the local friction velocity u* and the standard deviation of the temperature fluctuation σθ with the local temperature scale θ*.
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  • 6
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    Boundary layer meteorology 92 (1999), S. 165-183 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Coherent structures ; Turbulence ; Surface layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Multi-level turbulent wind data from the Risø Air-Sea Experiments (RASEX) were used to examine the structure of large-scale motions in the marine atmospheric surface layer. The quadrant technique was used to identify flux events (ejections/sweeps). Ejections, which appear to occur in groups, are seen to occur first at the upper level, moving successively to lower levels with small time delays. A strong correlation between events at different heights suggests that they may all be part of a single large structure. Cross-correlation between velocity signals was used to estimate orientation of the structure using Taylor's hypothesis. The inclination of this structure is shallow (≃ 15°) near the surface and increases with height. Spatial representations of the fluctuating wind vectors show a structure that is strikingly similar to conceptual models of transverse vortices and shear layers seen in laboratory flows and direct numerical simulation (DNS) of low Reynolds number flows. Spatial visualization of velocity fluctuations during other time periods and conditions clearly shows the existence of shear layers, transverse vortices, plumes, and downdrafts of various sizes and strengths. A quantitative analysis shows an increase in the frequency of shear related events with increasing wind speed.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Closure models ; Drizzle ; Entrainment ; Large Eddy Simulation ; Observations ; Stratocumulus ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract As part of the EUropean Cloud REsolving Modelling (EUCREM) model intercomparison project we compared the properties and development of stratocumulus as revealed by actual observations and as derived from two types of models, namely three-dimensional Large Eddy Simulations (LES) and one-dimensional Single Column Models (SCMs). The turbulence, microphysical and radiation properties were obtained from observations made in solid stratocumulus during the third flight of the first 'Lagrangian' experiment of the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX). The goal of the intercomparison was to study the turbulence and microphysical properties of a stratocumulus layer with specified initial and boundary conditions. The LES models predict an entrainment velocity which is significantly larger than estimated from observations. Because the observed value contains a large experimental uncertainty no definitive conclusions can be drawn from this. The LES modelled buoyancy flux agrees rather well with the observed values, which indicates that the intensity of the convection is modelled correctly. From LES it was concluded that the inclusion of drizzle had a small influence (about 10%) on the buoyancy flux. All SCMs predict a solid stratocumulus layer with the correct liquid water profile. However, the buoyancy flux profile is poorly represented in these models. From the comparison with observations it is clear that there is considerable uncertainty in the parametrization of drizzle in both SCM and LES.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1619-0904
    Keywords: Hemodynamics ; Prosthetic heart valves ; Steady flow ; In vitro measurements ; Turbulence ; Thrombus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the velocity fields, magnitudes of shear stresses, and regions of stagnation of a jellyfish valve and a St. Vincent tilting-disk valve using laser Doppler anemometry (LDA). All experiments were performed in vitro and at steady volumetric flow rates of 15 and 261/min (representing peak systole). The St. Vincent valve flow field was very unsymmetrical in the measurement plane that spanned the major and minor outflow regions of the valve and persisted at least to 1D downstream. For both flow rates tested, a stagnation region was always observed just behind the occluder. The maximum axial velocity was in the major outflow side and reached 2.54 m/s for peak systole flow of 261/min. Moreover, in the immediate vicinity of the valve and for both flow rates tested, turbulence intensities and velocity gradients were higher in the minor outflow region than in the major outflow region. However, as the flow progressed downstream, the opposite was observed, with large peak velocity in the major outflow. The maximum shear stress across the St. Vincent valve occurred in the minor outflow region and increased from 30 to 60N/m2 as the flow rate increased from 15 to 261/min. In the core of the larger jet, the shear stresses were very small (0–3N/m2). The flow at the edges of the jellyfish valve membrane, 10 mm (0.5D) downstream from the ring valve, consisted of two nearly symmetric jets in the vicinity of the tube wall. The maximum axial velocity in these jet regions increased from 1.7 to 2.5 m/s as the flow rates increased from 15 to 261/min. Pressure effects due to the oscillation of the membrane of the jellyfish valve appear to generate high shear stress in the immediate vicinity of the jellyfish valve (0.5D downstream). The values of shear stress were 0–27 N/m2 for a flow of 151/min and 3–109 N/m2 for a flow of 261/min. However, as the flow progresses downstream, shear stresses decay rapidly and return to the upstream undisturbed level at about 4D downstream, but at a slower rate than the RMS axial velocities. In general, for all operating flow conditions tested here, the jellyfish valve performed better than the St. Vincent valve when velocity and shear stress distributions are compared at locations more than 0.5D downstream from the valve.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-7691
    Keywords: Turbulence ; passive scalar ; renormalization group ; ∈-expansion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The validity of the ∈-expansion in the turbulence problem is discussed using the example of diffusion of a passive scalar in a random velocity field. A generalization of Wilson's rule for calculating a diagram of arbitrary order is introduced. The resulting perturbation series, while having zero radius of convergence, is summed exactly yielding amplitudes which differ from those obtained to lowest order in the ∈-expansion by only a few percent. The properties of the expansion are analyzed in detail and it is shown that various subsets of diagrams, while differing by an infinite number of terms, give close results in the vicinity of the fixed point. This indicates nontrivial compensation of high-order interactions in turbulence. The irrelevance of high-order couplings is demonstrated for arbitrary values of ∈. The quality the approximation is tested by comparison with numerical experiments on diffusion of a passive scalar in a band-limited random velocity field in the limit of infinite Peclet number.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Atmospheric surface layer ; Longitudinal velocity fluctuations ; Multifractals ; Spectra ; Statistical analysis ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The multiscaling statistics of atmospheric surface-layer winds at low wavenumbers above farmland and in the lee of a mountain range were examined using a hot-wire and lightweight cup anemometer. It was found that the horizontal velocity spectra could be broken into high and low-wavenumber regimes according to the parameters given by this analysis. The low-wavenumber end of the spectrum possessed a spectral slope parameter that varied between values of 0.8 and 1.35 at the farmland site during the period of the experiment, and the high-wavenumber end – corresponding to the inertial range – possessed a spectral slope slightly greater than -5/3. The larger values for this parameter for the low-wavenumber end appeared to coincide with unstable conditions. In the lee of the mountain range, the low-wavenumber spectral slope parameter was larger still, at 1.45. The low-wavenumber signals over farmland were much less intermittent than inertial-range signals, but in the lee of the mountain range the intermittency increased. From this analysis, it was shown that the statistical properties of the recorded wind signal could be reproduced using a bounded random multiplicative cascade. The model was successfully used to simulate the wind velocity field directly, rather than simulating the energy dissipation field. Since the spectral slope parameter for low wavenumbers appeared to be a function of atmospheric stability, the method presented is a simple way of generating wind signals characteristic of a variety of atmospheric conditions.
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  • 11
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    Boundary layer meteorology 92 (1999), S. 99-121 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Displacement height ; Ice surface roughness ; Katabatic flow ; Stable boundary layer ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Wind profile and eddy-correlation data obtained at two sites on a melting glacier surface in Iceland during the summer of 1996 are presented. Throughout the experiment the surface roughness increased rapidly from smooth to very rough, with the largest roughness element height obtained being about 1.7 m. In a layer close to the rough surface we find that the wind speed profiles were disturbed showing horizontal inhomogeneities as in a roughness sublayer. Its height was approximately two times the height of the main roughness elements (h) at both sites throughout the experiment. From the wind profiles and eddy-correlation data we calculated corrections for the displaced zero plane as a function of time and compared these with results obtained from a drag partitioning model. In general, the agreement was reasonable considering the ranges of uncertainty but the results indicate that the increasing horizontal anisotropy of the surface probably limits the use of the model. The values obtained for the roughness lengths are in good agreement with those calculated from a simple linear model, i.e., z0/h = 0.5λ with λ the frontal area index. Above the roughness sublayer the wind profiles, normalised standard deviations of wind speed, and the balance of the turbulence kinetic energy budget behaved as over an ideal homogeneous surface thereby confirming similarity of the flow.
