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  • Articles  (5,286)
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  • 1
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Daten der thermischen Struktur der Atmosphäre, die mit dem mehrere Strahlungsbänder umfassenden SIRS-Instrument (Satellite Infrared Radiometer Spectrometer) des Nimbus III gemessen wurden, wurden zur Berechnung von Parametern der allgemeinen Zirkulation in der Nordhemisphäre herangezogen. Die thermische Struktur unterhalb der 10mb-Fläche wird mittels einer Regressionsmethode bestimmt, welche die Schichtdicke zwischen Isobarenflächen als abhängige Veränderliche benützt. Die täglich berechneten Parameter der allgemeinen Zirkulation umfassen die zonale mittlere und die wirbelpotentielle Energie sowie die zonale und wirbelkinetische Energie. Unabhängig davon wurden dieselben Parameter von Netzdaten des National Meteorological Center (NMC) bestimmt. Ein Vergleich zwischen den beiden Kollektiven von Daten zeigt, daß Maxima, Minima und allgemeine Tendenzen in beiden Berechnungen gut übereinstimmen. Die mittels SIRS berechneten Energiewerte stellen allerdings eine Unterschätzung dar. Die Energieveränderungen in der mittleren Stratosphäre während des Zusammenbruches des Polarwirbels werden als Beispiel angeführt.
    Notes: Summary General circulation parameters in the northern hemisphere are calculated using atmospheric thermal structure obtained from Nimbus III SIRS multi-channel radiance information. The thermal structure up to 10 mb is obtained by using a regression technique with thickness between pressure levels as the dependent variable. General circulation parameters calculated on a daily basis include zonal and eddy available potential energy, and zonal and eddy kinetic energy. A second set of calculations is performed using National Meteorological Center (NMC) grid data. A comparison of the two sets of calculations indicates that, although the energies calculated from the SIRS-derived structure underestimate the actual energies, maxima, minima and trends are well identified. An example of mid-stratospheric energy changes during a breakdown of the polar-night vortex is also given.
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  • 2
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 13-27 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Gesamtozongehalt kann auf globaler Basis täglich von Satelliten aus gemessen werden, die die Erde umkreisen. Solche Messungen wurden durch den Nimbus-III-Satelliten durchgeführt. Ein Vergleich der zeitlichen und longitudinalen Veränderlichkeit der von der Stratosphäre emittierten langwelligen Strahlung in 60° südlicher Breite mit dem Gesamtozongehalt zeigte, daß niedrige (hohe) Strahlungswerte gut mit niedrigen (hohen) Gesamtozonwerten übereinstimmen. Die Phasengeschwindigkeit der nach Osten wandernden “Ozonwellen” ist in der Winterhemisphäre am größten. Die Ostwärtsbewegung nimmt gegen niedere Breiten der Winterhalbkugel ab. In äquatorialen Breiten scheinen sich die Wellen langsam gegen Westen zu bewegen. Im Sommer der Nordhemisphäre wandern die Wellen langsam gegen Osten. Die Intensität der “Ozonwellen” ändert sich ebenfalls mit der geographische Breite. Die zeitlichen und räumlichen Änderungen im Gesamtozongehalt sind hauptsächlich an die Bewegungen troposphärischer Drucksysteme geknüpft. Die starken, horizontalen Ozongradienten, welche häufig in der Winterhemisphäre beobachtet wperden, hängen mit intensiven baroklinen Zonen in der unteren Stratosphäre und der oberen Troposphäre zusammen, die sich ebenfalls nach Osten hin bewegen. Unter Annahme einer gleichförmigen zonalen Grundströmung konnten in der Ozonverteilung Rossby-Wellen festgestellt werden, deren Wellenlänge zwischen 2500 und 3700 km variierte.
    Notes: Summary With total ozone sensors on earth-orbitung satellites the ozone distribution over the entire earth may be measured daily. The conclusions from some of the Nimbus III measurements are discussed in this paper. A comparison of time-longitude variations of stratospheric radiance values at 60°S with values of the total ozone indicated that low (high) radiance values correspond very closely with the low (high) total ozone amounts. The speed at which these ozone ‘waves’ progress eastward is greatest in the winter hemisphere. The speed of eastward progression decreases as one approaches the lower latitudes in the winter hemisphere. In the equatorial region the progression of the ozone ‘waves’ appears to be slowly westward. In the Northern Hemisphere the waves progress slowly eastward during summer. The intensity of the ozone ‘waves’ was also observed to change with latitude. These temporal and spatial fluctuations are related mainly to the motion of dynamic tropospheric systems. The extremely tight ozone gradients, which may be seen in the winter hemisphere data, have been shown to be associated with strong baroclinic zones in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere, which are moving eastward. Assuming uniform zonal velocity we found Rossby wavelengths that varied from 2500 to 3700 km.
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  • 3
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    Papers in regional science 32 (1974), S. 203-212 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Conclusion I have argued that the current thrust toward land use planning on an extensive scale is a significant movement. It appears to respond to real societal forces and has mustered a consensus, albeit one that appears to have serious internal conflicts. For planners and regional scientists, the creation of regional planning agencies offers more than the opportunity for jobs. We have argued for many years that we are developing theories and techniques that allow us to understand regional phenomena in ways that are pragmatic and useful. Some of us may have the opportunity to find out how real those claims are. Our future as organized professional groups may depend on the answer.
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  • 4
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    Papers in regional science 33 (1974), S. 13-31 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 5
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 33-45 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Patienten mit Lungenödem und vergleichbaren Kontrollen in 3700 m Höhe und Personen in Meereshöhe wurden Blutgerinnungsstudien vorgenommen, um die möglichen kausalen Beziehungen zu bestimmen zwischen den Veränderungen der fibrinolytischen Aktivität, den Gerinnungsfaktoren und der Bildung von Thromben im arteriellen und venösen Teil der Alveolarkapillaren und einiger Äste der Pulmonalarterien. Folgende Änderungen wurden gefunden: die fibrinolytische Aktivität war vermindert; Plasmafibrinogen und Faktor VIII waren erhöht; Faktor XII war vermindert; Plättchenklebrigkeit und Plättchenfaktor 3 waren erhöht und die elektrische Beweglichkeit der Plättchen herabgesetzt. Die Plasmamembran der Plättchen und die Release-Reaktion bleiben unbeschädigt. Der arterielle und venöse ATP-Spiegel waren niedrig und es zeigten sich Hinweise auf vermehrte ATP-Utilisation in den Pulmonargefässen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass als Folge der Veränderungen die Erythrozyten träge werden und sich Thromben bilden. Dies hemmt den pulmonalen Blutstrom und verstärkt die Krankheit.
    Abstract: Resume On a mesuré les différentes propriétés de coagulation du sang de patients atteints d'oedème pulmonaire et de gens en santé (contrôle) et cela aussi bien à 3700 m d'altitude qu'au bord de la mer. Ces essais ont été effectués pour déterminer les relations de cause à effet possibles entre les changements de l'activité fibrinolytique et des facteurs de coagulation du sang d'une part, la formation de thromboses dans les capillaires alvéolaires, les veinules et diverses branches des artères pulmonaires d'autre part. On a alors pu observer les modifications suivantes chez les personnes du premier groupe (malades) : l'activité fibrinolytique est réduite, la fibrinogène du plasma et le facteur VIII sont augmentés, le facteurs XII est diminué, l'adhésivité des plaquettes et le facteur 3 des plaquettes sont augmentés et la mobilité électrophorétique des plaquettes est réduite. L'intégrité des membranes plasmatiques des plaquettes et la réaction de décontraction sont restées inchangées. Le niveau de l'ADP aussi bien artériel que veineux a été très bas ce qui démontre une surconsommation au niveau des poumons. Les résultats obtenus laissent à penser que, par suite des modifications mentionnées, les érythrocytes perdent de leur vitalité et que des thromboses se forment. Ceci a pour conséquence de ralentir le flot sanguin pulmonaire et d'aggraver la maladie.
