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  • Retrospectives  (81)
  • Eddies  (42)
  • National Academy of Sciences  (81)
  • American Meteorological Society  (42)
  • Leipzig : Akad. Verlagsges.
  • MDPI Publishing
  • 2015-2019  (62)
  • 2010-2014  (61)
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  • 1
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    American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography, 49 (2), (2019): 607-630, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-18-0166.1.
    Description: The Lagrangian motion in the eddy field produced from an unstable retrograde jet along the shelf break is studied from idealized numerical experiments with a primitive equation model. The jet is initially in thermal wind balance with a cross-isobath density gradient and is not subjected to any atmospheric forcing. Over the course of the model integration, the jet becomes unstable and produces a quasi-stationary eddy field over a 2-month period. During this period, the cross-slope flow at the shelf break is characterized by along-slope correlation scales of O(10) km and temporal correlation scales of a few days. The relative dispersion of parcels across isobaths is found to increase with time as tb, where 1 〈 b 〈 2. This mixed diffusive–ballistic regime appears to reflect the combined effects of (i) the short length scales of velocity correlation at the shelf break and (ii) the seaward excursion of monopolar and dipolar vortices. Cross-slope dispersion is greater offshore of the front than inshore of the front, as offshore parcels are both subducted onshore below density surfaces and translated offshore with eddies. Nonetheless, the exchange of parcels across the jet remains very limited on the monthly time scale. Particles originating from the bottom experience upward displacements of a few tens of meters and seaward displacements of O(100) km, suggesting that the eddy activity engendered by an unstable along-slope jet provides another mechanism for bottom boundary layer detachment near the shelf edge.
    Description: The author expresses his gratitude to the researchers who contributed to the development and public dissemination of POM [for a list of contributors, see Mellor (2002) and comments in the source code]. Discussions with Kenneth Brink, Hyodae Seo, and Weifeng Zhang have been helpful. Comments provided by Kenneth Brink on a draft are gratefully acknowledged. The criticism from two anonymous reviewers allowed us to better focus the manuscript and to significantly improve its clarity. This work has been supported by Grant OCE-1556400 from the U.S. National Science Foundation.
    Description: 2020-02-18
    Keywords: Dispersion ; Eddies ; Frontogenesis/frontolysis ; Instability ; Lagrangian circulation/transport ; Jets
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 49(9), (2019): 2337-2343, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-19-0097.1.
    Description: The weakly unstable, two-layer model of baroclinic instability is studied in a configuration in which the flow is perturbed at the inflow section of a channel by a slow and periodic perturbation. In a parameter regime where the governing equation would be the Lorenz equations for chaos if the development occurs only in time, the solution behavior becomes considerably more complex as a function of time and downstream coordinate. In the absence of the beta effect it has earlier been shown that the chaotic behavior along characteristics renders the solution nearly discontinuous in the slow downstream coordinate of the asymptotic model. The additional presence of the beta effect, although expunging the chaos for large enough values of the beta parameter, also provides an additional mechanism for abrupt spatial change.
    Description: 2020-02-28
    Keywords: Cyclogenesis/cyclolysis ; Eddies ; Microscale processes/variability ; Stability
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 49(6), (2019):1463-1483, doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-18-0213.1.
    Description: A set of float trajectories, deployed at 1500- and 2500-m depths throughout the deep Gulf of Mexico from 2011 to 2015, are analyzed for mesoscale processes under the Loop Current (LC). In the eastern basin, December 2012–June 2014 had 〉40 floats per month, which was of sufficient density to allow capturing detailed flow patterns of deep eddies and topographic Rossby waves (TRWs), while two LC eddies formed and separated. A northward advance of the LC front compresses the lower water column and generates an anticyclone. For an extended LC, baroclinic instability eddies (of both signs) develop under the southward-propagating large-scale meanders of the upper-layer jet, resulting in a transfer of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) to the lower layer. The increase in lower-layer EKE occurs only over a few months during meander activity and LC eddy detachment events, a relatively short interval compared with the LC intrusion cycle. Deep EKE of these eddies is dispersed to the west and northwest through radiating TRWs, of which examples were found to the west of the LC. Because of this radiation of EKE, the lower layer of the eastern basin becomes relatively quiescent, particularly in the northeastern basin, when the LC is retracted and a LC eddy has departed. A mean west-to-east, anticyclone–cyclone dipole flow under a mean LC was directly comparable to similar results from a previous moored LC array and also showed connections to an anticlockwise boundary current in the southeastern basin.
    Description: The authors were supported by the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), Contract M08PC20043 to Leidos, Inc., Raleigh, NC. The authors also wish to acknowledge the enthusiastic support of Dr. Alexis Lugo-Fernández, the BOEM Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative, during the study into the Deep Circulation of the Gulf of Mexico, using Lagrangian Methods. Thanks go to the captains and crews of the R/V Pelican and B/O Justo Sierra, J. Malbrough (LUMCON), J. Singer (Leidos), J. Valdes (WHOI), B. Guest (WHOI), and the CANEK group (CICESE).
    Description: 2020-05-29
    Keywords: Bottom currents ; Eddies ; Instability ; Lagrangian circulation/transport ; Mesoscale processes ; Topographic effects
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 48 (2018): 773-794, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-17-0205.1.
    Description: Fourteen autonomous profiling floats, equipped with CTDs, were deployed in the deep eastern and western basins of the Gulf of Mexico over a four-year interval (July 2011–August 2015), producing a total of 706 casts. This is the first time since the early 1970s that there has been a comprehensive survey of water masses in the deep basins of the Gulf, with better vertical resolution than available from older ship-based surveys. Seven floats had 14-day cycles with parking depths of 1500 m, and the other half from the U.S. Argo program had varying cycle times. Maps of characteristic water masses, including Subtropical Underwater, Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), and North Atlantic Deep Water, showed gradients from east to west, consistent with their sources being within the Loop Current (LC) and the Yucatan Channel waters. Altimeter SSH was used to characterize profiles being in LC or LC eddy water or in cold eddies. The two-layer nature of the deep Gulf shows isotherms being deeper in the warm anticyclonic LC and LC eddies and shallower in the cold cyclones. Mixed layer depths have an average seasonal signal that shows maximum depths (~60 m) in January and a minimum in June–July (~20 m). Basin-mean steric heights from 0–50-m dynamic heights and altimeter SSH show a seasonal range of ~12 cm, with significant interannual variability. The translation of LC eddies across the western basin produces a region of low homogeneous potential vorticity centered over the deepest part of the western basin.
    Description: The authors were supported by the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), Contract M08PC20043 to Leidos, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina.
    Description: 2018-10-04
    Keywords: Eddies ; Mixing ; Potential vorticity ; Surface layer ; Water masses
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 48 (2018): 2703-2719, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-17-0245.1.
    Description: A new set of deep float trajectory data collected in the Gulf of Mexico from 2011 to 2015 at 1500- and 2500-m depths is analyzed to describe mesoscale processes, with particular attention paid to the western Gulf. Wavelet analysis is used to identify coherent eddies in the float trajectories, leading to a census of the basinwide coherent eddy population and statistics of the eddies’ kinematic properties. The eddy census reveals a new formation region for anticyclones off the Campeche Escarpment, located northwest of the Yucatan Peninsula. These eddies appear to form locally, with no apparent direct connection to the upper layer. Once formed, the eddies drift westward along the northern edge of the Sigsbee Abyssal Gyre, located in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico over the abyssal plain. The formation mechanism and upstream sources for the Campeche Escarpment eddies are explored: the observational data suggest that eddy formation may be linked to the collision of a Loop Current eddy with the western boundary of the Gulf. Specifically, the disintegration of a deep dipole traveling under the Loop Current eddy Kraken, caused by the interaction with the northwestern continental slope, may lead to the acceleration of the abyssal gyre and the boundary current in the Bay of Campeche region.
    Description: The authors were supported by the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), Contract M10PC00112 to Leidos, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina.
    Description: 2019-05-07
    Keywords: Abyssal circulation ; Currents ; Eddies ; Mesoscale processes ; Trajectories ; In situ oceanic observations
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 47 (2017): 879-894, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-16-0196.1.