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  • 12
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    Boundary layer meteorology 90 (1999), S. 397-421 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Gravity waves ; Planetary boundary layer ; Turbulence ; Wind structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stably-stratified planetary boundary layer contains small-vertical-scale, step-like structures, waves on a multitude of scales, large horizontal eddies and small-scale turbulence, all of which constantly interact with, and modify, one another. Current knowledge of how the various components act in the vicinity of the step-like structures is surveyed. It is concluded that packets of internal waves are the main conduit for interaction within and across the boundary layer, and low-intensity critical-level absorption at the fringes of their spectrum probably maintains the step-like structures. Further investigation of the processes requires intensive observations of the four-dimensional structure of the region, but such an investigation will need a new generation of high-resolution sensing systems.
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  • 13
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    Boundary layer meteorology 92 (1999), S. 263-291 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Convective adjustment ; Turbulence ; Mixing ; Nonlocal mixing ; Parameterization ; Numerical weather prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A nonlocal turbulent mixing parameterization is introduced in this study and denoted by the acronym NTAC, which stands for Nonlocal parameterization of Turbulent mixing using convective Adjustment Concepts. NTAC uses the average value of quantities in the turbulent domain in much the same way that local convective adjustment schemes use the average potential temperature. Averages are determined in the region with non-convective turbulence using information from the two end layers (denoted by TLA, Two Layer Average), while all layers contribute to the average in regions with convective turbulence (denoted by CLA, Convective Layer Average). The NTAC parameterization estimates the mixing percentage and uses this percentage as a mixing coefficient. These percentages are determined from a simplified turbulent kinetic energy equation. The scheme is versatile, conservative, and when programmed efficiently the proposed parameterization is a computationally acceptable nonlocal procedure that can be used in many existing numerical weather prediction forecast models. Numerical weather forecast model simulations using the NTAC parameterization and traditional K-theory are compared against radiosonde data. The accuracy of the proposed NTAC parameterization is found to be competitive with K theory. The greatest improvement of the NTAC over K-theory occurs during the daytime and early nighttime hours when (dry) convective activity is high. Also, areal cloud coverage is increased by the NTAC parameterization. Our findings show that the greatest nonlocal vertical mixing occurs between the layer nearest the earth's surface and the remaining layers making up the planetary boundary layer.
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  • 14
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    Journal of engineering mathematics 36 (1999), S. 361-384 
    ISSN: 1573-2703
    Keywords: Turbulence ; scaling laws ; wall-bounded shear flows ; asymptotics ; Reynolds number.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Deep ideas of Sir James Lighthill concerning turbulent flows are discussed in the beginning. The scaling laws for large-Reynolds-number flows are presented in their historical development. The underlying hypotheses are discussed and compared with experiments. Special attention is given to non-universal Reynolds-number-dependent scaling laws that reveal the incomplete similarity of the flows. Recent results concerning scaling laws for boundary layers are presented in more detail and discussed.
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  • 15
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    Meccanica 33 (1998), S. 445-468 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Wall-bounded turbulent shear flows ; Scaling laws in turbulence ; Local structure of turbulence ; Fluid mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Turbulence at very large Reynolds numbers (often called developed turbulence) is widely considered to be one of the happier provinces of the turbulence realm, as it is widely thought that two of its basic results are well-established, and have a chance to enter, basically untouched, into a future complete theory of turbulence. These results are the von Kármán-Prandtl universal logarithmic law in the wall-region of wall-bounded turbulent shear flow, and the Kolmogorov-Obukhov scaling laws for the local structure of developed turbulent flow.However, doubts have been expressed over the years about the fluid mechanical assumptions that underlie these laws. After a concise review of the problem of turbulence as a whole we will show in the present paper that the von Kármán–Prandtl universal logarithmic law is based on an assumption which,though plausible, in fact is not quite correct. We will come to the conclusion, based on theoretical considerations and on processing of experimental data, that the universal logarithmic law does not describe the real features of developed turbulent wall-bounded flow of viscous fluid; it should be jettisoned and replaced by a different law, a scaling law. Experimental evidence for the local structure of turbulent flows is now not sufficiently well-established to allow a similarly definite conclusion. However, the application of the new approach presented here makes it very plausible that the classical, non-modified version of Kolmogorov–Obukhov ‘K-41’ laws gives an adequate description of the local features of developedturbulent flows. Sommario.La turbolenza agli altissimi numeri di Reynolds (spesso chiamata turbolenza sviluppata) è largamente ritenuta una delle regioni felici del regno della turbolenza: si pensa infatti che due suoi risultati fondamentali siano ben assodati e che abbiano speranza di entrare senza rilevanti modifiche in una futura teoria completa della turbolenza.Questi risultati sono la legge logaritmica universale di Kármán–Prandtl per la regione di parete dei flussi turbolenti confinati e la legge di simulitudine di Kolmogorov–Obukhov per la struttura locale del flusso turbolento sviluppato. Nel corso degli anni sono stati tuttavia espressi dubbi sulle ipotesi fluidodinamiche che sottendono queste leggi. Nel presente lavoro, dopo un breve esame del problema della turbolenza nel suo insieme,dimostreremo che la legge logaritmica universale di Kármán–Prandtl è basata su un'assunzione che, per quanto plausibile, non è del tutto corretta. Giungeremo alla conclusione, basata su considerazioni teoriche esull'elaborazione di dati sperimentali, che la legge logaritmica universale non descrive le caratteristiche reali del flusso turbolento di un fluido viscoso sviluppato e confinato da una parete; essa dovrebbe essere sostituita de una legge differente, una legge di similitude. L'evidenza sperimentale per la stzuttura locale di flusso turbolento non è al momento sufficientemente assodata perpermettere una conclusione altrettanto definita. L'impiegodel nuovo approccio qui presentato, tuttavia, rende assai plausible che la classica versione non modificata della legge ‘K-41’ di Kolmogorov-Obukhov fornisca una adeguata descrizione delle caratteristiche locali del flussoturbolento sviluppato.
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  • 16
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    Meccanica 33 (1998), S. 29-46 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Finite difference methods ; Free shear layers ; Turbulence ; Fluid mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A computational formulation is proposed for second-moment closure turbulence models, especially suited to models intended to ensure physical realizability. It enables to cast the quite complicated model equations in a compact form. It is specifically applied here to a two-dimensional parabolized flow, though it lends itself to extension to more complex flows. An effective computational algorithm is proposed, based on a staggered grid and a block tridiagonal solver. The algorithm is applied to a turbulent mixing layer, and the comparison between the predictions obtained by standard modelling tools and a realizable second-moment closure clearly points out the superiority of the latter.
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  • 17
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    Meccanica 33 (1998), S. 503-516 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Flow visualization ; Speckle photography ; Particle image velocimetry ; Turbulence ; Fluid mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Modern developments in laser and computer technology, electronic cameras, and digital image processing techniques allow to generate planar distributions of quantitative data in turbulent flows. Large amounts of data can be processed easily and analyzed statistically. With these tools, it is possible to quantitatively visualize turbulent coherent structures, even in flows of high Reynolds number, and measure characteristic spatial quantities like vorticity, length scales, spatial correlation functions, etc. These potentials in analyzing spatial characteristics of turbulent flows are demonstrated with two different methods of quantitative flow visualization: speckle photography as a representative of the line-of-sight methods, and particle image velocimetry belonging to the methods that rely on the scattering of laser light from tracer particles. Sommario.I moderni sviluppi nelle tecnologie del laser e dei computers, delle telecamere elettroniche e le tecniche di analisi digitale delle immagini permettono di ottenere distribuzioni quantitative, in un piano, di dati relativi a flussi turbolenti. Una gran quantità di dati può essere con facilità analizzata statisticamente. Con questi mezzi è possibile visualizzare quantitativamente strutture coerenti turbolente anche in flussi da alto numero di Reynolds, e misurare caratteristiche spaziali, come vorticità scale e funzioni di correlazione. Questa potenzialità di studiare caratteristiche spaziali di flussi turbolenti viene qui mostrata per due differenti metodi di visualizzazione quantitativa: fotografia ‘speckle’ e PIV (particle image velocimetry).