    Notes: Abstract Blood coagulation studies were undertaken in patients of highaltitude pulmonary oedema at 3, 700 m, comparable controls, and sea level subjects to determine the possible causal connection between changes in fibrinolytic activity, blood coagulation factors, and formation of thrombi within the alveolar capillaries, venules and some branches of pulmonary arteries. The following changes have been observed: Fibrinolytic acitivty was reduced. Plasma fibrinogen and factor VIII were increased. Factor XII was decreased. Platelet adhesiveness and platelet factor 3 were increased and electrophoretic mobility of platelets reduced. The integrity of platelet plasma membrane and release reaction remained intact. Both arterial and venous ADP levels were low and there was evidence of excessive utilisation of ADP in the pulmonary bed. The findings suggest that sludging of RBCs and formation of thrombi possibly result from these changes, impede the pulmonary blood flow, and aggravate the disease.
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  • 6
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 121-127 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 7
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 142-144 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 8
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 174-179 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1254
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In 10 subjects susceptible to high altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPO) plasma cortisol and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and urinary catecholamines were estimated both at sea level and daily during their stay at 3, 500 m (Leh). At high altitude 4 of the subjects developed HAPO, 2 got acute mountain sickness (AMS) and 4 remained unaffected. Plasma cortisol showed a sharp rise on the first day at high altitude in all the subjects. Thereafter, it declined gradually in the unaffected subjects. In the HAPO patients there was a sharp fall in the plasma cortisol level combined with antidiuresis. Changes in plasma ADH and urinary catecholamines were not consistent. It appears that failure in the normal adrenocortical response to altitude stress in susceptible subjects is a factor in precipitating HAPO.
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  • 10
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 279-287 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Some of the blood and urinary constituents, oral glucose tolerance and urea clearance were determined in lowlanders at sea level (200 m) and at an altitude of 4, 000 m after their stay of two years. These data were compared with those of natives of high altitude area. The concentration of proteins, cholesterol, creatinephosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase in blood among lowlanders after 2 year acclimatization were similar to that observed among highlanders. The urinary excretion of creatine and creatinine was of similar magnitude in highlanders and in acclimatized lowlanders but that of 17-keto and 17-hydroxysteroids was higher among highlanders. High altitude acclimatization among lowlanders facilitated appearance of a sharp peak in oral glucose tolerance curves and a decreased fasting blood glucose values. It also induced a restriction in renal filtration as indicated by a depressed urea clearance among lowlanders.
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  • 11
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 51-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper proposes a new program that may reduce dependency on direct cash grants by channeling welfare-sector labor to the private sector of the economy. This program requires establishing a new institution- the local public labor marketing office-whose main function will be to aggressively market the types of labor that the disadvantaged, many of whom are chronically unemployed, can offer. The paper provides a broad view of this and other supporting functions of the local labor marketing offices, the activities in which they should direct their efforts and the advantages of the program over alternative arrangements.
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  • 12
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 128-132 
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  • 13
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 159-167 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
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  • 14
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 23-32 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 50 Bergsteigern und 21 Beobachtern wurden vor und nach einer Expedition zum Mt. McKinley (Alaska) für 24 Parameter im Blut und Harn die Beziehungen zur Abschwächung der Leistung in grosser Höhe untersucht. Zum Vergleich wurden 5 Grade von unbeeinflusster bis schwerer Schädigung in der Höhe verwendet. Die mittleren Werte vor dem Aufstieg lagen alle im Bereich der Normbreite. Beziehungen zu nachfolgenden Komplikationen in der Höhe bestanden nicht. Nach dem Aufstieg waren Hgb, Hämatokrit, Harnstoff, LDH, Hydroxybutyric Dehydrogenase erhöht und Bilirubin erniedrigt (P 〈 0, 05). Es liess sich jedoch für keinen Parameter eine Beziehung zwischen dem Ausmass der Höhenschädigung und den Veränderungen vor und nach dem Aufstieg nachweisen. Zusätzliche Ergebnisse von Proben, die in 4300 m Höhe gesammelt wurden, ergaben, dass schwache Bergsteiger ein Viertel soviel Na im Harn ausschieden und 50% mehr freie Fettsäuren im Blut aufwiesen als starke Bergsteiger.
    Abstract: Resume On a mesuré 24 paramètre du sang et de l'urine de 50 alpinistes et 21 observateurs avant et après l'ascension du Mont McKinley (Canada). On a établi ensuite la corrélation physiologique existant entre ces paramètres et une diminution éventuelle des performances. Les valeurs absolues et le taux de modification ont été comparés à 5 degrés de diminution des capacités physiques à haute altitude. Les valeurs moyennes des analyses faites avant l'ascension ont toutes été voisines du niveau normal et on n'a pas constaté de corrélation avec les performances individuelles subséquentes. Les échantillons recueillis après l'ascension contenaient davantage de Hb, PCV, urée, LDH, et HBD, mais moins de bilirubine (P 〈 0, 05). On n'a cependant trouvé aucune relation entre le degré de diminution des performances et les modifications d'aucun des 24 paramètres retenus du sang ou de l'urine avant et après l'ascension. Des échantillons prélevés à 4300 m d'altitude ont montré que les alpinistes peu aguerris ne sécrétaient que le 1/4 du Na par l'urine, mais avaient 50% d'acides gras libres de plus dans le sang que les montagnards les plus résistants.
    Notes: Abstract Physiological correlations with impaired or umimpaired performance at high altitude were sought among 24 blood and urine parameters measured in 50 mountaineers and 21 observers before (preclimb) and after (postclimb) expeditions on Mt. McKinley. Values and per cent changes were compared for five degrees of impairment at high altitude. Average preclimb values were all near established normal levels and no correlations with subsequent involvement at high altitude were found. Postclimb samples contained more Hb, PCV, urea, LDH, and HBD and less bilirubin (P 〈 0.05). But no association was found between degrees of altitude impairment and preclimb/postclimb changes in any of the 24 blood and urine parameters. Additional results from samples collected at 4300 m showed "weaker" mountaineers excreted 1/4 as much Na in urine and had 50% more serum FFA concentration than stronger mountaineers.
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  • 15
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 57-69 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch wiederholte Regressionsanalyse der Temperature über 5 Jahre, der Photoperiode und der phänologischen Daten für Olli-Gerste an 9 kanadischen Standorten wurden die Parameter für eine Gleichung gewonnen, die das Getreidewachstum von der Saat bis zum Schösslingetreiben, Ährenschieben, und den Stadien der Milchreife und Hartreife wiedergibt. Das triquadratische Modell hat Robertson kürzlich entwickelt und auf Marquis-Weizen angewandt. Die Notwendigkeit, die gleiche Grenztemperatur sowohl für die tägliche Maximumals auch Minimumtemperatur anzuwenden, erschwert die Analyse und macht das Modell weniger wirklichkeitsnah. Trotz dieser Begrenzungen des Modells sind die abgeleiteten Parameter nützlich, wenn sie unter Umweltbedingungen angewendet werden, die denen im Experiment ähneln. Unter solchen Bedingungen scheint das Modell für Gerste ebenso gut zu sein wie für Weizen, trotz der erheblichen Unterschiede im Entwicklungsverhalten der beiden Getreidearten.