    Description: Models show that surface cooling over a sloping continental shelf should give rise to baroclinic instability and thus tend toward gravitationally stable density stratification. Less is known about how alongshore winds affect this process, so the role of surface momentum input is treated here by means of a sequence of idealized, primitive equation numerical model calculations. The effects of cooling rate, wind amplitude and direction, bottom slope, bottom friction, and rotation rate are all considered. All model runs lead to instability and an eddy field. While instability is not strongly affected by upwelling-favorable alongshore winds, wind-driven downwelling substantially reduces eddy kinetic energy, largely because the downwelling circulation plays a similar role to baroclinic instability by flattening isotherms and so reducing available potential energy. Not surprisingly, cross-shelf winds appear to have little effect. Analysis of the model runs leads to quantitative relations for the wind effect on eddy kinetic energy for the equilibrium density stratification (which increases as the cooling rate increases) and for eddy length scale.
    Description: This research was supported by the National Science Foundation Physical Oceanography Program through Grant OCE-1433953.
    Keywords: Continental shelf/slope ; Baroclinic flows ; Eddies ; Instability
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 47 (2017): 855-866, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-16-0194.1.
    Description: Mesoscale eddies shape the Beaufort Gyre response to Ekman pumping, but their transient dynamics are poorly understood. Climate models commonly use the Gent–McWilliams (GM) parameterization, taking the eddy streamfunction to be proportional to an isopycnal slope s and an eddy diffusivity K. This local-in-time parameterization leads to exponential equilibration of currents. Here, an idealized, eddy-resolving Beaufort Gyre model is used to demonstrate that carries a finite memory of past ocean states, violating a key GM assumption. As a consequence, an equilibrating gyre follows a spiral sink trajectory implying the existence of a damped mode of variability—the eddy memory (EM) mode. The EM mode manifests during the spinup as a 15% overshoot in isopycnal slope (2000 km3 freshwater content overshoot) and cannot be explained by the GM parameterization. An improved parameterization is developed, such that is proportional to an effective isopycnal slope , carrying a finite memory γ of past slopes. Introducing eddy memory explains the model results and brings to light an oscillation with a period ≈ 50 yr, where the eddy diffusion time scale TE ~ 10 yr and γ ≈ 6 yr are diagnosed from the eddy-resolving model. The EM mode increases the Ekman-driven gyre variance by γ/TE ≈ 50% ± 15%, a fraction that stays relatively constant despite both time scales decreasing with increased mean forcing. This study suggests that the EM mode is a general property of rotating turbulent flows and highlights the need for better observational constraints on transient eddy field characteristics.
    Description: GEM acknowledges the Stanback Postdoctoral Fellowship Fund at Caltech and the Howland Postdoctoral Program Fund at WHOI. MAS was supported by NSF Grants PLR-1415489 and OCE- 1232389. AFT acknowledges support from NSF OCE- 1235488.
    Keywords: Arctic ; Eddies ; Ekman pumping/transport ; Mesoscale processes ; Parameterization ; Multidecadal variability
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2018-08-01
    Description: Robert W. Kates died April 21, 2018, at age 89, a geographer who studied the relationship between society and environment and whose commitment to collaborative science kept his colleagues busy with big questions, big projects, and the challenge of fixing problems imbricated in the human use and transformation of the...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2018-12-05
    Description: It is not unusual for the careers of scientists and engineers to span a range of topics, driven by their insatiable curiosity about how things work, the fun they derive from problem solving, an aesthetic sense for “sweet solutions,” and a joy in sharing their knowledge with others. Few careers...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2018-05-23
    Description: Stephen Hawking overcame the limitations of a debilitating disease to make major contributions to science. He did this through remarkable persistence, determination, conviction, courage, and will. He was supported in this by his family, his students, and his colleagues. Stephen Hawking. Image courtesy of Alan Fersht (University of Cambridge, Cambridge,...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2018-05-30
    Description: Charles Pence Slichter died on February 19 of this year at the age of 94. Charlie, as he was known to his friends, was one of the giants of postwar physics, a pioneer of electron and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and a renowned expert on superconductivity, a remarkably influential educator,...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2018-05-16
    Description: Jack Halpern, a preeminent scholar and father of modern organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis, died January 31, 2018 at the age of 93. Homogeneous catalysis by transition metal complexes, a field that has many important scientific and technological applications, can be traced to his early contributions. Jack developed methodologies to...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2018-04-04
    Description: Donald Lynden-Bell was lucky in his heredity and his environment. His great-grandfather knew the famous astronomer John Herschel. His father, an army Colonel, inherited a telescope and introduced Donald to the wonders of the sky. At his school, Marlborough College, Donald was exceedingly well taught. He came up to Clare...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 47 (2017): 1291-1305, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-16-0160.1.
    Description: Along-stream variations in the dynamics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) impact heat and tracer transport, regulate interbasin exchange, and influence closure of the overturning circulation. Topography is primarily responsible for generating deviations from zonal-mean properties, mainly through standing meanders associated with regions of high eddy kinetic energy. Here, an idealized channel model is used to explore the spatial distribution of energy exchange and its relationship to eddy geometry, as characterized by both eddy momentum and eddy buoyancy fluxes. Variations in energy exchange properties occur not only between standing meander and quasi-zonal jet regions, but throughout the meander itself. Both barotropic and baroclinic stability properties, as well as the magnitude of energy exchange terms, undergo abrupt changes along the path of the ACC. These transitions are captured by diagnosing eddy fluxes of energy and by adopting the eddy geometry framework. The latter, typically applied to barotropic stability properties, is applied here in the depth–along-stream plane to include information about both barotropic and baroclinic stability properties of the flow. These simulations reveal that eddy momentum fluxes, and thus barotropic instability, play a leading role in the energy budget within a standing meander. This result suggests that baroclinic instability alone cannot capture the dynamics of ACC standing meanders, a challenge for models where eddy fluxes are parameterized.
    Description: The authors all acknowledge support from NSF OCE-1235488. MKY also acknowledges support from the AMS Graduate Student Fellowship.
    Description: 2017-10-12
    Keywords: Southern Ocean ; Channel flows ; Stability ; Topographic effects ; Eddies ; Mesoscale models
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  • 15
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    American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 46 (2016): 3599-3621, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-16-0085.1.
    Description: At continental margins, energetic deep-ocean eddies can transport shelf water offshore in filaments that wrap around the eddy. One example is that of Gulf Stream warm-core rings interacting with the Mid-Atlantic Bight shelf. The rate at which shelf water is exported in these filaments is a major unknown in regional budgets of volume, heat, and salt. This unknown transport is constrained using a series of idealized primitive equation numerical experiments wherein a surface-intensified anticyclonic eddy interacts with idealized shelf–slope topography. There is no shelfbreak front in these experiments, and shelf water is tracked using a passive tracer. When anticyclones interact with shelf–slope topography, they suffer apparent intrusions of shelf–slope water, resulting in a subsurface maximum in offshore transport. The simulations help construct an approximate model for the filament of exported water that originates inshore of any given isobath. This model is then used to derive an expression for the total volume of shelf–slope water transported by the eddy across that isobath. The transport scales with water depth, radius, and azimuthal velocity scale of the eddy. The resulting expression can be used with satellite-derived eddy properties to estimate approximate real-world transports ignoring the presence of a shelfbreak front. The expression assumes that the eddy’s edge is at the shelf break, a condition not always satisfied by real eddies.
    Description: The research presented here was funded by NSF Grants OCE-1059632 and OCE-1433953. Funding support from the Academic Programs Office, and WHOI is also gratefully acknowledged.