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  • 18
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    Space science reviews 83 (1998), S. 75-86 
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: Solar wind ; Heliosphere ; Ulysses ; SOHO ; MHD waves ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The solar wind in the inner heliosphere, inside ~ 5 AU, has been almost fully characterized by the addition of the high heliographic latitude Ulysses mission to the many low latitude inner heliosphere missions that preceded it. The two major omissions are the high latitude solar wind at solar maximum, which will be measured during the second Ulysses polar passages, and the solar wind near the Sun, which could be analyzed by a Solar Probe mission. Here, existing knowledge of the global solar wind in the inner heliosphere is summarized in the context of the new results from Ulysses.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Key words Meteorology ; Turbulence ; Modelling ; Spray drift ; Wind
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  An insight into the nature of prevailing meteorological conditions and the manner in which they interact with spraying parameters is an important prerequisite in the analysis of the dynamics of agrochemical sprays. Usually, when these sprays are projected from hydraulic nozzles, their initial velocity is greater than that of the ambient wind speed. The flowfield therefore experiences changes in speed and direction which are felt upstream as well as downstream of the spray droplets. The pattern of the droplet flow, i.e. the shape of the streamlines marking typical trajectories, will be determined by a balance of viscous forces related to wind speed, inertial forces resulting from the acceleration of the airstream and pressure forces which can be viewed in terms of the drag forces exerted on the spray droplets themselves. At a certain distance in the ensuing motion, when the initial velocity of the spray droplets has decreased sufficiently for there to be no acceleration, their trajectories will be controlled entirely by the random effects of turbulence. These two transport processes in the atmosphere can be modelled mathematically using computers. This paper presents a model that considers the velocity of spray droplets to consist of a ballistic velocity component superimposed by a random-walk velocity component. The model is used to study the influence of meteorological and spraying parameters on the three-dimensional dynamics of spray droplets projected in specified directions in neutral and unstable weather conditions. The ballistic and random-walk velocity components are scaled by factors of (1–ξ) and ξ respectively, where ξ is the ratio of the sedimentation velocity and the relative velocity between the spray droplets and the surrounding airstream. This ratio increases progressively as the initial velocity of the spray droplet decreases with air resistance and attains a maximum when the sedimentation velocity has been reached. As soon as this occurs, the random-walk process predominates. The computed effects of the release height of spray droplets, atmospheric turbulence intensity, evaporation, drop size spectrum, wind velocity and wind direction on the transport process have been studied and an analysis of spray drift is provided.
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  • 20
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    Boundary layer meteorology 87 (1998), S. 459-480 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Coherence model ; Spatial coherence ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Wind speed measurements from the test site at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory have been evaluated with respect to the spatial coherence function. The experimental arrangement provides coherence information for separation distances of 62, 80 and 102 m. These are at least three times greater than the measurement heights of 18 m and 18.7 m. Based on these experimental data and data published in the literature, different theoretical formulations are compared and a new, but simple, model for longitudinal and lateral coherence is proposed. At large separations the turbulent wind field is not isotropic, theoretical models to describe the coherence function for such distances are not available. The new model we propose builds on the classical exponential approach. It takes into account the influence of turbulence intensity and models the angular dependence of horizontal coherence. It is found that, for constant turbulence intensity, the lateral coherence decay becomes independent of the mean wind speed.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 89 (1998), S. 285-316 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Boundary layer ; Heterogeneous terrain ; Roughness length ; Surface fluxes ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work is to present experimentally evaluated effective roughnesses (zoe) of a partly forested landscape. Although the ratio of boundary-layer height to obstacle size was only of the order of 50, there still seemed to exist a height range of 75–200 m where surface-layer similarity was approximately valid. Attempts were made to use conventional wind profile analysis to evaluate zoe, but the small height range and the large number of variables initially led to unacceptable uncertainties. Fixing the displacement height zd, rather than fitting it, reduced the data scatter to an acceptable level. The profile-derived roughness lengths zop obtained in this way were in good agreement with previous work, and with an alternative roughness length estimate zof for which flux-derived profile parameters u* and θ* were used. This implies that the profile-derived roughnesses were consistent with the measured surface-layer momentum flux. Comparison of both roughness estimates also yielded an improved estimate of the displacement height. Besides this, the authors tested a landscape roughness evaluation method which makes use of the gustiness parameter Tu = σu/U in the surface layer. The results obtained by this method were in fair agreement with the profile-derived data. In previous work, the gustiness method was advocated because it could be used at relatively low levels, perhaps even within the roughness sub-layer. At the present measuring site, this was not the case as the gustiness method was only valid in an approximate way, and for a limited height range.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 86 (1998), S. 63-87 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Stratocumulus ; Mass flux ; Lateral entrainment ; Turbulence ; Conditional sampling
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A mass-flux approach is applied to observational data obtained in a convective boundary layer topped with stratocumulus clouds. The observational data were obtained from aircraft measurements during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX). A conditional sampling method is used to calculate average updraft and downdraft values. The vertical fluxes calculated with the mass-flux approach are found to be proportional to the real (measured) fluxes, with a proportionality factor being about 0.6. This value is predicted by theory for two variables having a joint Gaussian distribution function; proportionality factor = 2π-1 ≈ 0.637. The horizontal fractional entrainment and detrainment rates calculated from the data (ε ≈ 1–2 × 10-2 m-1) are an order of magnitude higher than the rates obtained by large eddy simulations for cumulus convection (ε ≈ 2–3 × 10-3 m-1) and two orders of magnitude higher than those used in modelling cumulus convection with a mass-flux scheme in an operational weather forecast model (ε ≈ 3 × 10-4 m-1). A numerical mass-flux model for the thermodynamics was developed and showed that results are in good agreement when compared with measured profiles of the liquid water content.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Surface temperature ; Surface inhomogeneity ; Source area
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Turbulence characteristics, vertical profiles of wind velocity u(z) and air temperature T(z), and also spatial variations in steppe surface radiation temperature Tr(x) are measured simultaneously. A marked effect of Tr(x) characteristics on the turbulence characteristics and T(z) profiles is observed in the lower part of the atmospheric surface layer. We suggest that variability in Tr(x) noticeably influences the surface-layer temperature field and leads to scatter in the values of the universal functions obtained by different authors; effects of Tr(x) are not accounted for in similarity theory. The introduction of the value of temperature zero-plane displacement dT in the calculation formulae (to determine temperature flux) noticeably improves the agreement between calculated and measured (by eddy-correlation method) results. The influence of footprint (or Source Area) on the obtained results leads to noticeable scatter in the data obtained from measurements of atmospheric turbulence.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Convective boundary layer ; Clear air radar observations ; Coherent organizations ; Radar-aircraft joint observations
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The scientific objective of the TRAC experiment (Turbulence Radar Aircraft Cells) was to investigate the respective roles played by small-scale turbulence and coherent structures in the vertical transfer within the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Field research held in June 1993 in France was based on coupled aircraft and Doppler radar measurements. The results discussed here are mainly focused on the evaluation of the performance of the radar in the 3D description of the clear air ABL, which was the technical goal of TRAC. During the experiment, the radar was able to provide continuous and coherent echo fields over a range of several tens of kilometres, extending up to about 3 km. Good agreement was obtained in the ABL between the radar-derived turbulent quantities and airborne measurements. As depicted by the reflectivity fields, coherent organizations were found to be a common feature of the eleven ABL cases analyzed. These organizations evolved during the day between a banded structure and a cellular pattern. A very weak correlation was found between the reflectivity field and the atmospheric parameters measured by the aircraft. However, in terms of characteristic scale, the reflectivity field appeared to be strongly related to the water vapour field. The inhomogeneity induced by the coherent circulations questions the representativity of one-dimensional sampling of these 3D fields and suggests the need to adapt the traditional statistical approach of the ABL.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 86 (1998), S. 233-256 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Lidar ; Remote sensing ; Turbulence ; Velocity statistics
