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  • Calcium  (92)
  • pharmacokinetics  (48)
  • Osteoporosis
  • Springer  (153)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1970-1974  (134)
  • 1965-1969  (19)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 317-325 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Neutral sites ; Elastin ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des études précédentes suggèrent la présence de groupements carboxyles, sulfhydriles et aminés dans les sites de liaison en calcium de l'élastine. La possibilité de l'existence de sites neutres de liaison en calcium au niveau de l'élastine a été étudiée dans ce travail. Une augmentation de la fixation du calcium au niveau de l'élastine est observée après des modifications de dissolution qui ont aussi provoqué des modifications de structure de la protéine. Dans des mélanges méthanol-H2O, les liaisons du calcium semblent indépendantes du pH et de la force ionique. Sur dix ions testés (Ca2+, CO2+, Na2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cr3+, Pb+2, K+, Rb+ et Mg2+) seule la liaison du calcium est nettement augmentée, lorsque le méthanol est ajouté. Il semble que les sites neutres sont importants pour les divers rapports entre calcium et élastine et servent, peut-être, comme centres de nucléation au cours de la calcification de la protéine.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Vorgängige Studien haben die Bedeutung der Carboxyl-, Sulfhydryl- und Aminogruppen als Stellen der Calciumbindung im Elastin gezeigt. Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte zum Ziel, die Rolle der neutralen Koordinationsstellen im Elastin als mögliche Calcium-Bindungsseite abzuklären. Die Calciumbindindung an das Elastin wurde durch solche Lösungsmittelveränderungen erhöht, die auch gleichartige Verschiebungen im Proteinmolekül bewirkten. In Methanol-Wasser-Mischungen schien die Calciumbindung nicht von Veränderungen des pH oder der Ionenstärke abhängig zu sein. Von 10 Ionen, bei welchen die Bindung überprüft wurde, war einzig diejenige des Calciums signifikant erhöht, wenn Methanol zugesetzt wurde. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß die neutralen Stellen für die verschiedenen Vorgänge, bei welchen Calcium und Elastin beteiligt sind, eine wichtige Rolle spielen und vielleicht für die Verkalkung der Proteine als Nukleationszentren in Frage kommen.
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have implicated carboxyl groups, sulphhydryl groups and amino groups as the sites for calcium binding in elastin. In this study, the concept was investigated that neutral co-ordinating sites in elastin may also provide calcium binding sites. Calcium binding to elastin was increased upon solvent changes which also effected conformational changes in the protein. In methanol-H2O mixtures calcium binding appeared to be independent of changes in pH and ionic strength. Of ten ions tested (Ca2+, Co2+, Na+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cr3+, Pb+2, K+, Rb+, and Mg2+), only calcium binding was significantly increased when methanol was added. It is proposed that neutral sites are important to the various relationships involving calcium and elastin and perhaps serve as nucleation centers in the calcification of the protein.
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  • 2
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 333-339 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D ; Bone ; Resorption ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A series of analogues of vitamin D have been tested for their ability to stimulate bone resorption in two test systems used previously to investigate the metabolites of vitamine D. These analogues were tested (a) by directly comparing their action on bone explants of mouse half-calvariain vitro, and (b) by injecting them into young mice and measuring the degree of resorptionin vitro when explants were prepared 18 hours after the injection. It is concluded that the key functional groups concerned with enhancing the activity of vitamin D3 are the 1α- and the 25-hydroxyl,both together; the cis ring structure for ring A appears necessary. 1α-Hydroxycholecalciferol (1α-OHD3) is about as active as 25-OHD3 in the direct test, but its potency is much nearer to that of 1,25-(OH)2D3 when tested by the second (indirect) method; it seems likely that 1α-OHD3 is converted into 1,25-(OH)2D3 in vivo. The results are discussed in relation to the designing of analogues for clinical and experimental use.
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  • 3
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 89-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Age ; Bone culture ; Calcium ; Phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Calvaria taken from mice aged 0, 1, 3 and 5 days were cultured for 48 h, in control medium (no added hormone), or in the presence of PTH (0.5 U/ml) or CT (50 mCl/ml). In the control group, there was a shift from net uptake of Ca and P (0- and 1-day bones) to net release (5-day bones). CT-treated bones of all ages took up Ca from the culture medium, but the percentage uptake declined with increasing age. Bones exposed to PTH released Ca and P to the culture medium, regardless of age. The changes with increasing age may be related to an increase in mineralization and other aspects of maturation in these bones.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Serum ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Alkaline phosphatase ; Kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In 30 patients with chronic renal insufficiency (16 non-dialysed and 14 on dialysis) serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase were determined and, in a crest biopsy specimen, morphometric determinations of bone qualities were calculated. A positive correlation was established between serum alkaline phosphatase, the osteoblast surface and the active resorption surface in both dialysed and non-dialysed patients. A positive correlation was also established between the osteoblast surface and the active resorption. In the non-dialysed patients a negative correlation was established between serum calcium and the osteoid surface.
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  • 5
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 219-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Phosphate ; ATP ; Calcium ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An active constituent of the leaves ofSolanum malacoxylon (SM) is shown to promote calcium resorption and citrate production in embryonic chick frontal bone culturedin vitro. When injected into rats, SM reduces the ATP content of liver and kidneys. This phenomenon may be related to the ability of SM to stimulate mitochondrial ATPase activity at pH 9.4. SM significantly reduces the concentration of phosphate necessary to alter the uptake of calcium and respiration of siolated mitochondria. The data suggest that SM influences calcium and phosphate metabolism by affecting ion movements into and out of mitochondria.
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  • 6
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Sodium fluoride ; Osteoporosis ; Bone ; Strength ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'utilisation thérapeutique de fluorure de sodium a été recommandée dans le traitement de diverses maladies osseuses ostéopéniques. Cet emploi est basé principalement sur les effects ostéosclérotiques bien connus du fluorure de sodium, mais on connait mal son effet sur la force de résistance osseuse. L'influence de diverses concentrations de fluorure de sodium sur la force de résistance osseuse de jeunes rats soumis à des régimes riches et pauvres en calcium a été étudiée. L'administration de fluorure de sodium augmente le diamètre osseux, indiquant une stimulation de la formation de l'os périosté, mais la force de résistance osseuse est réduite ou non modifiée par l'ingestion de fluor.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die therapeutische Verwendung von Natriumfluorid ist für eine Anzahl von Knochenmangel-Krankheiten empfohlen worden. Die Empfehlungen basieren hauptsächlich auf den bekannten osteosklerotischen Wirkungen von Natriumfluorid; über dessen Effekt auf die Knochenstärke ist wenig bekannt. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluß verschiedener Konzentrationen von Natriumfluorid auf die Knochenstärken von wachsenden Ratten mit hoher und niederer Calciumeinnahme untersucht. Die Verabreichung von Natriumfluorid erhöhte den Knochendurchmesser, was auf eine Stimulierung der Periostbildung hinwies, die Knochenstärke wurde jedoch durch Fluorideinnahme herabgesetzt oder nicht beeinflußt.
    Notes: Abstract The therapeutic use of sodium fluoride has been recommended in a variety of osteopenic bone diseases. The recommendations are based mainly on the known osteosclerotic effects of sodium fluoride and little information is available as to its effect on bone strength. The influence of various concentrations of sodium fluoride on bone strength in growing rats on high and low calcium diets was studied. The administration of sodium fluoride increased bone diameter, indicating stimulation of periosteal bone formation, but bone strength was reduced or not affected by fluoride ingestion.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: EDTA ; Bone resorption ; Parathyroid hormone ; Calcium ; Hydroxyproline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) were studied in rats. Intravenous infusion of 4.84 mM Na2EDTA increased the urinary excretion of calcium six-fold, phosphorus three-fold and hydroxyproline 55% in 158 g thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTXed) rats. Calcitonin (25 MRC mU/rat/h) abolished the sodium EDTA-induced increase in hydroxyproline excretion, presumptive evidence that sodium EDTA was acting on bone. To determine whether the changes induced by sodium EDTA are due to lowering of plasma calcium, rats were infused with 4.84 mM ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid (EGTA), a more specific calcium chelator. EGTA increased the urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus (P〈0.001) but not hydroxyproline in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. Furthermore, when TPTXed rats were infused with calcium EDTA (4.84 mM Ca2EDTA) in order that ionic calcium concentration would not be altered, hydroxyproline excretion was again markedly increased but phosphorus excretion was decreased by 26%. Since the displacement of the sodium ions in Na2EDTA by calciumin vivo is instantaneous, and since calcium EDTA itself induces collagenolysis, the increase in urinary hydroxyproline excretion due to sodium EDTA cannot be attributed solely to lowering of plasma calcium. From these data two conclusions are drawn. First, sodium EDTA enhances bone breakdown independently of its effect on parathyroid hormone secretion. Second, since bone plays a major role in the maintenance of plasma calcium, interpretation of results should be made with caution in those investigations in which EDTA is used to study calcium homeostasis.
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  • 8
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dental enamel ; Iron ; Calcium ; Phosphorus ; Electron probe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using electron microprobe analysis, the surface layer of enamel of rat maxillary incisors was found to contain 10–30% Fe. The Ca and P concentrations in different areas of the enamel surface varied inversely with the Fe concentration. The Ca/P weight ratio was 1.8 in areas containing 10% Fe, but decreased to 1.0 in the most Fe-rich areas. The Fe concentration was highest at the prism boundaries, whereas the maximum concentrations of Ca and P were found within the enamel prisms. The concentrations of Fe in rat incisor enamel are among the highest values reported for any mineralized tissue.
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  • 9
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 157-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hypothyroidism ; Hyperthyroidism ; Nephrocalcinosis ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Meriones unguiculatus (jirds or ‘gerbils’) were rendered hypo- or hyperthyroid by the addition of carbimazole or liothyronine to their diet, and in each of these states were found to be highly susceptible to the nephrotoxic effects of calcium gluconate. Histological studies showed that the pattern of induced nephrocalcinosis was the same in the hypo-, hyper- and eu-thyroid animals and was in the form of calcium deposits both within the cells of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules and in the basement membranes around such tubules. In view of these findings analysis of thyroid function should perhaps be incorporated into the list of diagnostic procedures used in the investigation of patients with nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis.
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  • 10
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    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 67-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Thyroïd ; Calcitonin ; Hibernation ; Electron microprobe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une quantité importante de calcium se trouve conservée dans la thyroïde de Mammifères soumise à des traitements histologiques qui en eliminent la forme diffusible et les sels minéraux. Sur six espèces examinées, seul l'hibernantElyomis quercinus L. (Lérot) fait exception. Ce calcium, vraisemblablement engagé en combinaisons organiques, se répartit entre la colloïde, les cellules à calcitonine et les noyaux des deux lignées de cellules endocrines. Dans calcitonine, il revêt les grains de sécrétion d'une coque dense. Dans les noyaux, enfin, où sa teneur est très variable, il ne semble pas correspondre en totalité au cation habituellement lié aux acides nucléiques. Il existe, en outre, un calcium diffusible bien représenté dans les espaces intercellulaires et le long des lames basales. La forme diffusible se trouve aussi bien chez l'hibernant que dans les cinq autres espèces.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Nach routinemäßiger Aufarbeitung der Säugerschilddrüse für Histologie, bei welcher diffusionsfähiges Calcium und Mineralsalze eliminiert werden, bleiben erhebliche Mengen von Calcium erhalten. Von 6 untersuchten Arten ist der WinterschläferEliomys quercinus L. (Gartenschläfer) die einzige Ausnahme. Das vermutlich organisch gebundene Calcium verteilt sich auf das Kolloid, die Calcitoninzellen und die Zellkerne beider endokriner Zellstämme. Im Kolloid befindet es sich meist in den intrafollikulären Zellen; in den Calcitoninzellen umgibt es die Sekretkörner mit einer dichten Hülle; der Calciumgehalt der Zellkerne unterliegt großen Schwankungen und das Metall scheint nicht nur an die Nukleinsäuren gebunden zu sein. Ferner ist in der Schilddrüse diffusionsfähiges Calcium nachweisbar, das sich sowohl in den Interzellularräumen als auch entlang den Basalmembranen befindet; sowohl die Schilddrüse der winterschlafenden Art als auch die der anderen 5 Spezies enthalten Calcium in dieser Form.
    Notes: Abstract Large quantities of calcium are preserved in the thyroïd of Mammals after removal of the diffusible form and mineral salts by routine histological processes. Among the six species studies, only the hibernating species,Eliomys quercinus (garden dormouse), constitutes an exception. This calcium, probably bound organically, is localised in the colloïd, calcitonin cells and nuclei of both types of endocrine cells. In the colloïd, it is often associated with intrafollicular cells. In calcitonin cells, it densely coats the secretion granules. In nuclei, where the quantities of calcium vary greatly, it does not appear to correspond entirely to the cation usually associated with nuclei acids. Moreover, appreciable amounts of diffusible calcium are present in intercellular spaces and along basal laminae. This diffusible form exists in the hibernating species as well as in the five other species.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: EHDP ; Intestinal transport ; Calcium ; Vitamin D ; Microvilli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De l'éthane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP), administré par voie sous-cutanée à des rats à doses élevées (10 mg P/Kg de poids par jour×10), inhibe le transport du calcium au niveau du duodenum de rats, en utilisant des rapports de concentration serum/muqueuse en45Ca pour mesurer le transfert actif. Des études de microscopie électronique montrent l'accumulation de granules denses aux électrons dans les microvillosités: ces granules seraient constitués par une forme de calcium lié. On note aussi la rareté de ces granules dans les mitochondries; ces modifications sont analogues à celles observées dans les rats rachitiques. Il semble que les phénomènes pathologiques soient liées à un trouble du transport du calcium des microvillositées vers d'autres sites intracellulaires.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es zeigte sich, daß bei Ratten, die mit hohen Dosen (10 mg P/kg Körpergewicht täglich×10) von Aethan-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonat (EHDP) subkutan behandelt wurden, der Calciumtransport im Duodenum (gut sacs) gehemmt wurde; zur Messung des aktiven Transportes wurde das45Ca-Konzentrationsverhältnis Serosa/Mucosa benützt. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zeigten in den Microvilli eine Anhäufung von elektronendichten Granula, die eine gebundene Form von Calcium darstellen; eine kleine Anzahl solcher Granula fand sich in den Mitochondrien; diese Veränderungen können auch bei rachitischen Ratten beobachtet werden. Aus den Resultaten kann geschlossen werden, daß dieser Defekt teilweise durch eine Interferenz des Calciumtransportes von den Microvilli zu anderen intrazellulären Stellen bedingt ist.
    Notes: Abstract Ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) given subcutaneously to rats in high doses (10 mg P/Kg body weight daily×10) inhibited the transport of calcium by rat duodenal gut sacs, when45Ca serosal/mucosal concentration ratios were used to measure active transport. Electron microscopic studies revealed the accumulation of electron-dense granules in the microvilli, representing a bound form of calcium and a paucity of such granules in mitochondria, changes identical to those seen in rachitic rats. These results suggest that the defect is mediated in part by interference in transport of calcium from microvilli to other intracellular sites.
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  • 12
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 71-76 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Deficiency ; Osteoporosis ; Species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 21-day-old rats and mice were fed a low-calcium diet (0.02% Ca) or a normal diet (0.5% Ca) for two weeks. Administration of the low-calcium diet resulted in greater decreases in femur ash content and serum calcium in rats than in mice. Microscopic examination revealed that metatarsal bones from a majority of the rats fed a low-calcium diet displayed moderate or severe osteoporotic changes whereas bones from mice were either normal or displayed only slight osteoporotic changes under the same experimental conditions. These results indicate that mice are better able to adapt to a low-calcium diet than are rats of the same age.
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  • 13
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 85-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcitonin ; Calcium ; Uptake ; bone culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of calcitonin (CT) on calcium metabolism by bone was investigated in a stationary organ culture system, using half-calvaria from 5-day-old mice. CT induced the uptake of calcium by bones from the culture medium. This uptake was not accompanied by phosphate, so that the final Ca:P ratio of CT-treated bones (1.80±0.06) was significantly (p〈0.02) higher than the initial values before culture (1.59±0.03). The calcium uptake reached a plateau after approximately 48 hours of culture, and was reversed by PTH within 48 hours. Calcium uptake rppears to be an active effect of CT, and cannot be explained fully by an inhibition of bone aesorption, stimulation of new bone formation, or maturation of the mineral phase.
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  • 14
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 111-123 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Calcium ; Phosphorus ; Bone ; Periosteum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode d'estimation de la surface périostée de l'os en voie de minéralisation est mise au point et appliquée à des porcs recevant 2 mg de fluorure par Kg de poids et par jour pendant 10 mois. L'adjonction de fluor intervient significativement dans le cas d'une déficience en calcium et phosphore. La surface en voie de minéralisation est nettement réduite. Lorsque le calcium et phosphore sont normaux, l'addition de fluorure augmente nettement la surface en voie de minéralisation. Le microscope électronique à balayage permet de mettre en évidence au niveau de l'os une perte de l'orientation longitudinale des fibers et des surfaces poreuses irrégulières chez les animaux soumis au floor.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung der verkalkenden Oberfläche des Periosts wurde eine Methode entwickelt und bei Schweinen angewandt, welche während etwa 10 Monaten 2 mg Fluorid per kg Körpergewicht und per Tag erhalten hatten. Dieses zusätzliche Fluorid hatte eine signifikante Wirkung bei Calcium- und Phosphormangel. Die verkalkende Oberfläuche ging stark zurück, während jedoch, wenn kein Calcium- und Phosphormangel bestand, das zusätzliche Fluorid die verkalkende Oberfläche vergrößerte. Beobachtungen mit dem Raster-Elektronenmikroskop am Knochen zeigten, daß die Längsorientierung der Fasern fehlte und daß Knochen von mit Fluorid gefütterten Tieren unregelmäßige, poröse Oberflächen aufwiesen.
    Notes: Abstract A method for estimating periosteal bone-mineralizing surface was developed and applied to swine fed 2 mg of fluoride/kg of body weight/day for about 10 months. Added fluoride interacted significantly with calcium and phosphorus deficiency. Mineralizing surface was greatly reduced, whereas when calcium and phosphorus were adequate, added fluoride greatly increased mineralizing surface. Scanning electron microscope observations of bone disclosed loss of longitudinal orientation of fibers and irregular porous surfaces in bone from fluoride-fed animals.
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  • 15
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 181-188 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Biopsy ; Bone ; Calcium ; Phosphorus ; Specific gravity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The specific gravities (SG) of bone samples taken from various parts of the skeleton of cattle and sheep were determined gravimetrically in an effort to establish which sites give the most reproducible and uniform results, so that between animals, or sequential within animals, comparisons may be made with maximum sensitivity. Samples obtained from the mandible of sheep and the rib of cattle and sheep were found to be too variable to be useful for most purposes. Best results were obtained using whole bones which are easily prepared, such as the tibial tarsal bones of cattle and sheep and the fibular tarsal bone of cattle. These bones gave within animal deviations of 0.012–0.024 SG units, when comparing left bone with right bone. Slightly higher values were obtained for coccygeal vertebrae from cattle and distal metacarpal condyles from sheep. SG was related to ash, calcium and phosphorus contents of coccygeal vertebrae of cattle and it is considered that, for survey work on the mineral status of the bones of cattle and sheep, the correlations are sufficiently high to make their determination unnecessary. This will enable radiation determined SG techniques to be applied to this type of work.
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  • 16
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 287-293 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Inhibition ; Crystallization ; Nucleotides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The 5′-triphosphates of adenosine, guanosine, uridine, and cytidine inhibited the crystallization of calcium phosphate from stable supersaturated solutions that had been seeded with crystals of hydroxyapatite. Concentrations of the nucleoside triphosphates in the micromolar range were sufficient to have a significant effect on the crystal growth process. Diphosphate and monophosphate derivatives had less effect on the precipitation of calcium phosphate. It is possible that the nucleoside triphosphates may play a beneficial role in regulating intracellular calcification, particularly in disease states in which calcium entry into cells is pathologically high.
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  • 17
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 303-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Diphosphonates ; Calcium ; Mitochondria ; ATPase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of two diphosphonate compounds on calcium handling in rat kidney mitochondria has been studiedin vitro. Initial calcium uptake in the presence of an oxidisable substrate and ATP was not influenced by either diphosphonate tested. The release of accumulated calcium from the mitochondria was, however, delayed by these compounds and the effect was found to be dose dependent. Similarily, a second uptake of calcium, induced by re-addition of ATP following preliminary release, was also modified by diphosphonates, the mitochondrial suspensions incubated with diphosphonates accumulating more calcium than control suspensions. The effect of these compounds could not be detected on three mitochondrial ATPase systems. The results have been discussed in relation to knownin vivo effects of diphosphonates.
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  • 18
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 339-342 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Resorption ; Shell membrane ; Chick ; Chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A histochemical test for chloride was conducted on shell membranes from hen eggs incubated for 9 or 17 days. After fixation with a mixture of osmium tetroxide and silver nitrate and subsequent exposure to direct sunlight, the membranes showed an abundant coarse precipitate. This precipitate did not appear in sections treated with a solution of nitric acid indicating that it did not contain chloride. However, a small amount of fine acidresistant precipitate was detected by electron microscopy and probably contained chloride. The theory which defines hydrochloric acid as the main solubilizing agent of shell mineral is based on histochemical results which supposedly demonstrate large concentrations of chloride in the shell membrane and chorionic epithelium. The present results do not support these observations.
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  • 19
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    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 283-291 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Snails ; Vaterite ; Calcium ; Storage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Large quantities of calcium carbonate crystals were present in the albumin gland of the reproductive system of the fresh-water snailPomacea paludosa. X-ray diffraction analyses indicated that they were vaterite. Scanning electron microscope observation of the albumin gland revealed that they occurred as spherules and were distributed throughout the gland. Vaterite spherules were present in the albumin gland ofPomacea urceus and the capsule gland ofPila virens. The mineral portion of the egg capsules was also vaterite. The egg capsule of these snails consisted of two morphologically distinct layers. Vaterite is less common in nature than the other two polymorphs of calcium carbonate, calcite and aragonite, and has not been recorded in the reproductive system of molluscs. It is interesting to note that in these snails calcium carbonate was present as vaterite both in the storage organ and fully differentiated egg capsule.