    Description: 2017-06-08
    Keywords: Continental shelf/slope ; Advection ; Dynamics ; Eddies ; Topographic effects
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2017-03-01
    Description: Vera Cooper Rubin, an icon of astronomy whose work revolutionized our understanding of the universe by confirming the existence of dark matter, passed away on December 25, 2016 at the age of 88. Vera had a lifelong love of the cosmos. “How could you possibly live on this Earth and...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2017-07-04
    Description: Robert Treat Paine III passed away June 13 in Seattle surrounded by family and friends. RTP, as he was known, was an emeritus Professor at the University of Washington, where he developed a career that helped define the field of community ecology. Ever an avid naturalist who paid close attention...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2017-10-11
    Description: Thomas E. Starzl, MD, PhD was born on March 11, 1926 in Le Mars, Iowa, the second son of Roman Frederick Starzl and Anna Laura Starzl. His parents were first-generation Americans, the children of Czechoslovakian and Irish immigrants. Roman Starzl was an editor, publisher, and owner of a newspaper. Anna...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2017-05-10
    Description: Generations of clinicians have been faced with often striking developmental and acquired hormonal syndromes associated with reproductive, growth, and metabolic phenotypes. These syndromes have included ambiguous genitalia, anomalies of sexual development, intersex forms, accelerated or delayed puberty, gigantism, and short stature. Although clinical phenotypes of these disorders have been well-established,...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2017-04-26
    Description: The discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole and anthropogenic climate change has thrust the atmospheric sciences into the forefront of scientific disciplines, and such findings routinely appear on the front pages of the media and on the desks of world leaders. Two events can be cited as examples of the...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2017-05-02
    Description: The pioneering cancer cytogeneticist, Peter C. Nowell, died on December 26, 2016, from complications of Alzheimer’s disease at the age of 88. His work laid the foundation for the recognition of the genetic basis of cancer that paved the way for modern targeted cancer therapeutics. Nowell’s observations of changes in...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2017-02-01
    Description: Deborah Jin, a pioneer in modern atomic and molecular physics, passed away on September 15, 2016, at age 47, after a courageous fight with cancer. She was a world renowned scientist at JILA (formerly known as the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics) in Boulder, Colorado, a joint institute of the...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2017-02-23
    Description: Undoubtedly, Dr. Ahmed Zewail, who passed away on August 2, 2016, had a strong, positive impact on science in the Middle East and in the West. I knew Zewail as one of his mentors and close friends. Zewail wanted to come from Egypt (Alexandria University) to get his PhD in...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2017-07-19
    Description: Prof. Mildred S. Dresselhaus, fondly known as “Millie” and “Queen of Carbon Science,” passed away at age 86 on February 20, 2017. She was a pioneer in the research of carbon nanomaterials, a giant in experimental condensed matter physics, a fine musician, a compassionate mentor and role model to young...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2017-03-22
    Description: Stephen E. Fienberg died on December 14, 2016 after a 4-year battle with cancer. He was husband to Joyce, father to Anthony and Howard, grandfather to six, brother to Lorne, mentor, teacher, and a prolific researcher. Most of all, he was a tireless promoter of the idea that the field...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2017-03-29
    Description: George Klein, famous cancer biologist and acclaimed writer on matters of science, human responsibility, and the human condition, decorated by innumerable awards, honorary doctorates and other honors, elected member of this Academy and many other learned societies, including the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society, and...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2017-04-05
    Description: S. Jonathan Singer, “Jon” to one and all, died February 2, 2017, at the age of 92. Educated as a physical chemist, he transitioned gracefully by way of protein and immunochemistry to become a cell and molecular biologist of huge renown. His initial bout with fame came in 1949 when...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 46 (2016): 2645-2662, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-15-0191.1.
    Description: The occurrence, drivers, and implications of small-scale O(2–5) km diameter coherent vortices, referred to as submesoscale eddies, over the inner shelf south of Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, are examined using high-frequency (HF), radar-based, high-resolution (400 m) observations of surface currents. Within the 300 km2 study area, eddies occurred at rates of 1 and 4 day−1 in winter and summer, respectively. Most were less than 5 h in duration, smaller than 4 km in diameter, and rotated less than once over their lifespan; 60% of the eddies formed along the eastern edge of study area, adjacent to Wasque Shoal, and moved westward into the interior, often with relative vorticity greater than f. Eddy generation was linked to vortex stretching on the ebb and flood tide as well as the interaction of the spatially variable tide and the wind-driven currents; however, these features had complex patterns of surface divergence and stretching. Eddies located away from Wasque Shoal were related to the movement of wind-driven surface currents, as wind direction controlled where eddies formed as well as density effects. Using an analysis of particles advected within the radar-based surface currents, the observed eddies were found to be generally leaky, losing 60%–80% of particles over their lifespan, but still more retentive than the background flow. As a result, the combined translation and rotational effects of the observed eddies were an important source of lateral exchange for surface waters over the inner shelf.
    Description: The HF radar data utilized here were obtained using internal funding from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The analysis was supported by NSF OCE Grant 1332646.
    Description: 2017-02-19
    Keywords: Geographic location/entity ; Continental shelf/slope ; Circulation/ Dynamics ; Currents ; Eddies ; Observational techniques and algorithms ; Radars/Radar observations
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 46 (2016): 3263-3278, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-16-0091.1.
    Description: The halocline of the Beaufort Gyre varies significantly on interannual to decadal time scales, affecting the freshwater content (FWC) of the Arctic Ocean. This study explores the role of eddies in the Ekman-driven gyre variability. Following the transformed Eulerian-mean paradigm, the authors develop a theory that links the FWC variability to the stability of the large-scale gyre, defined as the inverse of its equilibration time. The theory, verified with eddy-resolving numerical simulations, demonstrates that the gyre stability is explicitly controlled by the mesoscale eddy diffusivity. An accurate representation of the halocline dynamics requires the eddy diffusivity of 300 ± 200 m2 s−1, which is lower than what is used in most low-resolution climate models. In particular, on interannual and longer time scales the eddy fluxes and the Ekman pumping provide equally important contributions to the FWC variability. However, only large-scale Ekman pumping patterns can significantly alter the FWC, with spatially localized perturbations being an order of magnitude less efficient. Lastly, the authors introduce a novel FWC tendency diagnostic—the Gyre Index—that can be conveniently calculated using observations located only along the gyre boundaries. Its strong predictive capabilities, assessed in the eddy-resolving model forced by stochastic winds, suggest that the Gyre Index would be of use in interpreting FWC evolution in observations as well as in numerical models.
    Description: GEMacknowledges the support from theHowland Postdoctoral Program Fund at WHOI and the Stanback Fellowship Fund at Caltech.MAS was supported by NSF Grants PLR-1415489 and OCE-1232389. AFT acknowledges support from NASA Award NNN12AA01C.
    Description: 2017-04-20
    Keywords: Arctic ; Eddies ; Ekman pumping/transport ; Large-scale motions ; Ocean circulation ; Stability
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 46 (2016): 1717-1734, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-15-0124.1.
    Description: The contribution of warm-core anticyclones shed by the Irminger Current off West Greenland, known as Irminger rings, to the restratification of the upper layers of the Labrador Sea is investigated in the 1/12° Family of Linked Atlantic Models Experiment (FLAME) model. The model output, covering the 1990–2004 period, shows strong similarities to observations of the Irminger Current as well as ring observations at a mooring located offshore of the eddy formation region in 2007–09. An analysis of fluxes in the model shows that while the majority of heat exchange with the interior indeed occurs at the site of the Irminger Current instability, the contribution of the coherent Irminger rings is modest (18%). Heat is provided to the convective region mainly through noncoherent anomalies and enhanced local mixing by the rings facilitating further exchange between the boundary and interior. The time variability of the eddy kinetic energy and the boundary to interior heat flux in the model are strongly correlated to the density gradient between the dense convective region and the more buoyant boundary current. In FLAME, the density variations of the boundary current are larger than those of the convective region, thereby largely controlling changes in lateral fluxes. Synchronous long-term trends in temperature in the boundary and the interior over the 15-yr simulation suggest that the heat flux relative to the temperature of the interior is largely steady on these time scales.
    Description: The authors were supported in this work by the U.S. National Science Foundation.
    Keywords: Geographic location/entity ; North Atlantic Ocean ; Circulation/ Dynamics ; Anticyclones ; Boundary currents ; Convection ; Eddies ; Fluxes
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2016-03-30
    Description: Alfred Gilman died on December 23, 2015, at age 74. With Martin Rodbell, he shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the first heterotrimeric guanine-nucleotide-binding (G-) protein and for elucidating the best-understood molecular mechanism for transducing signals across plasma membranes of eukaryotes. Setting a lofty standard...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2016-01-06
    Description: Peter Pitirimovich Sorokin, a renowned pioneer in laser science, passed away on September 24, 2015, from injuries suffered during a fall a month earlier. Peter, an IBM Fellow emeritus, devoted his career to understanding, creating, and using light. His 1966 discovery of laser action in organic dyes is extraordinarily significant....