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Coherent Doppler lidar measurements of wind statistics in the boundary layer are presented. The effects of the spatial averaging by the lidar pulse are removed using theoretical corrections and computer simulations. This permits unbiased estimates of velocity variance, spatial velocity structure functions, energy dissipation rate, and other point statistics of the velocity field.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 86 (1998), S. 333-344 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Dispersion model ; Non-uniqueness ; Plant canopy
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Lagrangian stochastic models, quadratic in velocity and satisfying the well-mixed condition for two-dimensional Gaussian turbulence, are used to make predictions of scalar dispersion within a model plant canopy. The non-uniqueness associated with satisfaction of the well-mixed condition is shown to be non-trivial (i.e. different models produce different predictions for scalar dispersion). The best agreement between measured and predicted mean concentrations of scalars is shown to be obtained with a small sub-class of ‘optimal’ models. This sub-class of ‘optimal’ models includes Thomson's model (J. Fluid Mech. 180, 529–556, 1987), the simplest model that satisfies the well-mixed condition for Gaussian turbulence, but does not include two other models identified recently as being in optimal agreement with the measured spread of tracers in a neutral boundary layer. It is therefore demonstrated that such models are not universal, i.e. applicable to a wide range of flows without readjustment of model parameters. Predictions for scalar dispersion in the model plant canopy are also obtained using the model of Flesch and Wilson (Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 61, 349–374, 1992). It is shown that, when used with a Gaussian velocity distribution or a maximum-missing-information velocity distribution, which accounts for the measured skewness and kurtosis of velocity statistics, the agreement between predictions obtained using the model of Flesch and Wilson and measurements is as good as that obtained using Thomson's model.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Lagrangian decorrelation time scales ; Structure function constant ; Turbulence ; Lagrangian spectrum constant
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new method for deriving the Lagrangian decorrelation time scales for inhomogeneous turbulence is described. The expression for the time scales here derived for the convective boundary layer is compared to those estimated by Hanna during the Phoenix experiment. Then the values of C0, the Lagrangian velocity structure function constant, and of Bi, the Lagrangian velocity spectrum constant, were evaluated from the Eulerian velocity spectra and from the Lagrangian time scales derived, under unstable conditions, from Taylor's statistical diffusion theory. The numerical coefficient of the lateral and vertical Lagrangian spectra in the inertial subrange was found equal to 0.21, in good agreement with previous experimental estimates.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 87 (1998), S. 1-25 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Kites ; Atmospheric measurements ; Turbulence ; Profiling ; Ozone
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the capabilities and limitations of using state-of-the-art kites for atmospheric research. A brief historical review of the subject is first presented, followed by an outline of the current status of kite-borne measurement technology. The utility of the technique is then illustrated by presenting a series of recent measurements made using kite-borne technology. A summary of the advantages and limitations of kite-based measurements relative to other technologies is provided for reference.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 42 (1998), S. 382-390 
    ISSN: 1573-1626
    Keywords: Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) ; Turbulence ; Magnetic fields ; Galaxies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present simulations of the 3D nonlinear induction equation in order to investigate the temporal evolution of large-scale magnetic fields in spiral galaxies. Our model includes differential rotation, ambipolar diffusion and, based on small-scale turbulence, eddy diffusivity and the tensorial α-effect with magnetic feedback. The nonaxisymmetric spiral pattern and – if considered – the vertical stratification of the galaxy are represented in its density and turbulence profile. Neglecting vertical stratification the lifetime and geometry of an initial magnetic field depend on the correlation time of interstellar turbulence τ corr . Short correlation times increase the lifetime of the initial magnetic field, but the field is rapidly wound up. Its pitch-angles develop to zero. The magnetic field has disappeared after at most 1 to 1.5 Gyr. A resonance like phenomenon is found by tuning the pattern velocity of the galactic spiral. The simulations then show an exceptional amplification of the magnetic field in the case that the pattern speed and a magnetic drift velocity have similar values. Considering a vertical stratification we achieve sufficiently long living grand-designed magnetic fields excited by dynamo action. The behaviour and geometry of the resulting field is again significantly influenced by the correlation time τ corr . Small values of τ corr lead to axisymmetric fields with small pitch-angles and field-concentration between the spiral arms. Increasing the correlation time the solutions show larger pitch-angles; and depending on very large correlation times the galactic dynamo rather generates fields clearly within the spiral arms and having a bisymmetric structure.
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    Journal of scientific computing 13 (1998), S. 323-367 
    ISSN: 1573-7691
    Keywords: Turbulence ; filtering ; multilevel methods ; direct numerical simulation ; small scales
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In turbulence simulations, the small scales of motion, even if they carry only a very small percentage of the whole kinetic energy, must be taken into account in order to accurately reproduce the statistical properties of the flows. This induces strong computational restrictions. In an attempt to understand and model the nonlinear interaction between the small and large scales, a dynamic multilevel procedure is proposed and applied to homogeneous turbulence. As in large eddy simulation, filtering operators are used to separate the different scales of the velocity field. In classical models (Smagorinsky), only the large scale equation is resolved. A different approach is proposed here. Indeed, by analyzing the nonlinear interaction term in the large scale equation, we show that they locally have a very small contribution to the whole dynamic of the flow. We then propose to treat them less accurately. Specific treatments for these terms are achieved by a space and time adaptative procedure; the cut-off value (filter width) which defines the scale separation varies as time evolves. Simulations at Re λ in the range of 60 to 150 have been performed until statistical steady states are reached, i.e. over long time period. Comparisons with direct simulations (DNS) show that this numerical modeling provides an efficient resolution of the nonlinear interaction term. The multilevel algorithm is shown to be stable; the corresponding simulated flows reach a statistically steady state very close to the DNS ones. The shape of the energy spectrum functions as well as the characteristic statistical properties of the velocity and its derivatives are accurately recovered.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 88 (1998), S. 211-237 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Aircraft measurements ; Compositing ; Rayleigh-Bénard convection ; Spectral energetics ; Thermals ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A turbulence data set collected by the research aircraft Hercules and Falcon in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) over the North Sea during Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC) is analysed. Altogether nearly three hundred cell passages at different levels and in two different flight directions were sampled. The convective boundary-layer height (H) was about 1 km, and the RBC cells had a diameter D of roughly 2–3 km, resulting in an aspect ratio A = D/H ≈ 2–3. This value is also found in the case of RBC in laboratory-scale flows, whereas most of the recent PBL experimental work reports convection PBL rolls with A ≈ 3 and mesoscale cellular convection (MCC) with A ≈ 10–40 over the oceans. The large number of RBC cell passages made it possible to composite their average structure. Due to the more complex three-dimensional structure and the importance of thermals to the RBC dynamics, spectral, temporal and spatial decompositions and model calculations were necessary to illuminate structure, dynamics, energetics and organisation. The final impression is that the structure of RBC in the PBL is given by a honeycomb-like arrangement of short-lived mixed-layer thermals with more passive downward motions in between. The regularity of the Cu-cloud cover results partly from the more stationary flow in the cloud-free cell centres. On the other hand it is shown that active as well as inactive clouds contribute to the cloud cover. Thus, the PBL flow and the cloud cover are decoupled, at least temporarily and locally. Due to sparse observational and measured information about RBC occurrence and structure in the PBL, additional material was gathered, resulting in the impression that RBC is one additional realised mode of organised convection in the PBL, as has already been clarified for PBL rolls and MCC by recent investigations.