    Abstract: Resume Au moyen d'une analyse par régression itérative on a calculé les poids respectifs de la température et de la photopériode dans une équation représentant le développement de l'orge Olli. Cette équation est applicable aux phases séparant le semis de la levée, la levée du tallage, le tallage de l'épiaison, l'épiaison du stade laiteux et le stade laiteux de la maturité. Pour ce faire, on a utilisé des valeurs tant météorologiques que phénologiques provenant de neuf endroits du Canada et recueillies durant cinq années. On a utilisé le modèle triquadratique développé précédemment par Robertson et qu'il a appliqué au blé Marquis. La nécessité d'utiliser le même seuil de température aussi bien pour le maximum que pour le minimum journaliers cause des difficultés d'analyse et rend le modèle moins réaliste. Malgré les limites du modèle lui-même, les paramètres qui en découlent sont probablement directement utilisables dans des conditions ambiantes semblables à celles ayant régné lors de l'acquisition des valeurs de base. Dans ce cas, le modèle semble aussi bien applicable à l'orge qu'il l'était au blé, bien que les deux cultures se distinguent nettement l'une de l'autre quant à leurs impératifs de développement.
    Notes: Abstract Parameters for an equation representing crop development from planting to emergence, jointing, heading, soft dough and hard dough stages were obtained by iterative regression analysis of five years of temperature, photoperiod, and Olli barley phenological data from nine Canadian locations. The triquadratic model previously developed and applied to Marquis wheat by Robertson was used. The necessity of using the same threshold temperature for both the maximum and the minimum daily temperature causes analysis difficulties and makes the model less realistic. In spite of the model's limitations, the derived parameters are probably quite useful when applied under environmental conditions similar to those represented in the experiment. Under such conditions, the model seems to perform about as well for barley as it did for wheat, in spite of the considerable differences in the development behaviour of the two crops, especially barley's faster rate of development toward maturity.
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  • 16
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 85-88 
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  • 17
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 111-112 
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  • 18
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 94-100 
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  • 19
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 16-22 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Acht Frauen und 8 Männer dienten als Versuchspersonen in 4 Behaglichkeitsprüfungen an verschiedenen Tagen mit 2 Untersuchungen morgens und 2 abends. In jedem Versuch von 2, 5 Std. Dauer wurde die von der Person gewünschte Behaglichkeitstemperatur ermittelt. Die Personen sassen; die Haut- und Rektaltemperaturen sowie der Gewichtsverlust durch Evaporation wurden während der Zeit registriert. Obwohl die Rektal- und mittlere Hauttemperatur am Abend leicht höher waren als am Morgen, wählten die Personen abends die gleiche Temperatur wie morgens. Unter Einbeziehung von Ergebnissen früherer Untersuchungen ergibt sich, dass vom Morgen bis zum Abend die gleichen Wärmebedingungen für die Behaglichkeit des Menschen gehalten werden können.
    Abstract: Resume 4 jours différents, 8 femmes et 8 hommes ont participé chacun à 4 essais sur les conditions de confort. 2 de ces essais avaient lieu le matin et 2 le soir. A chaque essai (d'une durée de 2, 5 heures), la température ambiante la plus judicieuse a été déterminée pour chacun des sujets par réglage au gré de ses désirs. Le sujet était alors assis. Pendant l'essai on a mesuré les températures cutanée et rectale ainsi que la perte de poids due à l'évaporation. Bien que les températures rectale et cutanée aient été légèrement plus élevées le soir que le matin, les sujets n'ont pas reclamé, le soir, une température ambiante supérieure à celle du matin. En liaison avec le résultat d'études antérieures, on peut en conclure que des conditions uniformes de confort thermique peuvent être appliquées du matin au soir.
    Notes: Abstract Eight females and eight males participated each in 4 comfort experiments on 4 different days. Two experiments took place in the morning and two in the evening. In each experiment (21/2 hours) the preferred ambient temperature was determined for each subject by adjusting the ambient temperature according to his wishes. The subjects were sedentary. Skin temperatures, rectal temperature and evaporative weight loss were measured. Although the rectal temperature and the mean skin temperature were slightly higher in the evening than in the morning the subjects did not prefer an ambient temperature which was different from that in the morning. This indicates that the same thermal comfort conditions can be used from morning to evening.
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 70-75 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Gewebetemperaturen von 2 reifen pigmentierten Maistypen wurden in 2,5, 50, 100 und 125 cm Höhe über dem Boden gemessen. Die purpurroten Typen waren signifikant wärmer als die hellen sonnenroten Typen in allen Höhen ausgenommen in 2,5 cm Höhe, wo oft eine Temperaturumkehr beobachtet wurde. Eine Anzahl Faktoren, die für die Schwankung der Temperaturunterschiede der pigmentierten Pflanzen in Zeit und Höhe verantwortlich sind, werden besprochen.
    Abstract: Resume On a mesuré durant 14 jours la température des tissus de 2 types de maïs coloré ("pourpre" et "rougeâtre") à différentes hauteurs, soit 2, 5, 50, 100 et 125 cm au-dessus du sol. Le mais de type pourpre présentait des températures supérieures au rougeâtre et cela à tous les niveaux, à l'exception de celui de 2, 5 cm, où une inversion de température a été souvent observée. On discute un certain nombre de facteurs qui pourraient expliquer les différences de températures entre les deux types de plante, et cela au point de vue de la hauteur et de l'évolution dans le temps.
    Notes: Abstract Tissue temperatures of two mature pigmented types of corn plants ("purple" and "dilute sun red") at various heights (2.5, 50, 100 and 125 cm) above ground were measured during 14 days. The purple types were found to be warmer than the dilute sun red types at all heights, except at 2.5 cm where temperature reversal was often observed. A number of factors that are responsible for the variation in temperature difference of the colored plants with time and heights are discussed.
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 101-110 
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 113-120 
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 137-141 
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 168-173 
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 199-210 
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    Notes: Abstract The relationships between height increment of Scots pine (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.), birch (BETULA PUBESCENS Ehrh.) and rowan (SORBUS AUCUPARIA L.) during one growing season to meteorological variables at 580 m above sea level in the northern Pennines were previously examined using orthogonalized regression analysis. The paper describes methods made to improve the efficiency of the models. Values of principal components of the meteorological variables of the current and preceding sets were associated with 76.5, 60.4 and 75.9 percentage of variability respectively, showing an improvement by allowing for lag effects in this way. Efficiency of using values of the original variables, with those of the preceding set, or with curvilinear terms, was generally less. Variation of response during the season was examined and was discussed in terms of plant behaviour.
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 259-271 
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    Notes: Abstract The biophotothermal time scale for barley derived previously and based on daily maximum and minimum temperatures and photoperiod was examined and tested further. The threshold temperature of 4.3°C and the optimum of 19 or 20°C found for the planting to emergence phase, and the optimum temperature values of 18.4°C for minimum and 24.8°C for maximum for heading to soft dough were not inconsistent with the results of other authors. For some of the other cardinal points, no meaningful values were found. Tests of the biophotothermal equations with independent data indicated that they could usefully be applied under the environmental conditions prevailing on most of Canada's present or potential farmland. They gave dubious results when applied to very cool marine climates on some exposed coastal parts of Canada, and were unsatisfactory for the short-day regimes that affected early-season plantings at Buenos Aires. The equations for barley seemed much less universally applicable than those for wheat.