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  • 20
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 407-414 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diuretic ; indapamide ; human pharmacology ; toxicology ; pharmacokinetics ; TLC assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacology, toxicology and kinetics of a new diuretic indapamide, have been studied in six normal volunteers following a single oral dose of 40 mg. Pronounced diuresis was found, commencing three hours after ingestion, with a peak urinary flow at four to six hours, and continuing for a total of thirty-six hours. A fall in systolic standing blood pressure occurred twenty four hours after ingestion, coincident with the period of maximum dehydration. Free water clearance rose, accompanied by increased urinary losses of Na+, K+ and Cl− and alkalinisation of the urine comparable to the actions of benzothiadiazines. Total urinary losses of Ca2+, Mg2+ and PO 4 3− rose in spite of a fall in urinary concentrations of these ions. The Ca2+ effect compares with the acute ionic effects of other diuretics. No renal, hepatic or haematological toxic effect was demonstrated. The blood sugar level was not disturbed. Serum uric acid rose to abnormal levels although the change did not reach statistical significance. — A thin layer chromatographic method, with a sensitivity limit of 0.1 µg/ml., has been developed for the assay of indapamide in urine. The urinary excretion rates of the volunteers measured over forty-eight hours indicate that the drug is rapidly absorbed with a peak excretion, 2.9±1.3 µg/min occurring three hours after ingestion. The drug is eliminated bi-phasically with an initial short rapid elimination followed by a slower exponential decline with a mean elimination half-life of 10.3 ± 3.9 h. The mean urinary excretion of unchanged indapamide over forty-eight hours was 4.4±1.4% of the administered dose. — It is concluded that indapamide is an effective long-acting diuretic with comparable action to the benzothiadiazine diuretics, but without an effect on blood sugar level in single doses in normal subjects. In contrast with other diuretics, indapamide appears to be extensively metabolised in man, and its longer duration of action to be related to a longer elimination half-life.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Oral antidiabetic drug ; butylbiguanide ; pharmacokinetics ; two-compartment open model ; plasma concentration ; liver concentration ; intestine concentration ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 50 mg14C-Butylbiguanide was administered intravenously to 4 diabetic patients and 100 mg14C-butylbiguanide orally to 5 further diabetics. The concentrations of the drug in plasma, intestinal fluid, intestinal epithelium and liver tissue were determined and the renal excretion of the biguanide measured. Irregularities in the plasma concentration curve were observed which appeared as systematic deviations from the ideal curve of a biexponential function. Because these deviations occurred only in the middle phase of the plasma concentration curve, it was nevertheless possible to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters of butylbiguanide by use of a two-compartment open model. The principal pharmacokinetic parameters were determined according to this model after intravenous dosing and the following mean values were obtained:t 1/2 (β)=4.6 h (β=0.15 h−1),C P 0 =0.85µg/ml,V D =218 l,V T =157 l,V P =62 l,k 12=0.69 h−1,k 21=0.44 h−1,k el =0.54 h−1. Within 48 h after administration, an average of 72.4% of the intravenous and 74.4% of the oral dose had been excreted in the urine. Total clearance (Cl tot) averaged 536 ml/min and renal clearance (Cl ren) 393 ml/min. High concentrations of butylbiguanide were observed in the intestinal fluid (100–700 mg/ml) 20–40 min after oral administration. It was found that the drug accumulates in intestinal fluid, intestinal epithelium and liver tissue, and that it is secreted into the intestinal lumen. The concentrations of butylbiguanide in intestinal and liver tissue were 10–46 times higher than in plasma. The secretion of biguanide into the intestinal lumen may occur via the bile or the intestinal mucosa, but there is no evidence of significant biliary excretion of butylbiguanide.
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  • 22
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 295-305 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Mestranol ; ethynyloestradiol ; contraceptive compounds ; demethylation ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The oestrogenic activity of mestranol depends on its demethylation to ethynyloestradiol. The reaction has been studied in man. The compound disappeared exponentially from plasma during the first 4 h after i.v. injection of [4-14C-] mestranol. The “metabolic clearance” for this phase amounted to 31.8 1/day per kg body weight. Methoxy-3H-labelled mestranol was prepared for the further studies, because if it is demethylated, the tritium would be transferred to HTO, which would equilibrate immediately with body water. The appearance in body water of tritium from [methoxy-3H-] mestranol could be described by two exponential functions, which corresponded to bi-phasic disappearance of the original compound from plasma. The rate constant of the first stage was: γ1=0.835 h−1, and of the second: γ2=0.034 h−1. HTO radioactivity was eliminated from the body by exchange of water. From the data obtained, a three-compartment model was constructed of the transfer of tritium from [methoxy-3H-] mestranolinto body water, which permitted computer simulation of the partial processes. The compartmental analysis suggested that mestranol differed from ethynyloestradiol mainly in the delayed and protracted manner in which hormonally active oestrogen entered the circulation. The proportion of [methoxy-3H-] mestranol demethylated to ethynyloestradiol (demethylation ratio) varied little, 53.7±5.0% (x±SD; n=6), and was consistent with clinical observations that mestranol is half as potent an oestrogen as ethynyloestradiol. Thus, the dose of mestranol required to produce a given effect has to be twice as large as that of ethynyloestradiol.
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  • 23
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 375-380 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tranexamic acid ; pharmacokinetics ; man ; antifibrinolytic agents ; renal clearance ; two-compartment model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid has been investigated in two healthy volunteers. The behaviour of the drug can be described in terms of a two compartment open model; the disposition (biological) half-life was 2.7 h and 1.9 h, respectively. In five normal volunteers the mean total recovery in urine 48 h after dosing was 94.8%. The renal clearance in the two subjects, adjusted to 1.73 m2 body surface area, was 135 and 132 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively, indicating that tranexamic acid is eliminated by glomerular filtration and that neither tubular excretion nor absorption takes place.
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  • 24
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 381-385 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenazone ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma half-life ; gas chromatographic analysis ; intra-individual variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intra-individual variability in the plasma half-life of phenazone has been studied in 16 healthy, young volunteers. Phenazone was analysed by a simple gas chromatographic method, which is specific in relation to known metabolites; 4′-methylphenazone was employed as the internal standard. Phenazone was given on two occasions, two or three months apart, in oral doses of 10 mg/kg. The plasma half-life determined from five time points was 10.9±1.5 h and 11.2±1.3 h respectively, on the two occasions. The mean intra-individual variability (0.86 h) was close to the methodological error of 4%.
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  • 25
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 25-29 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pindolol ; uraemia ; pharmacokinetics ; β-blockade
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The elimination of pindolol in 25 patients with various degrees of renal failure has been studied after an intravenous dose of 3 mg. A linear correlation was not found between the elimination rate of pindolol and the endogenous creatinine clearance, and the half-life of the unchanged drug was independent of the severity of the renal failure. This implies greater metabolism of pindolol in anuric patients and the extrarenal elimination rate constantk mwas increased. Three patients with severe renal failure were given 3 mg14C-pindolol. They showed almost constant plasma levels of radio-activity for 6 h and then slow excretion with a half-life of 48 h, because of accumulation of metabolites in the blood. Up to 90% of the metabolites are glucuronides and sulphates which have no beta-blocking or other clinical activity. Thus, to produce beta-adrenergic blockade the same dose of indolol is required in healthy patients as in those with uraemia.
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  • 26
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 59-60 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pizotifen ; isonicotinylhydrazine ; orexigen ; tuberculosis ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pizotifen (BC 105) has an orexigenic effect in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. As these cases are often treated with isonicotinylhydrazine (INH), any effect of one of these drugs on the absorption of the other has been examined in a cross-over study in 8 healthy male volunteers. No difference was found between the absorption of INH given alone or together with pizotifen. It should be safe, therefore, to employ the combination of the orexigenic drug and INH in the treatment of tuberculosis as there will be no change in the concentration of therapeutic drug achieved.
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  • 27
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 31-37 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diphenylhydantoin ; uraemia ; protein binding ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diphenylhydantoin (2 mg/kg) was infused intravenously in four uraemic patients and four healthy volunteers and its plasma concentration measured during and after the infusion. The plasma concentrations were considerably lower in the uraemic subjects and the apparent volume of distribution was higher. These observations could be explained by the lower plasma protein binding of diphenylhydantoin in the uraemics. The overall elimination rate constant β was greater (shorter half-life) in the uraemic patients. This difference could not be explained by reduced plasma protein binding, but it might be due to induction of diphenylhydantoin metabolism in the uraemic state. it is concluded that monitoring of the plasma levels of drugs in uraemic patients should be combined with determination of the extent to which the compounds are bound to plasma proteins.
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  • 28
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Rifampicin ; plasma level ; pleural fluid concentration ; microbiological assay ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single oral doses of rifampicin (RMP) were given to 31 patients with pleural effusions of various aetiologies. The concentrations of RMP and its active metabolites in pleural fluid and plasma were determined by an agar diffusion method using paper discs as diffusion centres. The plasma concentrations reached a peak within 3 h and then declined monoexponentially; in pleural fluid, RMP concentration rose slowly to reach a plateau that lasted for several hours. There were marked differences between subjects in the observed concentrations of RMP. During the first 12 h the plasma levels exceeded those in pleural fluid, but after 24 h the concentration of RMP in pleural fluid was higher than in plasma. If multiple oral doses of RMP 10 mg/kg b. w. are given every 24 h, as is common in the treatment of tuberculosis, therapeutic concentrations may be expected in pleural fluid for the major part of each day.
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  • 29
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pindolol ; beta-blockade ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of absorption, distribution and excretion of pindolol have been investigated in 17 volunteers after an oral dose or intravenous infusion of 5 mg. The calculated absorption was 92%. The time course of the plasma levels appeared to follow first order kinetics with an apparent half life of 3.6 (oral) and 3.1 (i.v.) hours. The cumulative urinary excretion att=∞ was 36.1% and 39.2% of the dose administered, respectively, indicating extensive metabolism of the drug. The distribution volume was 136 l. Peak plasma levels were found 80 min after oral administration and they showed up to 4-fold variation after identical doses. Renal clearance was 216 ml×min−1 and total clearance was 483 ml×min−1. In plasma 57% of pindolol was bound to protein.
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  • 30
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 119-124 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Anticonvulsants ; phenytoin ; diphenylhydantoin ; bioavailability ; generic inequivalence ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma levels of phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin, DPH) in epileptic patients were significantly higher after treatment with either of two preparations containing the sodium salt of DPH, than after treatment with the same dose of the free acid. This was confirmed in both short and long term studies, and in the latter increased plasma levels of DPH were accompanied by better control of generalized seizures. The degree of acute side-effects in 6 out of 10 patients whose treatment was changed from DPH-acid to DPH-sodium was proportional to the plasma level of DPH; the latter varied from 22.8 to 34.9 µg/ml in affected patients. After a single oral dose in healthy volunteers, the sodium salt of DPH showed much better bioavailability than the free acid. The differences in bioavailability in patients and volunteers probably depended on differences in particle size in the preparations of the sodium salt of DPH and its free acid. The excipient, lactose or starch, did not seem to affect the bioavailability of the two formulations of sodium-DPH.
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  • 31
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 217-225 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Rifampicin ; p-aminosalicylic acid ; drug interaction ; isoniazid ; pharmacokinetics ; antituberculous therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single oral doses of rifampicin (10 mg/kg body weight), p-aminosalicylic acid (0.2 g/kg), isoniazid (10 mg/kg), or rifampicin and either p-aminosalicylic acid or isoniazid, were given to 69 tuberculous patients with normal renal and hepatic function. Ten-fold interindividual differences were observed in the peak serum concentrations and half-lives of rifampicin; its half-life was reduced from 4.3 h after the first dose to 3.1 h after the third dose, possibly due to self-induction of its own metabolism. No effect on its serum concentration or half-life, nor on those of isoniazid, were found after simultaneous oral administration of the two drugs. After treatment with rifampicin and p-aminosalicylic acid, the peak serum level of the former was delayed from 2 to 4 h, it was reduced from 8.0 to 3.8 µg/ml, and the mean area under the serum concentration curve throughout the entire 8 h study period was also lowered by about half. Individual patients did not attain therapeutically effective peak serum concentrations of rifampicin if also treated withp-aminosalicylic acid. The interaction observed between the two drugs is probably due to impaired gastrointestinal absorption of rifampicin, either by alteration of its physico-chemical properties or by a decrease in the gastric emptying rate combined with more rapid intestinal transit. The combination of these two drugs is unsuitable for the routine chemotherapy of tuberculosis.
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  • 32
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 249-252 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Practolol ; renal failure ; uraemia ; beta-blockade ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of renal failure on the excretion of oral doses of practolol has been studied. The plasma half-life increased up to 6.6 times normal and the cumulative urinary excretion of the drug was reduced. There was a linear correlation between the overall elimination rate constant of practolol and inulin and creatinine clearances. A linear correlation was also found between the renal clearances of practolol and inulin. The dose of practolol required for maintenance therapy should be reduced in patients with impaired renal function.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 357-378 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Calcium ; Mitochondria ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Excitation-Contraction coupling
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to demonstrate the ultrastructural distribution of calcium in smooth muscle cells of the guinea pig taenia coli a precipitation method with potassium oxalate has been used. In addition, morphometric assessment (“stereology”) of cell components and direct quantitative estimation of calcium content in isolated subcellular fractions by atomic absorbtion analyses were carried out. After oxalate treatment smooth muscle cells show four major and distinct sites of calcium oxalate deposition: sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, cell boundaries (sarcolemma, surface microvesicles) and nucleus. Calcium oxalate deposits were frequently found at the level of close associations formed by different cell organelles. Correlating the morphometric analysis of electron micrographs with microchemical measurements of calcium in isolated subcellular fractions an estimation of calcium content in each cell component of one smooth muscle cell was performed. The nucleus has a significantly higher calcium content than that of any other cellular compartment, but the mitochondria are the main calcium-storage sites of smooth muscle cytoplasm. The highest calcium concentration was found in mitochondria. Although the amount of calcium stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum represents only about a quarter of that accumulated in mitochondria, around 20% might be enough to produce contraction. On the other hand, the surface microvesicles may accommodate the entire amount of calcium translocated during activity. Functional implications of these findings in relation to the contraction-relaxation cycle are considered and the possible role of the surface microvesicles is discussed.
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  • 34
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 123-148 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; computer program ; NONLIN ; data weighting ; isoniazid
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several important statistical aspects of pharmacokinetic analyses by digital computer are discussed. These include selection of appropriate equations, weighting of data, precision of parameter estimates, comparisons of parameters, analysis of weighted residuals, and criteria useful in the selection of particular models. Data obtained after administration of isoniazid and isonicotinuric acid to man are analyzed to illustrate the usefulness of the discussed methods.
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  • 35
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 495-509 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: hepatobiliary transport ; rat ; bromphenol blue ; pharmacokinetics ; roles of liver cytoplasmic Y- and Z-binding proteins and T binder
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new pharmacokinetic model is proposed to explain the hepatobiliary transport of a nonmetabolized sulfonic acid dye, bromphenol blue, which is actively transported from the bloodstream into bile. This model has the advantage of taking into account the roles of the liver cytoplasmic Y- and Z- binding proteins and T binder.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: digoxin ; pharmacokinetics ; two-compartment model ; three-compartment model ; radioimmunoassay
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An experiment has been carried out in man designed to compare the fit of a two- and a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model to experimentally determined serum digoxin concentration-time data following rapid intravenous injection of 1.0 mg of the drug. Digoxin was administered to five healthy male volunteers, blood samples were withdrawn repetitively over a period of 72 hr, and samples were assayed using a 125 I radioimmunoassay. Appropriate equations describing two- and three-compartment open models were fitted to the experimental data using weighted nonlinear least squares regression analysis. It was demonstrated that the three-compartment fit resulted in a statistically significant reduction in residual error, a marked improvement in the randomness of scatter of the experimental data about the serum digoxin-time curve, and better agreement of the predicted serum concentration-time curve with experimental serum digoxin concentrations. Thus the three-compartment open model is the simplest pharmacokinetic model consistent with the data observed in this experiment.
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  • 37
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 347-364 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: metoprolol ; β-receptor antagonist ; pharmacokinetics ; disposition
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of 3H-metoprolol, a new selective β 1-receptor antagonist, have been studied in healthy volunteers by following the plasma concentrations and the urinary excretion of the unchanged compound and its total radioactive metabolites after oral and intravenous administration. The compound was rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration, and about 40% of the dose reached the systemic circulation. The estimated half-life of the absorption process was 10 min. Metoprolol was extensively distributed to extravascular tissues, with the half-life of the distribution phase close to 12 min. About 95% of the dose was excreted in the urine within 72 hr, mainly in metabolized form. The elimination halflife of the compound was close to 3 hr as was also the half-life of the total metabolites after oral administration. After intravenous administration, the elimination half-life of the metabolites was raised to 5 hr, indicating that the route of administra tion might influence the metabolic pathways of the parent compound.
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  • 38
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 78 (1974), S. 1150-1152 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: methindione ; pharmacokinetics
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of the new anticonvulsant, methindione, carbon-labeled in the carbonyl and N-methyl groups, was studied in experiments on rats. Methindione is quickly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and passes easily through tissue barriers. The highest concentration of methindione in the brain is observed 15–30 min after administration. The metabolism of methindione and its elimination from the tissues take place rapidly. In most tissues only 6–23% of its maximal concentration still remains after administration of the drug. Metabolites of methindione, labeled in the carbonyl group, are excreted mainly through the kidneys, but metabolites labeled in the N-methyl group are excreted chiefly through the lungs.
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  • 39
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 78 (1974), S. 1379-1381 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: fluorouracil ; pharmacokinetics ; radiometry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of the concentration of radioactivity in the blood serum, organs, and urine was investigated after intravenous injection of 5-fluorouracil-2-C14 into rats. The preparation is rapidly absorbed from the blood into the tissues in which it accumulates rapidly in high concentrations and it is excreted quickly from the body. The half-elimination period of 5-fluorouracil in the blood is 15 min. It is excreted chiefly by extrarenal routes.
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  • 40
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 8-15 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Insulin ; Bone ; Calcium ; Resorption ; Orthophosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'administration d'insuline cristallisée à des rats thyroparathyroidectomisés provoque une augmentation de la calcémie et de la phosphorémie. Le calcium plasmatique s'élève de façon linéaire entre 31 et 250 m Unités d'insuline/100 g de poids corporel. La courbe obtenue n'est guère différente de celle obtenue par extrait parathyroidien. L'administration simultanée d'insuline et d'extrait parathyroidien à des rats thyro-parathyroidectomisés agit sur la calcémie et la phosphorémie par un effet additif. Lorsque des os frontaux d'embryons de poulet sont cultivésin vitro en présence d'insuline cristallisée, le taux de résorption augmente. L'insuline augmente le taux de consommation en glucose des explants et induit une accumulation de citrate dans le milieu de culture. L'insuline stimule donc la résorption osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Plasmagehalt an Calcium und Phosphor bei thyroparathyreoidektomierten Ratten wurde durch die Verabreichung von kristallinem Insulin erhöht. Das Plasmacalcium verhielt sich zwischen 31 und 250 m Einheiten Insulin pro 100 g Körpergewicht linear. Die Steigung der erhaltenen Kurve ist nicht signifikant verschieden von derjenigen, die nach Parathyreoidea-Extrakt erhalten wird. Die gleichzeitige Verabreichung von Insulin und Parathyreoidea-Extrakt von thyroparathyreoidektomierten Ratten hatte eine kumulative Wirkung auf den Gehalt von Calcium und Phosphor im Plasma. Wenn Stirnbeine von Kükenembryos mit kristallinem Insulinin vitro kultiviert wurden, erhöhte sich die Resorptionsrate. Das Insulin steigerte den Glucoseverbrauch der Explantate und verursachte eine Anreicherung von Citrat im Kulturmedium. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine Stimulation der Knochenresorption durch Insulin.