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2016-08-11
    Description: Walter Kohn, who died on April 19, 2016, once said “Physics isn’t what I do; it is what I am.” Indeed, Walter was a world-renowned physicist, winner of the 1960 Oliver E. Buckley Prize for his prediction of anomalies in the phonon spectrum in metals, the 1977 Davisson–Germer Prize with...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2016-01-21
    Description: Leo P. Kadanoff, who died on October 26, 2015, devoted his scientific life to trying to elucidate how much of the world can be understood using mathematical models. Historically, physics has addressed this problem by searching for fundamental laws that completely specify the right ingredients to put into a theoretical...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2016-02-10
    Description: The recent passing of George Hess (1926–2015) has left a deep void in Cornell University’s Biochemistry department, and in the hearts of his many friends and admirers. He is sorely missed by his scientific friends and by his loving family. George Hess. Image courtesy of Cornell University. George Hess was...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2016-10-12
    Description: As his students in geography, archaeology, geology, and Latin American, African, and Middle Eastern Studies attest, you could learn more in one day in the field with Karl Butzer than you could in a semester-long course with any other professor. Karl’s fieldwork and active teaching ended May 4, 2016. Future...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2016-10-19
    Description: How do you distill the dignitas and essence of a scientist and a trailblazer and a mentor in just a few paragraphs? And communicate this adequately to peers, former colleagues, and people that have never met him? Especially a scientist with a career longer than most, who discovered more than...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2016-11-16
    Description: Seymour J. Klebanoff, MD, PhD, died peacefully on August 31, 2016 at the age of 89. He began his medical and scientific career at the University of Toronto (Doctor of Medicine, 1951), where he coauthored his first paper, dealing with renal anatomy, in 1950 (1). Klebanoff proceeded to complete Doctor...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2016-08-31
    Description: On June 8, 2016, the field of hematology lost one of its giants, Phil Majerus, who died after a long illness. Phil was truly one of a kind: a biochemist extraordinaire with a passion for life, a quick wit, and a colorful personality, whose discoveries changed the practice of medicine....
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2016-01-06
    Description: This year marks the 50th anniversary of the seminal paper by Sam Edwards on the statistical mechanics of a single polymer chain in dilute solution, a paper that in one stroke founded the modern quantitative understanding of polymer matter, and vaulted soft condensed matter on to the stage of theoretical...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 41
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    American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 45 (2015): 606–612, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-14-0221.1.
    Description: Mesoscale intrathermocline lenses are observed throughout the World Ocean and are commonly attributed to water mass anomalies advected from a distant origin. An alternative mechanism of local generation is offered herein, in which eddy–wind interaction can create lens-shaped disturbances in the thermocline. Numerical simulations illustrate how eddy–wind-driven upwelling in anticyclones can yield a convex lens reminiscent of a mode water eddy, whereas eddy–wind-driven downwelling in cyclones produces a concave lens that thins the mode water layer (a cyclonic “thinny”). Such transformations should be observable with long-term time series in the interiors of mesoscale eddies.
    Description: Support of this research by the National Science Foundation and National Aeronautics and Space Administration is gratefully acknowledged.
    Description: 2015-08-01
    Keywords: Circulation/ Dynamics ; Eddies ; Ekman pumping/transport ; Mesoscale processes ; Models and modeling ; Ocean models ; Primitive equations model
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 42
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    Unknown
    American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 45 (2015): 2820–2835, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-15-0101.1.
    Description: The response of a convective ocean basin to variations in atmospheric temperature is explored using numerical models and theory. The results indicate that the general behavior depends strongly on the frequency at which the atmosphere changes relative to the local response time to air–sea heat flux. For high-frequency forcing, the convective region in the basin interior is essentially one-dimensional and responds to the integrated local surface heat flux anomalies. For low-frequency forcing, eddy fluxes from the boundary current into the basin interior become important and act to suppress variability forced by the atmosphere. A theory is developed to quantify this time-dependent response and its influence on various oceanic quantities. The amplitude and phase of the temperature and salinity of the convective water mass, the meridional overturning circulation, the meridional heat flux, and the air–sea heat flux predicted by the theory compare well with that diagnosed from a series of numerical model calculations in both strongly eddying and weakly eddying regimes. Linearized analytic solutions provide direct estimates of each of these quantities and demonstrate their dependence on the nondimensional numbers that characterize the domain and atmospheric forcing. These results highlight the importance of mesoscale eddies in modulating the mean and time-dependent ocean response to atmospheric variability and provide a dynamical framework with which to connect ocean observations with changes in the atmosphere and surface heat flux.
    Description: This study was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE-1232389.
    Description: 2016-05-01
    Keywords: Circulation/ Dynamics ; Atmosphere-ocean interaction ; Deep convection ; Eddies ; Meridional overturning circulation
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 45 (2015): 1822–1842, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-14-0147.1.
    Description: Influences of time-dependent precipitation on water mass transformation and heat budgets in an idealized marginal sea are examined using theoretical and numerical models. The equations proposed by Spall in 2012 are extended to cases with time-dependent precipitation whose form is either a step function or a sinusoidal function. The theory predicts the differences in temperature and salinity between the convective water and the boundary current as well as the magnitudes of heat fluxes into the marginal sea and across the sea surface. Moreover, the theory reveals that there are three inherent time scales: relaxation time scales for temperature and salinity and a precipitation time scale. The relaxation time scales are determined by a steady solution of the theoretical model with steady precipitation. The relaxation time scale for temperature is always smaller than that for salinity as a result of not only the difference in the form of fluxes at the surface but also the variation in the eddy transport from the boundary current. These three time scales and the precipitation amplitude determine the strength of the ocean response to changes in precipitation and the phase relation between precipitation, changes in salinity and temperature, and changes in heat fluxes. It is demonstrated that the theoretical predictions agree qualitatively well with results from the eddy-resolving numerical model. This demonstrates the fundamental role of mesoscale eddies in the ocean response to time-dependent forcing and provides a framework with which to assess the extent to which observed variability in marginal sea convection and water mass transformation are consistent with an external forcing by variations in precipitation.
    Description: This work was initiated at the 2013 WHOI Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Summer Program, which was supported by the National Science Foundation and the Office of Naval Research. This work was also supported by Grant-in-Aid for Research Fellow (25·8466) of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports and Technology (MEXT), Japan, the Program for Leading Graduate Schools, MEXT, Japan (YY), and by the National Science Foundation Grant OCE-1232389 (MAS).
    Description: 2016-01-01
    Keywords: Circulation/ Dynamics ; Boundary currents ; Deep convection ; Eddies ; Ocean dynamics ; Atm/Ocean Structure/ Phenomena ; Precipitation
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 45 (2015): 1735–1756, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-14-0238.1.
    Description: The Lofoten basin of the Nordic Seas is recognized as a crucial component of the meridional overturning circulation in the North Atlantic because of the large horizontal extent of Atlantic Water and winter surface buoyancy loss. In this study, hydrographic and current measurements collected from a mooring deployed in the Lofoten basin from July 2010 to September 2012 are used to describe water mass transformation and the mesoscale eddy field. Winter mixed layer depths (MLDs) are observed to reach approximately 400 m, with larger MLDs and denser properties resulting from the colder 2010 winter. A heat budget of the upper water column requires lateral input, which balances the net annual heat loss of ~80 W m−2. The lateral flux is a result of mesoscale eddies, which dominate the velocity variability. Eddy velocities are enhanced in the upper 1000 m, with a barotropic component that reaches the bottom. Detailed examination of two eddies, from April and August 2012, highlights the variability of the eddy field and eddy properties. Temperature and salinity properties of the April eddy suggest that it originated from the slope current but was ventilated by surface fluxes. The properties within the eddy were similar to those of the mode water, indicating that convection within the eddies may make an important contribution to water mass transformation. A rough estimate of eddy flux per unit boundary current length suggests that fluxes in the Lofoten basin are larger than in the Labrador Sea because of the enhanced boundary current–interior density difference.
    Description: The work was supported by NSF OCE 0850416.