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 233-247 
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    Notes: Abstract Heart rates, respiratory rates, body temperatures, ad libitum ‘day’ and ‘night’ food consumption and body weight changes have been examined in 15 mature Merino wethers shorn in moderate environmental conditions. All sheep showed a depression in food consumption for two days after shearing. Sheep that gained weight during the next three weeks then increased their food consumption at night by approximately 30% although the average daily consumption was only increased by 5%. Sheep that lost weight showed a depressed food consumption throughout the three week period after shearing. Marked increases in the temperature difference between ear skin and air as well as thermal tachypnoea during the warmest period of the day were recorded in all sheep 14–16 days after shearing. This indicated that the critical temperature for all sheep had decreased by about 10°C. These signs of acclimatisation appeared at similar times in all sheep, suggesting that increased resistance to body cooling developed at similar rates in weight gain and weight loss sheep and independent of the origin of body heat production. The results of the investigations are discussed in relation to the concept that the initial response to cold stress includes a depression in food intake and that the duration of this depression is a function of the cold stimulus and the strain it induces in the sheep.
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 288-294 
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    Notes: Abstract Heat output from the right hand was estimated on six healthy young men at varying ambient temperatures, in a temperature-controlled room maintained at 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30° and 35°C at weekly intervals. The skintemperature of the index finger of both the hands, wrist vein of the right hand and oral temperature, were also recorded during the study. Results indicate that the heat output varies significantly with the changes in ambient temperatures, at higher ranges only. This variation is negligible at lower ambient temperatures. Other parameters supported this observation.
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 306-312 
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    Notes: Abstract Exposure of 20 subjects to negative ionisation was monitored by EEG. Negative ionisation was supplied by an Ionotron apparatus (Amcor-Amron, Herzlia-Israel) with an output of 3.5 × 105 ions/(cm3 · sec) at 1 m distance. Objective findings in ten normal subjects showed reduction of the frequency of the alpha-waves from 10 or 11 down to 9 or 8 Hz, increase of the amplitude by up to 20%, advance of the alpha rhythm pattern from the occipital to the frontal area and general synchronisation of the EEG records of both hemispheres. These reactions were suppressed in 10 subjects by tranquillisers. Subjective findings included relaxation, alertness, improved working capacity and relief from the Serotonin Irritation Syndrome produced by the positive ionisation of hot, dry desert winds.
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 1-15 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Über eine einfache physikalische Theorie wurde ein Temperaturindex (SET*) abgeleitet, der als biometeorologischer Index für das Wärmeunbehagen des Menschen benutzt werden kann und auf einer gültigen physiologischen Grundlage beruht. Der SET* Index bezieht sich auf eine Standardumwelt. Er wurde als Mass für Warm- und Kaltunbehagen experimentell an sitzenden Personen unter wechselnden Bedingungen von Strahlungswärme und Trocken- und Feuchttemperaturen geprüft. Die Bezugsumwelt ist gleich der, wie sie im täglichen Leben des Menschen normalerweise gegeben ist bei leichter Bekleidung (0,6 clo) und einer Luftbewegung von 0, 25 – 0, 3 m/s ist.
    Abstract: Resume On a mis au point un indice de température (SET*), dérivé rationnellement et qui peut être utilisé comme indice biométéorologique d'inconfort thermique pour l'homme. L'indice SET* découle d'une théorie physique simple et a une base physiologique valable. Il a en outre été mis à l'épreuve expérimentalement, par rapport a un environnement standard. Il représente alors une valeur chiffrée de l'inconfort dû aussi bien au froid qu'au chaud et ressenti par des sujets assis soumis à des conditions variables de rayonnement, de température et d'humidité. L'environnement de référence est celui que subit un individu légèrement habillé (clo = 0, 6) dans son activité journalière par un courant d'air de 0, 25 à 0, 3 m/s.
    Notes: Abstract A rationally derived temperature index (SET*) which can be used as a biometeorological index of man's thermal discomfort has been developed by simple physical theory and has a valid physiological basis. The SET* index, when referred to a standard environment, has been tested experimentally as a measure of warm and cold discomfort for sedentary subjects under varying conditions of radiant heat and dry and wet bulb temperatures. The reference environment is common to one normally experienced in man's daily living while wearing 0.6 clo with an air movement of 0.25–0.3 m/s.
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 46-56 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In früheren Arbeiten wurde über den Verlauf von Infektionen der Atemwege von Mäusen nach intranasaler Instillation bekannter Mengen (1) des Fungus COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS, (2) KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE und (3) PR8 Influenzavirus berichtet, die durch Luftionen beeinflusst waren. Hier wurde die Dosis von Influenzavirus als Aerosol verabreicht. Die kumulative Mortalitätsrate wurde durch den Wechsel der Konzentrationen von positiven und negativen Luftionen in der Umgebungsatmosphäre und begleitenden elektrischen Feldern nicht beeinflusst. Eine Erklärung für die unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse bei intranasaler und Aerosol-Virusapplikation wird diskutiert.
    Abstract: Resume Dans des travaux précédents, on a montré que l'évolution de maladies du système respiratoire provoquées chez des souris par l'instillation intranasale de doses déterminées d'agents pathogènes était affectée de façon significative par le taux d'ionisation de l'air ambiant. Il s'agissait d'agents cryptogamiques (COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS), bactériens (KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE) et de virus (lignée PR8 du virus de la grippe). Lorsque la dose minimum de virus grippal est appliquée sous forme d'aérosole — selon la méthode décrite ici — le taux cumulatif de mortalité n'est aucunement influencé par les variations de concentration d'ions positifs ou négatifs de l'air ambiant ni par les champs électriques qui les accompagnent. On développe une hypothèse pour expliquer la diversité des résultats obtenus au moyen des infectations intranasales ou par aérosoles.
    Notes: Abstract In earlier papers we reported that the course of respiratory infections in mice produced by intranasal instillation of measured amounts of: (1) a fungus, COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS, (2) a bacterium, KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE and (3) a virus, PR8 strain of influenza virus was materially affected by the air ion environment. When the challenge dose of influenza virus was administered as an aerosol, as described here, the cumulative mortality rate was completely uninfluenced by shifts in the concentration of positive and negative air ions in the ambient atmosphere and by the accompanying electrical fields. A hypothetical mechanism accounting for the different results obtained with intranasal and aerosol challenge is presented.
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 89-93 
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 76-83 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bisher fehlen direkte Messungen des CO2-Flusses im freien Feld. Es wurde ein System zum Probensammeln entwickelt, das auf einer modifizierten Wirbelkorrelationstechnik beruht. Die Werte werden über gleiche Mengen vertikaler Luftverschiebung integriert. Das Ziel war, den atmosphärischen CO2-Fluss für irgendein Getreide mit einer relativen Genauigkeit von annähernd 10% für Perioden zwischen 5 Min und mehreren Stunden anzugeben. Ergebnisse von CO2-Flussmessungen über Schnee, blossem Boden und einem Feld mit Luzerne werden berichtet. In Kombination mit Wetterdaten werden diese Messungen helfen, den Einfluss der Wetterschwankungen auf die Erntebildung zu verstehen.
    Abstract: Resume Des mesures directes des flux de CO2 dans des conditions naturelles manquent complètement. On a done établi un système d'échantillonnage basé sur une technique modifiée de corrélation tourbillonnaire. Les valeurs sont intégrées selon le déplacement vertical de masses d'air équivalentes. La méthode permet de calculer le flux de CO2 pour n'importe quelle culture avec une précision d'environ 10% pour des laps de temps allant de 5 minutes à quelques heures. On donne des exemples de mesure du flux de CO2 au-dessus de la neige, d'un sol nu et d'un champ de luzerne. De telles mesures combinées à des grandeurs météorologiques aideront à la compréhension des relations existant entre les conditions météorologiques et l'élaboration des récoltes.