    Notes: Abstract the administration of crystalline insulin to thyroparathyroidectomized rats raised their calcium and phosphorus plasma levels. The plasma calcium gave a linear response between 31 and 250 mU of insulin/100 g body weight. The slope obtained is not significantly different from that obtained with parathyroid extract. The simultaneous administration of insulin and parathyroid extract to thyroparathyroidectomized rats affected the calcium and phosphorus plasma levels in an additive fashion. When chick embryo frontal bones were cultivatedin vitro with crystalline insulin the rate of resorption increased. Insulin increased the rate of glucose consumption by the explants and induced the accumulation of citrate in the culture medium. It is concluded that insulin stimulates bone resorption.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteopetrosis ; Diphosphonates ; Bone Resorption ; Mouse ; Calcium ; Tooth ; Bone
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet de doses quotidiennes, administrées depuis la naissance, de deux types de diphosphonates, à savoir l'éthane-1-hydroxyle-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) et le dichlorométhylène diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), sur la croissance et le squelette de souris a été étudié. Les diphosphonates freinent la croissance: les incisives ne font pas leur éruption ou elle est plus tardive. La calcémie est normale. L'administration de Cl2MDP à une dose quotidienne de 10 mg P/kg/jour provoque des modifications squelettiques identiques à celles des souris grises létales atteintes d'ostéopétrose et les animaux meurent après quatre semaines de traitement. Par rapport aux témoins, les souris traitées présentent des os plus étroits, plus denses et plus déformés: les cavités médullaires sont comblées avec de l'os calcifié et du cartilage. La quantité totale de calcium d'un animal n'est pas augmentée par traitement au diphosphonate, par rapport à un témoin de même âge. Chez les souris grises létales et celles traitées aux diphosphonates, la plupart des anomalies est secondaire à une résorption osseuse diminuée. Ces résultats sont commentés en fonction de l'emploi des diphosphonates au cours de remaniements osseux pathologiques augmentés et en fonction du rôle de la résorption osseuse dans le maintien de la calcémie.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mäuse erhielten von der Geburt an tägliche Dosen folgender zwei Diphosphonate: entweder Äthan-1-Hydroxy-1,1-Diphosphonat (EHDP) oder Dichloromethylen-Diphosphonat (Cl2MDP). Es wurde deren Wirkung auf das Wachstum und das Skelet untersucht. Die Diphosphonate verlangsamten das Wachstum, die Schneidezähne brachen nicht oder erst später durch, aber die Höhe des Plasmacalciums blieb normal. Die Verabreichung von Cl2MDP in Dosen von 10 mg P/kg/Tag führt zu Skeletveränderungen, welche denjenigen der „grey-lethal” osteopetrotischen Mäuse gleichen. Die Tiere sterben nach einer Behandlungsdauer von etwa 4 Wochen. Verglichen mit normalen Mäusen von ungefähr gleichem Alter hatten die behandelten Mäuse kleinere, dichtere und mehr keulenförmige Knochen, und die Markhöhlen waren gefüllt mit verkalktem Knochen oder Knorpel. Die Gesamtcalciummenge im Skelet wurde durch die Diphosphonatbehandlung nicht erhöht; dies ergab sich aus einem Vergleich mit der bei normalen Mäusen desselben Alters gefundenen Menge. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß bei den „grey-lethal” und bei den Diphosphonat-behandelten Mäusen viele der Abnormalitäten als Folge der herabgesetzten Knochenresorption angesehen werden müssen. Die Ergebnisse werden einerseits im Hinblick auf den Gebrauch der Diphosphonate bei pathologischen Bedingungen eines erhöhten Knochenumbaus diskutiert; andererseits werden sie im Zusammenhang mit der Rolle der Knochenresorption bei der Erhaltung des Plasmacalcium-Spiegels besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of daily doses from birth of two diphosphonates, namely either ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) or dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP), on the growth and the skeleton of mice has been studied. Diphosphonates slowed growth, the incisors did not erupt or erupted later, but the level of plasma calcium remained normal. The administration of Cl2MDP at a dose rate of 10 mg P/kg/day leads to skeletal changes that are similar to those observed in grey-lethal osteopetrotic mice, and the animals die after about four weeks of treatment. As compared with normal mice of similar age, treated mice had bones that were smaller, denser and more clubshaped, and the marrow cavities were filled with calcified bone or cartilage. The total amount of calcium in the carcass was not increased by diphosphonate treatment, as compared with the amount in normal mice of the same age. It is suggested that both in the grey-lethal and diphosphonate-treated mice many of the abnormalities are secondary to decreased bone resorption. The results are discussed with respect to the use of diphosphonates in pathological conditions of increased bone turnover and with respect to the role of bone resorption in the maintenance of plasma calcium levels.
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  • 42
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 101-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ageing ; Osteoporosis ; Bone ; Muscle ; Fat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des mesures radiologiques de la masse minérale osseuse de la partie proximale du radius et l'épaisseur du muscle et du tissu graisseux sous-cutané de l'avant-bras ont été relevées chez l'homme et la femme adultes normaux. La masse minérale osseuse ne montre pas de modification significative jusqu'à 60 ans chez l'homme et 50 ans chez la femme, puis on observe une chute. L'épaisseur musculaire décroit, chez l'homme, à partir de 30 ans, alors que chez la femme on n'observe aucune modification significative avant 60 ans. Les corrélations entre ces variables diffèrent selon le sexe. Alors que la masse minérale et l'épaisseur musculaire varient positivement chez l'homme en fonction de l'âge, il n'y a pas de rapport significatif chez la femme, après 60 ans. Cependant, chez ces dernières, la masse osseuse et le tissu graisseux sous-cutané sont en corrélation nette après 60 ans, bien qu'aucun rapport significatif ne soit noté chez l'homme quel que soit le groupe d'âge. Chez des sujets ostéoporotiques, la masse minérale osseuse et l'épaisseur musculaire sont plus faibles chez les hommes par rapport à des sujets normaux du même âge. Chez des femmes ostéoporotiques, cependant, bien que la masse minérale osseuse et le tissu graisseux sous-cutané soient inférieures par rapport à des sujets normaux, l'épaisseur du muscle n'est pas modifiée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden bei gesunden erwachsenen Männern und Frauen radiologische Messungen der Knochenmineralmasse im proximalen Radius, der Dicke des Muskels und des subkutanen Fettes des Vorderarmes durch die ganze Altersspanne durchgeführt. Die Knochenmineralmasse zeigte keine signifikante Veränderung bis zum 60. Altersjahr bei den Männern und bis zum 50. Altersjahr bei den Frauen; dann jedoch sank sie ab. Die Muskeldicke nahm bei den Männern über 30 Jahren ab, bei den Frauen konnte jedoch eine signifikante Abnahme erst ab 60 Jahren festgestellt werden. Die Korrelation zwischen diesen beiden Werten war bei Männern und Frauen ebenfalls verschieden. Während bei den Männern Knochenmineralmasse und Muskeldicke in jedem Alter meistens eine positive Korrelation zeigte, konnte bei den Frauen nach dem 60. Altersjahr keine signifikante Korrelation gefunden werden. Bei den Frauen zeigten hingegen Knochenmasse und subkutanes Fett eine deutliche Korrelation in der Gruppe nach dem 60. Altersjahr, während bei den Männern in keiner Altersgruppe eine signifikante Korrelation gefunden werden konnte. In einer osteoporotischen Gruppe waren Knochenmineralmasse und Muskeldicke niedriger bei Männern, verglichen mit Kontrollen bei Gesunden desselben Alters. Bei weiblichen osteoporotischen Patienten hingegen zeigte die Muskeldicke keinen Unterschied, während Knochenmineralmasse und subkutanes Fett niedriger waren als bei Gesunden.
    Notes: Abstract Radiologic measurements of bone mineral mass in the proximal radius, muscle width and thickness of the subcutaneous fat of the forearm were studied in normal men and women throughout the adult age range. Bone mineral mass showed no significant change to age 60 in men and age 50 in women, but fell thereafter. Muscle width declined from age 30 in the male population, though no significant reduction was found in women before age 60. The correlations between these variables also differed between males and females. While bone mineral mass and muscle width tended, in males, to be positively correlated at all ages, in females no significant correlation was found after age 60. In females, however, bone mass and subcutaneous fat were distinctly correlated in the over 60 age group, though no significant correlation was found in males in any age group. In an osteoporotic group, bone mineral mass and muscle width were lower in male patients than in normals of similar age. In female osteoporotic patients, however, while bone mineral mass and subcutaneous fat were less than in normals, muscle width showed no difference.
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  • 43
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 175-192 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Surface ; Calcium ; Exchange ; Adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une analyse mathématique de résultats autoradiographiques de l'absorption et de l'élimination du45Ca à la surface des os de lapin, de chien et de l'homme montre qu'un modèle de diffusion à la surface osseuse n'est pas valable. Les résultatsin vivo, par contre, sont compatibles avec un compartiment superficiel unique. Les résultatsin vitro peuvent être représentés, d'un autre côté, par une série de trois compartiments: celiu du milieu est identique avec le compartiment superficiel de la situationin vivo. Le temps de séjour du calcium dans ce compartiment peut être mis en rapport avec l'énergie de liaison de l'ion clacium, au niveau du côté superficiel d'un cristal d'apatite. Il semble que l'environnement des cristaux d'apatite, 1–4 μ sous la surface osseuse, soit identique à celui d'une solution aqueuse, les rendant susceptibles d'un échange rapide de calcium, mais cette possibilité est tellement réduite dans le volume osseux que le modèle de percolation proposé par Arnold et coll, parait indéfendable.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine mathematische Analyse von autoradiographischen Daten betreffend Aufnahme und Abgabe von45Ca an Knochenoberflächen beim Kaninchen, beim Hund und beim Menschen zeigte, daß ein Diffusionsmodell die Knochenoberfläche nicht überzeugend beschreibt. Hingegen werdenin vivo-Daten durch ein einziges Oberflächenkompartiment gut erfaßt. Diein vitro. Daten können andererseits durch eine Serie von drei Kompartimenten dargestellt werden; das mittlere dieser Kompartimente ist identisch mit dem Oberflächenkompartiment der Versuchein vivo. Die Verweildauer des Calciums in diesem Kompartiment kann zur Bindungsenergie eines Calciumions an der Oberfläche eines Apatitkristalls in Beziehung gebracht werden. Es wird daraus abgeleitet, daß die Umgebung der Apatitkristalle, die 1–4 μ unter der Knochenoberfläche liegen, derjenigen in wässeriger Lösung gleicht und sie dadurch für einen raschen Calciumaustausch zugänglich macht, da\ jedoch diese Zugänglichkeit innerhalb des Knochenvolumens derart drastisch reduziert wird, daß das Perkolationsmodell von Arnoldet al. nicht brauchbar ist.
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical analysis of autoradiographic data for the uptake and release of45Ca at bone surfaces in rabbit, dog, and man showed that a diffusion model of bone surface is not tenable. Datain vivo are, instead, well represented by a single surface compartment. Thein vitro data, on the other hand, can be represented by a series of three compartments; the middle one of these compartment is identical with the surface compartment of thein vivo situation. The residence time of calcium in this compartment can be related to the binding energy of a calcium ion at a surface site on an apatite crystal. It is concluded that the environment of the apatite crystals 1–4 μ below bone surfaces is similar to that in aqueous solution, making them available for rapid exchange of calcium but that this availability is so drastically reduced within the volume of bone that the percolation model of Arnoldet al. is untenable.
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  • 44
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Corticosteroids ; Hydrocortisone ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets de l'hydrocortisone, administrée sous deux formes physiques différentes (solubles et cristallines), à une dose identique de 5 mg/kg/jour ont été étudiés sur l'os en croissance chez 52 lapins pendant 6 semaines. Les animaux sont divisés en 1) un groupe témoin, 2) un groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone soluble et 3) un groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone cristalline. Les lapins traités à l'hydrocortisone soluble présentent quelques différences avec ceux traités à l'hydrocortisone cristalline. Par rapport aux témoins, le groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone soluble a augmenté plus faiblement de poids, présente moins de croissance osseuse longitudinale, montre un arrêt de l'ostéogenèse des surfaces et présente une augmentation de la résorption osseuse au niveau des surfaces corticales et de l'endoste. Cependant, le groupe traité à l'hydrocortisone cristalline a perdu de poids, ne présente pas de croissance osseuse longitudinale, ni d'apposition osseuse au niveau de toutes les surfaces, avec cependant une résorption osseuse marquée au niveau des surfaces corticales et de l'endoste, provoquant un amincissement net des corticales. Il semble que le facteur déterminant de cette action différente est l'élévation prolongée du cortisol plasmatique après injection d'hydrocortisone crystalline. Alors que d'autres aufeurs ont montré un rapport étroit médicament-dose, cette étude indique que la durée de l'action du médicament ou la fréquence de son administration par jour peut également être importante.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Hydrocortison auf den wachsenden Knochen wurde bei 52 Kaninchen untersucht. Das Hydrocortison wurde in zwei Formen (löslich und kristallin), bei gleicher Dosierung von 5 mg/kg/Tag, während 6 Wochen verabreicht. Die Tiere wurden in folgende Gruppen unterteilt: 1. Kontrollen; 2. mit löslichem Hydrocortison behandelte Tiere; 3. mit kristallinem Hydrocortison behandelte Tiere. Die mit löslichem Hydrocortison behandelten Kaninchen wiesen nicht dieselben Veränderungen auf wie die mit kristallinem Hydrocortison behandelten. Im Vergleich mit der Kontrollgruppe zeigte die mit löslichem Hydrocortison behandelte Gruppe folgende Veränderungen: weniger Gewichtszunahme, weniger Wachstum der longitudinalen Knochen, leichte Unterdrücklung der Knochenbildung auf allen Oberflächen und leicht erhöhte Knochenresorption an der corticalen Endostoberfläche. Die mit kristallinem Hydrocortison behandelten Tiere jedoch zeigten: Gewichtsverlust, Stillstand des longitudinalen Knochenwachstums, Stillstand der Knochenbildung auf allen Oberflächen und deutliche Knochenresorption an der corticalen Endostoberfläche, welche zu dramatischer corticaler Verdünnung führte. Es wird vermutet, daß der ausschlaggebende Faktor in dieser unterschiedlichen Wirkung die anhaltende Erhöhung der Cortisolkonzentration im Plasma ist, welche auf die Injektion von kristallinem Hydrocortisol folgt. Während andere Forscher eine starke Dosisabhängigkeit gezeigt haben, deutet diese Untersuchung an, daß die Wirkungsdauer der Substanz oder die Häufigkeit ihrer Verabreichung pro Tag ebenso wichtig sein können.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of hydrocortisone on growing bone administered in two different physical forms (soluble and crystalline) in an identical dosage of 5 mg/kg/day for six weeks were studied in 52 growing rabbits. The animals were divided into (1) controls, (2) soluble hydrocortisone treated and (3) crystalline hydrocortisone treated. The rabbits treated with soluble hydrocortisone showed changes different from those given crystalline hydrocortisone. When compared with the control group, the soluble hydrocortisone treated group gained less weight, had less longitudinal bone growth, had some suppression of bone formation at all surfaces and had some increased bone resorption at the cortical-endosteal surface. However, the crystalline hydrocortisone treated group lost weight, ceased longitudinal bone growth, ceased bone formation at all surfaces and had marked bone resorption at the cortical-endosteal surface resulting in dramatic cortical thinning. It is believed that the determining factor in this differential effect is the prolonged elevation of plasma cortisol folloing injection of the crystalline hydrocortisone. While other investigators have shown a strong drug-dose relationship, this study indicates that the duration of action of the drug or the frequency of its administration per day may be equally important.
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  • 45
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 259-279 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteocyte ; Calvarium ; Histology ; Development ; Calcium ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cartes tissulaires ainsi que les caractéristiques et propriétés cellularires ont été relevées au cours d'une étude de microscopie optique du développement de la calotte cranienne de souris, avant la naissance, jusqu'au 26ème jour. Les population d'ostéocytes de moitiés droite et gauche de ces calottes sont semblables, mais décroissent avec le temps dans un volume donné. De petites plages limitées de matrice osseuse se colorent pour le phosphate (ou carbonate) de façon plus nette que la matrice environnante, qui se colore légèrement après coupe. Les divers types ostéocytaires se distinguent par les réactions histochimiques du calcium et du phosphate, qui sont associés dans les cellules osseuses de façon complexe, variant dans le temps et la localisation. Ces deux constituants ne sont pas toujours présent dans les cellules des diverses régions, ou dans la même localisation dans un type cellulaire donné. En tenant compte des changements visible dans les divers types cellulaires avec le temps, dans des régions données, une hypothèse de “charge” et “décharge” cellulaire est émise.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Anläßlich einer mikroskopischen Studie über die Entwicklung des Mäuse-Calvariums von der Pränatalperiode bis zu 26 Tagen nach der Geburt wurden auch die Gewebetopographie sowie die Charakteristica und Eigenschaften der Zellen aufgezeichnet. Die Osteocyten-populationen in der linken und rechten Hälfte des Calvariums waren sich gleich, nahmen jedoch bei einem gegebenen Volumen mit der Zeit ab. Kleine isolierte Stellen von Knochen-matrix konnten leichter auf Ph sphat (oder Carbonat) angefärbt werden, als die umgebende Matrix, welche sich wohl am Schnitt, nicht aber am ganzen Stück färben ließ. Die verschiedenen Typen von Osteocyten wurden aufgrund histochemischer Calcium- und Phosphat-reaktionen bestimmt. Calcium und Phosphat waren innerhalb der Knochenzellen auf komplexe Art miteinander verbunden, die je nach Zeit und Lagerung unterschiedlich war. Zellen in abgetrennten Bereichen enthielten nicht immer Calcium und Phosphat und beide waren bei einer bestimmten Zellenart auch nicht immer am gleichen Ort abgelagert. Aufgrund der an ausgewählten Stellen beobachteten, zeitlich bedingten Veränderungen innerhalb der verschiedenen Zelltypen wird vorgeschlagen, daß es sich dabei um eine Sequenz von “Ladung” und “Entladung” der Zellen handelt.
    Notes: Abstract Tissue maps, and cell characteristics and properties were recorded in a study under the optical microscope of the development of the mouse calvarium from pre-natal to 26 days. Osteocyte populations in left and right halves of the calvarium were similar, but decreased with time for a given volume. Small isolated areas of bone matrix stained for phosphate (or carbonate) in a more readily available form from that in the surrounding matrix, which could be stained after sectioning but failed to stain in bulk. Osteocyte types were defined on the basis of histochemical methods for calcium and phosphate, which were associated inside bone cells in a complex manner, varying with time and position. The calcium and phosphate were not always present within the cell in discrete regions and were not always present in the same place in a given cell type. On the basis of a study of changes in cell types with time in selected sites a sequence of “loading” and “unloading” is proposed.
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  • 46
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 323-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteoporosis ; Resorption ; Deer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des biopsies de côte, métacarpe et tibia sont prélevées chez des daims, cinq fois, pendant le cycle de croissance annuelle des andouillers. Les tissus sont étudiés par des méthodes histométriques ou densitométriques, suivies par l'analyse minérale à l'aide de la spectrophotométrie d'absorption atomique. Peu de remaniement s'observe dans le tissu osseux pendant la période de repos, mais pendant la période de croissance maximale des andouillers en juin, le remaniement osseux interne atteint son maximum. La résorption la plus élevée de 22,99% s'observe dans les côtes: elles est de 13,10% dans le métacarpe et 10,37% dans le métatarse. A l'automne, à la fin de la croissance des andouillers, on note une diminution du remaniement qui atteint des valeurs voisines de celle de la période de repos. Au niveau des côtes, les valeurs les plus faibles de poids de cendre, par unité de volume, s'observent au milieu de la période de croissance des andouillers, mais aucune variation cyclique de ces valeurs n'est trouvée dans le métacarpe, le métatarse et le tibia. Le pourcentage de calcium, magnésium et phosphore dans la cendre d'os ne varie pas pendant le cycle de croissance de l'andouiller. Il ne semble donc pas y avoir de changement de composition osseuse pendant les periodes de remaniement élevé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden beim Wild in 5 Intervallen während des jährlichen Geweihwachstums-Cyclus folgende Biopsie-Proben entnommen: Rippe, Metacarpus, Metatarsus und Tibia. Die Gewebe wurden entweder mit histometrischen Methoden oder mit densitometrischen Messungen untersucht, welche durch eine Mineralanalyse mittels Atom-Absorptions-Spektrophotometrie ergänzt wurden. Während der Ruheperiode des Geweihwachstums erfolgte wenig Knochenneubildung; während der Hauptgeweihwachstumszeit im Juni hingegen erreichte die Knochenneubildung einen Höhepunkt. Die höchste Resorption von 22,99% erfolgte in den Rippen, beim Metacarpus waren es 13,10% und beim Metatarsus 10,37%. Beim Stillstand des Geweihwachstums im Herbst sank auch die Knochenneubildung wieder auf das niedere Niveau ab, das vor dem Geweihwachstum festgestellt wurde. Bei den Rippen zeigten sich die niedrigsten Werte des Aschgewichts per Volumeneinheit in der Mitte des Geweihwachstums; aber bei Metacarpus, Metatarsus und Tibia wurden für diese Werte keine cyclischen Veränderungen festgestellt. Der Prozentsatz von Calcium, Magnesium und Phosphor in der Knochenasche veränderte sich während des Geweihwaschstums-Cyclus nicht, was darauf hindeutet, daß die Zusammensetzung des Knochens während der Perioden erhöhter Neubildung gleich blieb.
    Notes: Abstract Biopsy samples of rib, metacarpus, metatarsus and tibia were obtained from deer at five intervals during the annual antler growth cycle. Tissues were examined by either histometric methods or by densitometric measurements followed by mineral analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Little remodelling occurred in bones during the period of antler quiescence, but during the peak of antler growth in June, internal bone remodelling reached a peak. The highest resorption of 22.99% occurred in ribs with lower levels of 13.10% for metacarpus and 10.37% for metatarsus. At the cessation of antler growth in the fall, remodelling again decreased to the low level found preceeding antler growth. In ribs lowest values of ash weight per unit volume occurred during the middle of antler growth but no cyclic variations were found for these values in metacarpus, metatarsus and tibia. Percentage of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in bone ash did not vary during the antler growth cycle indicating no change in bone composition during periods of high remodelling.
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  • 47
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 169-172 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcitonin ; Calcium ; Intestine ; Absorption ; Parathyroid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De jeunes rats déficients en calcitonine sont thyroparathyroidectomisés et certains de ces animaux subissent un traitement de substitution avec de la parathormone et/ou de la thyroxine. La disparition du45Ca du tractus intestinal et l'apparition de radioactivité dans la carcasse aprés 4 heures ont été mesurées comme index d'apsorption. De la calcitonine de saumon, à des doses physiologiques ou pharmacologiques, ne modifie pas l'absorptionin vivo du45Ca chez les rats déficients en calcitonine, ou en calcitonine et thyroxine, ou encore en calcitonine, thyroxine et parathormone. L'administration de parathormone augmente l'absorption en45Ca, observée chez les rats présentant une déficience de cette hormone.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Junge Ratten mit Calcitonin-Mangel wurden thyroparathyreoidektomiert, und einige dieser Ratten erhielten Parathormon und/oder Thyroxin als Ersatz. Das Verschwinden des45Ca aus dem Darm und das Erscheinen der Radioaktivität im Skelet nach 4 Std wurden als Index der Absorption gemessen. Salm-Calcitonin in physiologischen oder pharmakologischen Mengen rief keine Veränderung der Absorption von45Cain vivo in den Ratten hervor, welche nur an Calcitonin-Mangel litten. Auch die Calcitonin- und Thyroxinmangelratten und die Calcitonin-, Thyroxin- und Parathormonmagelratten zeigten keine Veräderung. Ratten, welche wieder Parathormon erhielten, zeigten noch höhere45Ca-Absorption als Parathormonmangelratten.