    Description: 2015-12-01
    Keywords: Circulation/ Dynamics ; Atmosphere-ocean interaction ; Boundary currents ; Eddies ; Fluxes ; Mesoscale processes ; Atm/Ocean Structure/ Phenomena ; Thermohaline circulation
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 45 (2015): 778–791, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-14-0164.1.
    Description: This study examines anisotropic transport properties of the eddying North Atlantic flow, using an idealized model of the double-gyre oceanic circulation and altimetry-derived velocities. The material transport by the time-dependent flow (quantified by the eddy diffusivity tensor) varies geographically and is anisotropic, that is, it has a well-defined direction of the maximum transport. One component of the time-dependent flow, zonally elongated large-scale transients, is particularly important for the anisotropy, as it corresponds to primarily zonal material transport and long correlation time scales. The importance of these large-scale zonal transients in the material distribution is further confirmed with simulations of idealized color dye tracers, which has implications for parameterizations of the eddy transport in non-eddy-resolving models.
    Description: IK would like to acknowledge support through the NSF Grant OCE-1154923. IR was supported by the NSF OCE-1154641 and NASA Grant NNX14AH29G.
    Description: 2015-09-01
    Keywords: Circulation/ Dynamics ; Eddies ; Lagrangian circulation/transport ; Mesoscale processes ; Ocean circulation ; Models and modeling ; Tracers
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 45 (2015): 104–132, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-14-0032.1.
    Description: Three mechanisms for self-induced Ekman pumping in the interiors of mesoscale ocean eddies are investigated. The first arises from the surface stress that occurs because of differences between surface wind and ocean velocities, resulting in Ekman upwelling and downwelling in the cores of anticyclones and cyclones, respectively. The second mechanism arises from the interaction of the surface stress with the surface current vorticity gradient, resulting in dipoles of Ekman upwelling and downwelling. The third mechanism arises from eddy-induced spatial variability of sea surface temperature (SST), which generates a curl of the stress and therefore Ekman pumping in regions of crosswind SST gradients. The spatial structures and relative magnitudes of the three contributions to eddy-induced Ekman pumping are investigated by collocating satellite-based measurements of SST, geostrophic velocity, and surface winds to the interiors of eddies identified from their sea surface height signatures. On average, eddy-induced Ekman pumping velocities approach O(10) cm day−1. SST-induced Ekman pumping is usually secondary to the two current-induced mechanisms for Ekman pumping. Notable exceptions are the midlatitude extensions of western boundary currents and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, where SST gradients are strong and all three mechanisms for eddy-induced Ekman pumping are comparable in magnitude. Because the polarity of current-induced curl of the surface stress opposes that of the eddy, the associated Ekman pumping attenuates the eddies. The decay time scale of this attenuation is proportional to the vertical scale of the eddy and inversely proportional to the wind speed. For typical values of these parameters, the decay time scale is about 1.3 yr.
    Description: This work was funded by NASA Grants NNX08AI80G, NNX08AR37G, NNX13AD78G, NNX10AE91G, NNX13AE47G, and NNX10AO98G.
    Description: 2015-07-01
    Keywords: Circulation/ Dynamics ; Atmosphere-ocean interaction ; Eddies ; Ekman pumping/transport ; Atm/Ocean Structure/ Phenomena ; Eddies ; Ekman pumping ; Observational techniques and algorithms ; Satellite observations
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2015-08-19
    Description: Planetary science lost one of its most highly respected members with the recent passing of Prof. Stanton (Stan) Peale. At last December’s American Geophysical Union meeting, Stan presented a talk on effects of the ellipsoidal shape of Mercury’s solid inner core on the tilt of the planet’s spin axis, but...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2015-08-12
    Description: Daniel Steinberg, a pioneering investigator in the fields of lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis and a major influence on treatment of hypercholesterolemia, died on March 14, 2015 at the age of 92. Dan’s scientific achievements included pioneering studies in fatty acid metabolism and hormone-sensitive lipase, elucidating the metabolic basis for Refsum’s...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2015-08-05
    Description: As Sir David Bates wrote in 1988, “There is no greater figure than Alex Dalgarno in the history of atomic-molecular-optical [AMO] physics, and its applications” (1). Prof. Alexander Dalgarno (Harvard) passed away peacefully on April 9, 2015 at age 87 in the presence of his long-term companion, Fern Creelan. Alexander...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2015-05-06
    Description: Frank Marble, among the nation’s preeminent aerospace propulsion scientists during the second half of the 20th century, has passed away at the age of 96. His pioneering technical contributions changed the direction of several important fields that are foundational to both aircraft and rocket systems. However, quite possibly, Frank Marble...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: The first annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience was held in 1971 in Washington, DC. Vernon Mountcastle, the first elected president of the fledgling society, planned every detail of the inaugural meeting and was at the front door to greet everyone into what would eventually become a major scientific...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2015-05-20
    Description: Lester J. Reed, a pioneer in the field of biochemistry, died peacefully in Austin, Texas on January 14, 2015 at the age of 90. Lester Reed was born in New Orleans on January 3, 1925. He showed an early interest in chemistry, having his own laboratory in a shed under...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2015-06-03
    Description: John Schellman, who passed away on December 16, 2014, had two exceptional teachers, Walter Kauzmann and Kaj Linderstrøm-Lang, both of whom quickly recognized John’s scientific depth and creativity. His doctoral work with Kauzmann at Princeton University taught John how to find the basic issues in a new research area and...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2015-01-28
    Description: Donald F. Steiner, the A. N. Pritzker Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in the Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Chicago, died at his home on Tuesday, November 11, 2014. He was 84 years old and had been a member of the faculty since 1960....
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2015-02-11
    Description: Herman Eisen passed away on November 2, 2014, at the age of 96. During his long and distinguished career, Herman was a mentor to those who trained in his laboratory (ourselves included), to those who collaborated with him over the years, and to many faculty and colleagues at Massachusetts Institute...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2015-11-04
    Description: Eric H. Davidson, a world leader in developmental biology, demonstrated that most of development is, indeed, regulated by the genome. He was a pioneer researcher and theorist of the gene regulatory networks that execute the most complex biological processes, such as the cascade of molecular mechanisms that transform a single-celled...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2015-11-18
    Description: Sadly, on September 19, 2015, a giant in the field of immunology, William “Bill” Paul, died of lymphoma. The passing of this outstanding scientist, with his warm avuncular personality and intense excitement about immunology, is a great loss to the field. His self-effacing manner and erudition were instrumental in advancing...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2015-12-09
    Description: David M. Raup was one of the most influential paleontologists of the second half of the 20th century, infusing the field with concepts from modern biology and laying the foundation for several major lines of research that continue today: theoretical morphology, which addresses why, despite eons of evolution, the spectrum...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2015-01-15
    Description: Max Birnstiel, who died in November, was a pioneer of molecular biology and a creator of European scientific institutions. Born in Brazil in 1933, his family moved back to their native Switzerland when he was 5 years old, and he completed his education there. When he asked his teachers how...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2015-08-26
    Description: On June 2, 2015, Irwin (Ernie) Rose died quietly in his sleep at age 88, after a long and fruitful lifetime of sleuthing for the secrets of life at the molecular level. Truly great scientists are much more than the sum of their publications and awards. This is especially true...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2015-03-04
    Description: On December 15, 2014, the hematology and leukemia research communities lost one of their greatest leaders to pancreatic cancer. Through a remarkable 60-year research career, Donald Metcalf led the discovery and characterization of the regulators of blood cell production. The legacy of his work is not only that blood cells...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: Melford Eliot Spiro, born in 1920 in Ohio to Jewish immigrants, died in La Jolla in October 2014. His parents moved to Minnesota where he attended the University of Minnesota, majoring in philosophy. He received his PhD from Northwestern University in 1950. Spiro was especially interested in the philosophy of...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 63
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We study the quasi-geostrophic merging dynamics of axisymmetric baroclinic vortices to understand how baroclinicity affects merging rates and the development of the nonlinear cascade of enstrophy. The initial vortices are taken to simulate closely the horizontal' and vertical structure of Gulf Stream rings. A quasigeostrophic model is set with a horizontal resolution of 9 km and 6 vertical levels to resolve the mean stratification of the Gulf Stream region. The results show that the baroclinic merging is slower than the purely barotropic process, The merging is shown to occur in two phases: the tirst, which produces clove-shaped vortices and diffusive mixing of vorticity contours; and the second, which consists of the sliding of the remaining vorticity cores with a second diffusive mixing of the intemal vorticity field. Comparison among Nof, Cushman-Roisin, Polvani et al, and Dewar and Killworth merging events indicates a substantial agreement in the kinematics of the DYOCRSS. Parameter sensitivity experiments show that the decrease of the baroclinicity parameter of the system, Γ^2, [defined as Γ^2 = (D^2 fo^2)/ (No^2 H^2)], increases the speed of merging while its increase slows down the merging. However, the halting elfect of baroclinicity (large Γ^2 or small Rossby radii of deformation) reaches a saturation level where the merging becomes insensitive to larger F2 values. Furthermore, we show that a regime of small Γ^2 exists at which the merged baroclinic vortex is unstable (metastable) and breaks again into two new vortices, Thus, in the baroelinic case the range of Γ^2 detemines the stability of the merged vortex. We analyze these results by local energy and vorticity balances, showing that the horizontal divergence of pressure work term [∇ *(pv)] and the relative-vorticity advection term (v * ∇ (∇ ^2 φ) trigger the merging during the first phase. Due to this horizontal redistribution process, a net kinetic to gravitational energy conversion occurs via buoyancy work in the region external to the cores of the vortices. The second phase of merging is dominated by a direct baroclinic conversion of available gravitational energy into kinetic energy, which in tum triggers a horizontal energy redistribution producing the final fusion of the vortex centers. This energy and vorticity analysis supports the hypothesis that merging is an internal mixing process triggered by a horizontal redistribution of kinetic energy.