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    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Heterodyne Doppler lidar ; Organized large eddies ; Planetary boundary laye ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In an experiment investigating the planetary boundary layer (PBL) wind and temperature fields, and PBL inversion height recorded by various instruments, the results reveal the presence of organized large eddies (OLE) or rolls. The measurements by lidars, anemometers, soundings and sodar gave an overview of the characteristics of the rolls and sources of energy production that maintain them. The experimental results obtained on two consecutive days are compared to model outputs. The agreement is excellent, showing that thermal stratification and wind shear are important factors in the structure and dynamics of OLE. A heterodyne Doppler lidar (HDL) is shown to be a useful tool in the study of OLE.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 89 (1998), S. 47-74 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Canopy closure model ; Pine forest ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous triaxial sonic anemometer velocity measurements vertically arrayed at six levels within and above a uniform pine forest were used to examine two parameterization schemes for the triple-velocity correlation tensor employed in higher-order closure models. These parameterizations are the gradient-diffusion approximation typically used in second-order closure models, and the full budget for the triple-velocity correlation tensor typically employed in third-order closure models. Both second- and third-order closure models failed to reproduce the measured profiles of the triple-velocity correlation within and above the canopy. However, the Reynolds stress tensor profiles (including velocity variances) deviated greatly from the measurements only within the lower levels of the canopy. It is shown that the Reynolds stresses are most sensitive to the parameterization of the triple-velocity correlation in these lower canopy regions where local turbulent production is negligible and turbulence is mainly sustained by the flux transport term. The failure of the third-order closure model to reproduce the measured third moments in the upper layers of the canopy-top contradicts conclusions from a previous study over shorter vegetation but agrees with another study for a deciduous forest. Whether the third-order closure model failure is due to the zero-fourth-cumulant closure approximation is therefore considered. Comparisons between measured and predicted quadruple velocity correlations suggest that the zero-fourth-cumulant approximation is valid close to the canopy-atmosphere in agreement with recent experiments.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 89 (1998), S. 141-159 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Radiation ; Stable conditions ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The interaction between longwave radiation and temperature fluctuations plays a role in the dissipation of temperature variance. This interaction is most easily described by spectral models of atmospheric turbulence and a spectral radiative dissipation function which gives the intensity of the damping at each radiative wavelength λ and wavenumber k. We have used a Corrsin–Pao closure for the spectral budgets of turbulent kinetic energy and temperature to study the coupling of radiation to turbulence. The spectral radiative dissipation function and a related integral have been fitted by analytical approximations with the correct asymptotic behavior. This resulted in a simple analytical formula for the dimensionless temperature spectrum as a function of Monin-Obukhov stability, and a new dimensionless parameter describing the relative importance of radiation in the temperature spectral budget. The radiative effects both on the temperature spectrum and on the dimensionless temperature variance can then be calculated. Based on typical values of the radiative dimensionless parameters for the surface layer, we conclude that radiative dissipation is probably negligible there.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 89 (1998), S. 109-140 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: BOREAS ; Eddy correlation ; Eddy covariance ; Turbulence ; Understory
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Turbulent flux measurements both above and beneath the canopy of a boreal aspen forest are described. Velocity skewness showed that, beneath the aspen canopy, turbulence was dominated by intermittent, downward penetrating gusts. Eulerian horizontal length scales calculated from integration of the autocorrelation function or spectral peaks were 9.0 and 1.4 times the mean aspen height of 21.5 m respectively. Above-canopy power spectral slopes for all velocity components followed the -2/3 power law, whereas beneath-canopy slopes were closer to -1 and showed a spectral short cut in the horizontal and vertical components. Cospectral patterns were similar both above and beneath the canopy. The Monin–Obukhov similarity function for the vertical wind velocity variance was a well-defined function of atmospheric stability, both above and beneath the canopy. Nocturnal flux underestimation and departures of this similarity function from that expected from Monin–Obukhov theory were a function of friction velocity. Energy balance closure greater than 80% was achieved at friction velocities greater than 0.30 and 0.10 m s-1, above and below the aspen canopy, respectively. Recalculating the latent heat flux using various averaging periods revealed a minimum of 15 min were required to capture 90% of the 30-min flux. Linear detrending reduced the flux at shorter averaging periods compared to block averaging. Lack of energy balance closure and erratic flux behaviour led to the recalculation of the latent and sensible heat fluxes using the ratio of net radiation to the sum of the energy balance terms.
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; universal statistics ; anomalous scaling ; multi-fractals
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We develop a consistent closure procedure for the calculation of the scaling exponents ζ n of the nth-order correlation functions in fully developed hydro-dynamic turbulence, starting from first principles. The closure procedure is constructed to respect the fundamental rescaling symmetry of the Euler equation. The starting point of the procedure is an infinite hierarchy of coupled equations that are obeyed identically with respect to scaling for any set of scaling exponents ζ n . This hierarchy was discussed in detail in a recent publication by V. S. L'vov and I. Procaccia. The scaling exponents in this set of equations cannot be found from power counting. In this paper we present in detail the lowest non-trivial closure of this infinite set of equations, and prove that this closure leads to the determination of the scaling exponents from solvability conditions. The equations under consideration after this closure are nonlinear integro-differential equations, reflecting the nonlinearity of the original Navier–Stokes equations. Nevertheless they have a very special structure such that the determination of the scaling exponents requires a procedure that is very similar to the solution of linear homogeneous equations, in which amplitudes are determined by fitting to the boundary conditions in the space of scales. The renormalization scale that is necessary for any anomalous scaling appears at this point. The Hölder inequalities on the scaling exponents select the renormalization scale as the outer scale of turbulence L. We demonstrate that the solvability condition of our equations leads to non-Kolmogorov values of the scaling exponents ζ n . Finally, we show that this solutions is a first approximation in a systematic series of improving approximations for the calculation of the anomalous exponents in turbulence.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 193-210 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Turbulence ; sediment ; fluvial ; river ; bursting process ; statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Entrainment of sediment particles from channel beds into the channel flow is influenced by the characteristics of the flow turbulence which produces stochastic shear stress fluctuations at the bed. Recent studies of the structure of turbulent flow has recognized the importance of bursting processes as important mechanisms for the transfer of momentum into the laminar boundary layer. Of these processes, the sweep event has been recognized as the most important bursting event for entrainment of sediment particles as it imposes forces in the direction of the flow resulting in movement of particles by rolling, sliding and occasionally saltating. Similarly, the ejection event has been recognized as important for sediment transport since these events maintain the sediment particles in suspension. In this study, the characteristics of bursting processes and, in particular, the sweep event were investigated in a flume with a rough bed. The instantaneous velocity fluctuations of the flow were measured in two-dimensions using a small electromagnetic velocity meter and the turbulent shear stresses were determined from these velocity fluctuations. It was found that the shear stress applied to the sediment particles on the bed resulting from sweep events depends on the magnitude of the turbulent shear stress and its probability distribution. A statistical analysis of the experimental data was undertaken and it was found necessary to apply a Box-Cox transformation to transform the data into a normally distributed sample. This enabled determination of the mean shear stress, angle of action and standard error of estimate for sweep and ejection events. These instantaneous shear stresses were found to be greater than the mean flow shear stress and for the sweep event to be approximately 40 percent greater near the channel bed. Results from this analysis suggest that the critical shear stress determined from Shield's diagram is not sufficient to predict the initiation of motion due to its use of the temporal mean shear stress. It is suggested that initiation of particle motion, but not continuous motion, can occur earlier than suggested by Shield's diagram due to the higher shear stresses imposed on the particles by the stochastic shear stresses resulting from turbulence within the flow.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 83 (1997), S. 285-309 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Adjoint ; Data assimilation ; Turbulence ; Complex terrain
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes an adjoint method for data assimilation intoupstream boundary conditions of numerical modelsusing optimal control theory. Mathematical formalisms are given along with the numerical implementation of the schemein a column model of the atmospheric boundary layer. The optimized mean and turbulence profiles are used as an upstream solutionin a model of turbulent flow in complex terrain. To contrast thiswith other methods, two solutions for flow over an isolatedhill are calculated, one with an optimized upstream solution andone with a simple surface-layer formulation for the upstream solution.These two solutions are compared to observations and analytical theory. The adjoint optimization method is shown to producesolutions of flow in complex terrain that are substantively differentat the two solutions, with the optimized solution giving more accurate results.