    Notes: Abstract Young calcitonin-deficient rats were prepared by thyroparathyroidectomy, and some of these received replacement therapy of parathyroid hormone and/or thyroxine. Disappearance of45Ca from the intestinal tract by 4 hours and appearance of the radioactivity in the carcass at 4 hours were measured as indexes of absorption. Salmon calcitonin in physiological or pharmacological dosages failed to alter thein vivo net45Ca absorption in the rats which were deficient in calcitonin alone, or in calcitonin and thyroxine, or in calcitonin, thyroxine and parathyroid hormone. Restoration of parathyroid hormone enhanced45Ca absorption above that in parathyroid deficient rats.
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  • 48
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 217-225 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Parathyroid ; Calcitonin ; Bone ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet du fluor, de la parathormone et de la calcitonine sur le métabolisme du calcium osseux a été étudié en culture de tissu en utilisant des demi-calottes crâniennes de souris âgées de cinq jours. Les concentrations de fluor dans les cendres des calottes crâniennes de 0,007% (groupe peu fluoré), 0,041% (groupe moyennement fluoré) et 0,107% (groupe hautement fluoré) ont été obtenues en variant l'ingestion maternelle et post-natale en fluor. Le fluor inhibe la perte de calcium des os cultivés dans le milieu témoin et celui contenant la parathormone et favorise l'enrichissement en laccium des os cultivés dans un milieu contenant de la calcitonine. De l'os mort des groupes fortement et moyennement fluorés s'enrichit plus en calcium à partir du milieu de culture que les os du groupe pauvre en fluor. Le fluor semble agir sur le métabolisme du calcium osseux essentiellement par diminution de la solubilité minérale.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von Fluorid, Parathormon und Calcitonin auf den Calciumstoffwechsel im Knochen wurde in einem Knochenkultur-System untersucht, wobei Halbcalvarien von 5 Tage alten Mäusen verwendet wurden. Fluoridgehalte in der Asche der Halbcalvarien von 0,007% (Gruppe mit niedrigem Fluoridgehalt), 0,041% (Gruppe mit mittlerem Fluoridgehalt) und 0,1075 (Gruppe mit hohem Fluoridgehalt) wurden erhalten, indem die Fluorideinnahme der Mütter oder der Neugeborenen verändert wurde. Fluorid hemmte den Calciumverlust aus Knochen, welche im Kontrollmedium oder in Parathormon-enthaltenden Medien kultiviert worden waren, und es förderte die Calciumaufnahme von Knochen, welche in Calcitoninenthaltendem Medium kultiviert worden waren. Die toten Knochen der Gruppen mit mittlerem und hohem Fluoridgehalt nehmen mehr Calcium aus dem Kulturmedium auf als die Knochen der Gruppe mit niederem Fluorid. Fluorid scheint vor allem durch eine Herabsetzung der Mineral-Löslichkeit auf den Calciumstoffwechsel der Knochen zu wirken.
    Notes: Abstract The influence of fluoride, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin on bone calcium metabolism was investigated in a bone culture system using half-calvaria of five-day old mice. Fluoride levels in the ash of half-calvaria of 0.007% (low fluoride group), 0.041% (moderate fluoride group), and 0.107% (high fluoride group) were achieved by varying the maternal and neonatal intake of fluoride. Fluoride inhibited the loss of calcium from bones cultured in control medium and parathyroid hormone-containing media, and promoted the uptake of calcium by bones cultured in medium containing calcitonin. Dead bones of the moderate and high fluoride groups took up more calcium from the culture medium than bones of the low fluoride group. Fluoride appears to exert its effect on bone calcium metabolism predominantly via a reduction in mineral solubility.
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  • 49
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 217-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Isotope ; Radiobiology ; Excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La rétention du45Ca a été déterminée pendant 388 jours après une injection intraveineuse en mesurant les excrétions urinaires et fécales et en tenant compte des pertes par la peau. Chez les deux hommes sains étudiés, les taux d'excrétion urinaire sont semblables, mais les taux d'excrétion fécale diffèrent par un facteur de deux. La rétention, exprimée en dose moin excrétion, suit une loi de puissance au bout des 4 ou 7 premières semaines mais, à une période plus précoce, un facteur exponentiel surajouté est nécessaire pour rendre compte des résultats. Les concentrations plasmatiques ont été mesurées jusqu'à quinze jours après l'injection. Les clearances rénales des deux sujets ne sont pas significativement différentes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Retention von45Ca wurde 388 Tage lang nach einer intravenösen Injektion bestimmt, indem Urin- und Stuhlausscheidungen unter Berücksichtigung des Verlustes durch die Haut gemessen wurden. Bei den zwei untersuchten gesunden Männern war die Geschwindigkeit der Ausscheidung im Urin sehr ähnlich, die Stuhlausscheidungsraten unterschieden sich jedoch durch einen Faktor von zwei. Die Retention, die als Injektionsdosis minus Ausscheidung ausgedrückt wurde, folgte nach den ersten 4 oder 7 Wochen einer Exponentialfunktion, vor diesem Zeitpunkt war aber noch ein zusätzliches Exponentialglied notwendig, um die Daten auszudrücken. Die entsprechenden Plasmakonzentrationen wurden 15 Tage lang nach der Injektion gemessen. Die Nieren-Clearance beider Männer waren nicht signifikant verschieden.
    Notes: Abstract The retention of45Ca has been determined up to 388 days after an intravenous injection by measuring the urinary and faecal excretions and correcting for the loss from the skin. In the two healthy men examined, the urinary excretion rates were very similar but the faecal excretion rates differed by a factor of two. Retention expressed as dose minus excretion followed a power law after the first 4 or 7 weeks but at earlier times an additional exponential term was necessary to account for the data. Plasma concentrations of the dose were measured up to 15 days after the injection. The renal clearances for the two subjects were not significantly different.
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  • 50
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 239-246 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Americium ; Calcium ; Metabolism ; Skeleton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La rétention du47Ca et du241Am au niveau de 14 régions du squelette de rats adultes et en croissance a été déterminée 7 jours après injection. Ces diverses régions présentent des activités variables en ces éléments. Les os de rats jeunes présentent des concentrations significativement plus élevées en241Am, mais non en47Ca. Les conséquences de ces résultats sur la dosimétrie de contamination interne par241Am sont envisagées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 7 Tage nach Injektion wurde die47Ca- und die241Am-Retention in 14 Regionenen des Skelets von weiblichen, im Wachstum begriffenen sowie ausgewachsenen Ratten gemessen. Die verschiedenen Skeletteile zeigten sehr unterschiedliche Fähigkeiten, diese beiden Elemente anzureichern.241Am wurde in den Knochen der jüngeren Ratten signifikant besser angereichert als47Ca. Die aus diesen Resultaten zu ziehenden Folgerungen werden im Hinblick auf die Strahlungsdosimetrie bei interner Kontamination durch241Am erörtert.
    Notes: Abstract The retention of47Ca and241Am by 14 parts of the skeleton of growing and mature female rats 7 days after injection has been measured. The various parts of the skeleton possessed widely differing abilities to concentrate both these elements. The bones of the younger rats had a significantly greater ability to concentrate241Am but not47Ca. The implications of these results for the radiation dosimetry of internal contamination by241Am are discussed.
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  • 51
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 295-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Vitamin D ; Resorption ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Deux métabolites de la vitamine D3, le 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) et 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3), stimulent la résorption osseuse dans deux systèmestests alors que la vitamine D3 est inactive. Ces substances sont testées a) en comparant directement leur action dans les explants osseux de calottes craniennes de sourisin vitro et b) en les injectant dans de jeunes souris et en mesurant le degré de résorptionin vitro, lorsque les explants sont réalisés 18 heures après l'injection. Dans les deux tests, le métabolite 1,25 est environ 100 fois plus puissant que 25-OHD3. La courbe dose-résponse de 1,25-(OH)2D3 indique que des doses au-dessus d'environ 0.2 ng/g de poids corporel sont capables d'induire une augmentation de la résorption osseuse chez de jeunes souris normales. Ces résultats montrent que 1,25-(OH)2D3 est une des substances connues les plus actives qui agit sur le métabolisme osseux. Le rôle possible de 1,25-(OH)2D3 sur la mobilisation normale du calcium osseux est envisagé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei Anwendung zweier verschiedener Versuchsanordnungen konnte gezeigt werden, daß die beiden Vitamin D3-Metaboliten 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) und 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) als starke Stimulatoren der Knochenresorption wirken, während sich Vitamin D3 selbst inaktiv verhält. Diese Substanzen wurden folgendermaßen geprüft: a) durch direkten Vergleich ihrer Wirkung auf Knochenexplantate (Hälften von Mäusecalvarien)in vitro und b) indem die Metaboliten jungen Mäusen injiziert wurden und der Resorptionsgrad an Explantaten 18 Std nach Injektionin vitro gemessen wurde. Bei beiden Versuchsanordnungen war der 1,25-Metabolit etwa 100mal wirksamer als der 25-OHD3-Metabolit. Aus der Dosiswirkungskurve für 1,25-(OH)2D3 geht hervor, daß es möglich ist, mit Dosen über ca. 0,2 ng/g Körpergewicht bei normalen jungen Mäusen bereits eine erhöhte Knochenresorption auszulösen. Diese Resultate zeigen, daß 1,25-(OH)2D3 eine der wirksamsten bisher bekannten Substanzen ist, die auf den Knochenmetabolismus einwirken können. Die Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit der Rolle, die das 1,25-(OH)2D3 bei der normalen Freisetzung von Calcium aus dem Knochen spielt, besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract Two metabolites of vitamin D3, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) and 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3) are potent stimulators of bone resorption in two test systems whereas vitamin D3 itself is inactive. These substances were tested (a) by directly comparing their action on bone explants of mouse half-calvariain vitro, and (b) by injecting them into young mice and measuring the degree of resorptionin vitro when explants were made 18 hours atter the injection. In both tests the 1,25-metabolite was about 100 times more potent than 25-OHD3. The dose-response curve for 1,25-(OH)2D3 indicates that doses above about 0.2 ng/g body weight are capable of inducing an increase in bone resorption in normal young mice. These data show that 1,25-(OH)2D3 is one of the most potent substances known that affects bone metabolism. The results are discussed in relation to the possible role of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the normal mobilization of calcium from bone.
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  • 52
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 47-52 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Caries ; Fluoride ; Diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les énergies de déplacement des ions F−, OH− et O2− dans la maille réticulaire des apatites ont été calculées en utilisant un modèle cristallin de Born. Une attention particulière a été apportée au déplacement parallèle de l'axe c par un mécanisme de lacune. Contrairement à la plupart des cristaux ioniques, la barrière opposée au déplacement est électrostatique plutôt que répulsive. L'énergie de déplacement d'un cristal donné est la plus faible pour F−, intermédiaire pour O2−, et la plus élevée pour OH−.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Bewegungsenergien von F−, OH− und O2−-Ionen im Apatitgitter wurden berechnet, indem ein Born-Modell des Kristalles verwendent wurde. Die Untersuchung wurde auf die Migration beschränkt, welche durch einen Vakanzmechanismus parallel zur C-Achse verläuft. Im Gegensatz zu den meisten Ionenkristallen hat die Migrationsbegrenzung eher einen elektrostatischen als einen abstoßenden Charakter. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Migrationsenergie in einem Kristall am kleinsten für F−, dazwischen liegend für O2− und am größten für OH− ist.
    Notes: Abstract The energies of motion of F−, OH− and O2− ions in the apatite lattice have been calculated using a Born model of the crystal. Attention was confined to migration parallel to the c-axis by a vacancy mechanism. In contrast to most ionic crystals the barrier to migration is electrostatic rather than repulsive in character. It is found that the migration energy in a given crystal is least for F−, intermediate for O2− and largest for OH−.
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  • 53
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Proteoglycan ; Electrolyte ; Physiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet des protéoglycanes sur la croissance de minéraux d'ensemencement dans un milieu synthétique est étudié sous l'angle de la régulation de l'ossification enchondrale. Les protéoglycanes sont isolés à partir ducartilage nasal bovin à l'aide de trois méthodes publiées. A l'aide de chacune de ces méthodes, deux fractions sont isolées qui se distinguent par la présence ou l'absence de composés qui se sédimentent rapidement par ultracentrifugation analytique. Chaque fraction est étudiée en fonction de sa possibilité d'inhiber la croissance minérale dans un milieu tamponné synthétiquein vitro. A des concentrations de protéoglycanes qui se retrouvent dans le liquide interstitielle de la métaphyse de rats de 6 à 7 semaines, les fractions contenant des composés qui se sédimentent rapidement, inhibent la croissance minérale; alors que les fractions contenant des composés, qui sédimentent lentement, ainsi qu'une glycoprotéine (protéine de liaison) n'ont pas d'activité d'inhibition dans ces systèmes. La comparaison de la capacité de fixation du calcium de certaines fonctions de protéoglycanes ainsi que leur effet sur la diminution de l'activité calcique dans des conditions de dialyse équilibrées ne montrent aucune différence sur le comportement des fractions de protéoglycanes comportant des produits sédimentant rapidement ou lentement. Un degré plus élevé de protection des minéraux naissants, fournie par les portions protéiques adjacentes de protéoglycanes agrégés, pourrait être responsable de l'action d'inhibition de croissance minéralein vitro de protéoglycanes sédimentant rapidement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Proteoglykanen auf das Wachstum von Impfkristallen in synthetischer Lymphe wurde, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Regulation von endochondraler Verkalkung, studiert. Die Proteoglykane wurden nach drei publizierten Methoden aus dem Nasenknorpel des Rindes isoliert. Bei jeder Methode wurden zwei Fraktionen abgetrennt, welche sich bei der analytischen Ultrazentrifugation in bezug auf An- oder Abwesenheit von schnellsedimentierenden Komponenten unterschieden. Jede Fraktion wurde darauf geprüft, ob siein vitro das Mineralwachstum in einer gepufferten synthetischen Lymphe zu hemmen vermochte. Bei Proteoglykan-Konzentrationen, wie sie in der interstitiellen Flüssigkeit endochondraler Platten von 6 bis 7 Wochen alten Ratten vermutet werden, hatten diejenigen Fraktionen, welche schnell-sedimentierende Komponenten enthielten, eine Hemmwirkung auf das Mineralwachstum; Fraktionen mit langsam-sedimentierenden Komponenten und mit einem Glycoprotein („link protein”) hingegen zeigten in diesen Systemen keine Hemmwirkung. Der Vergleich der Calcium-bindenden Fähigkeit bestimmter Proteoglykan-Fraktionen sowie deren vereinte Wirkung auf die Herabsetzung der Calcium-Aktivität unter Bedingungen der Gleichgewichtsdialyse zeigte keine Unterschiede im Verhalten von Proteoglykan-Fraktionen, die reich an schnell-sedimentierenden Komponenten waren im Gegensatz zu Fraktionen, welche ausschließlich langsam-sedimentierende Komponenten enthielten. Die Hemmwirkung von schnell-sedimentierenden Proteoglykanen auf das Mineralwachstumin vitro wird mit folgender Hypothese erklärt: Die Mineralkeime werden in zunehmendem Maße durch angrenzende Proteinkerne angehäufter Proteoglykane geschützt.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of proteoglycans on growth of seeding minerals in synthetic lymph was studied with special reference to regulation of endochondral calcification. Proteoglycans were isolated from bovine nasal cartilage by three published methods. By each method two fractions were separated which differed in respect to presence or absence of fast-sedimenting components on analytical ultracentrifugation. Each fraction was tested for its capacity to inhibit mineral growth in a buffered synthetic lymphin vitro. At concentrations of proteoglycans estimated to occur in the interstitial fluid of endochondral plates from 6- to 7-week-old rats, the fractions containing fast-sedimenting components were inhibitory to mineral growth; whereas fractions containing the slow-sedimenting components and a glycoprotein (link protein) had no inhibitory activity demonstrable in these systems. Comparison of calcium-binding capacity of certain proteoglycan fractions as well as their computed effect upon reduction of calcium activity under conditions of equilibrium dialysis revealed no differences in the behavior of a proteoglycan fraction rich in fast—as opposed to fractions composed entirely of slow-sedimenting components. An increased degree of shielding of mineral embryos provided by adjacent protein cores of aggregated proteoglycans is hypothesized to explain the inhibitory action of fast-sedimenting proteoglycans on mineral growthin vitro.
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  • 54
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 41-46 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Tetracycline ; Bone ; Calcium ; Metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Du calcium radioactif est administréper os à des rattes albinos, soumises pendant 6 mois à une alimentation contenant du sel calcique d'oxytétracycline (0.3 g/100 g de régime sec) et le métabolisme du calcium a été étudié. Les résultats indiquent que le porcentage d'absorption de calcium radioactif est environ similaire dans le groupe expérimental recevant l'oxytétracycline et le groupe témoin recevant la même alimentation sans tétracycline. Cependant le groupe, recevant l'antibiotique, consomme plus de nourriture, de telle sorte qu'avec le même pourcentage d'absorption et d'élimination, plus de calcium est retenu. Ce fait se traduit par des valeurs plus élevées de calcium stabilisé au niveau des carcasses et des poids plus élevés du fémur, mais la différence entre les deux groupes n'est pas significative.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Weibliche Albinoratten erhielten radioaktives Calcium per os, nachdem sie 6 Monate lang mit einer Diät gefüttert worden waren, die das Calciumsalz von Oxytetracyclin (0,3 g/100g Trockennahrung) zusätzlich enthielt. Dann wurde der Calciumstoffwechsel untersucht. Die Resultate zeigten, daß die prozentuale Absorption von radioaktivem Calcium in der experimentellen Gruppe, welche Oxytetracyclin erhielt, und in der Kontrollgruppe, welche die gleiche Nahrung ohne das Antibioticum erhielt, etwa gleich war. Die Gruppe mit der Oxytetracyclindiät nahm jedoch mehr Futter zu sich, so daß bei gleichem Prozentsatz von Absorption und Ausscheidung mehr Calcium im Körper zurückgehalten wurde. Dies zeigte sich in höheren Konzentrationen des nicht radioaktiven Calciums im Skelet und in höherem Femurgewicht, aber der Unterschied zwischen den zwei Gruppen war nicht signifikant.
    Notes: Abstract Radioactive calcium was orally applied to female albino rats fed for 6 months on a diet supplemented with the calcium salt of oxytetracycline (0.3 g/100 g dry food) and calcium metabolism was investigated. The results show that the percentage absorption of radioactive calcium was approximately equal in the experimental group which received oxytetracycline and in the control group which ate the same food without the antibiotic. However, the group which received the oxytetracycline supplemented diet consumed more food, so that with the same percentage absorption and elimination more calcium was retained in the body. This was reflected in higher stable calcium values in the carcass and in higher femur weights, but the difference between two groups was not significant.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 327-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Muscles ; Calcium ; Atrophy ; Excercise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un état pathologique est produit au niveau des muscles squelettiques en immobilisant l'arrière-train de rats à l'aide de plâtre de Paris. Après 4 semaines d'immobilisation, la concentration en calcium augmente au niveau des trois types de fibres des parties immobilisées. Le muscle non immobilisé d'un rat en présente pas d'augmentation significative de la concentration en calcium, lorsque d'autres membres du même rat sont immobilisés. Le pourcentage d'augmentation du calcium dans les muscles squelettiques, après immobilisation, pourrait être en rapport avec la diminution absolue d'activité musculaire par rapport aux témoins.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Durch die Immobilisierung beider Hinterbeine der Ratte mittels Gips wurde in den Skeletmuskeln ein Zustand der Verkümmerung hervorgerufen. Nach 4wöchiger Immobilisierung nahm die Calciumkonzentration in den drei verschiedenen Fasertypen des immobilisierten Hinterbeines zu. Der nicht-immobilisierte Muskel einer Ratte zeigte keine bedeutende Zunahme der Calciumkonzentration, wenn andere Glieder derselben Ratte stillgelegt wurden. Die prozentuale Zunahme an Calcium im Skeletmuskel nach der, Immobilisierung kann mit der absoluten Herabsetzung der Muskeltätigkeit im Vergleich mit Kontrollen in Zusammenhang gebracht werden.
    Notes: Abstract A state of disuse was produced in skeletal muscle by immobilizing both hindlimbs of the rat with plaster of paris. After 4 weeks of immobilization, the calcium concentration increased in the three different fiber types of the immobilized hindlimb. The non-immobilized muscle of a rat showed no significant increase in calcium concentration when other limbs of the same rat were fixed immobile. The percentage increase in calcium within skeletal muscle after immobilization may be related to the absolute reduction in muscular activity from control levels
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  • 56
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 113-115 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Vitamin D3 ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On note un passage d'ions calcium à travers une solution aqueuse de tétrachlorure de carbone contenant de la vitamine D3: ce passage est accéléré par un anion orthophosphate. En l'absence de vitamine D3 aucun déplacement ne se produit. Dans ce système, la vitamine D3 semble agir comme un agent d'émulsion et cette propriété de la vitamine D3 semble être responsable du passage du Ca2+ à travers l'interface eau-tétrachlorure de carbone.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Transport der Calciumionen aus einer wäßrigen Lösung findet in Vitamin D3 enthaltendem Tetrachlorkohlenstoff statt und wird durch Orthophosphat-Anionen beschleunigt. Wenn Vitamin D3 fehlt, erfolgt kein Transport. In diesem Versuchssystem scheint Vitamin D3 eine emulgierende Wirkung zu haben. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß der Transport von Ca2+ durch die Oberfläche zwischen Wasser und Tetrachlorkohlenstoff auf dieser Eigenschaft von Vitamin D3 beruht.