    Notes: Abstract Direct measurements of fluxes of CO2 under field conditions are lacking. A sampling system based on a modified eddy correlation technique was constructed. It integrates over equal amounts of vertical air travel. It is designed to give the atmospheric flux of CO2 for any crop with a relative accuracy of approximately 10% for periods as short as 5 minutes to periods as long as a few hours. Samples of CO2 flux measurements above snow, bare soil and a legume hay crop are presented. These measurements combined with weather data will help in understanding how weather variations affect crop performance.
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 133-136 
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 145-158 
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 184-198 
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    Notes: Abstract The powerful energy-balance systems approach was applied to the quantification of man-environment relations in an urban area. Nine special purpose energy-balance models of man-environment relations are summarized. Physiologic comfort is defined. Research resulted in the development of a general purpose man model for predicting the elements which can be used to derive the comfort of man in any environment as well as the magnitudes and directions of the various energy exchanges. The model has been applied to the special case of summertime thermal comfort of individuals in various parts of a large city (Sacramento, California) and has revealed quantitative information on the unique microclimates within a city.
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    Notes: Abstract Metabolic, body temperature, and cardiorespiratory responses of 16 healthy middle-aged (40–57 years) men, 9 nonsmokers and 7 smokers, were obtained during tests of maximal aerobic power at ambient environmental temperatures of 25 ± 0.5 and 35 ± 0.5°C and 20% relative humidity under four conditions: (a) filtered air, FA; (b) 50 ppm carbon monoxide in filtered air, CO; (c) 0.27 ppm peroxyacetylnitrate in filtered air, PAN; and (d) a combination of all three mixtures, PANCO. There was no significant change in maximum aerobic power $$\left( {\dot VO2max} \right)$$ related to the presence of air pollutants, although total working time was lowered in the 25°C environment while breathing CO. Older nonsmokers did have a decrement in $$\left( {\dot VO2max} \right)$$ while breathing 50 ppm CO, while older smokers failed to show any change. This difference was related to the initial COHb levels of the smokers, who, when breathing this level of ambient CO, had only a 14% increase in COHb over their initial levels in contrast to the 200% increase in the nonsmokers. Smoking habits were the most influential factor affecting the cardiorespiratory responses of these older men to maximal exercise. Regardless of ambient conditions, smokers had a significantly lower (27%) aerobic power than nonsmokers, were breathing closer to their maximal breathing capacities throughout the walk, and had a higher respiratory exchange ratio. While the $$\left( {\dot VO2max} \right)$$ of nonsmokers was only 6% less than that of younger nonsmoking males ( $$\bar x$$ age = 25 years) working under similar conditions, the aerobic power of the older smokers was 26% lower than that of young smokers ( $$\bar x$$ age = 24 years).
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 295-300 
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    Notes: Abstract Broiler chicks were reared to 7 weeks of age at 7.2, 20.0 and 32.2°C. Heart ventricle weight, plasma volume, and blood volume were inversely related to environmental temperature. Allometric equations were determined for heart weight for chicks at 7.2 and 32.2°C. The results obtained demonstrate the need to specify environmental conditions when reporting allometric equations. Right ventricle weight as a percentage of total ventricle weight was not always significantly affected by environmental temperature, but there was a trend to greater right ventricular weight at lower temperatures.
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 319-323 
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    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model for predicting the development pattern of the liver fluke,F.hepatica from temperature data is described. The theoretical pattern is compared with the observed pattern. The two patterns are in broad agreement. Some problems are discussed.
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 183-183 
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 248-257 
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    Notes: Abstract An apparatus is described for the exposure of rats to air ions in experimental work. Air ions are produced by high voltages of positive or negative polarity according to the requirements. Several devices protect animals against ozone and other undesirable molecules formed by high voltages and reduce the electric field to a natural value. Only the smallest ions are dispatched to the animals. The treatment chamber is also the ionization measuring gauge. The measured air ion concentration is identical with the one that reaches the animals. Possible concentrations are in the range from 50,000 to 750,000 ions/ml, with better than 5% precision. Simultaneous treatment of 10 rats for over one hour is possible.
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 272-278 
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    Notes: Abstract Latent amoebiasis is aggravated at high altitude. Protean manifestations are common. Fever is usually absent. Liver tenderness is not a feature and may have to be specially elicited. Leucocytosis is rare. Bowel symptoms inspite of presence of intestinal ulcerations are usually absent. Response to treatment with emetine or chloroquin is unsatisfactory and relapse rate is high. These points may interest mountaineers and other sojourners to high altitude.
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 301-305 
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    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to determine acute effects of SO2 and simultaneous exposure to SO2 and heat on plasma glucocorticoids and thyroxine levels. Male mice (160) were divided into four treatment groups: control, heat, SO2, SO2 and heat. These groups were further divided into four time exposures, 30 min, 1, 12 and 24 hours. The effect of heat and SO2 as compared to heat or SO2 alone appears to be a more rapid and prolonged elevation of glucocorticoids, while thyroxine levels showed a more rapid depression compared to heat and a greater depression as compared to the SO2 treatment group.
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    International journal of biometeorology 18 (1974), S. 313-318 
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    Notes: Abstract Hot dry winds (Sharav) produce increased ionisation of the atmosphere, values for positive and negative ions going up from an average of 1, 000 per cm3 to 1, 500. There was almost always a slight preponderance of the positively-charged small ions. This increased air ionisation induces serotonin release in about one-quarter of the population with multiple complaints of a typical serotonin irritation syndrome. In 75% of 129 subjects suffering from serotonin ailments, the treatment with negative air ions (Ionotron) with an output of 3.5 × 105 ions/(cm3 · sec) at 1 m distance produced prophylactic and therapeutic relief when the patients were kept in a room of up to 4 × 4 m size. These results were controlled by serotonin and 5-HIAA urinalysis.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 9-11 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Werte der großräumigen, horizontalen Austauschkoeffizienten wurden für die Monate Januar, April, Juli und Oktober als Funktion des Druckes berechnet. Es wurde dazu eine von Panchev angegebene Gleichung verwendet.
    Notes: Summary Values of the horizontal eddy exchange coefficient for large-sacle air motions have been computed for January, April, July, and October as a function of pressure, using an equation given by Panchev.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 55-64 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The kinetic terms (frame velocity, frame tensor, rate of change of metric terms) for spherical coordinate systems with generalized time-dependent vertical coordinate are given both in exact and in approximated form. The results can readily be specialized for the usual coordinate systems of meteorology (p-, Θ, and σ-system).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die kinetischen Größen (Führungsgeschwindigkeit, Führungstensor, zeitliche Änderung von metrischen Größen) in sphärischen Koordinatensystemen mit generalisierter zeitabhängiger Vertikalkoordinate werden sowohl in exakter als auch in approximierter Form angegeben. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich unmittelbar auf die üblichen Koordinatensysteme der Meteorologie, (p-, Θ und σ-System) spezialisieren.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 65-76 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden fünf Stadien des Wachtums eines Kartoffelbestandes in Betracht gezogen. Eine Analyse der über dem Bestand gemessenen Werte von Wind und Temperatur zeigt, daß die durchschnittliche dimensionslose Windscherung (Φ m ) und der Temperaturgradient (Φ h ) mit fortschreitender Reifung zunehmen. Beide Ergebnisse sind der zunehmenden Rauhigkeit über der Oberfläche zuzuschreiben, da auchz 0 eine ähnliche Tendenz zeigt. Das Verhältnis χ=K H /K M nimmt mit zunehmender Reifung ab.