    Description: The work has been financed by a grant from the Progetto Finalizzato "Calcolo Parallelo"
    Description: Published
    Description: 1618/1637
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Ocean modeling ; Vortex dynamics ; Baroclinicity ; Eddies ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.01. Analytical and numerical modeling
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 26 (2013): 9839–9859, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00647.1.
    Description: Spatial and temporal covariability between the atmospheric transient eddy heat fluxes (i.e., υ′T′ and υ′q′) in the Northern Hemisphere winter (January–March) and the paths of the Gulf Stream (GS), Kuroshio Extension (KE), and Oyashio Extension (OE) are examined based on an atmospheric reanalyses and ocean observations for 1979–2009. For the climatological winter mean, the northward heat fluxes by the synoptic (2–8 days) transient eddies exhibit canonical storm tracks with their maxima collocated with the GS and KE/OE. The intraseasonal (8 days–3 months) counterpart, while having overall similar amplitude, shows a spatial pattern with more localized maxima near the major orography and blocking regions. Lateral heat flux divergence by transient eddies as the sum of the two frequency bands exhibits very close coupling with the exact locations of the ocean fronts. Linear regression is used to examine the lead–lag relationship between interannual changes in the northward heat fluxes by the transient eddies and the meridional changes in the paths of the GS, KE, and OE, respectively. One to three years prior to the northward shifts of each ocean front, the atmospheric storm tracks shift northward and intensify, which is consistent with wind-driven changes of the ocean. Following the northward shifts of the ocean fronts, the synoptic storm tracks weaken in all three cases. The zonally integrated northward heat transport by the synoptic transient eddies increases by ~5% of its maximum mean value prior to the northward shift of each ocean front and decreases to a similar amplitude afterward.
    Description: Support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Physical Oceanography Program (NNX09AF35G to TJ and Y-OK) and the Department of Energy (DOE) Climate and Environmental Sciences Division (DE-SC0007052 to Y-OK) is gratefully acknowledged.
    Description: 2014-06-15
    Keywords: Atmosphere-ocean interaction ; Eddies ; Energy transport ; Storm tracks ; Heat budgets/fluxes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 44 (2014): 229–245, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-12-0218.1.
    Description: Data from a mooring deployed at the edge of the East Greenland shelf south of Denmark Strait from September 2007 to October 2008 are analyzed to investigate the processes by which dense water is transferred off the shelf. It is found that water denser than 27.7 kg m−3—as dense as water previously attributed to the adjacent East Greenland Spill Jet—resides near the bottom of the shelf for most of the year with no discernible seasonality. The mean velocity in the central part of the water column is directed along the isobaths, while the deep flow is bottom intensified and veers offshore. Two mechanisms for driving dense spilling events are investigated, one due to offshore forcing and the other associated with wind forcing. Denmark Strait cyclones propagating southward along the continental slope are shown to drive off-shelf flow at their leading edges and are responsible for much of the triggering of individual spilling events. Northerly barrier winds also force spilling. Local winds generate an Ekman downwelling cell. Nonlocal winds also excite spilling, which is hypothesized to be the result of southward-propagating coastally trapped waves, although definitive confirmation is still required. The combined effect of the eddies and barrier winds results in the strongest spilling events, while in the absence of winds a train of eddies causes enhanced spilling.
    Description: The authors wish to thank Paula Fratantoni, Frank Bahr, and Dan Torres for processing the mooring data. The mooring array was capably deployed by the crew of the R/V Arni Fridriksson and recovered by the crew of the R/V Knorr. We thank Hedinn Valdimarsson for his assistance in the field work. Ken Brink provided valuable insights regarding the dynamics of shelf waves. Funding for the study was provided by National Science Foundation Grant OCE-0722694, the Arctic Research Initiative of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. We also wish to thank the Natural Environment Research Council for Ph.D. studentship funding, and the University of East Anglia’s Roberts Fund and Royal Meteorological Society for supporting travel for collaboration.
    Description: 2014-07-01
    Keywords: Geographic location/entity ; Continental shelf/slope ; Circulation/ Dynamics ; Meridional overturning circulation ; Upwelling/downwelling ; Atm/Ocean Structure/ Phenomena ; Eddies ; Extreme events ; Physical Meteorology and Climatology ; Air-sea interaction
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 44 (2014): 2593–2616, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-13-0120.1.
    Description: The first direct estimate of the rate at which geostrophic turbulence mixes tracers across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is presented. The estimate is computed from the spreading of a tracer released upstream of Drake Passage as part of the Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Experiment in the Southern Ocean (DIMES). The meridional eddy diffusivity, a measure of the rate at which the area of the tracer spreads along an isopycnal across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, is 710 ± 260 m2 s−1 at 1500-m depth. The estimate is based on an extrapolation of the tracer-based diffusivity using output from numerical tracers released in a one-twentieth of a degree model simulation of the circulation and turbulence in the Drake Passage region. The model is shown to reproduce the observed spreading rate of the DIMES tracer and suggests that the meridional eddy diffusivity is weak in the upper kilometer of the water column with values below 500 m2 s−1 and peaks at the steering level, near 2 km, where the eddy phase speed is equal to the mean flow speed. These vertical variations are not captured by ocean models presently used for climate studies, but they significantly affect the ventilation of different water masses.
    Description: NSF support through Awards OCE-1233832, OCE-1232962, and OCE-1048926 is gratefully acknowledged.
    Description: 2015-04-01
    Keywords: Geographic location/entity ; Southern Ocean ; Circulation/ Dynamics ; Diffusion ; Eddies ; Ocean circulation ; Turbulence ; Physical Meteorology and Climatology ; Isopycnal mixing
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 27 (2014): 2842–2860, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00227.1.
    Description: Mooring measurements from the Kuroshio Extension System Study (June 2004–June 2006) and from the ongoing Kuroshio Extension Observatory (June 2004–present) are combined with float measurements of the Argo network to study the variability of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) across the entire gyre, on time scales from days, to seasons, to a decade. The top of the STMW follows a seasonal cycle, although observations reveal that it primarily varies in discrete steps associated with episodic wind events. The variations of the STMW bottom depth are tightly related to the sea surface height (SSH), reflecting mesoscale eddies and large-scale variations of the Kuroshio Extension and recirculation gyre systems. Using the observed relationship between SSH and STMW, gridded SSH products and in situ estimates from floats are used to construct weekly maps of STMW thickness, providing nonbiased estimates of STMW total volume, annual formation and erosion volumes, and seasonal and interannual variability for the past decade. Year-to-year variations are detected, particularly a significant decrease of STMW volume in 2007–10 primarily attributable to a smaller volume formed. Variability of the heat content in the mode water region is dominated by the seasonal cycle and mesoscale eddies; there is only a weak link to STMW on interannual time scales, and no long-term trends in heat content and STMW thickness between 2002 and 2011 are detected. Weak lagged correlations among air–sea fluxes, oceanic heat content, and STMW thickness are found when averaged over the northwestern Pacific recirculation gyre region.