    Notes: Abstract Dassage of calcium ion occurs from aqueous solution through carbon tetrachloride containing vitamin D3, and is accelerated by orthophosphate anion. No movement occurs when vitamin D3 is absent. In this sytem vitamin D3 appears to act as an emulsifying agent, and this property of vitamin D3 is proposed to account for movement of Ca2+ across the water-carbon tetrachloride interface.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Amorphous ; Apatite ; Electron Microscopy ; Crystallization ; Precipitation ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP) sèché peut se présenter sous forme discoide ou sphérique. Les particules discoides sont plus fréquents dans les specimens d'ACP sèché, isolés immédiatement après précipitation. Les formes sphériques dominent dans les specimens sèchés provenant de suspensions plus âgés. Les particules discoides résultent de la dessication de l'échantillon. Les sphères peuvent aussi se produire pendant la dessication, mais s'observent aussi dans la solution. Les disques et les sphères ont une origine commune sous la forme d'un agrégat d'ACP hautement hydraté de morphologie inconnue. La formation d'apatite cristallin en solution est intimement associée avec l'ACP. Les premiers cristaux apparaissent à la surface des sphères amorphes et en contact avec les disques amorphes. En cas de sphères, les cristaux initiaux augmentent de taille et forment de nouveaux cristaux par nucléation secondaire jusqu'à ce que les sphères soient enrobées par l'apatite. Cependant, lorsque la transformation est totale, l'apatite ne remplit pas l'espace occupé préalablement par les sphères amorphes dissoutes. Ces observations ne confirment pas le concept d'une conversion d'un état solidein situ dans ce cas mais suggèrent une transition hétérophasique d'un processus de translocation ionique par l'intermédiaire d'une solution. La production de cristaux dans les disques amorphes suggère que l'apatite peut aussi se former directement du précurseur dans la solution.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Getrocknetes amorphes Calciumphosphat (ACP) kann scheiben- und kugelförmig auftreten. Die scheibenförmigen Partikel herrschen in getrockneten ACP-Proben vor, welche direkt nach der Fällung isoliert wurden. Die kugeligen Formen herrschen in trockenen Proben aus älteren Suspensionen vor. Die Scheibenbildung ist ein Ergebnis des Trocknungsvorganges. Kugelige Formen können beim Trocknungsvorgang ebenfalls auftreten, sie sind aber in der nativen Suspension ebenfalls anwesend. Scheiben- und Kugelformen scheinen einen gemeinsamen Vorläufer in der Lösung zu haben, welcher ein hochhydratisiertes ACP-Aggregat unbekannter Morphologie zu sein scheint. Die Bildung von kristallinem Apatit in der Lösung steht in engem Zusammenhang mit ACP. Die ersten Kristalle erscheinen auf der Oberfläche der amorphen Kugeln und in Kontakt mit den amorphen Scheiben. Die ursprünglichen Kristalle auf den Kugeloberflächen nehmen an Größe zu und bilden durch sekundäre Nukleation weitere Kristalle, bis die Kugeln in Apatit eingehüllt werden. Wenn die Umwandlung abgeschlossen ist, füllt jedoch das Apatit den Platz nicht aus, der vorher von den aufgelösten amorphen Kugeln eingenommen wurde. Diese Beobachtungen bekräftigen die Auffassung einerin situ-Umwandlung in den festen Zustand bei dem beschriebenen Falle nicht, sondern deuten auf eine heterophasischen Übergang, welcher durch einen lösungsbedingten Ionenverschiebungs-Prozeß gefördert wird. Das Auftreten von Kristallen in den amorphen Scheiben deutet darauf hin, daß sich Apatit auch direkt aus dem Lösungsvorläufer bilden kann.
    Notes: Abstract Dried amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) can exist in discoidal and spheroidal forms. The disk-shaped particles are most prominent in dried ACP specimens isolated immediately following precipitation. The spherical forms become dominant in dried specimens taken from older suspensions. The disk-like morphology is a result of sample drying. Spherules can also arise during the drying step but are present in the native suspension as well. Both the disks and spherules appear to have a common solution progenitor in the form of a highly hydrated ACP aggregate of unknown morphology. The formation of crystalline apatite in solution is intimately connected with ACP. The first crystals appear on the surface of the amorphous spherules and in contact with the amorphous disks. In the case of the spherules, the initial crystals increase in size and generate additional crystals by secondary nucleation until the spherules become enveloped by apatite. However, when conversion is completed, the apatite does not fill appreciably the space previously occupied by the dissolved amorphous spherules. These observations do not support the concept of anin situ solid state conversion in this case, but indicate a heterophase transition supported by a solution-mediated ion translocation process. The occurrence of crystals in the amorphous disks suggest that apatite can also form directly from the solution progenitor.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 197-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cortisone ; Metabolism ; Bone ; Thyroidectomy ; Calcitonin ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des lapins blancs néo-zélandais adultes sont répartis selon les groupes suivants: 1) témoin, sans traitement; 2) administration intramusculaire de 5 mg/kg de poids d'acétate de cortisone (CA); 3) thyroidectomie totale avec administration intramusculaire quotidienne de 25 μg de thyroxine; 4) thyroidectomie totale avec traitement à l'acétate de cortisone et de thyroxine, selon 2 et 3. Après 21, 28 et 35 jours de traitement, les fémurs et les corps vertébraux sont étudiés histologiquement, radiographiquement et par détermination du poids par unité devolume. Le calcium total, l'hydroxyproline et la rapport hexosamine-collagène sont déterminés dans les côtes, les fémurs et les corps vertébraux. La calcémie et la phosphorémie ont également été déterminées. Les animaux traités à la cortisone, non opérés ou thyroidectomisés, présentent une diminution de la masse osseuse: la diminution de tous les paramètres étudiés est surtout nette dans le groupe 4. Ces animaux étant surtout déficients en calcitonine, on peut penser que la décroissance de la masse osseuse est en rapport avec une telle déficience. Ces observations semblent indiquer que la calcitonine endogène contribue au maintien de la masse osseuse au cours des stades précoces d'hyperactivité surrénalienne, vraisemblablement induite par une hyperactivité de compensation de la parathyroide.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Erwachsene männliche weiße neuseeland-Kaninchen wurden in folgende Gruppen eingeteilt: 1) Kontrolle, keine Behandlung; 2) Cortison-Acetat (CA) 5 mg/kg Körpergewicht/Tag intramuskulär; 3) Totale Thyreoidektomie mit täglicher Ersatzgabe von 25 μg Thyroxin, i.m. wie bei Gruppe 2; 4) Totale Thyreoidektomie mit Thyroxingabe wie in Gruppe 3 und Ca-Gabe wie in Gruppe 2. Nach 21, 28 und 35 Behandlungstagen wurden die Femora und Wirbel histologisch, röntgenographisch und durch die Bestimmung des Gewichtes pro Volumeneinheit untersucht. Rippen, Femora und Wirbel wurden auf Gesamtcalcium, Hydroxyprolin und Hexosamin-Collagen-Verhältnis analysiert. Es wurden auch Serienbestimmungen von Calcium und anorganischem Phosphor im Serum gemacht. Cortisonbehandelte Tiere, mit oder ohne Thyreoidea, zeigten alle eine verminderte Knochenmasse, aber die Verminderung war in allen Parametern signifikanter in Gruppe 4. Da diese Tiere bekanntlich genügend Thyroxin aber einen Calcitoninmangel hatten, kann die verminderte Knochenmasse in der Gruppe 4 wahrscheinlich mit einer Calcitonin-Insuffizienz in Verbindung gebracht werden. Diese Beobachtungen lassen vermuten, daß endogenes CT zur Erhaltung der Knochenmasse in den Frühstadien der Nebennierenrinden-Hyperfunktion beiträgt, vermutlich indem es der Hyperaktivität der Parathyreoidea entgegenwirkt.
    Notes: Abstract Adult male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into the following groups: 1) control, no treatment; 2) cortisone acetate (CA) 5 mg/kg body weight/day intramuscularly; 3) total thyroidectomy with daily replacement of 25 μg thyroxine given intramuscularly as in Group 2; 4) total thyroidectomy with thyroxine replacement as above and CA treatment as in Group 2. After 21, 28, and 35 days of treatment, the femora and vertebral bodies were examined histologically, roentgenographically, and by determination of mass per unit volume. Ribs, femora and vertebral bodies were analyzed for total calcium, hydroxyproline, and hexosaminecollagen ratio. Serial determinations of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus were also made. Cortisone-treated animals, intact or thyroidectomized, had decreased bone mass, but by all parameters the decrease was more significant in Group 4. Since these animals were known to be euthyroid but calcitonin-deficient, the decreased bone mass observed in Group 4 may be correlated with CT insufficiency. These observations suggest that endogenous CT contributes to the maintenance of bone mass in the early stages of hyperadrenocorticism, possibly by offsetting hyperactivity of the parathyroid gland.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 235-243 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hydroxyapatite ; Bone ; Amorphous ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Hydrogen Bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De l'hydroxyapatite (HA) est préparé en mélangeant du phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP), contenant du Cl comme oligo-élément, dans de l'eau distillée tamponnée à pH 7,4 par du Tris-HCl à 25, 37, 60, 80 et 100°. Un tel Ha contient moins de 1% (25°) à11% (100°) de Cl initialement contenu dans le précurseur ACP. Ces résultats suggèrent que le mécanisme principal de conservion consiste en une série de processus contrôlés par des vitesses de solubilité, permettant aux ions de s'échapper des ACP en voie de disolution avant le début de la nucléation de l'HA.In situ, le réarrangement de l'ACP n'explique pas la fuite ionique et ne semble pas responsable de la conversion. Le spectre infra-rouge de surface hautement spécifique d'HA, préparé à 25° et 37°, ne montre pas d'élongation OH ou des bandes OH équilibrées, alors que la surface spécifique inférieure de l'HA (60°, 80°, 100°) présente des bandes nettes de ces modes vibrationnels. Cet effet est atrribué à une liaison hydrogène de groupement OH structural à la surface de cristaux d'HA, présentant une monocouche d'eau fortement adsorbée à la surface de l'HA. Comme dans les autres systèmes, la formation de liaison hydrogene élimine probablement les bandes d'absorption OH, de telle sorte que seuls les groupements OH, situés à l'intérieur des cristaux, donnent des bandes OH nettes, non perturbées. Au fur et à mesure que la surface spécifique de l'HA diminue, l'effet d'élimination s'atténue par suite d'une décroissance concomittante du pourcentage de groupements OH superficiels. Ainsi peut s'expliquer l'absence de modes vibrationnels OH dans le spectre infra-rouge du minéral osseux, étant donné que l'apatite osseux a une surface spécifique identique à celle de l'HA synthétisé à 25° et 37°.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Hydroxyapatit (HA) wurde hergestellt, indem amorphes Calciumphosphat (ACP), welches eingeschlossenes Cl als ein Tracer-Ion enthielt, in destilliertem Wasser, mit Tris-HCl auf pH 7,4 gepuffert, bei 25, 37, 60, 80 und 100° gerührt wurde. So hergestelltes HA enthielt bei 25° weniger als 1%, bei 100° 11% der Cl-Menge, welche ursprünglich im ACP eingeschlossen war. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß der Hauptmechanismus der Umwandlung eine Reihe von durch die Lösung hervorgerufenen Veränderungen ist, welche es den Ionen ermöglichen, aus dem sich auflösenden ACP auszutreten, bevor die HA-Nukleation einsetzt. In situ ist der Ionenaustritt aus dem umgebildeten ACP nicht möglich und ist wahrscheinlich bei der Umwandlung nicht beteiligt. Die Infrarotspektren von hochspezifischem Oberflächen-HA, welches bei 25° und 37° hergestellt worden war, zeigten keine OH-Dehnungs- oder Schwankungsstreifen, während weniger spezifisches Oberflächen-HA (60°, 80°, 100°) Scharfe Streifen von diesen Vibrationsarten zeigt. Diese Wirkung wird der Tatsache zugeschrieben, daß strukturelle OH-Gruppen auf der Oberfläche der HA-Kristalle mit der dort vorhandenen stark adsorbierten Wassermonolayer eine Wassersotffbindung eingehen. Wie in anderen Systemen verwischt die Wasserstoffbindung wahrscheinlich die OH-Absorptionsstreifen, so daß nur die OH-Gruppen im Inneren der Kristalle scharfe, unveränderte OH-Streifen liefern. Je mehr die spezifische Oberfläche des HA abnimmt, desto kleiner wird die verwischende Wirkung, denn der Prozentsatz der an der Oberfläche liegenden OH-Gruppen nimmt ebenfalls ab. Dies erklärt eventuell die beobachtete Abwesenheit von OH-Vibrationsarten im Infrarotspektrum von Knochenmineral, da Knochenapatit eine spezifische Oberfläche hat, die mit derjenigen von HA verglichen werden kann, welches bei 25° und 37° synthetisiert wurde.
    Notes: Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HA) was prepared by stirring amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), which contained occluded Cl− as a tracer ion, in distilled water buffered to pH 7.4 by tris-HCl at 25, 37, 60, 80 and 100°. HA made in this manner contained from less than 1% (25°) to 11% (100°) of the amount originally occluded in the precursor ACP. These results suggest that the principal mechanism of conversion is a series of solution- mediated rate processes that enable ions to move away from the dissolving ACP before the onset of HA nucleation.In situ ACP rearrangement does not provide for ion escape and is probably not involved in the conversion. The infrared spectra of high specific surface HA prepared at 25° and 37° showed no OH stretching or OH librational bands, while the lower specific surface HA (60°, 80°, 100°) displayed sharp bands of these vibrational modes. This effect is attributed to hydrogen bonding of structural OH groups on the surface on HA crystals with the strongly adsorbed water monolayer present on HA. As in other systems, hydrogen bond formation probably smears out the OH absorption bands so that only OH groups in the crystal interior yield sharp, unperturbed OH bands. As the HA specific surface decreases, the smearing effect becomes minimal due to a concomitant decrease in the percentage of surface-located OH groups. This may explain the observed absence of OH vibrational modes in the infrared spectrum of bone mineral, since bone apatite has a specific surface comparable to that of HA synthesized at 25° and 37°.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 27-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Pyrophosphate ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Kinetics ; Hydroxyapatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet du pyrophosphate sur la distribution et les vitesses d'échange du calcium et du phosphate dans les cristaux d'hydroxyapatite a été étudié. Les analyses de disparition du45Ca, du32P [Pi] et du32P [PPi] de la solution vers les cristaux ont été réalisées en utilisant un modèle de compartimenst. Les courbes de disparition sont formées par la somme de 4 exponentielles, correspondant à un modèle de 4 compartiments en séries. Le pyrophosphate est présent dans les 4 compartiments du cristal. Le traitement du cristal avec le pyrophosphate provoque une diminution nette du phosphate échangeable et deux des quatre compartiments disparaissent totalement. Les données quantitatives suggèrent une substitution de 2 moles d'orthophosphate par mole de pyrophosphate. Le pyrophosphate n'a pas d'effet net sur la distribution et les échanges de calcium. Les conséquences de ces résultats sur les effets d'inhibition du pyrophosphate sur la formation et la dissolution des cristaux d'apatite sont discutées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Pyrophosphat auf die Verteilung und die Austauschrate von Calcium und Phosphat in Hydroxyapatitkristallen wurde untersucht. Das Verschwinden von45Ca,32P [Pi] und32P [PPi] aus der Lösung und die Anlagerung dieser Ionen auf den Kristallen wurde anhand eines Kompartiment-Modelles studiert. Die Verschwinde-Kurven wurden durch die Summe von 4 Exponentiellen beschrieben und mittels einem Modell von 4 Kompartimenten in Serie interpretiert. Wurde der Lösung Pyrophosphat zugesetzt, so war es in allen 4 Kompartimenten vorhanden. Ferner entstand eine starke Verminderung des austauschbaren Phosphates, wobei 2 der 4 Kompartimente vollständig verschwanden und 2 Mode Orthophosphat mit 1 Mol Pyrophosphat ausgetauscht wurden. Pyrosphosphat hatte keine nennenswerte Wirkung auf die Verteilung und die Flüsse des Calciums. Diese Befunde werden im Zusammenhang mit der Hemmwirkung des Pyrophosphates bei der Bildung und Auflösung von Apatitkristallen besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of pyrophosphate on the distribution and the rates of exchange of calcium and phosphate in hydroxyapatite crystals was studied. Analysis of disappearance of45Ca,32P [Pi] and32P [PPi] from the solution onto the crystals was performed using a compartmental model. The disappearance curves were described by the sum of 4 exponentials, which was interpreted as a four-compartment model in series. Pyrophosphate was present in all the four pools of the crystals. Treatment of crystal with pyrophosphate led to a large decrease of exchangeable phosphate, and two of the four compartments disappeared completely. The quantitative data suggest a replacement of 2 moles of orthophosphate by 1 mole of pyrophosphate. Pyrophosphate had no appreciable effect on the distribution and the fluxes of calcium. The implications of these results for the inhibitory effects of pyrophosphate on the formation and dissolution of apatite crystals are discussed.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 5 (1973), S. 174-180 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tricyclic antidepressant ; nortriptyline ; metabolism ; urine ; pharmacokinetics ; twins ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The urinary excretion of nortriptyline (NT) and five of its metabolites was studied by quantitative gas chromatography in 22 twins and 7 unrelated healthy subjects after single (1 mg/kg) and multiple oral doses (0.4 mg/kg t.i.d.) of NT hydrochloride. A mean recovery of 62% of the dose was found after both single and multiple doses. The metabolite pattern in the urine was qualitatively and quantitatively identical in the two regimes, but there were marked variations in the pattern of metabolites between individuals. The disappearance rate of NT from the plasma was mainly determined by the metabolism of NT to 10-hydroxynortriptyline, which varied considerably between individuals. The data suggest that in certain rapid NT metabolizers, the upper limit for the overall clearance of NT from the plasma (if extrahepatic metabolism is assumed to be negligible) might be set by the blood flow through the liver.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 268-270 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diphenhydramine ; orphenadrine ; gas-liquid chromatography ; N-selective detector ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the assay of nanogram quantities of diphenhydramine and orphenadrine in human plasma. The procedure employs gas-liquid chromatography and a high sensitivity nitrogen detector. It has been used to assay diphenhydramine in plasma after oral administration of therapeutic doses.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 234-238 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenobarbital ; neonate ; maternal-fetal exchange ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma concentrations of phenobarbital were measured in 18 newborn infants for one to two weeks after birth. The drug had been administered prenatally to the mothers as part of treatment for maternal hypertension or toxaemia. The plasma half-life of the drug in the infants (77–404 h) was inversely correlated with the extent of prenatal exposure to it. In three infants a bi-phasic plasma curve was found as there was a sudden change from slow to fast disappearance on the 5th to 7th day of life.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 44-53 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Nortriptyline ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma clearance ; gas chromatography — mass spectrometry ; pharmacogenetics ; twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five identical (monozygotic) and 6 fraternal (dizygotic) sets of healthy twins between 47 and 53 years of age were given a single oral dose of nortriptyline (NT) hydrochloride 1 mg/kg. The plasma half-life, the apparent volume of distribution, and the plasma clearance of NT were estimated for each subject as well as the urinary excretion rate of conjugated and unconjugated 10-hydroxynortriptyline (10-OH-NT). “Steady-state” plasma levels predicted from the reciprocal single dose plasma clearance rate of NT agreed well with those observed in a previous study of the same twins 2 years previously. In the present study, there was a 5-fold range of the plasma half-lives and 2-fold variation in the apparent volume of distribution of NT (assuming complete availability on oral administration). No correlation was found between the plasma half-life and the apparent volume of distribution. Analysis of variance showed that most of the variability between persons in plasma half-life, apparent volume of distribution and conjugation of 10-OH-NT was genetically determined. The plasma half-life and apparent volume of distribution may contribute independently to the total interindividual variability of the “steady-state” plasma level of NT.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 181-186 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenothiazines ; thioridazine ; serum levels ; pharmacokinetics ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rate of absorption of thioridazine varied greatly in ten healthy volunteers who took 100 mg in the morning after an overnight fast. The peak level in blood was also variable and it was reached 1 1/4 to 4 h after dosing. Maximal concentrations in the blood varied widely from 0.13 µg/ml to 0.52 µg/ml. No relation was found between the weight or sex of the subjects and the pharmacokinetics of the drug. The serum half life of thioridazine in three healthy volunteers was 9, 10 and 10 h respectively. In a group of 22 patients receiving less than 5 mg/kg body weight a day, there was a strong correlation between the dose and the morning or evening concentration of thioridazine in the blood. A positive correlation was also observed between the age of the patient and the serum level in those who received doses of less than 5 mg/kg body weight.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 88-92 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Noradrenaline pools ; 7-3H-noradrenaline ; neuro-effector junction kinetics ; pharmacokinetics ; sympathoadrenergic activity
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A two-compartment model of 73HNA distribution has been developed for studying sympatho-adrenergic activity in intact man. After infusion of 73HNA at constant speed in resting normal subjects, the decay curves of the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of 73HNA were plotted against time. Analysis of the curves yielded constants and indirect indications about noradrenaline exchange processes in the extracellular environment. Complete evaluation of the neuronal pools and of the pathways of biosynthesis and metabolism was impossible, but it seemed likely that 73HNA entered small neuronal pools that underwent rapid exchange with the extracellular environment, a point of some interest in clinical and pharmacologic investigations.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Urography ; Hypaque® ; Urovist® ; pharmacokinetics ; renal failure
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Comparative tests were carried out, using a radioactive tracer method, on the pharmacokinetics of sodium and methylglucamine diatrizoate. A biological model was simulated using an analogue computer; and the rate and elimination constants, the elimination half life, and the ratio of tissue entry to tissue elimination constants were calculated. Over the period of time required for X-ray diagnosis, the two salts of the contrast medium acid which were tested did not alter the pharmacokinetics of the contrast medium itself.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 245-250 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Procaine amide ; N-acetylprocaine amide ; sustained-release ; pharmacokinetics ; ventricular arrhythmia
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied during treatment with either a conventional or a new sustained-release preparation of procaine amide in order to compare fluctuations in plasma concentration and urinary excretion of the drug during “steady state” conditions. Procaine amide in plasma was measured by spectrofluorimetry and the urine concentration of it and its major metabolite, N-acetylprocaine amide, by gas chromatography. The average fluctuation of plasma concentrations was 3.5±0.1 µg/ml during treatment with sustained-release tablets (dosage interval 8 h) and 4.2±0.4 µg/ml during treatment with ordinary tablets (dosage interval 4 h), i. e. it was 20% greater during treatment with the conventional preparation. There was no difference between the two preparations in recovery of the drug from urine (sustained-release tablets 85.4±3.0%; and conventional tablets 90.3±5.4%). Thus, the new sustained-release preparation of procaine amide administered 3 times daily produced the same range of plasma levels as the identical dose of conventional tablets given 6 times a day.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 261-267 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Alclofenac ; antiphlogistic ; man ; pharmacokinetics ; dosage regimes ; plasma levels