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    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Canopies ; Temperature ramps ; Renewal models
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Sensible heat, latent heat, and other scalar fluxes cannot be measuredwithin short dense canopies, e.g., straw mulches, with standard approachessuch as eddy correlation, Bowen ratio-energy balance, aerodynamic, andvariance methods. However, recently developed surface renewal models, thatare based on the fact that most of the turbulent transfer within and abovecanopies is associated with large-scale coherent eddies, which are evidentas ramp patterns in scalar time series, offer a feasible solution. Wepresent a new air renewal model that calculates sensible heat flux atdifferent heights within and above a canopy from the average cubictemperature structure function, sampled at a moderate rate, and measuredaverage friction velocity. The model is calibrated and tested with datameasured above and within a Douglas-fir forest and above a straw mulch andbare soil. We show that the model describes half-hour variations ofsensible heat flux very well, both within the canopy and roughnesssublayers and in the inertial sublayer, for stable and unstable atmosphericconditions. The combined empirical coefficient that appears in the modelhas an apparently universal value of about 0.4 for all surfaces andheights, which makes application of the model particularly simple. Themodel is used to predict daytime and nighttime sensible heat flux profileswithin the straw mulch and within a small bare opening in the mulch.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 84 (1997), S. 411-425 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Trajectories ; Turbulence ; Dispersion ; Diffusion ; Numerical models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Among well-mixed multi-dimensional Lagrangian stochastic (LS) dispersion models, we observe that those in poorest agreement with observations produce ‘spiralling trajectories,’ with an associated reduction in dispersion. We therefore investigate statistics of increments dθ ' to the orientation θ'= arctan(W'/U') of the Lagrangian velocity-fluctuation vector – as a possible means to distinguish the better LS models within the well-mixed class. ‘Zero-spin’ models, having 〈 dθ'〉 = 0, are found to provide best agreement with observations. It is not clear however, whether imposition of the zero-spin property selects (in conjunction with the well-mixed condition) a unique model.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 85 (1997), S. 197-222 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Chemistry ; Closure ; Convective boundary layer
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study the interactions of chemistry and turbulent mixing of tracersin the convective boundary layer with a second-order closure model,including higher order chemistry terms. In order to limit the number of predictive equations we prescribe the profiles for ¯w¯Θ, ¯w¯θ ¯θ and the lengthscale l. However, for model validation we treat temperature and humidity asinert tracers, and compare the results with profiles observed during theAir Mass Transformation Experiment, and with similarity expressions for thesurface layer. We find good agreement of the mean profiles, but the (co-)variances are slightly underpredicted. Furthermore, the model usesdiagnostic equations expressing third moments of concentration in terms ofsecond moments and their vertical derivatives. They are compared withlarge-eddy model results, showing good agreement and, therefore, thesimplifications are justified. The model is applied to the transport of two gases subject to one bimolecular reaction. The importance of concentration correlations on themean transformation rate is studied. For two gases diffusing in oppositedirections we find for moderate and fast chemistry a 50% and90% decreased transformation rate due to the negatively correlatedconcentrations. These values are similar to large-eddy results of Schumannand Sykes et al. For two bottom-up tracers we find that the covariance ofboth reactive species is either positive or negative, increasing or reducingthe effective transformation rate depending on the Damköhler number (the ratio of the turbulent and the chemistry timescale). A significantdirect influence of chemistry on the flux divergence is found in bothcases. According to the model the effective transport to mid-levels of theboundary layer is increased when two reactive tracers diffuse in oppositedirections, and decreased in the case of two bottom-up tracers.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 411-425 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Desorption ; Diffusion ; Nitrate ; Nutrients ; Phosphate ; Sediments ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Cultural eutrophication from excessive input of nutrients is a major problem for many water bodies around the world. Phosphorus and to a lesser degree nitrogen constitute the limiting elements for growth of plankton cells. Mobility, speciation and partition of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems depend on a number of physicochemical parameters. Experiments have been conducted for quantification of nutrient partition between ambient water and cohesive sediments. The experiments included nitrate and soluble phosphorus (superphosphate -46% P2O5 fertilizer) partitioned between tap water and sediment slurries. The slurries involved kaolinite and bentonite as well as natural organic mud from, Lake Okeechobee, Florida. The nutrient exchange was promoted by sediment resuspension. Resuspension was induced either under homogeneous turbulent conditions in an oscillating-grid tank or by shear flow in a lock-exchange flume. The effects of phosphorus or nitrogen concentration, sediment concentration, water temperature, pH and salinity on nutrient partition were quantified. The results obtained through this study appear to be in agreement with data from other similar laboratory or field studies.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 83 (1997), S. 43-73 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Model evaluation ; Mesoscale ; Turbulence ; Dispersion ; Convective boundary layer ; Complex terrain
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A prognostic three-dimensional mesoscale model has been developed andused in one- and two-dimensional modes to evaluate ten local turbulenceclosure schemes. The schemes ranged from first-order to the two-equationprognostic schemes. Predictions by the models were compared for aone-dimensional convective boundary layer using mixed layer scaling andmeasurements to interpret the results. Two-dimensional simulations were alsoperformed for a sea-breeze flow and for flow over a hill. The results showedthat for all of the models considered, minor differences were produced in themean meteorological fields and in the vertical scalar fluxes, but majordifferences were apparent in the velocity variances and dissipation rate.Predicted tracer concentrations were very sensitive to the turbulence modelformulation for dispersion from a point source in the convective boundarylayer, particularly for the prediction of maximum concentrations. Predictedtracer concentrations from a surface volume source for the two-dimensionalsimulations were similar for all models, although the degree of mixing in themorning growth period produced some differences. Generally, good results forthe mean meteorological fields can be obtained with first-order schemes, evenif they underpredict the magnitude of turbulence in the convective boundarylayer, and reasonable tracer concentrations can also be obtained with thesemodels provided near-source effects are not important. The two-equationprognostic models performed best for the prediction of turbulence in theconvective boundary layer.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 84 (1997), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Large-eddy simulation ; Turbulence ; Non-local closure ; Convective boundary layer
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recently Frech and Mahrt proposed a closure scheme which includes alarge-scale stress term to represent the effects of non-local momentummixing in the convective boundary layer. Here large-eddy simulation (LES)datasets are used to evaluate the performance of this scheme across a rangeof stabilities between neutral and highly convective conditions, and as afunction of baroclinity. Generally the inclusion of the non-local term inthe closure model leads to results in better agreement with LES, althoughsome modifications to the model formulation are suggested.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 85 (1997), S. 35-52 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Atmospheric convective boundary layer ; Correlation function
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A three-dimensional model for correlation functions and spectra in theatmospheric, convective boundary layer (CBL) is presented. The modelincludes vertical inhomogeneities introduced by eddy-blocking at the ground.By assuming the disturbance to the turbulent flow resulting from the groundblocking is irrotational, an equation is developed which allows one to writethe inhomogeneous, two-dimensional (2D) cross spectra for the blocked flowin terms of the 2D cross spectra for a homogeneous flow. VonKármán's energy spectrum then is used to determine thehomogeneous, 2D cross spectra. Although there are only two adjustableparameters in the model, the variance and a length scale, the model is shownto agree quite well with a diversity of previous results for the CBL.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 83 (1997), S. 117-137 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Reynolds averaging ; Turbulence ; Time series ; Cospectra ; Sampling error
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Geophysical variables are orthogonally decomposed by averaging timeseries using different averaging lengths, referred to as a (Haar)multiresolution decomposition. This simple and economic decomposition isassociated with cospectra that formally satisfy Reynolds averaging rules foreach averaging length. The multiresolution decomposition provides a naturalestimate of the random error in estimating a mean turbulent flux. The Fourierand multiresolution decompositions are compared using aircraft data fromBOREAS.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Canopies ; Temperature ramps ; Structure functions
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Air temperature time series within and above canopies reveal ramp patternsassociated with coherent eddies that are responsible for most of thevertical transport of sensible heat. Van Atta used a simple step-changeramp model to analyse the coherent part of air temperature structurefunctions. However, his ocean data, and our own measurements for aDouglas-fir forest, straw mulch, and bare soil, reveal that even withoutlinearization his model cannot account for the observed decrease of thecubic structure function for small time lag. We found that a ramp model inwhich the rapid change at the end of the ramp occurs in a finite microfronttime can describe this decrease very well, and predict at least relativemagnitudes of microfront times between different surfaces. Averagerecurrence time for ramps, determined by analysis of the cubic structurefunction with the new ramp model, agreed well with values determined usingthe Mexican Hat wavelet transform, except at lower levels within theforest. Ramp frequency above the forest and mulch scaled very well withwind speed at the canopy top divided by canopy height. Within the forest,ramp frequency did not vary systematically with height. This is inaccordance with the idea that large-scale canopy turbulence is mostlygenerated by instability of the mean canopy wind profile, similar to aplane mixing layer. The straw mulch and bare soil experiments uniquelyextend measurements of temperature structure functions and ramp frequencyto the smallest scales possible in the field.