    Description: This work was sponsored by the National Science Foundation (Grants OCE-0220161, OCE-0825152, and OCE-0827125).
    Description: 2014-10-15
    Keywords: Atmosphere-ocean interaction ; Mesoscale processes ; Mesoscale systems ; Ocean dynamics ; Eddies ; Water masses
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 68
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: Of the three main activities involved in scientific research, thinking, talking, and doing, I much prefer the last and am probably best at it. I am all right at the thinking, but not much good at the talking. —Frederick Sanger, 1988 Fig. 1. Frederick Sanger 1918–2013. Image courtesy of MRC...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2014-02-26
    Description: Michael Neuberger’s untimely death on October 26 last year was a shock for his friends and the scientific community. The many obituaries written about him by friends and colleagues testify to his unique, overarching stature as a scientist, colleague, and human companion. I am writing this retrospective mourning a personal...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2014-10-08
    Description: Steve Heinemann, one of the founders of 21st century neuroscience, died on August 6, 2014. To those who had the honor to know him, “Stevie” was a man of personal and professional generosity, contagious energy, scientific integrity, and genuine enthusiasm. His death is a profound loss for all. Stephen F....
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2014-10-22
    Description: John Woodland (Woody) Hastings, Paul C. Mangelsdorf Professor of Natural Sciences and Professor Emeritus, Harvard University, died at home on August 6, 2014 after a long battle with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. He was 87. To those who worked with Woody, he was a personality larger than life. Woody infected those...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2014-12-03
    Description: Some bacteria have the remarkable ability to grow on aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and naphthalene. This is remarkable because the resonance energy of benzanoid rings renders these compounds extraordinarily stable to biodegradation. It turns out bacterial dioxygenases can relieve ring resonance by a unique reaction involving molecular oxygen...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2014-09-03
    Description: With Walter J. Gehring’s death in Basel on May 29, 2014, the scientific community lost one of the pioneers of molecular developmental biology. Walter will be missed by a large community of friends and colleagues, but he lives on in the work of the many scientists whom he had mentored...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2014-12-10
    Description: Sometime near the end of 2018, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) will launch the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). This “mega” space infrared observatory builds on decades of extremely successful space infrared astronomy missions and infrared instruments for ground-based telescopes that have provided new insights into an otherwise hidden...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: I have had a good life (Ik heb een goed leven gehad) This quotation (in English and Dutch) was exactly how Tonny Springer, a famous mathematician from Utrecht in Holland and one of Robert Steinberg’s closest friends both personally and mathematically, wanted his life described after his death. It is...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2014-10-15
    Description: Jake MacMillan, who died on May 12, 2014 at the age of 89, was an organic chemist who made an enormous contribution to plant science, particularly in relation to the structure, biosynthesis, and analysis of the gibberellin plant hormones. Jake was born in Wishaw, Scotland, into a lower working class...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2014-02-05
    Description: It is with great sorrow that we write about the demise of Leo Sachs, the Otto Meyerhof Professor of Molecular Biology, friend, colleague and brilliant scientist. Leo was born in Leipzig, Germany in 1924, emigrated with his family from Nazi Germany to England in 1933, and reached Israel in 1952....
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2014-11-19
    Description: On June 27, 2014, George Gilbert “Gil” Ashwell, a pioneer in the field of glycobiology and a constant presence on the campus of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for more than 50 years, died at age 97. Gil was world renowned as codiscoverer of the asialoglycoprotein receptor in the...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2014-12-24
    Description: On May 26, 2014, Robert Lewis Letsinger died after a slow, progressive loss of his health. He played bridge with his family on Saturday, slipped into a coma Sunday, and died Monday. Thus ended the life of one of the most remarkable and productive scientists of his generation. All who...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2014-08-13
    Description: Robert (“Bob”) Zwanzig died on May 15 this year at the age of 86. He had been a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1972. He is survived by Frances, his wife of 60 years, a daughter, Elizabeth Bennett, and a son, Carl. Frances writes that Bob “was...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: David W. Talmage, born the sixth of seven children, was the child of Presbytarian missionaries in Kwangju, Korea and educated through high school in that country. He began his undergraduate studies at Maryville College and moved to Davidson College in North Carolina, from which he graduated in 1941. Talmage was...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2014-07-30
    Description: Professor Gerald Maurice Edelman died in La Jolla, California, on May 17, 2014, at the age of 84. His wife, Maxine Morrison Edelman, and three children, Judith, Eric, and David, survive him. We, of course, remember him for his brilliant scientific career. However, I have received many comments from people...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 43 (2013): 283–300, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0240.1.
    Description: Motivated by the recent interest in ocean energetics, the widespread use of horizontal eddy viscosity in models, and the promise of high horizontal resolution data from the planned wide-swath satellite altimeter, this paper explores the impacts of horizontal eddy viscosity and horizontal grid resolution on geostrophic turbulence, with a particular focus on spectral kinetic energy fluxes Π(K) computed in the isotropic wavenumber (K) domain. The paper utilizes idealized two-layer quasigeostrophic (QG) models, realistic high-resolution ocean general circulation models, and present-generation gridded satellite altimeter data. Adding horizontal eddy viscosity to the QG model results in a forward cascade at smaller scales, in apparent agreement with results from present-generation altimetry. Eddy viscosity is taken to roughly represent coupling of mesoscale eddies to internal waves or to submesoscale eddies. Filtering the output of either the QG or realistic models before computing Π(K) also greatly increases the forward cascade. Such filtering mimics the smoothing inherent in the construction of present-generation gridded altimeter data. It is therefore difficult to say whether the forward cascades seen in present-generation altimeter data are due to real physics (represented here by eddy viscosity) or to insufficient horizontal resolution. The inverse cascade at larger scales remains in the models even after filtering, suggesting that its existence in the models and in altimeter data is robust. However, the magnitude of the inverse cascade is affected by filtering, suggesting that the wide-swath altimeter will allow a more accurate determination of the inverse cascade at larger scales as well as providing important constraints on smaller-scale dynamics.
    Description: BKA received support from Office of Naval Research Grant N00014-11-1-0487, National Science Foundation (NSF) Grants OCE-0924481 and OCE- 09607820, and University of Michigan startup funds. KLP acknowledges support from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution bridge support funds. RBS acknowledges support from NSF grants OCE-0960834 and OCE-0851457, a contract with the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, and a NASA subcontract to Boston University. JFS and JGR were supported by the projects ‘‘Global and remote littoral forcing in global ocean models’’ and ‘‘Agesotrophic vorticity dynamics of the ocean,’’ respectively, both sponsored by the Office of Naval Research under program element 601153N.
    Description: 2013-08-01
    Keywords: Eddies ; Nonlinear dynamics ; Ocean dynamics ; Satellite observations ; Ocean models
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 42 (2012): 2206–2228, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0191.1.
    Description: This study investigates the anisotropic properties of the eddy-induced material transport in the near-surface North Atlantic from two independent datasets, one simulated from the sea surface height altimetry and one derived from real-ocean surface drifters, and systematically examines the interactions between the mean- and eddy-induced material transport in the region. The Lagrangian particle dispersion, which is widely used to characterize the eddy-induced tracer fluxes, is quantified by constructing the “spreading ellipses.” The analysis consistently demonstrates that this dispersion is spatially inhomogeneous and strongly anisotropic. The spreading is larger and more anisotropic in the subtropical than in the subpolar gyre, and the largest ellipses occur in the Gulf Stream vicinity. Even at times longer than half a year, the spreading exhibits significant nondiffusive behavior in some parts of the domain. The eddies in this study are defined as deviations from the long-term time-mean. The contributions from the climatological annual cycle, interannual, and subannual (shorter than one year) variability are investigated, and the latter is shown to have the strongest effect on the anisotropy of particle spreading. The influence of the mean advection on the eddy-induced particle spreading is investigated using the “eddy-following-full-trajectories” technique and is found to be significant. The role of the Ekman advection is, however, secondary. The pronounced anisotropy of particle dispersion is expected to have important implications for distributing oceanic tracers, and for parameterizing eddy-induced tracer transfer in non-eddy-resolving models.