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A one compartment open model has been found to fit plasma concentration data previously obtained in man after single oral doses of alclofenac; the parameters of the model are: $${\text{t}}_{\tfrac{{\text{1}}}{{\text{2}}}} $$ abs=1.3±0.7h, $${\text{t}}_{\tfrac{{\text{1}}}{{\text{2}}}} $$ el=3.5±1.2h, Vd/F=17±6. The model has been used successfully to predict steady-state plasma levels of alclofenac after multiple oral doses. One treatment schedule (initial dose 500 mg, maintenance dose 250 mg five times a day) was administered to two volunteers for five days and the plasma levels of alclofenac determined daily. The latter were in good agreement with computer predictions based on the model. It is now possible, therefore, to select the most suitable dosage regimes for this drug.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 1 (1973), S. 51-68 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; cancer chemotherapy ; cell kinetics ; mathematical model ; cell cycle specific drugs
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Predictive models have been developed to simulate cancer cell populations under treatment with cytotoxic drugs, with both direct-acting and cell cycle specific drugs being considered. Models of cell growth kinetics have been combined with simple pharmacokinetic models to complete the cell-drug interaction system. The models depend on knowing the distribution of generation time in the cell population, the cell-drug interaction, and the local concentration of the drug at the effective site. All of the quantities can be obtained, in principle, from separate experiments and combined to form a model describing several aspects of the cell-drug response system.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 1 (1973), S. 497-520 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: tissue distribution ; plasma protein binding ; tissue protein binding ; fat/water partition coefficient ; volumes of distribution ; corticosterone ; pharmacokinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of a drug at its site of action will be affected by the ability of the drug to distribute to and pass through various membranes and tissues. Mechanisms of drug distribution are summarized in this paper and include the differences between intracellular and extracellular pH,active transport systems for drugs, distribution of drugs between fat and water in adipose tissues, the reversible binding of drugs to phospholipids and to various macromolecules including proteins, nucleic acid, and melanin. These mechanisms usually tend to decrease the concentration of unbound drugs at their sites of action, but usually not to the extent one would predict on the basis of in vitrobinding studies. The effects of drug distribution in altering the biological half-lives of drugs in the body are discussed as well as the interrelationship between the kinetic volumes of distribution for drugs and blood flow rates through the organs that eliminate these drugs. These concepts are illustrated for corticosterone levels following intravenous bolus injections and infusions into rats.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 1 (1973), S. 341-361 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; pharmacokinetic models ; bioavailability ; clinical metabolic profile ; chronic dosing regimens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The present status of pharmacokinetics is reviewed. Pharmacokinetic models and the basic concepts involved in applying models to blood, urine, bile, and tissue levels of drugs and metabolites are discussed. An outline of methods for pharmacokinetic analyses is proposed. Special emphasis is given to the determination of bioavailability of a drug from various dosage forms. Uses of pharmaco-kinetics in determining sites of drug action and in determining a clinical metabolic profile are suggested. The perturbations of magnitudes of pharmacokinetic parameters among individuals challenged with the drug can be used as a diagnostic tool in evaluating the state of dynamic processes, the presence of metabolic diseases and genetic abnormalities, and the failure of physiological functions. The use of pharmacokinetics and the prediction of chronic dosing regimens are reviewed. Typical curves depicting predicted blood levels on repetitive dosing are presented.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 1 (1973), S. 521-540 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; polygenically controlled disease states ; pharmacokinetic twin studies ; pharmacokinetic heritability ; ethanol ; antipyrine ; phenylbutazone ; bishydroxycoumarin.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The application of pharmacokinetics to the elucidation of polygenic factors involved in drug disposition is discussed in the context of three questions: (a)How extensive is the variation among individuals in rate of plasma clearance for commonly used drugs? (b)If appreciable variation occurs, what are the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to its maintenance? (c) What role is played by polygenic factors in maintaining this variation?Large variance in plasma decay rates for phenylbutazone, ethyl biscoumacetate, antipyrine, isoniazid, and nortriptyline is noted throughout the general population. However, these large variations appear to be controlled predominately by genetic rather than by environmental factors on the basis of studies run on identical and fraternal twins. At the present time, an individual's capacity to metabolize drugs and the effects of various conditions in altering that basal, genetically determined capacity seem to be best indicated by measurements of the plasma antipyrine half-life. While the theoretical advantages of obtaining blood concentrations of drugs as a guide to their more rational administration are evident, several practical problems are discussed in this paper.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 1 (1973), S. 137-163 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; nonlinear regression ; drug distribution ; compartmental models ; computer program ; BASIC ; time sharing ; spectinomycin ; naloxone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract COMPT, a computer program for optimizing the solution of integral compartmental models of drug distribution by nonlinear regression analysis, is written in extended BASIC for use in time-sharing computer systems. It is based on Hartley's modification of the Gauss-Newton gradient method. The characteristics and features of the program are indicated, and the program source listing is presented. This version of COMPT is designed to solve the two-compartment open model of intravenous drug administration. Examples of the results of the operational program are presented. The program is modifiable to permit analytical solutions for other types of systems described by nonlinear equations.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 1 (1973), S. 175-200 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; cancer chemotherapy ; pharmacodynamics ; cell kinetics ; vincristine ; vinblastine ; arabinosylcytosine ; cyclophosphamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A pharmacodynamic model is proposed and equations are developed for the quantitative analysis of dose-time-cell-survival curves produced by the administration of cell-cycle-specific chemo-therapeutic agents. The essential feature of the model is an irreversible, bimolecular mechanism of drug-receptor interaction which serves as the interface between the pharmacokinetics of the drug and the cell-cycle-cell-proliferation kinetics of the normal and neoplastic cells. A preliminary cell system which allows adequate characterization of the experimental data is a two-compartment model where cells are assumed to exist in their proliferative and nonproliferative phases. The chemotherapeutic model was used to analyze dose-time-cell-survival curves found in the literature for the effects of vincristine, vinblastine, arabinosylcytosine, and cyclophosphamide on lymphoma and hematopoietic cells in the mouse femur. Similarity in the values of the “cell-kill” constants for these drugs on the two cell types indicates that, in the cell systems studied, the proliferative state of the cells is the primary in vivodeterminant of selective chemotherapy.
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  • 76
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    Keywords: absorption ; amphetamine ; bioavailability ; elimination ; pharmacokinetics ; phentermine ; resin-bound drugs
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Plasma levels of amphetamine and phentermine have been measured in man in a crossover study of the pharmacokinetics of these agents following oral administration of resin-bound and soluble salt formulations. The one-compartment open model with first-order drug absorption was fitted to the data from each subject by nonlinear regression methods and provided an excellent fit. Relative bioavailability of the two salts did not differ for either drug. In both cases the rate constant for absorption was significantly lower and less variable for the resinated compound.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 1 (1973), S. 295-305 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: diazoxide ; pharmacokinetics ; stable-isotope dilution ; GC-mass fragmentography ; solubility ; excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A specific, sensitive, and accurate assay for diazoxide in human plasma and urine samples was developed utilizing stable-isotope dilution-GC-mass fragmentography. 3-Trideuterodiazoxide (d 3-diazoxide) served as internal standard, and diazoxide was N-methylated with diazomethane prior to GC. Plasma elimination half-lives of diazoxide ranged within 20–53 hr in four severely hypertensive patients, which did not correlate with endogenous plasma creatinine levels. A rapid infusion over 10–15 sec of an antihypertensive dose presumably resulted in a very transient precipitation of diazoxide due to its limited solubility of approximately 380 Μg/ml plasma. Urinary excretion accounted for 4–6% of the dose within 24 hr after administration in the four patients studied and totalled 19% and 22% in two patients. Renal clearance of diazoxide was below 1 ml/min on the first day following administration and increased to 2–3 ml/min on consecutive days. It was concluded that renal excretion of diazoxide is self-limited by antihypertensive doses in severely hypertensive patients. The major route of elimination in these patients may be due to metabolism.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 1 (1973), S. 89-98 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: clindamycin ; clindamycin-2-palmitate ; clindamycin-2-hexadecylcarbonate ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract To determine the bioavailability of clindamycin from the microbiologically inactive clindamycin-2-palmitate and clindamycin-2-hexadecylcarbonate in man, a three-way crossover study was conducted with oral administration of the two esters and clindamycin hydrochloride. In each case, serum clindamycin bioactivity concentrations were fitted to a one-compartment open model with an initial lag time. Analysis of variance of measured quantities (serum concentrations and urinary excretion) and of derived pharmacokinetic parameters showed that for every comparison except maximum serum concentrations clindamycin-2-palmitate was not significantly different (at p=0.05) from clindamycin hydrochloride. Clindamycin-2-hexadecylcarbonate gave significantly different values from those for the hydrochloride in all cases except the rate constant and half-life for elimination from the serum. The palmitate was the superior ester and was bioequivalent to the hydrochloride in man.
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 82-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Precipitation ; Kinetics ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La cinétique de la formation et de la transformation des précipités de phosphate de calcium, obtenus en mélangeant de volumes égaux de solutions à 6×10−3 M de calcium total et/ou phosphate total est étudiée à 25°C. Les solutions de phosphate sont préajustées à un pH de 7.4. Les changements de pH et de turbidité des solutions sont suivis simultanément en fonction du temps. Les précipités sont isolés à des intervalles de temps variables et caractérisés par diverses méthodes physico-chimiques. Initialement un précipité avec un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1.5, amorphe aux rayons X et en diffraction électronique, est formé. Le spectre IR indique la présence de PO 4 3− et de HPO 4 2− . Après une période métastable, on observe la précipitation d'un matériel cristallin dans ou sur la phase amorphe. Vingt quatre heures après préparation de l'échantillon les précipités présentent surtout les caractères du phosphate octocalcique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Bildung und Transformation von Calciumphosphat-Niederschlägen wurde bei 25°C untersucht. Es wurden dazu gleiche Volumen von Lösungen gemischt, bei einer Konzentration von 6×10−3M totales Calcium und/oder totales Phosphat. Die Phosphatlösungen wurden zuerst auf pH 7,4 eingestellt. Veränderungen des pH und Trübung der Lösungen wurden gleichzeitig als eine Funktion der Zeit aufgezeichnet. Niederschläge wurden in verschiedenen Zeitintervallen isoliert und mit verschiedenen physiko-chemischen Methoden charakterisiert. Am Anfang wurde ein Niederschlag mit einem molaren Ca/P-Verhältnis von 1,5, im Röntgenbild und in der Elektronendiffraktion amorph, gebildet. Infrarotspektren deuteten die Anwesenheit von PO 4 3− - und HPO 4 2− -Ionen an. Nach einer metastabilen Periode erfolgte ein Niederschlag aus kristallinem Material innerhalb oder auf der amorphen Substanz. 24 Std nach der Herstellung der Proben zeigten die Niederschläge in der Hauptsache die Charakteristiken von Octocalciumphosphat.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the formation and transformation of calcium phosphate precipitates obtained by mixing equal volumes of solutions, 6×10−3 M in total calcium and/or total phosphate was investigated at 25°. The phosphate solutions were preadjusted to pH 7.4. Changes of the pH and turbidity of the solutions were followed simultaneously as a function of time. Precipitates were isolated at various time intervals and characterized by different physicochemical methods. Initially a precipitate with a molar Ca/P ratio of 1.5, amorphous to X-ray and electron diffraction was formed. IR spectra indicated the presence of PO 4 3− and HPO 4 2− ions. After a period of metastability, precipitation of a crystalline material within or upon the amorphous matter occurred. Twenty four hours after sample preparation the precipitates showed mainly the characteristics of octacalcium phosphate.
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 113-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Fluoride ; Tooth ; Enamel ; Kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les surfaces d'émail dentaire sont confrontées avec des solutions de calcium et phosphate, qui y recirculent. Les réactions cinétiques au niveau des surfaces en calcium, phosphate, fluorure et ions hydrogène sont déterminées dans des solutions à concentrations en ions fluor constantes (0.012, 0.025, 0.050, 0.250 ou 0.500 mM/l) et/ou à pH constant (6.8, 7.0, 7.2 ou 7.4). Les vitesses de réactions des ions calcium, phosphate, hydrogène et fluorures augmentent dans les conditions suivantes: 1) augmentation de la surface d'émail, 2) augmentation des vitesses d'écoulement au niveau des surfaces, 3) augmentation du pH de la solution et 4) augmentation de la concentration en ion fluorure. Les vitesses presque proportionnelles des réactions mesurées simultanément indiquent la formation de minéraux apatitiques à la surface de l'émail pendant tout le temps de contact solide-solution.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Oberflächen von Zahnschmelz wurden mit konstant zirkulierenden Lösungen, welche Calcium und Phosphate enthielten, equilibriert. Die kinetischen Oberflächenreaktionen von Calcium-, Phosphat-, Fluori- und Wasserstoff-Ionen wurden in Lösungen mit konstanten Fluoridkonzentrationen (0,012, 0,025, 0,050, 0,250 oder 0,500 mM/l) und/oder konstantem pH (6,8, 7,0, 7,2 oder 7,4) bestimmt. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten dieser Ionen an der Grenze zwischen fester und flüssiger Phase erhöhten sich unter folgenden Bedingungen: 1. Vergrößerung der Schmelzoberfläche; 2. Erhöhung der Geschwindigkeit der der Oberfläche zugeführten Lösungen; 3. Erhöhung des pH der Lösung; 4. Erhöhung der Fluoridionenkonzentration in der Lösung. Die beinahe proportionalen Geschwindigkeiten der gleichzeitig gemessenen Reaktionen deuteten darauf hin, daß auf den Schmelzoberflächen während der ganzen Equilibrierungszeit Apatitminerale gebildet wurden.
    Notes: Abstract Surfaces of tooth enamel were interfaced with recirculating solutions containing calcium and phosphate. The kinetic interfacial reactions of calcium, phosphate, fluoride, and hydrogen ions were determined in solutions of constant fluoride ion concentrations (0.012, 0.025, 0.050, 0.250, or 0.500 mM/l) and /or constant pH (6.8, 7.0, 7.2, or 7.4). The rates of the calcium, phosphate, fluoride, and hydrogen ion reactions at the solid-solution interface increased under the following conditions: (1) increase of the enamel surface area; (2) increase of the rates of solution flow to the interface; (3) increase of solution pH; and (4) increase of the solution fluoride ion concentration. The nearly proportional rates of the concurrently measured reactions indicated the formation of apatitic minerals on the enamel surfaces throughout the time of solid-solution interface.
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 207-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Fluoride ; Diet ; Collagen ; Hexosamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une fluorose squelettique est induite chez des lapins soumis à des régimes adéquates et faibles en calcium. Les lapins soumis à un régime pauvre en calcium sont plus sensibles à l'intoxication fluorée, ainsi que le démontre les exostoses et la rétention plus élvée de fluor du fémur. La matrice collagène de l'os et la synthèse de l'hexosamine, étudiée par l'incorporation de proline (U)14C dans le collagène et de glucose (1)14C dans l'hexosamine, ne semblent pas affecter par le fluor et par la concentration de calcium dans le régime des lapins.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Skelettfluorose wurde bei Kaninchen hervorgerufen, welche ausreichende und niedrige Calciumdiäten erhielten. Kaninchen mit einem niedrigen Calciumgehalt in der Nahrung entwickelten eine stärkere Fluoridintoxikation, was sich durch Exostosebildung und höhere Fluoridretention in den Femora zeigte. Die Synthese des Knochenmatirx-Collagens und der Hexosamine [untersucht mittels Einbau von Prolin (U)14C in Collagen und Glukose (1)14C in Hexosamin] wurde weder durch Fluorid noch durch den Calciumgehalt der Kaninchen-Nahrung beeinflußt.
    Notes: Abstract Skeletal fluorosis was induced in rabbits fed adequate and low calcium diets. Rabbits on a low calcium diet were found to suffer more from fluoride intoxication as evidenced by exostosis formation and higher retention of fluoride in the femora. Bone matrix collagen and hexosamine synthesis assessed by14C-proline (U) incorporation into collagen and14C-glucose (1) into hexosamine were found to be unaffected by the fluoride as well as by the level of calcium in the diets of rabbits.
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 67-79 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Calcification ; Mitochondria ; Cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Quatre vingt quinze pour cent du total du calcium et phosphate d'homogénats cellulaires, isolés mécaniquement de l'os, sédimentent avec des particules sub-cellulaires par centrifugation à 15000×G. Une méthode, destinée à isoler et à purifier partiellement cette fraction, riche en calcium, est mise au point par digestion enzymatique avec de la désoxyribonucléase et ultracentrifugation dans 70% de saccharose. Le fragment obtenu contient 10% de produit minéral, sous forme de complexe calcium-phosphate, et des protéines et lipides. Des quantités importantes de phospholipides et RNA sont notées, ainsi que des quantités faibles d'hexosamine et d'acide sialique. Les essais enzymatiques et la microscopie électronique indiquent que la fraction contient plusieurs types différents de particules cytophoniques, mais leur contenu en calcium n'a pu être déterminé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde festgestellt, daß 95% des gesamten Calcium-und Phosphatgehaltes in Zellhomogenaten, welche mechanisch aus Knochen isoliert wurden, mit subzellulären Teilchen in einem Zentrifugenfeld von 15000×G sedimentieren. Zur Isolation und teilweisen Reinigung dieser calciumreichen Fraktion wurde eine Methode entwickelt, die auf enzymatischer Verdauung mit Desoxyribonuclease und Ultrazentrifugation mittels 70% Sucrose basiert. Der entstandene Niederschlag enthielt 10% Mineral, der in Form eines Calciumphosphat-Komplexes vorlag und einen hohen Gehalt an Protein und Lipid aufwies. Es fanden sich ferner signifikante Mengen von Phospholipid und RNS, dagegen nur kleine Mengen von Hexosamin und Sialsäure. Enzymbestimmungen und Elektronenmikroskopie zeigten, daß die gefundene Fraktion mehrere, sich voneinander unterscheidende Typen von Cytoplasmapartikeln enthielt; ihr Calciumgehalt konnte jedoch anhand der verfügbaren Resultate nicht bestimmt werden.
    Notes: Abstract Ninety-five percent of the total calcium and phosphate in homogenates of cells isolated mechanically from bone was found to sediment with subcellular particles in a centrifugal field of 15000×G. A method was devised for the isolation and partial purification of this calcium-rich fraction by enzymatic digestion with deoxyribonuclease and ultracentrifugation through 70% sucrose. The resultant pellet was 10% mineral, present as some form of calcium-phosphate complex, and was rich in protein and lipid. Significant amounts of phospholipid and RNA were present also, but only small amounts of hexosamine and sialic acid. Enzyme assays and electron microscopy indicated that the fraction contained several different types of cytoplasmic particles but those which contained calcium could not be determined from available data.
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 39-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Fluoride ; Absorption ; Bone ; Blood ; Skeleton ; Deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'absorption, les concentrations sanguines et osseuses du fluor (F) et du calcium (Ca), à partir de mélanges de monofluorophosphate de sodium (Na2PO3F) et de gluconate de calcium (CaGluc), ont été étudiées chez le rat dans diverses conditions expérimentales. Lorsque Na2PO3F et CaCluc sont ingérés simultanément, dans la proportion pondérale de F/Ca=1/50, on observe un parallelisme de l'absorption et de la concentration squelettique de F et Ca. Ce fait s'explique partiellement par un effet prolongé de l'absorption de F sous l'influence de CaGluc. L'hydrolyse des ions PO3F est faible dans l'estomac, presque totale dans l'intestin, et apparemment totale dans le plasma sanguin. L'ingestion combinée de Na2PO3F-CaCluc donne une élévation comparativement faible, modérée et prolongée de la concentration plasmatique de F, alors qu'aucune action n'est observée pour le Ca plasmatique chez les rats normaux. L'absorption et la concentration squelettique de F et Ca sont augmentées chez des rats déficients en Ca et diminuées chez des rats en hypervitaminose D2.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Absorption, die Konzentration in Blut und die Aufnahme im Skelet von Fluorid (F) und Calcium (Ca), zugeführt als Natriummonofluorphosphat (Na2PO3F) und als Calciumgluconat (CaGluc), wurden bei Ratten unter verschiedenen Bedingungen untersucht. Die hauptsächlichsten Ergebnisse waren folgende: Wurden Na2PO3F und CaGluc in einem Gewichtsverhältnis von F∶Ca=1∶50 gleichzeitig eingenommen, so verliefen die Absorption und die Aufnahme im Skelet von F und Ca parallel. Dies konnte teilweise durch eine verlangsamte F-Absorption unter dem Einfluß von CaGluc erklärt werden. Die Hydrolyse der PO3F-Ionen war im Magen spärlich, im Darm beinahe vollständig und scheinbar vollständig im Blutplasma. Die kombinierte Einnahme von Na2PO3F und CaGluc ergab eine verhältnismäßig langsame, gemäßigte und verzögerte Erhöhung der F-Konzentration im Plasma, während bei normalen Ratten keine Beeinflussung des Plasma-Calciums gefunden wurde. Die F- und Ca-Absorption und deren Aufnahme im Skelet waren bei calciumarmen Ratten erhöht und bei mit Vitamin D2 überdosierten Tieren erniedrigt.