    Notes: Summary Five stages of development were isolated for a growing potato crop. Analysis of wind and temperature data taken over the crop showed that the average dimensionless windshear (Φ m ) and temperature gradient (Φ h ) increased with maturity. Both results were attributed to increased roughness over the surface sincez 0 also showed a similar trend. The ratio χ=K H /K M declined with maturity.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 77-86 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit stellt einen Beitrag zur Ableitung der Verteilungs-Funktion von Kondensationskernen in der maritimen Atmosphäre in Abhängigkeit von der Übersättigung dar. Die Auswertung beruht auf der Anwendung der Nukyiama-Tanassava-Verteilungs-Funktion und auf den Daten, welche bei Messungen der Konzentration der Riesenkerne von Chloriden mit Hilfe eines Kaskaden-Impaktors an der Meeresküste gewonnen wurden. Die abgeleitete Verteilungs-Funktion ist eine fallende Funktion, die von der Beziehung abweicht, welche auf Grund der von Junge angegebenen Verteilung berechnet wurde.
    Notes: Summary The paper presents a contribution to the deduction of the distribution function of cloud condensation nuclei in a maritime atmosphere depended on supersaturation. The calculation is based on the Nukyiama-Tanassava distribution function and on the data deduced from the measurement of giant chloride nuclei concentration with a cascade impactor on the seashore. The supersaturation distribution function found was a decreasing function unlike the same relationship calculated using Junge's distribution law.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 115-130 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Theoretische Gründe für die Betrachtung der zeitlichen, zonalen und zeitlichzonalen Standardabweichung meteorologischer Parameter als deren Normalwerte in außertropischen Breiten werden angegeben. Geostrophische relative Vorticitydaten (ζ g ) der Nordhemisphäre für vier Monate, welche für die vier Jahreszeiten typisch sind, zeigen, daß die zeitlichen Mittel der Standardabweichung von ζ g —bezeichnet mitK — die Position und andere Eigenschaften der außertropischen Strahlstromysteme darzustellen vermögen.
    Notes: Summary Theoretical reasons for considering the temporal, zonal and time-and-zone root mean square values of meteorological parameters as their normal values in the extratropics are given. Using geostrophic relative vorticity (ζ g ) data for the Northern Hemisphere Extratropics for four months typical of the four seasons it is shown that the time averages of the zonal root mean square values of ζ g — calledK — are useful in determining the normal locations and other properties of extratropical jet streams.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 131-135 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Auswertungsmethode vorgeschlagen, welche es erlaubt, die OzonzerstörungskonstanteK an der Erdoberfläche auf Grund von gleichzeitigen Messungen des Ozonprofils einerseits und der Windgeschwindigkeit auf einer einzigen Höhe andererseits zu bestimmen; ein logarithmisches Windprofil ist vorausgesetzt. Eine Anwendung dieser Methode auf einige der kürzlich veröffentlichten Messungen des Ozonprofils von Tiefenau und Fabian führt aufK∼0.1 cm/sec an der Meeresoberfläche. Sollte sich dieser Wert durch weitere Messungen an anderen Orten bestätigen, so würde das eine Erhöhung der gegenwärtigen Abschätzungen des globalen Ozonflusses zur Erde notwendig machen.
    Notes: Summary A procedure is suggested for the evaluation of the reaction constantK of the destruction of atmospheric ozone at the earth's surface. The method is applicable when the ozone profile on one hand, and the wind speed at a fixed level on the other hand, are measured simultaneously; a logarithmic wind profile is assumed. An application of this method to some of the ozone profiles recently published by Tiefenau and Fabian leads toK ∼ 0.1 cm/sec at the surface of the ocean. This value, if confirmed by measurements at other locations, would require an upward revision of current estimates of the global flux of atmospheric ozone into the earth.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 149-160 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The metric of weakly time-dependent frames of reference may be decomposed locally into a static part and departures therefrom. Hydrodynamical equations (equation of motion, continuity, first law of thermodynamics, divergence and vortex equation) can be formulated in such a way, that the influence of the non-static metric may be interpreted and estimated as perturbation effect within the static metric.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Metrik von schwach zeitabhängigen Bezugssystemen kann lokal in einen statischen Anteil und Abweichungen davon zerlegt werden. Hydrodynamische Gleichungen (Bewegungsgleichung, Kontinuitätsgleichung, erster Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik, Divergenz- und Wirbelgleichung) lassen sich so formulieren, daß der Einfluß der nicht-statischen Metrik als Störeffekt innerhalb der statischen Metrik gedeutet und erfaßt werden kann.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 215-216 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 181-197 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Modell der zeitabhängigen Zirkulation im vertikal geschichteten Michigan-See (den Sommerverhältnissen entsprechend) wird behandelt. Diese Schichtung wird durch zwei homogene Wasserkörper dargestellt, die durch eine undurchlässige Grenzschicht separiert sind. Die zeitabhängige Zirkulation und die Oberflächenverlagerung wird für jede Schicht aus einer Differenzenlösung der Bewegungs- und Kontinuitätsgleichungen unter Verwendung eines quadratischen Netzes berechnet, dessen Felder die gesamte Wasseroberfläche einschließen. Die Bewegungsgleichungen werden vertikal integriert und ergeben so für jede Schicht den gesamten Massenfluß für jeden Netzpunkt. Die Strömmungsverhältnisse werden erzwungen durch die Schubspannung des Windes an der Oberfläche, durch Bodenreibung, durch die Erdrotation (Coriolis-Effekt) und durch Ein- und Ausströmen in einer oder in beiden Schichten. Die zwei Schichten sind miteinander durch Schubspannungen an der Trennfläche und durch horizontale Druckgradienten gekoppelt, die durch eine Verlagerung der freien Oberflächen jeder Schicht hervorgerufen sind. In Anwendungsbeispielen werden drei verschiedene Windverhältnisse untersucht. Die stationären Lösungen zeigen gute Übereinstimmung mit den bekannten charakteristischen Strömungserscheinungen des Michigan-Sees, wie z. B. küstennahe „Jets”, Verlagerung der Temperatursprungschicht, Verlagerung der freien Oberfläche und Größenordnung der Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten.
    Notes: Summary Time-dependent circulation is modelled for vertically stratified (summer) Lake Michigan. Vertical stratification is represented by two homogeneous layers, separated by an impermeable thermocline. The time-dependent circulation and surface displacement for each layer is derived from a finite-difference solution to the equations of motion and mass continuity on a square lattice covering the water body. The equations of motion are integrated vertically in each layer yielding the total flow at each grid point for each layer. The external forcing terms included are surface wind stress, bottom friction, rotation (Coriolis), and inflows and outfalls (in either or both layers). The interlayer coupling is accomplished through interface stress and horizontal pressure gradient (produced by displacement of the free surface of each layer). In applications having three different constant wind forcings, the steady state solution shows good general agreement with known characteristics of Lake Michigan flows, such as coastal jets, thermocline displacement, free surface displacements and velocity magnitudes.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 217-226 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Zweischichtenmodell der planetaren Grenzschicht vorgeschlagen. In der bodennächsten Schicht wird der theoretisch und experimentell gut untersuchte turbulente Austauschkoeffizient verwendet. Oberhalb der bodennächsten Schicht werden die Bewegungsgleichungen näherungsweise mit einem turbulenten Austauschkoeffizienten gelöst, der einer willkürlich angenommenen, mit der Höhe jedoch nicht sehr rasch sich ändernden Funktion entspricht. Mit dem Widerstandsgesetz wird die Höhe der bodennächsten Schicht bestimmt.