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    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 411-425 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Desorption ; Diffusion ; Nitrate ; Nutrients ; Phosphate ; Sediments ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Cultural eutrophication from excessive input of nutrients is a major problem for many water bodies around the world. Phosphorus and to a lesser degree nitrogen constitute the limiting elements for growth of plankton cells. Mobility, speciation and partition of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems depend on a number of physicochemical parameters. Experiments have been conducted for quantification of nutrient partition between ambient water and cohesive sediments. The experiments included nitrate and soluble phosphorus (superphosphate - 46% P2O5 fertilizer) partitioned between tap water and sediment slurries. The slurries involved kaolinite and bentonite as well as natural organic rnud from, Lake Okeechobee, Florida. The nutrient exchange was promoted by sediment resuspension. Resuspension was induced either under homogeneous turbulent conditions in an oscillating-grid tank or by shear flow in a lock-exchange flume. The effects of phosphorus or nitrogen concentration, sediment concentration, water temperature, pH and salinity on nutrient partition were quantified. The results obtained through this study appear to be in agreement with data from other similar laboratory or field studies.
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    Astrophysics and space science 243 (1996), S. 23-28 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Keywords: Interplanetary Plasma ; Shock Waves ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Effect of turbulence on interplanetary shock waves propagation is considered. It is shown that background turbulence results in the additional shock wave deceleration which may be comparable with the deceleration due to plasma sweeping. The turbulent deceleration is connected with the energy losses due to the strong turbulence amplification behind the moving shock front.
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    Shock waves 5 (1996), S. 275-285 
    ISSN: 1432-2153
    Keywords: Shock reflection ; Diffraction ; Shadowgraph ; Vortex ; Turbulence
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    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The accuracy of four industrial shock hydrodynamics codes for blast environments in baffled systems is evaluated based on the shadowgraph data of Reichenbach and Kuhl (1992,3). Both problems involve a planar shock passing through a baffled channel. The numerical methods employed in these codes are representative of two classes, namely, the set of high-resolution schemes advanced in the 1980's, and the classical finite-difference schemes from the late 1960's. The four codes are: (1) the AMR code based on the higher-order Godunov scheme with adaptive grids, (2) the FEM-FCT code based on the flux-corrected transport scheme with unstructured grids, (3) and (4) the finite-difference based HULL and SHARC codes with fixed grids. From the comparisons of these calculations it is concluded that the high-resolution schemes: (1) calculate sharper shocks and sharper density profiles across vortices, (2) predict shear layer rollup forming coherent structures in the spiral vortices immediately down-stream of every baffle, and (3) predict development of inviscid instabilities from these shear layers that, upon interaction with the reverberating shocks in the system, quickly become ‘turbulent’. The finite-difference codes predict essentially laminar behavior for the shear layers. Comparisons with shadowgraph data suggest that both classes of codes are able to predict shock reflections and diffractions in the baffled systems. The high-resolution codes give better agreement in the spiral vortices and the shear layers. As expected, turbulent flow features involving highly dissipative flow fields are not predicted by the high-resolution codes.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 77 (1996), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Water vapor ; Turbulent flux ; Bulk Coefficient ; HEIFE ; Desert ; Similarity
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Observations of surface-layer turbulence and turbulent fluxes were made over a desert in northwestern China as a part of HEIFE (HEIhe river Field Experiment). These show that the normalized variations of the vertical wind component and of the air temperature obey Monin-Obukhov similarity well, especially in free convective conditions. However, the variations of specific humidity do not obey Monin-Obukhov similarity. Mean bulk transfer coefficients of sensible heat and momentum flux are obtained as functions of stability over a wide stability range from the observed data of turbulent fluxes and mast profiles. However, the bulk transfer coefficient for water vapor could not be obtained because of the large scatter of the data. In free convective conditions, the sensible heat flux was found to be approximately proportional to the 1.4 power of temperature difference between the surface and 20m. The bulk transfer coefficient of sensible heat is also obtained as a function of the bulk Richardson number for practical convenience.
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    Boundary layer meteorology 81 (1996), S. 399-410 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Coherence ; Taylor’s hypothesis ; Surface layer
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experimentally obtained time coherence has traditionally been interpreted as streamwise one-dimensional spatial coherence through Taylor’s hypothesis. We calculate corrections to the highwavenumber part of the coherence to account for the errors caused by the deviation from Taylor’s hypothesis in high-intensity turbulent flows. The small-scale turbulence is assumed to be frozen and convected by a fluctuating convection velocity. Both Lumley’s two-term approximation and the Gaussian approximation are used in the calculations. In general, we find that the coherence for crossstream separations is significantly overestimated by the direct use of Taylor’s hypothesis, the error increasing with wavenumber; that for streamwise separations is underestimated. The analyses are compared with cross-stream coherence measurements in the atmospheric surface layer. Our results indicate that predictions from Lumley’s approximation yield better agreement with experimental data for cross-stream separations than those from the Gaussian model. Our study suggests that reliable measurement of two-point spatial coherence can be achieved only for scales not too small compared to the sensor separation.
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    Journal of statistical physics 83 (1996), S. 933-954 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; combustion ; fractal fields
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Rigorous upper bounds are derived for large-scale turbulent flame speeds in a prototypical model problem. This model problem consists of a reaction-diffusion equation with KPP chemistry with random advection consisting of a turbulent unidirectional shear flow. When this velocity field is fractal with a Hurst exponentH with 0〈H〈1, the almost sure upper bounds suggest that there is an accelerating large-scale turbulent flame front with the enhanced anomalous propagation lawy=C H t 1+H for large renormalized times. In contrast, a similar rigorous almost sure upper bound for velocity fields with finite energy yields the turbulent flame propagation law $$y = \mathop C\limits^ \sim _H t$$ within logarithmic corrections. Furthermore, rigorous theorems are developed here which show that upper bounds for turbulent flame speeds with fractal velocity fields are not self-averaging, i.e., bounds for the ensemble-averaged turbulent flame speed can be extremely pessimistic and misleading when compared with the bounds for every realization.
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    Meccanica 30 (1995), S. 719-725 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Self-similarity ; Fluid dynamics
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Nel presente lavoro viene presentato uno studio riguardante le proprietà della cosiddetta funzione di forma $$f\left( {\frac{r}{\eta }} \right)$$ che caratterizza le leggi di scala delle fluttuazioni di velocità in un flusso turbolento. L'analisi é basata su precedenti misure sperimentali effettuate in flussi turbolenti generati da griglie a bassi Reλ ed in condizioni omogenee e non omogenee. Le proprietá di universalitá della funzione di forma sono studiate nell'ambito della cosiddetta Extended Self-Similarity.