    Notes: Abstract Absorption, blood levels and skeletal uptake of fluorine (F) and calcium (Ca) from combinations of sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F) and calcium gluconate (CaGluc) were studied in rats under varying conditions. When Na2PO3F and CaGluc were ingested simultaneously in a ratio by weight F/Ca=1/50, absorption and skeletal uptake of F and Ca were parallel. This was partly due to the prolonged absorption of F under the influence of CaGluc. Hydrolysis of PO3F ions was weak in the stomach, nearly complete in the intestine and apparently complete in the blood plasma. Combined Na2PO3F-CaGluc ingestion gave a comparatively slow, moderate but prolonged elevation of the plasma F levels, while no influence on plasma Ca was found in normal rats. F and Ca absorption and skeletal uptake were increased in Ca-deficient rats and decreased in vitamin D2-intoxicated rats.
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 80-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Metabolism ; Cells ; Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le contenu moyen en calcium d'une population mixte de cellules osseuses viables, fraichement séparées de la matrice osseuse calcifiée, est de 194,5±7,3 mmoles/kg de poids sec chez le porc et 176,6±8,7 mmoles/kg chez le rat. Le calcium semble intracellulaire. La majorité (90% ou plus) sédimente avec des particules intracellulaires au cours de la centrifugation et le reste se situe dans le liquide cellulaire. Des études cinétiques à l'aide de45Ca indiquent un passage rapide du calcium, en rapport avec la température, à la fois dans les réserves solubles et les particules de calcium d'homogénats de cellules osseuses. Ils indiquent aussi un échange direct entre la phase liquide et les particules, d'une part, et le milieu extracellulaire, d'autre part. Ces échanges se font à une vitesse différente et, probablement, selon des mécanismes différents, la portion comportant les particules étant la plus rapide. Les résultats indiquent que ces dernières pourraient correspondre aux petites granules denses identifiées récemment en microscopie électronique et l'acquisition, le stockage et la libération de calcium de ces compartiments pourraient être importants pour le métabolisme squelettique du calcium.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der mittlere Calciumgehalt einer gemischten Population von lebensfähigen, frisch aus der verkalkten Matrix gewonnenen Knochenzellen betrug beim schwein 194,5±7,3 mmol/kg Naßgewicht und bei der Ratte 176,6±8,7 mmol/kg. Das Calcium scheint intracellulär zu liegen, wobei der größte Teil (90% oder mehr) in einem Zentrifugalfeld leicht mit intracellulären Partikeln sedimentiert, während die Zellflüssigkeit im Gleichgewicht bleibt. Kinetische Studien mittels45Ca zeigen einen raschen, temperaturabhängigen Umbau von Calcium sowohl im löslichen als auch im unlöslichen Calcium-Pool von Knochenzellhomogenaten, ferner einen direkten Austausch zwischen jedem Pool und dem extracellulären Medium, wobei jeder mit verschiedenen Geschwindigkeiten und wahrscheinlich durch verschiedene Mechanismen abläuft, wobei der unlösliche Pool der raschere ist. Diese Resultate lassen vermuten, daß der unlösliche Pool den kleinen dichten Granula entsprechen könnte, welche kürzlich durch Elektronnmikroskopie in Knochenzellen identifiziert wurden, und daß die Aufnahme, Lagerung und Abgabe des Calciums aus diesen Speichern für den Skelet-Calcium-Metabolismus wichtig sein könnte.
    Notes: Abstract The mean calcium content of a mixed population of viable bone cells freshly separated from the calcified bone matrix has been found to be 194.5±7.3 mmoles/kg wet weight in pigs and 176.6±8.7mmoles/kg in rats. The calcium appears to be intracellular, the major portion (90% or more) sedimenting readily with intracellular particles in a centrifugal field and the balance being largely in the cell sap. Kinetic studies using45Ca indicate rapid temperature-dependent turnover of the calcium in both soluble and particulate calcium pools of bone cell homogenates and a direct exchange between each pool and the extracellular medium, each occurring at a different rate and possibly by different mechanisms, the particulate pool being the more rapid. These data suggest that the particulate pool may correspond to the small dense granules recently identified in bone cells by electron microscopy and that the uptake, storage and release of calcium from these stores may be important in skeletal calcium metabolism.
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 200-206 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Protein ; Serum ; Tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le fluide interstitiel et son ultrafiltrat sont recueillis chez des rats rendus hypercalcémiques par administration de hautes doses de vitamine D ou hypercalcémiques par parathyroidectomie, dans des chambres de diffusion et de dialyze, implantées dans le tissu sous-cutané. Ils sont analysés pour leur contenu en calcium, phosphate inorganique et protéines. Chez les rats hypercalcémiques, la concentration en calcium du fluide interstitiel est de 4.5% inférieur à celle du sérum. La concentration en calcium de l'ultrafiltrat interstitiel est, de façon inexplicable, différente dans les deux groupes d'animaux; l'un montre une valeur élevée (11,43 mg/100 ml); l'autre présente une valeur faible (4,91 mg/100 ml). La concentration du phosphate inorganique dans le fluide interstitiel ne diffère pas significativement du P sérique, alors que la fraction ultrafiltrable de phosphate inorganique est de 38% inférieur à celle du fluide interstitiel. La concentration protéique dans le fluide interstitiel est de 50% inférieur à la valeur dans le sérum. Chez les rats hypocalciques, la concentration du calcium est nettement inférieure dans le sérum, aussi bien que dans le fluide interstitiel et l'ultrafiltrat. Les rapports entre la quantité de calcium du sérum, du fluide interstitiel et de l'ultrafiltrat, sont similaires à ceux des animaux témoins. Le phosphate inorganique est légèrement plus élevé dans le groupe PTX et nettement plus élevé dans le PTX+le groupe à régime pauvre en calcium. Il n'y a pas de différence significative entre les concentrations de phosphate inorganique dans le sérum du fluide interstitiel et de l'ultrafiltrat dans chaque groupe. Le contenu protéique du fluide interstitiel du groupe PTX et du groupe PTX+régime pauvre en calcium est respectivement de 48% et de 63% des valeurs normales.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Ratten durch die Verabreichung hoher Vitamin D-Dosen hypercalcaemisch oder durch Parathyroidektomie hypocalcaemisch gemacht und ihre Interstitialflüssigkeit und deren Ultrafiltrat auf Calcium, anorganisches Phosphat und Protein untersucht; dazu wurden Diffusions- und Dialysierkammern subkutan implantiert. Bei den hypercalcaemischen Ratten war die Calciumkonzentration in der Interstitialflüssigkeit nur 4,5% niedrige als in Serum. Im Ultrafiltrat der Interstitialflüssigkeit war die Calciumkonzentration der beiden Tiergruppen unerklärlich verschieden; die eine Gruppe wies einen hohen Wert (11,43 mg/100 ml), die andere einen niedrigen Wert (4,91 mg/100 ml) auf. Die Konzentration des anorganischen Phosphats in der Interstitialflüssigkeit unterschied sich nicht signifikant von derjenigen im Serum, während der ultrafiltrierbare Anteil des anorganischen Phosphats 38% tieferlag als in der Interstitialflüssigkeit. Die Proteinkonzentration der Interstitialflüssigkeit entsprach 50% des Serumwertes. Bei den hypocalcaemischen Ratten war die Calciumkonzentration im Serum, sowie auch in der Interstitialflüssigkeit und in deren Ultrafiltrat merklich reduziert. Die Verhältnisse zwischen den Calciumkonzentrationen in Serum, Interstitialflüssigkeit und Ultrafiltrat waren denjenigen der Normaltiere ähnlich. Die Konzentration des anorganischen Phosphats war bei der PTX-Gruppe mäßig erhöht, dagegen stark erhöht bei der PTX-Gruppe mit calciumarmer Diät. Die Konzentrationen des anorganischen Phosphates in Serum, Interstitialflüssigkeit und Ultrafiltrat der beiden Gruppen waren nicht signifikant verschieden. Die Proteinkonzentration der Interstitialflüssigkeit der PTX-Gruppe betrug 48%, diejenige der PTX-Gruppe mit calciumarmer Diät 63% der Normalwerte.
    Notes: Abstract Interstitial fluid and its ultrafiltrate was sampled from rats made hypercalcaemic by administration of high doses of vitamin D or hypocalcaemic by parathyroidectomy, in subcutaneously implanted diffusion and dialyzing chambers, and analyzed for calcium, inorganic phosphate and protein. In the hypercalcaemic rats the concentration of calcium in the interstitial fluid was only 4.5% lower than serum-Ca. The calcium concentration in the interstitial ultrafiltrate was inexplicably different in the two groups of animals, one showing a high value (11.43 mg/100 ml), the other showing a low value (4.91 mg/100 ml). The concentration of inorganic phosphate in the interstitial fluid did not differ significantly from the serum-P, while the ultrafiltrable fraction of inorganic phosphate was 38% lower than the amount found in the interstitial fluid. The concentration of protein in the interstitial fluid was 50% of the serum value. In the hypocalcaemic rats, the concentration of calcium was considerably lowered in serum, as well as in interstitial fluid and ultrafiltrate. The ratios between the concentrations of calcium in serum, interstitial fluid and ultrafiltrate were similar to those in the normal animals. The inorganic phosphate was moderately elevated in the PTX group, and strongly elevated in the PTX+low diet-Ca group. There were no significant differences between the levels of inorganic phosphate in serum interstitial fluid and ultrafiltrate within each group. The protein content of the interstitial fluid from the PTX group was 48%, and in the PTX+low diet-Ca group 63%, of the normal values.
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 95-108 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Amorphous ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Electron ; Microscopy ; Damage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cinq précipités non-cristallins de phosphate de calcium, préparés à partir de solutions qui varient en pH, degré de saturation et contenu en carbonate, sont examinés par des méthodes physico-chimiques et morphologiques. Des mesures de diffractions électronique et en rayons X et de spectrophotométrie infra-rouge confirment la nature amorphe de chaque précipité. Le microscope électronique par transmission et par balayage démontre que les particules élémentaires des 5 produits synthétiques sont de forme sphérique, quelque soit la méthode de préparation. Quatre des précipités contiennent de petites sphères de taille identique (200 à 1200 Å de diamètre), alors que le dernier précipité, riche en carbonate, contient des particules plus grandes (700 à 2000 Å de diamètre). Ces sphères sont de densité électronique uniforme lorsqu'une intensité de courant, la moins élevée, est utilisée. Un faisceau d'électrons, d'intensité plus élevée, permet de mettre en évidence de nombreux centres, transparents aux électrons, dans chaque particule. In chauffage sous vide à 600° ne modifie pas la nature amorphe des précipités ou la morphologie et la taille des particules élémentaires, bien que la presque totalité de l'eau, contenu dans ces précipités, soit éliminée. L'échauffement ne provoque pas la formation de centres transparents aux électrons. Au contraire, les sphères deviennent résistantes à des dommages, causés par le faisceau. Il semble que le faisceau d'électrons agit sur les atomes d'oxygène et d'hydrogène de la phase aqueuse du phosphate de calcium amorphe et que cette réaction initiale est suivie par le déplacement et/ou la perte d'autres atomes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Fünf nicht-kristalline Calciumphosphat-Niederschläge, welche aus Lösungen mit variierendem pH, Übersättigungsgrad und Karbonatgehalt gewonnen wurden, wurden mit physikochemischen und morphologischen Methoden untersucht. Röntgendiffraktion, Infrarot-Spektrophotometrie und Elektronendiffraktionsmessungen bestätigten die amorphe Natur jedes Niederschlages. Sowohl Durchstrahlungs-, als auch Raster-Elektronenmikroskopie zeigten, daß die nativen Elementarpartikel aller 5 synthetischen Produkte von kugeliger Form und unabhängig von den angewandten Präparativ-Techniken waren. Vier der Niederschläge enthielten Kügelchen von der gleichen Größe (200–1200 Å Durchmesser), während jener mit relativ hohem Karbonatgehalt viel größere Partikel aufwies (700–2000 Å Durchmesser). Die Kügelchen waren für den Elektronenstrahl von einheitlicher Dichte, wenn mit der Stromdichte bei niedrigster brauchbarer Stufe betrachtet. Wurden die Proben stärkeren Elektronenströmen ausgesetzt, so entwickelten sich sogleich in jedem Teilchen zahlreiche elektronendurchlässige Zentren. Erhitzen in Vakuum bis zu Temperaturen von 600° veränderte weder die amorphe Beschaffenheit der Niederschläge noch die Morphologie und Größe ihrer elementaren Partikel, obwohl beinahe alles Wasser, welches in den ursprünglich vorliegenden Proben enthalten war, durch dieses Vorgehen entfernt wurde. Die Hitzebehandlung verursachte keine Bildung von elektronendurchlässigen Zentren sondern machte die Kügelchen im Gegenteil in zunehmendem Maße widerstandsfähig gegenüber Strahlenschädigungen. Diese Befunde lassen vermuten, daß sich die ausgestrahlten Elektronen und die Sauerstoff- oder Wasserstoffatome der wäßrigen Komponente des amorphen Calciumphosphates gegenseitig beeinflussen und daß diese anfängliche Reaktion von einer Verdrängung und/oder einem Verlust anderer Atome gefolgt wird.
    Notes: Abstract Five non-crystalline calcium phosphate precipitates prepared from solutions varying in pH, degree of supersaturation and carbonate content were examined by physicochemical and morphological methods. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectrophotometry and electron diffraction measurements confirmed the amorphous nature of each precipitate. Both transmission and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the native elemental particles of all 5 synthetic products were spherical in shape and independent of the preparative procedures employed. Four of the precipitates contained spherules of similar sizes (200–1200 Å in diameter) while the one relatively rich in carbonate exhibited much larger particles (700–2000 Å in diameter). The spherules were uniformly dense to the electron beam when viewed with the current density at its lowest useful level. Exposure to higher electron currents immediately resulted in the development of numerous electron-lucent centers in each particle. Heating in vacuum to temperatures up to 600° did not change the amorphous nature of the precipitates or the morphology and size of their elemental particles even though almost all of the water contained in the original precipitates was removed by this process. Heat treatment did not induce formation of electron-lucent centers. On the contrary it, made the spherules increasingly resistant to beam damage. These findings suggest that the beam electrons interact with the oxygen or hydrogen atoms of the aqueous constituent of the amorphous calcium phosphate and that this initial reaction is followed by displacement and/or loss of other atoms.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 5 (1972), S. 44-52 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: alprenolol ; serum drug level ; exercise ; man ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of alprenolol on heart rate and systolic blood pressure were studied in healthy subjects during standardized exercise on a bicycle ergometer. In one series of experiments, in which serum concentrations of alprenolol were also measured, the effects of single oral doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg of alprenolol and a placebo were compared by a double blind cross-over technique. In a second series of experiments 100 mg alprenolol was given four times in one day and the effect was followed for up to eighteen hours after the last dose. — Alprenolol diminished the expected increase in heart rate and systolic blood pressure during exercise. The reduction of exercise tachycardia in a given individual was linearly related to the logarithm of the dose or the serum concentration of alprenolol. The serum concentrations required for a given reduction of exercise tachycardia varied almost one hundred-fold amongst the subjects studied. The biological availability of alprenolol was dose-dependent, probably due to a limited capacity biotransformation of the drug before it entered the general circulation. After a single dose the serum level of alprenolol and its chronotropic effect diminished at a rate corresponding to an elimination half life of about two hours. This rate of elimination was consistent with that calculated from the results of the four dose study.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 5 (1972), S. 58-61 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pralidoxime chloride ; pharmacokinetics ; anti-cholinesterase poisoning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A dose of 1.0 g (10.0–14.0 mg/kg body weight) of pralidoxime mixed with various cholinolytics was given by i.m. injection to 29 healthy male subjects. A concentration of pralidoxime in blood of 4 µg/ml was reached after 5 to 10 min with all the mixtures and was maintained for about 1 to 2 h. The calculated half lives of pralidoxime in three groups of subjects were 62.2, 60.0 and 61.8 min., respectively. — The urinary excretions of pralidoxime during the first 4 h after the injections averaged 75.0, 79.6 and 69.6 per cent, respectively, of the total amount given. — The results are compared with published information about similar oximes.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1972), S. 233-240 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Sulphamethoxazole ; trimethoprim ; pharmacokinetics ; uraemia ; sulphonamides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) and trimethoprim (TMP) have been investigated in four healthy volunteers, 15 patients with stable chronic renal failure and 3 patients on regular dialysis. The dosage schedule was 400 mg of SMZ and 80 mg of TMP orally every 12 h. The plasma concentrations and urinary excretion have been analysed in terms of a one compartment open model, allowing for elimination by renal excretion and metabolic processes. — At equilibrium the plasma concentrations of unchanged sulphonamide showed no significant correlation with the degree of renal impairment. The accumulation of TMP increased slightly without affecting the concentration ratio of both agents in plasma. In contrast, increasing accumulation of metabolized SMZ was demonstrated in the presence of renal insufficiency. Indirect evidence indicates that rising metabolite levels under these circumstances may lead to a displacement of unchanged sulphonamide from protein binding sites. — The cumulative urinary excretion amounted to 82.4% of the dose of sulphonamide administered, which probably corresponds to the fraction of the compound absorbed. The urinary concentration of biologically active SMZ was slightly below the plasma level, especially in advanced renal failure, but it remained above the minimum inhibitory concentrations reported in the literature. The concentration of TMP in urine was considerably higher than in plasma, it decreased with loss of renal function as did active SMZ.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1972), S. 191-195 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Amobarbital ; pentobarbital ; barbiturates ; gas chromatography ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic methods are described for the assay of amobarbital and pentobarbital in 500 µl samples of plasma, in concentrations down to 250 ng/ml. After ether extraction at pH 5.5, the barbiturates are reextracted into an alkaline solution of trimethylanilinium hydroxide and are determined quantitatively by gas chromatography as their dimethylated derivatives. The method has been used successfully in volunteers receiving therapeutic doses of these bariturates.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1972), S. 137-141 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Fentanyl ; pharmacokinetics ; neuroleptanalgesia ; analogue computer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma levels and urinary excretion of3H-fentanyl were studied in 5 human subjects after intravenous injection of this drug. After an initial rapid decline, the plasma level of fentanyl decreased slowly and approximately exponentially. The plasma concentration of metabolites remained almost steady from 1–3 h after injection. More than 60% of the administered radioactivity was excreted through the kidneys within 4 days. Only a small proportion of it was unchanged fentanyl. The rates of fall of plasma concentration and of urinary excretion were slower in man than in rabbits. — The time courses of plasma concentrations and of urinary excretion were simulated on an analogue computer. The results support the assumption that the different time courses of concentrations in man and rabbits are caused by slower metabolism in man. It seems likely that redistribution plays a dominant part in the short duration of action of fentanyl in man.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1972), S. 150-157 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Antibiotics ; pharmacokinetics ; microbiological assay ; drug control ; neonatal septicaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The various steps of a paper disc micromethod for quantitative determination of plasma concentrations of antibiotics is described. Only 10 µl of plasma is needed for a single determination, allowing easy and repeated capillary sampling. Separate assay was attempted of three antibiotics in a mixture (streptomycin, cloxacillin and ampicillin), both by use of selective inhibitors (semicarbazide, penicillinase) in the culture medium and by choosing suitable strains of bacteria. In this way, it was possible to determine streptomycin and cloxacillin separately when all three antibiotics were present simultaneously in the plasma. The assay of ampicillin, however, was always influenced by the presence of even small concentrations of cloxacillin. The 95% confidence intervals of the standard curves for the three antibiotics are presented. — The method is suitable both for pharmacokinetic studies and for routine clinical control of plasma antibiotic levels, even in premature children.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: C cells ; Sheep ; Calcitonin ; Calcium ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les recherches combinées qualitatives et quantitatives indiquent chez la Brebis, et contrairement aux résultats acquis chez la Vache, que la parturition n'est pas accompagnée d'une décharge plus ou moins intense de calcitonine. La Brebis parturiente ne montre aucune variation significative de la calcémie et de la phosphatémie; sa thyroïde renferme des taux de calcitonine analogues à ceux rencontrés chez des brebis taries, non gestantes. Dans les mêmes conditions, l'examen au microscope électronique des cellules C permet encore de rendre compte d'activités de synthèse, de sécrétion et d'excrétion tout à fait normales.
    Notes: Summary A combination of qualitative and quantitative studies show that there is not an abrupt release of calcitonin at the time of parturition in the ewe; these results differ from those obtained by several authors in the parturient cow. At lambing time, ewes are neither hypocalcemic nor hypophosphatemic; thyroidal calcitonin content is similar in parturient and in dry non-pregnant ewes. In electron microscopic studies, synthesis and release of calcitonin from C-cells in ewes, slaughtered in the hours just after lambing, appear to be as usual. These results are discussed with regard to the syndrome of parturient paresis in ruminants.