    Description: IR was supported by Grant NSF-OCE-0725796. IK would like to acknowledge support by the National Science foundation Grant OCE-0842834.
    Description: 2013-06-01
    Keywords: North Atlantic Ocean ; Diffusion ; Dispersion ; Eddies ; Lagrangian circulation/transport ; Trajectories
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 43 (2013): 905–919, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-12-0150.1.
    Description: Interactions between vortices and a shelfbreak current are investigated, with particular attention to the exchange of waters between the continental shelf and slope. The nonlinear, three-dimensional interaction between an anticyclonic vortex and the shelfbreak current is studied in the laboratory while varying the ratio ε of the maximum azimuthal velocity in the vortex to the maximum alongshelf velocity in the shelfbreak current. Strong interactions between the shelfbreak current and the vortex are observed when ε 〉 1; weak interactions are found when ε 〈 1. When the anticyclonic vortex comes in contact with the shelfbreak front during a strong interaction, a streamer of shelf water is drawn offshore and wraps anticyclonically around the vortex. Measurements of the offshore transport and identification of the particle trajectories in the shelfbreak current drawn offshore from the vortex allow quantification of the fraction of the shelfbreak current that is deflected onto the slope; this fraction increases for increasing values of ε. Experimental results in the laboratory are strikingly similar to results obtained from observations in the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB); after proper scaling, measurements of offshore transport and offshore displacement of shelf water for vortices in the MAB that span a range of values of ε agree well with laboratory predictions.
    Description: Laboratory work was supported by the National Science Foundation through Grant OCE- 0081756. Glider observations in March–April 2006 were supported by the National Science Foundation through Grant OCE-0220769. Glider observations in July– October 2007 were supported by a grant from Raytheon. RET was supported by the Postdoctoral Scholar Program at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, with funding provided by the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region. The REMUS observations were funded by the Office of Naval Research. GGG was supported by the National Science Foundation through Grant OCE-1129125 for analysis and writing.
    Description: 2013-11-01
    Keywords: Continental shelf/slope ; Eddies ; Fronts ; Transport ; Laboratory/physical models
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 43 (2013): 1611–1626, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-12-0204.1.
    Description: A new method is proposed for extrapolating subsurface velocity and density fields from sea surface density and sea surface height (SSH). In this, the surface density is linked to the subsurface fields via the surface quasigeostrophic (SQG) formalism, as proposed in several recent papers. The subsurface field is augmented by the addition of the barotropic and first baroclinic modes, whose amplitudes are determined by matching to the sea surface height (pressure), after subtracting the SQG contribution. An additional constraint is that the bottom pressure anomaly vanishes. The method is tested for three regions in the North Atlantic using data from a high-resolution numerical simulation. The decomposition yields strikingly realistic subsurface fields. It is particularly successful in energetic regions like the Gulf Stream extension and at high latitudes where the mixed layer is deep, but it also works in less energetic eastern subtropics. The demonstration highlights the possibility of reconstructing three-dimensional oceanic flows using a combination of satellite fields, for example, sea surface temperature (SST) and SSH, and sparse (or climatological) estimates of the regional depth-resolved density. The method could be further elaborated to integrate additional subsurface information, such as mooring measurements.
    Description: JW and AM were supported by NASA (NNX12AD47G) and NSF (OCE 0928617). JLM was supported by the Office of Naval Research and the Office of Science (BER), U.S. Department of Energy under DE-GF0205ER64119. GRF is supported by OCE-0752346 and JHL by NORSEE (Nordic Seas Eddy Exchanges) funded by the Norwegian Research Council.
    Description: 2014-02-01
    Keywords: Eddies ; Ocean dynamics ; Potential vorticity ; Surface pressure ; Surface temperature ; Inverse methods
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2013-06-12
    Description: Frank was born August 19, 1929, in West New York, New Jersey, to immigrant parents. It was said that his Welsh-English heritage defined his personality and his unique sense of humor. He joined the Air Force in 1946 to serve our country before finishing high school. After excellent service, he...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2013-10-09
    Description: Karl Karekin Turekian (1927–2013) was a man of remarkable scientific breadth, with innumerable important contributions to marine geochemistry, atmospheric chemistry, cosmochemistry, and global geochemical cycles. He was mentor to a long list of students, postdoctorate scholars, and faculty (at Yale and elsewhere), a leader in geochemistry, a prolific author and...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2013-11-27
    Description: Harold Agnew (1921–2013) was etched into history at 8:16 AM on August 6, 1945, by the actinic flash of the Hiroshima explosion. He was a scientific observer in The Great Artiste, a B-29 flying immediately behind the Enola Gay. Smuggling aboard a contraband movie camera, Agnew recorded the only known...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2013-05-01
    Description: Commitment to service, loyalty to science, and passion for public health were the hallmarks of Dr. C. Everett Koop’s career. His death in February, 2013 at the age of 96 is a reminder that one determined person with the courage to look past ideology and on to the greater good...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2013-05-29
    Description: Hilary Koprowski was born in Warsaw, Poland, on December 5, 1916 and obtained his medical degree from the University of Warsaw in 1939. That same year, after training in piano at the Accademia di Santa Cecilia in Rome, Koprowski moved to the Yellow Fever Research Service of Rockefeller Foundation in...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2013-06-05
    Description: When Robin Main Hochstrasser died on February 27, 2013, science lost one of its truly great physical chemists: a pioneer in the application of lasers in chemistry. Using advanced laser-based techniques to address questions of molecular structure and dynamics, Robin’s work impacted all branches of chemistry. His trademark was creativity,...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2013-11-20
    Description: E volta nostra poppa nel mattino de’ remi facemmo ala al folle folo Dante, Inferno XXVI, 123 (“And having turned our stern unto the morning, the oars made wings for our mad flight,” translated from a plaque given to Hubel and Wiesel by their friend, Elio Raviola) David Hubel, noted...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 94
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    National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2013-01-04
    Description: Hans Thoenen (1928–2012) was born in a beautiful alpine village in the Berner Oberland in Switzerland and retained the strong feelings for freedom and independence characteristic of Alpine dwellers. In his younger days he was a passionate mountain climber, both in the Swiss Alps and further afield, and he retained...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2013-06-19
    Description: Dr. Francois Jacob is one of a handful of the 20th century's most distinguished life scientists. His research with Dr. Jacques Monod, like that of Watson and Crick, provided the foundations for understanding mechanisms of genetic regulation of life processes such as cell differentiation and defects in diseases. Jacob joined...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2013-11-13
    Description: Hugh Huxley on the Boston North Shore. Hugh Esmor Huxley was born on February 25th, 1924 and raised in Birkenhead, Cheshire, England. He gained admittance to Christ’s College Cambridge in 1941 and studied physics. Britain was at war; Hugh elected to interrupt his studies and join the Royal Air Force,...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2013-10-30
    Description: It is with great sorrow that I write that Tony Pawson, a good friend, great colleague, generous collaborator, and brilliant scientist, died at the age of 60 on August 7, 2013. Tony was a trail-blazer and innovator in his studies of the mechanisms underlying intracellular signaling. His work had an...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2013-08-14
    Description: Christian de Duve, whose laboratory in Louvain discovered lysosomes in 1955 and defined peroxisomes in 1965, died at his home in Nethen, Belgium at the age of 95, on May 4, 2013. De Duve was the last of a group of eminent physiological chemists who, by the 1940s and 1950s,...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2013-08-07
    Description: This brief retrospective is an overview and celebration of Kenneth Wilson’s profound contributions to science, meant to be accessible to a broad scientific audience. Wilson’s lecture on receipt of the 1982 Nobel Prize (1) gives a more technical and detailed description of his central work, including historical perspective and extensive...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2013-04-17
    Description: Seymour Lieberman died in New York, the city he loved, on October 8, 2012. Nearly 96 years old, he directed an active biomedical research laboratory until his final days. An archetypical scientist, he is an inspiration for those who devote their lives to making discoveries of great significance to humanity.pnas;110/16/6246/FIG01F1fig01Seymour...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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