    Notes: Abstract In this work some investigations on the properties of the so calledform function $$f\left( {\frac{r}{\eta }} \right)$$ which characterizes the scaling behavior of the small scales fluctuations in a turbulent flow are presented. The present analysis is based on previous experimental measurements in homogeneous and non-homogeneous grid-generated turbulence at low Reλ. The universality properties of the form function are investigated in the frame of the Extended Self Similarity (ESS) form of scaling.
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    Shock waves 4 (1995), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 1432-2153
    Keywords: Shock ; Turbulence ; Hypersonic inlet
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    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A numerical investigation for an axisymmetric hypersonic turbulent inlet flow field of a perfect gas is presented for a three-shock configuration consisting of a biconic and a cowl. An upwind parabolized Navier-Stokes solver based on Roe's scheme is used to compute an oncoming flow Mach numberM ∞=8, temperatureT ∞=216 K, and pressureP ∞=5.5293×103 N/m2. In order to assess the flow quantities, the interaction between shock and turbulence, and the inlet efficiency, three different flow calculations — laminar, turbulent with incompressible and compressible two-equationk-ɛ turbulence models — have been performed in this work. Computational results show that turbulence is markedly enhanced across an oblique shock with step-like increases in turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rate. This enhancement is at the expense of the mean kinetic energy of the flow. Therefore, the velocity behind the shock is smaller in turbulent flow and hence the shock becomes stronger. The entropy increase through a shock is caused not only by the amplification of random molecular motion, but also by the enhancement of the chaotic turbulent flow motion. However, only the compressiblek-ɛ turbulence model can properly predict a decrease in turbulence length scale across a shock. Our numerical simulation reveals that the incompressiblek-ɛ turbulence model exaggerates the interaction between shock and turbulence with turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rate remaining high and almost undissipated far beyond the shock region. It is shown that proper modeling of turbulence is essential for a realistic prediction of hypersonic inlet flowfield. The performed study shows that the viscous effect is not restricted in the boundary layer but extends into the main flow behind a shock wave. The loss of the available energy in the inlet performance therefore needs to be determined from the shock-turbulence interaction. The present study predicts that the inlet efficiency becomes relatively lower when turbulence is taken into account.
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    Journal of statistical physics 78 (1995), S. 311-333 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; cascades ; turbulent energy transfer ; multiscale interaction ; nonlinear interaction ; multipliers ; multiplier distributions ; statistical physics of turbulence
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Turbulent cascades at high Reynolds numbers are explained briefly in terms of multipliers and multiplier distributions. Two properties of the multipliers ensure the existence of power laws for locally averaged energy dissipation rate: (a) the existence of a multiplier probability density function that is independent of the level of the cascade, and (b) the statistical independence of multipliers at one level on those at previous levels. Under certain conditions described in the paper, the same two properties of multipliers guarantee that velocity increments over inertial-range separation distances also possess power laws. This work is specifically motivated by the need to understand the influence on scaling of the experimental observations that property (a) is true for turbulence, but property (b) is not; and additional motivation is the need to relate cascade models to intermittent vortex stretching (and folding). This effect has been modeled by allowing the multiplier distribution to depend on the magnitude of the local strain rate, and it is demonstrated that this rate-dependent model accounts for the statistical dependence observed in experiments. It is also shown that this model is consistent with the uncorrelated cascade models except for very weak singularity strengths (or for negative moments below a certain order), leading to the conclusion that, for all practical purposes, the uncorrelated level-independent multipliers abstract the essence of the breakdown process in turbulence.
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    Journal of statistical physics 78 (1995), S. 335-351 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Navier-Stokes equations ; multifractal model
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we demonstrate the locality of energy transport for incompressible Euler equations both in space and in scale. The key to the proof is the proper definition of a “local subscale flux,”Π t (r), which is supposed to be a measure of energy transfer to length scales 〈l at the space point r. Kraichnan suggested that for such a quantity the ”refined similarity hypothesis” will hold, which Kolmogorov originally assumed to hold instead for volume-averaged dissipation. We derive a local energy-balance relation for the large-scale motions which yields a natural definition of such a subscale flux. For this definition a precise form of the “refined similarity hypothesis” is rigorously proved as a big-O bound. The established estimate isΠ t (r)=O(l 3h-1) in terms of the local Hölder exponenth at the point r, which is also the estimate assumed in the Parisi-Frisch “multifractal model.” Our method not only establishes locality of energy transfer, but it also clarifies the physical reason that convection effects, which naively violate locality, do not contribute to the subscale flux. In fact, we show that, as a consequence of incompressibility, such effects enter into the local energy balance only as the divergence of a spatial current. Therefore, they describe motion of energy in space and cancel in the integration over volume. We also discuss theorems of Onsager, Eyink, and Constantinet al. on energy conservation for Euler dynamics, particularly to explain their relation with the Parisi-Frisch model. The Constantinet al. proof may be interpreted as giving a bound on the total flux,Π t =∫d d rΠ t (r), of the formΠ t (r)=O(l z3h-1), wherez 3 is the third-order scaling exponent (or Besov index), in agreement with the “multifractal model.” Finally, we discuss how the local estimates are related to the results of Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg on partial regularity for solutions of Navier-Stokes equations. They provide some heuristic support to a scenario proposed recently by Pumir and Siggia for singularities in the solutions of Navier-Stokes with small enough viscosity.
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    Journal of statistical physics 80 (1995), S. 579-602 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Turbulence ; temporal velocity fluctuations ; statistical power spectra ; analyticity ; ergodicity ; invariant probability measure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The analyticity on a strip of the solutions of Navier-Stokes equations in 2D is shown to explain the observed fast decay of the frequency power spectrum of the turbulent velocity field. Some subtleties in the application of the Wiener-Khinchine method to turbulence are resolved by showing that the frequency power spectrum of turbulent velocities is in fact a measure exponentially decaying for frequency →±∞. Our approach also shows that the conventional procedures used in analyzing data in turbulence experiments are valid even in the absence of the ergodic property in the flow.
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 23 (1995), S. 21-28 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Hemolysis ; Reynolds stress ; Viscous dissipation ; Kolmogorov scales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Viscous shearing is examined as a mechanism by which turbulent flows can cause cellular damage. The use of Reynolds stress as an indicator of hemolysis is considered, and an alternative measure based on viscous dissipation is proposed. It is shown that under simple flow conditions the Reynolds stresses can be related to viscous dissipation. Data from the literature show that the instantaneous viscous shear stress at which hemolysis occurs is similar to the shear stress thresholds obtained from laminar flow studies. Also, the Kolmogorov length scales for most of the turbulent hemolysis studies are similar to the size of a red blood cell. These observations indicate that, for the jet and couette experiments examined, viscous shearing is an important mechanism in the destruction of erythrocytes by turbulence. However, pressure fluctuations may also contribute to damage for these cells and for cells of similar or larger size.
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    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Aneurysm ; Blood flow ; Velocity ; Turbulence ; Wall stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Abdominal aortic aneurysms occur in as much as 2–3% of the population, and their rupture produces a mortality rate of 78–94% (1), causing 15,000 deaths per year in the U.S. alone. As an investigation into the mechanical factors that lead to aneurysm rupture, flow field measurements are presented for steady flow through a range of aneurysm sizes and Reynolds numbers. Seven rigid symmetric models of aneurysms were constructed with uniform lengths of 4d and diameters that ranged from 1.4 to 3.3d, whered is the inner diameter of the undilated entrance tube. Color Doppler flow imaging was used to visualize the flow fields, while laser Doppler velocimetry was used to quantify the flow field velocities and to determine critical Reynolds numbers for the onset of, and complete transition to, turbulent flow. Estimates of mean and peak wall shear stresses were derived from velocity measurements. Flow in these models varied from fully laminar to fully turbulent over the range of Reynolds numbers corresponding toin vivo flows. There was a large range over which the flow was intermittently turbulent. High wall shear occurred in the models when the flow was turbulent, suggesting that turbulence inin vivo aneurysms may contribute significantly to their risk of rupture.
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