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 114-132 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Sodium-deficiency ; Histology ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Ce travail étudie les effets d'une carence en sodium sur le squelette chez le Rat en croissance. Il a été effectué sur 3 groupes de Rats: groupe carencé, groupe témoin sous-nutri et groupe témoin normal. L'étude macroradiographique et microradiographique des tibias révèle que la carence en sodium provoque en 8 semaines une diminution de la longueur, un amincissement de l'espace métaphyso-épiphysaire et l'apparition d'une ostéopénie. Cette ostéopénie prédomine sur la métaphyse par rapport à la diaphyse. Au niveau de celle-ci, le rapport cortico-diaphysaire est diminué. Ce changement est essentiellement dû à l'amincissement de l'os cortical par sa face périphérique. Le marquage par la tétracycline confirme cette atteinte prédominante de l'apposition périostée. L'étude histologique et l'étude autoradiographique suggèrent que cette ostéopénie résulte d'un important ralentissement de l'ostéogénèse et de l'activité globale du tissu osseux. L'analyse chimique révèle des changements minimes de la composition des fémurs. La teneur en cendres est légèrement abaissée. La rapport Ca/P est légèrement augmenté. Les rapports Ca/N et P/N sont diminués. Le rapport Na/Ca est augmenté. Les mécanismes possibles de cette atteinte squelettique sont envisagés: sous-nutrition, effet acidifiant du régime, trouble de l'absorption intestinale du calcium, retentissement surrénal et conséquences cellulaires de la carence en sodium. En conclusion, dans le déterminisme de l'atteinte osseuse semblent devoir être retenus: a) l'inanition dûe à l'anorexie provoquée par le régime désodé, b) und effet squelettique propre de la carence en sodium, le trouble de l'absorption intestinale du calcium ne paraissant pas jouer un rôle déclenchant.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluß eines Natriummangels auf das Skelet der noch wachsenden Ratte beobachtet. Die Studie betrifft drei Gruppen von Ratten: eine mit Natriummangel, eine normal ernährte und eine unterernährte Kontrollgruppe. Die makro- und mikroradiographische Untersuchung der Tibiae nach 8wöchigem Natriummangel zeigt eine Verkürzung, eine Verringerung des metaphyso-epiphysären Intervalls und eine Osteopenie, die in der Metaphyse merkbarer als in der Diaphyse ist. Das corticodiaphysische Verhältnis ist herabgesetzt, und zwar verjüngt sich der Knochencortex peripherisch. Mit markiertem Tetracyclin wird bewiesen, daß vorwiegend die periphere Knochenbildung betroffen ist. Die histologische und autoradiographische Untersuchung erlaubt die Annahme, daß diese Osteopenie auf stark verlangsamte Knochenbildung und gesamte metabolische Tätigkeit des Knochengewebes zurückzuführen ist. Die chemische Analyse weist unerhebliche Änderungen der Zusammensetzung der Femora auf. Der Aschengehalt ist leicht vermindert. In den Epiphysen ist Ca/P leicht erhöht. Ca/N und P/N sind herabgesetzt. Na/Ca ist wenig verändert. Die möglichen Mechanismen dieser Skeletveränderungen werden erörtert: Unterernährung, diätbedingte Säurebildung, Störung der intestinalen Calciumabsorption, Nebennieren-beeinflussung und Zellstoffwechselveränderungen durch Natriummangel. Zusammenfassend scheint hauptsächlich die Unterernährung eine Rolle zu spielen. Dazu kommen die direkten Folgen des Natriummangels auf den intestinalen Zucker- und Aminosäurentransport.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of sodium deficiency on the skeleton were studied in growing rats assigned to 3 groups: sodium deficient group, pair-fed controls, normal controls. Macroradiographic and microradiographic examinations and measurements of the tibia demonstrated that sodium deficiency after 8 weeks resulted in shorter bones, thinner cartilage and osteopenia. This osteopenia was greater in metaphysis than in diaphysis. However the cortico-diaphyseal ratio decreased, resulting from cortical bone thinning by the periosteal side. Histologic and autoradiographic examinations suggested that this osteopenia resulted from a marked slowing down of osteogenesis and total bone turnover. The mineral composition of the femur was little changed. The ash rate, Ca/N and P/N ratios decreased slightly. The Ca/P ratio increased slightly. The Na/Ca ratio increased also. The following possible mechanisms of skeletal damage were considered: undernutrition, acidifying effect of diet, fall of calcium intestinal absorption, adrenal and cellular changes resulting from the sodium deficiency. In conclusion, the bone lesions appear to be caused by undernutrition and in addition by a skeletal effect specifically due to sodium deficiency.
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 232-240 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calculus ; Infrared ; Spectroscopy ; Calcium ; Oxalate ; Phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les noyaux centraux de 500 calculs urinaires, comportant 421 calculs des voies urinaires supérieures, 64 calculs des voies urinaires inférieures et 15 calculs de la prostate ont été analysés au Japon par spectroscopie infrarouge. Les résultats de cette analyse indiquent que 50,8% des calculs sont composés d'un mélange d'oxalate de calcium et phosphate de calcium: 17,4% d'oxalate de calcium simple; 17,4% de phosphate de magnésium ammoniaqué, mélangé au phosphate de calcium et probablement aussi au carbonate de calcium: 4,4% d'acide urique et d'urate avec ou sans phosphate de calcium ou d'oxalate de calcium: 3,2% de phosphate de calcium: 1,0% de cystine et 0,2% (un cas) constitué de protéine. Sur 119 calculs, constitués d'oxalate-phosphate, les rapports de l'oxalate de calcium et du phosphate de calcium sont mesurés á l'aide des spectres infra-rouges et les rapports de 53 régions corticales de ces calculs ont été déterminés et comparés è ceux des régions nucléaires centrales. Il apparait ainsi que le noyau des calculs d'oxalate phosphate contient de plus grandes quantités de phosphate de calcium.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In Japan wurden die zentralen Nuclei von 500 Nierensteinen mittels Infrarotspektroskopie untersucht. Es handelte sich dabei um 421 Steine aus den oberen Harnwegen, 64 Steine aus den unteren harnwegen und 15 Prostatasteine. Die Analysen ergaben folgende Resultate: 50,8% der Steine setzten sich aus einem Gemisch von Calciumoxalat und Calciumphosphat usammen; 17,4% enthielten nur Calciumoxalate; 17,4% bestanden aus einem Gemisch von Magnesiumammoniumphosphat mit Calciumphosphat und vermutlich auch Calciumcarbonat; 4,4% enthielten Harnsäure und Urate mit oder ohne Calciumphosphat oder Calciumoxalat; 3,2% bestanden aus Calciumphosphat; 1,0% aus Cystin und 0,2% (ein Fall) aus Protein. Bei 119 Phosphatoxalatsteinen wurde das Verhältnis von Calciumoxalat zu Calciumphosphat aus den Kurven der erhaltenen Infrarotspektra bestimmt. Dieses Verhältnis wurde ebenfalls für die äußere Schicht von 53 solcher Steine berechnet und mit dem Wert der zugehörigen zentralen Nuclei verglichen. Aus diesen Resultaten geht hervor, daß die Nuclei der Phosphatoxalatsteine größere Mengen von Calciumphosphat enthalten.
    Notes: Abstract The central nuclei of 500 urinary calculi in Japan, including 421 calculi of upper urinary tracts, 64 calculi of lower urinary tracts and 15 prostatic calculi, were analysed by infrared spectroscopy. The results of analysis revealed that 50.8% of calculi were composed of mixed calcium oxalate-calcium phosphate; 17.4%, simple calcium oxalate; 17.4%, magnesium ammonium phosphate mixed with calcium phosphate, and probably also with calcium carbonate; 4.4%, uric acid and urate with or without calcium phosphate or calcium oxalate; 3.2%, calcium phosphate; 1.0%, cystine; and 0.2% (one case) were composed of protein. Of 119 oxalate-phosphate calculi the ratios of calcium oxalate to calcium phosphate were measured on the chart of infrared spectra, and also the ratios of 53 cortices taken from these calculi were measured and compared to the ratios of these central nuclei. The results showed that the nuclei of oxalate-phosphate calculi contained greater amounts of calcium phosphate.
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 320-333 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Calcium ; Deficiency ; Osteocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De jeunes rats sont soumis à un régime pauvre en calcium pour provoquer de l'ostéoporose. Les métatarses sont étudiés histologiquement, histochimiquement et radiologiquement. Les premiers signes d'ostéoporose sont visibles sept jours après le début du régime. Une résorption osseuse plus avancée se manifeste par amincissement de l'os compact, sous l'action de cellules hypertrophiées et par formation de cavités de résorption, autour d'ostéocytes hypertrophiés. La résorption osseuse s'effectue en deux stades. Au cours du premier, le calcium disparait de la matrice osseuse périlacunaire ainsi que de la matrice adjacente aux cavités de résorption et de la zone située sous l'endoste. La matrice organique résiduelle de ces régions se colore métachromatiquement et est PAS positive; elle est éliminée dans un second stage. Après deux mois, lorsque les animaux se sont habitués au régime pauvre en calcium, l'épaisseur de l'os compact reste stationnaire et les cavités de résorption disparaissent. Les animaux, soumis à nouveau, après cinq mois, à un régime normal, présentent une augmentation de l'épaisseur de l'os compact. Les diverses fonctions des cellules ainsi que leurs modifications sont décrites.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Um eine Osteoporose zu erzeugen, erhielten junge Ratten eine Calcium-arme Diät. In verschiedenen Zeitabständen wurden die Metatarsalknochen histologisch, histochemisch und radiologisch untersucht. Eine Osteoporose wurde erstmals 7 Tage nach Beginn der Calcium-armen Diät beobachtet. Das Dünnerwerden der Compacta durch das Einwirken von hypertrophierenden Zellen sowie die Bildung von Resorptionshöhlungen in der Compacta durch hypertrophierende Osteocyten wiesen auf eine verstärkte Knochenresorption hin. Die Knochenresorption spielte sich in 2 Stufen ab. Während der ersten Stufe verschwand Calcium aus der perilakunären Knochenmatrix, aus der an die Resorptionshöhlungen angrenzenden Matrix und aus dem subendostalen Bereich. Die an diesen Stellen verbleibende organische Matrix ließ sich metachromatisch anfärben und war PAS-positiv; sie verschwand in der zweiten Resorptionsstufe. 2 Monate später hatten sich die Tiere der Calcium-armen Diät scheinbar soweit angepaßt, daß die Dicke der Compacta stationär blieb und die Resorptionshöhlungen verschwanden. Tiere, die nach 5 Monaten wieder auf die normale Diät zurückversetzt wurden, zeigten ein Dickerwerden ihrer Compacta. Die während der Zellumwandlung sich verändernde Rolle der verschiedenen Zellen wird besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract Young rats were fed with a calcium-deficient diet in order to produce osteoporosis. Metatarsals were examined histologically, histochemically, and radiologically, at intervals. Osteoporosis was first observed seven days after initiation of the diet. Increased bone resorption was manifested by thinning of the compacta through the action of hypertrophied cells, and by the formation in the compacta of resorption cavities by hypertrophied osteocytes. Bone resorption took place in two stages. In the first stage calcium disappeared from the perilacunar bone matrix, from the matrix adjacent to the resorption cavities, and from the subendosteal area. The residual organic matrix in these locations stained metachromatically and was PAS positive; it was removed in the second stage. After two months, when the animals apparently adapted to the calcium-deficient diet, the width of the compacta remained stationary, and the resorption cavities disappeared. Animals returned to a normal diet after five months showed an increase in the thickness of their compacta. The changing role of the various cells together with cell transformation is discussed.
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 93-102 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Strontium ; Vitamin D3 ; Calcium ; Absorption ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des poulets, âgés de 2 semaines, après a voir été soumis pendant 7 jours à un régime pauvre en calcium (0,1%), riche en vitamine D3, à contenu stable en strontium à une concentration équimolaire à 1,2% de calcium, reçoivent à nouveau une alimentation normale. Les graves lésions osseuses, provoquées par le régime au strontium, disparaissent au bout de 3 jours d'alimentation normale. L'inhibition du mécanisme d'absorption intestinal du calcium et l'action inhibitrice initiale du strontium alimentaire sont totalement abolies. Cependant les troubles de la minéralisation ne disparaissent que partiellement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Nachdem normale, 2-wöchige Kücken während 7 Tagen eine calciumarme (0,1%), Vitamin D3-reiche und 2,62% kaltes Strontium (molaraequivalent mit 1,2% Calcium) enthaltende Nahrung erhielten, wurden sie wieder auf normales Futter gesetzt. Die schwere Knochenläsion, die sich durch die Strontiumfütterung entwickelt hatte, bildete sich zu einem großen Teil schon nach 3 Tagen normaler Nahrung wieder zurück. Die Hemmung der Calciumabsorption im Darm, die anfängliche inhibierende Wirkung des Strontiums aus der Nahrung, wurde vollständig aufgehoben; dagegen besserte sich der Mineralisationsdefekt nur teilweise.
    Notes: Abstract Two week old normal chicks, after having been fed a low-calcium (0.1%), vitamin D3-replete diet containing stable strontium at a level equimolar to 1.2% calcium for 7 days, were transferred back to a normal diet. The severe bone lesion that developed with strontium feeding was, to a large extent, reversed after only 3 days on the normal diet. The inhibition of the intestinal calcium absorptive mechanism, the initial inhibitory action of dietary strontium, was fully reversed whereas the recovery from the defect in mineralization was only partially reversed.
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 24-35 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Epiphysis ; Calcium ; Phosphorus ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les électrolytes ont été analysés dans le sérum et dans les tissues en voie de minéralisation, à des stades variables de calcification, chez des poulets et des pores normaux et rachitiques. L'humidité, les cendres et les matières organiques et déssèchées ont été analysées. Il apparait que d'autres électrolytes sériques, en plus du Ca, sont modifiés au cours du rachitisme. Le Mg et le P inorganique sont modifiés de façon variable au cours de l'avitaminose D. Des changements plus importants en contenu minéral des tissus sont observés dans les stades précoces de calcification que ceux que l'on a pu constater dans le sérum à des stades similaires, ce qui suggère un effet direct de l'avitaminose sur le tissu en voie de calcification. Quant au contenu du sérum, le dépôt de Ca est plus élevé dans les tissus d'animaux rachitiques par rapport aux témoins. Ceci n'est pourtant pas le cas du Mg ou du P inorganique, indiquant une affinité préférentielle du Ca pour le tissue rachitique. L'analyse gravimétrique de matières organiques et déssèchées des zones épiphysaires montre que les quantités de cartilage hypertrophique et en voie de dévelopment augmentent dans le cas de rachitisme, alors que le cartilage calcifié diminue, confirmant les observations histologiques antérieures. De manière inattendue, la proportion de cartilage au repos augmente au cours du rachitisme.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Elektrolyte im Serum und in mineralisierenden Geweben wurden zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten der Verkalkung bei normalen Hühnern und Schweinen und bei solchen mit Vitamin D-Mangel analysiert. Wassergehalt, Asche, trockene und organische Substanz wurden ebenfalls gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß außer Ca auch andere Elektrolyte bei Rachitis verändert wurden. Mg und anorganischer P wurden durch den Vitaminmangel bei den beiden Gattungen verschiedenartig beeinflußt. In den Geweben wurde in den frühen Phasen der Verkalkung eine größere Änderung des Mineral-Spiegels gefunden, als dies zu übereinstimmenden Zeiten im Serum der Fall war, was auf eine direkte Wirkung des Vitaminmangels auf das verkalkende Gewebe schließen läßt. Im Verhältnis zum Serumspiegel wurde Ca in den Geweben der rachitischen Tiere zu einem größeren Grade als normal abgeschieden. Dies war nicht der Fall bei Mg oder anorganischem P, was einen Vorzug für Ca in den rachitischen Geweben anzeigt. Gravimetrische Analysen von organischer und trockener Substanz in epiphysischen Schichten zeigten, daß die Menge des proliferierenden und hypertrophischen Knorpels zunahm und daß verkalkter Knorpel bei Rachitis abnahm, gemäß klassischen histologischen Beobachtungen. achtungen. Ganz unerwartet war bei Rachitis eine verhältnismäßige Zunahme des ruhenden Knorpels festzustellen.
    Notes: Abstract Electrolytes were analyzed in serum, and in mineralizing tissues at varying stages of calcification, in normal and vitamin D-deficient chickens and pigs. Moisture, ash, and organic matter were also measured. Results revealed that in addition to Ca, other serum electrolytes were altered in rickets. Mg and inorganic P were diversely affected by the vitamin deficiency. Larger changes in mineral level were seen in the tissues in the early stages of calcification than were seen at corresponding times in the serum, suggesting a direct effect of the vitamin deficiency on the calcifying tissue itself. Relative to the serum level, Ca was deposited in the tissues of rachitic animals to a greater extent than in normal animals. This was not true for Mg or inorganic P, indicating a preferential affinity for Ca in the rachitic tissue. Gravimetric analyses of organic and dry matter in epiphyseal zones revealed that the amounts of proliferating and hypertrophic cartilage were increased, and calcified cartilage decreased, in rickets, in accord with previous histological observations. Unexpectedly, the proportion of resting cartilage was also increased.
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 121-132 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Skeleton ; Autoradiography ; Isotope ; Deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le taux de formation osseuse d'un chien adulte a été déterminé en divers endroits, en utilisant deux marqueurs à la tétracycline. Les valeurs obtenues ont été comparées avec des mesures similaires de dépôts calciques, obtenues par45Ca. Les mesures du ≪marquage diffus≫ de45Ca ont également été réalisées en utilisant l'autoradiographie quantitative. Les résultats ont été comparés avec les études similaires de Leeet coll. (J. Bone Joint Surg.47B, 157, 1965), effectuées à l'aide d'un chien nouveau-né et d'un chien adolescent. Il apparait ainsi que les études au45Ca permettent de mesurer la formation osseuse chez les chiens d'âges différents. Cependant, il est probable que le ≪marquage diffus≫ de calcium marqué chez l'Homme rend difficile la mesure du dépôt de calcium.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Geschwindigkeit der Knochenbildung bei einem ausgewachsenen Hund wurde mittels 2 Tetracyclinmarkierungen an verschiedenen Stellen des Knochens gemessen. Durch Messungen der Calciumzuwachsrate mittels45Ca-Tracer konnten die Werte beider Methoden verglichen werden. Die „diffuse Markierung” von45Ca wurde anhand von quantitativer Autoradiographie ebenfalls gemessen. Die Resultate wurden mit denjenigen ähnlicher Studien ausgewachsener Hund verwendet wurden. Es wird daraus geschlossen, daß die Knochenbildungsgeschwindigkeit von Hunden aller Altersstufen anhand von45Ca-Tracer-Studien gemessen werden kann. Es ist jedoch wahrscheinlich, daß die „diffuse Makierung” mit Tracer-Calcium beim Menschen zu einer schwierigen Interpretation der Messung der Calciumzuwachsrate führt.
    Notes: Abstract The bone formation rate of an adult dog has been found at several bone sites using two tetracycline markers. The values found have been compared with similar measurements of calcium accretion rate using45Ca as a tracer. Measurements of the “diffuse label” of45Ca were also made using quantitative autoradiography. The results have been compared with similar studies by Leeet al. (J. Bone Joint Surg.47 B, 157, 1965) using a puppy and an adolescent dog. It is concluded that45Ca tracer studies can measure the bone formation rate of dogs at any age. However, it is probable that the “diffuse label” uptake of tracer calcium in humans makes the calcium accretion rate measurement difficult to interpret.
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  • 100
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    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 142-153 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Precipitate ; Electrolyte ; Physiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La précipitation de phosphates de calcium, peu solubles, à partir de solutions de chlorure de calcium (3×10−4M à 1×10−1M) et de phosphate de sodium (Ptot. 1×10−3M à 6×10−2M, [NaOH]/[H3PO4]∼1.75, pH 7.4), est étudiée à 25° et à 37°. Les précipités, obtenus 24 heures après mélange, sont identifiés par microscopie optique et électronique, par diffraction électronique et aux rayons X, par analyses chimiques et par leurs indices de réfraction. Dans un large éventail de concentrations des réactifs à 25°, c'est surtout du phosphate octocalcique qui se forme, alors qu'à 37°, on obtient des apatites déficients en calcium. A cette dernière température, l'OCP se différencie seulement à des concentrations faibles, à la limite de précipitation. A des concentrations relativement élevées (Catot.×Ptot.〉10−4)et aux deux températures, des mélanges de dihydrate de phosphate dicalcique (DCPD) et d'apatites sont obtenus, la zone de concentration diminuant avec l'augmentation de la température.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Ausfällung von schwer löslichen Calciumphosphaten aus wäßrigen Calciumchloridlösungen (3×10−4M bis 1×10−1M) und Natriumphosphatlösungen (Ptot. 1×10−3M bis 6×10−2M, [NaOH]/H3PO4]∼1,75, pH 7,4) wurde bei 25° und bei 37° untersucht. Niederschläge, welche 24 Stunden nach dem Mischen isoliert wurden, konnten mittels Licht- und Elektronenmikroskopie, Röntgenstrahlen und Elektronendiffraktion, chemischen Analysen und Refraktions-Indices identifiziert werden. Über den weitesten Konzentrationsbereich der Versuchssubstanzen wurde bei 25° hauptsächlich Octocalciumphosphat gebildet, während bei 37° calciumarme Apatite entstanden. Bei der letztgenannten Temperatur fiel das OCP nur bei niedrigen Konzentrationsprodukten aus, d.h. an der Ausfällungsgrenze. Bei relativ hohen Konzentrationsprodukten (Catot.×Ptot.〉10−4) und bei beiden Versuchstemperaturen wurden Gemische von Dicalciumphosphatdihydrat (DCPD) und Apatiten erhalten, indem der Konzentrationsbereich bei zunehmender Temperatur abnimmt.
    Notes: Abstract Precipitation of slightly soluble calcium phosphates from aqueous solutions of calcium chloride (3×10−4M to 1×10−1M) and sodium phosphate (Ptot. 1×10−3M to 6×10−2M, [NaOH]/[H3PO4]∼1.75, pH 7.4) was studied at 25° and 37°. Precipitates isolated 24 hours after mixing were identified by means of light and electron microscopy, X-ray and electron diffraction, chemical analyses and refractive indices. Over the widest range of reactant concentrations at 25°, octacalcium phosphate was predominantly formed, while at 37°, calcium deficient apatites were obtained. At the latter temperature OCP separated at very low concentration products only, i.e. at the precipitation boundary. At relatively high concentration products (Catot.×Ptot.〉10−4) and at both temperatures, mixtures of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) and apatites were obtained, the concentration region decreasing with increasing temperature.
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