    Notes: Summary A two-layer model of the planetary boundary layer is suggested. In the surface layer the theoretically and experimentally well studied coefficient of turbulent exchange is used. Above the surface sublayer the equations of motion are approximately solved with a coefficient of turbulent exchange in an arbitrary but not quickly varying height function. By means of the resistance law the height of the surface sublayer is found.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 227-236 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The object of this investigation is the relation between available potential energy and the height difference of the centers of mass for the actual and the reference state of the atmosphere. This difference is shown to be proportional to the available potential energy. If we choose a hydrostatically, stable stratified atmosphere which is uniform in the horizontal as the reference atmosphere, this height difference is a good indication of how little the actual atmosphere deviates from the uniform hydrostatic equilibrium state. Surprisingly, the difference over the whole globe is only about 10 m. In addition, a relation is demonstrated between available potential energy and that surface in the atmosphere which is formed by connecting the centers of mass of individual air columns.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird der Zusammenhang zwischen verfügbarer potentieller Energie und der Höhendifferenz der Schwerpunkte vom aktuellen und Referenzzustand der Atmosphäre untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich, daß diese Differenz direkt proportional der verfügbaren potentiellen Energie ist. Wählt man als Referenzzustand einen hydrostatisch stabilen, horizontal geschichteten Zustand der Atmosphäre, so gibt diese Höhendifferenz ein anschauliches Maß über die Abweichung des aktuellen Zustandes der Atmosphäre von der hydrostatischen Gleichgewichtslage an. Global gesehen ist diese Differenz erstaunlich gering; sie beträgt etwa 10 m. Weiters wird noch der Zusammenhang zwischen der verfügbaren potentiellen Energie und der „Schwerpunktfläche” der Atmosphäre, die durch die Höhen der Schwerpunkte der einzelnen Luftsäulen gebildet wird, aufgezeigt.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 263-284 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Besides usual methods of the evaluation of evaporation (Sverdrup method, empirical formulas, heat economy) it seems to be of interest to carry out such methods, which are based on measurements of the vertical distribution of wind velocity, temperature and humidity. It is especially tested, wether profile-methods, which are theoretical more delicate and more complicated in the measurement techniques, and therefore more expensive, give an adequate increase in the accuracy of the calculation of evaporation in relation to the other methods.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es ist von Interesse, neben herkömmlichen Verfahren der Verdunstungsbestimmung (Sverdrup-Methode, empirische Formeln, Wärmehaushalt) auch Berechnungen auszuführen, die Messungen der vertikalen Verteilung der Windgeschwindigkeit, der Temperatur und der Feuchte zur Grundlage haben, und die einzelnen Methoden miteinander zu vergleichen. Insbesondere wird untersucht, wieweit Profilmethoden, die vom theoretischen Ansatz her diffiziler, dazu meßtechnisch komplizierter und daher teurer sind, eine entsprechende größere Genauigkeit in der Verdunstungsbestimmung gegenüber jenen anderer Methoden bringen.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 285-296 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund von synoptischen Analysen der Bodenwetterkarten und der 850-, 700-, 500- and 250mb-Karten wird die Ursache einer Regenperiode im April 1970 in Eritrea untersucht. Eine starke Ausbiegung des subtropischen Jetstreams nach Süden bis 10° N hat anscheinend die Vorbedingung für die Entwicklung mächtiger Konvektionswolken geschaffen, die von der Feuchtezufuhr durch südöstliche Winde, die das südliche Rote Meer in der unteren Troposphäre überstreichen, gespeist werden.
    Notes: Summary Synoptic analyses at sea-level, 850, 700, 500 and 250 mb have been used to examine the origin of a spell of rains in Eritrea during April 1970. A strong southward bend in the sub-tropical jet stream to 10° N seems to have provided a mechanism for the temporary development of deep convection clouds, fed by moisture from lower tropospheric south-easterly winds flowing across the southern Red Sea.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For the so-called “Hamburg flood catastrophy cyclone” changes of the available potential and the kinetic energy due to the horizontal and vertical fluxes inside the total area from 60°W to 30°E and 40°N to 75°N have been investigated. In the mean over the investigation time the horizontal transport leads to an increase of the total available potential energy in the lower and upper troposphere and a decrease in the middle troposphere. The vertical transport however causes an opposite energy change. After a separation of the total energy into a zonal and a large scale turbulent part it was shown, that for the budget of the zonally available potential energy the horizontal transport causes an accumulation of enery inside the troposphere and an energy loss inside the lower stratosphere. An opposite result was obtained for the eddy available potential energy. For the budget of the total kinetic energy and by averaging over the vertical and over time potential energy was shown to be transported into the region of investigation and kinetic energy was transported out. Thereby a total increase of energy occured inside the region, which can be used for conversion into available potential energy. The dominant amounts are the large scale turbulent parts.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für die sogenannte „Hamburger Sturmflutzyklone” wird die im Gebiet von 60°W bis 30°E und von 40°N bis 75°N durch horizontale und vertikale Flüsse hervorgerufene Veränderung der verfügbaren potentiellen und der kinetischen Energie untersucht. Im zeitlichen Mittel wird durch Horizontaltransport in der unteren und oberen Troposphäre die totale verfügbare potentielle Energie vermehrt, während in der mittleren Troposphäre eine Verminderung erfolgt; gegenläufig dazu erfolgt die durch Vertikaltransport hervorgerufene Änderung. Eine Aufspaltung in den zonalen und in den großturbulenten Anteil ergibt, daß im Haushalt der zonalen verfügbaren potentiellen Energie der Horizontaltransport eine Akkumulierung von Energie in der Troposphäre und einen Energieverlust in der unteren Stratosphäre hervorruft. Umgekehrt verhält sich der großturbulente Anteil. Im Haushalt der totalen kinetischen Energie wird im vertikalen und zeitlichen Mittel potentielle Energie in das Untersuchungsgebiet herein- und kinetische Energie hinaustransportiert. Insgesamt wird dabei Energie im Innern angereichert, die zur Umwandlung in verfügbare potentielle Energie zur Verfügung steht; die dominierenden Mengen hierzu liefern die großturbulenten Anteile.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 323-331 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By means of observations of the meteorological rocket network from a winter and a summer month it is shown that there are dominating combinations between the variations of meteorological elements at the tropopause and the stratopause, which however with regard to their kind and size depend on the season and on the geographical location of the station. Near to the equator the correlation between values measured at sea level and those measured at the level of the stratopause is larger than that between values measured at the levels of the tropopause and the stratopause. In the sub-tropics the correlation coefficients are of about the same size in both of the altitudes investigated, in the north the correlation coefficients between stratopause and tropopause are larger than those between stratopause and ground level. In general, the correlations are better expressed in winter than in summer. Differences in the signs of the coefficients make one expect a dependence of the correlation on the synoptic situations. This will be investigated with a more copious set of data.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Hand von Beobachtungen des meteorologischen Raketennetzes aus einem Winter- und einem Sommermonat wird gezeigt, daß bevorzugte Kombinationen zwischen Beobachtungswerten an der Tropopause und Stratopause aufscheinen, die jedoch in ihrer Art und Größe von Jahreszeit und geographischer Lage der Station abhägen. In Äquatornähe ist der Zusammenhang zwischen Bodenwerten und Stratopausenwerten besser ausgeprägt als zwischen Tropopause und Stratopause. In den Subtropen sind die Korrelationskoeffizienten in beiden Abschnitten etwa gleich, im Norden sind die Korrelationen zwischen Stratopause und Tropopause größer als jene zwischen Stratopause und Boden. Die Korrelationen sind im allgemeinen im Winter besser ausgeprägt als im Sommer. Unterschiede in den Vorzeichen der Korrelationskoeffizienten lassen eine Abhängigkeit von der synoptischen Situation erwarten, die jedoch erst mit umfangreicherem Material untersucht werden soll.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 349-370 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Theorie zur Vorausberechnung des Tagesganges der Temperatur natürlicher Flüsse entwickelt. Dabei wird gezeigt, daß für gegebene äußere Parameter, einschließlich des Wärmeaustausches mit dem Flußbett, ein Gleichgewichtszustand bestimmt werden kann, der in einer täglichen Mitteltemperatur, einer Amplitude und einer Verzögerung des Temperaturverlaufs hinsichtlich des reinen Wärmeflusses besteht. Im nicht im Gleichgewicht befindlichen Teil des Flusses werden diese Verhältnisse als Funktionen der Entfernung vom Ausgangspunkt angegeben. Die analytisch abgeleiteten Ergebnisse stimmen mit der von Eckel und Reuter [2] numerisch gefundenen gut überein. Schließlich wird die genaue Form des Tagesganges der Temperatur mittels einer Fourierentwicklung des täglichen Wärmeflusses, der die bekannte Asymmetrie der Temperaturkurve bewirkt, berechnet.
    Notes: Summary A theory is developed predicting the daily temperature cycle of natural streams. It is shown that for given external parameters, including heat exchange with the streambed, an equilibrium state can be defined which consists of a daily mean temperature, an amplitude and a time lag of the temperature cycle with respect to the net heat flux. Moreover, in the non-equilibrium part of the stream these properties are given as functions of distance from the source. The results, derived analytically, agree well with those obtained numerically by Eckel and Reuter [2]. Lastly the exact shape of the diurnal temperature cycle is calculated by means of a Fourier development of the daily heat flux, producing the wellknown asymmetry of the temperature curve.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 297-322 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Unsere Studien über den Einfluß der aerologischen Feinstruktur-Parameter auf die vertikale Verteilung des Aerosols wurden planmäßig fortgesetzt. Das Hauptaugenmerk war auf den weitgehenden Abschluß der Herausarbeitung einer Parameterisierung der Beziehungen zwischen aerologischen Parametern einerseits und der vertikalen Scheindiffusion andererseits gerichtet. Diese Parameterisierung gründete sich a) auf die jüngsten verbesserten theoretischen Ableitungen des Austausch-Koeffizienten aus den gemessenen vertikalen Profilen der Partikelkonzentration, b) auf die Gesamtheit der seit Jahren gewonnenen Daten und somit c) auf hinreichende statistische Signifikanz. Daten: Kontinuierliche Registrierungen von RaB- und RaC-Konzentrationen in Luft in 740, 1800 und 3000 m Höhe und Berechnung der mittleren vertikalen Austauschkoeffizienten für die Schichten dazwischen; Registrierungen der Luftleitfähigkeiten und Aitkenkern-Konzentrationen in denselben Höhen. Anwendung all dieser Daten zur Berechnung der kontinuierlichen, vertikalen Profile der Aitkenkern-Konzentrationen aus den Luftleitfähigkeits-Profilen, die mit den Telemetrie-Systemen aufgenommen worden sind. Alle älteren und jüngsten Telemetrie-Meßfahrten, nämlich 2400 mit der Zugspitz-Seilbahn und 900 mit der Wank-Seilbahn, aus der Zeit von Juli 1970 bis Mitte Oktober 1972 wurden benutzt, um auf der inzwischen verbesserten theoretischen Basis die Austausch- und Diffusions-Koeffizienten zu berechnen. Die jeweils gleichzeitig erfaßten aerologischen Profile dienten zur Parametrisierung der Abhängigkeit des incremental exchange coefficients von der Feinstruktur aerologischer Parameter. Die erhaltenen Funktionen können in der Praxis direkt zur Bestimmung der schichtweisen Austauschintensität aus Radiosondenaufstiegen benutzt werden.
    Notes: Summary Studies in the effects of aerological fine-structure characteristics upon vertical distribution of aerosols were continued. Emphasis was put on largely concluding the development of a parametrization of the relationship between aerological parameters and vertical eddy aerosol diffusion. This parametrization is based (a) on a recently improved theoretical derivation of exchange coefficient from vertical profiles of particle concentration; (b) on the entirety of data obtained in several years; and thus (c) on adequate. Data: Continuous recording of RaB and RaC concentrations in the air at 740 m, 1780 m, and 3000 m a. s. l., and computation of mean vertical exchange coefficients for the strata between; recording of air conductivities and Aitken nucleus concentrations at the same levels. Application of all of these data in computing continuous vertical profiles of Aitken nucleus concentrations from air conductivity profiles taken by our telemetry systems: All earlier telemetry runs as well as the most recent ones, viz.: 2400 runs by Zugspitze cable car (1000–3000 m a. s. l.), and 900 runs by Wank cable car (740–1780 m), from the period of July 1970 through mid-October 1972, were used to compute the exchange and diffusion coefficients. The respective aerological profiles covered simultaneously were used for parametrization of the relationship of the incremental exchange coefficient with the fine structure of aerological parameters. In practice the functions obtained can directly be used to determine stratified exchange intensity from radiosonde ascents.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 333-347 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Autor führt eine theoretische Analyse der zeitlich-räumlichen Änderungen des elektrischen Feldes in inhomogener Umgebung für nichtstationäre Zustände durch. Es werden allgemeine Gleichungen und ihre vereinfachten Lösungen für den Fall der Entladung einer Punktladung über einer leitfähigen Ebene entwikkelt. Die Ergebnisse unterscheiden sich von den von Tamura und Kasemir für das gleiche physikalische Modell mit veränderlicher Leitfähigkeit des Mediums gefundenen. Dies ist hauptsächlich auf die Annahme anderer Anfangsbedingungen zurückzuführen, die den physikalischen Zuständen des im Moment der entladung betrachteten Systems entsprechen. Als Sonderfall der neuen theoretischen Auffassung erhält man eine Lösung, die von Holzer und Saxon für stationäre Zustände abgeleitet worden ist. Die aus der neuen Analyse sich ergebenden Änderungen des Feldes kommen den experimentellen Daten näher als die aus früheren Theorien abgeleiteten. Für große Entfernungen des Beobachtungspunktes vom entladenen Pol und für kurze Zeitabschnitte nach der Entladung wird die Abnahme der Zeit der Wiederherstellung des Feldes mit der Entfernung analytisch zur Darstellung gebracht. Diese experimentell bestätigten Effekte konnten bisher durch theoretische Betrachtungen nicht geklärt werden. Das verwendete mathematische Modell ermöglicht eine Entwicklung von theoretischen Studien über die nichtstationären Änderungen der Strömungsfelder nach Entladungen.
    Notes: Summary The transient time variations of electric field in unhomogeneous medium are examined theoretically. The general equations and their simplified solutions are derived for the case of the suddenly discharged pole embedded in the medium with exponentially variable conductivity. The pole is treated as a point-charge situated above the highly conductive plane. The results obtained differ from those calculated by Tamura and by Kasemir in spite of similar physical model used. This is mainly due to the new initial conditions introduced in the present analysis. For the large distances from the place of observation to the discharged pole and for small values of time, the obtained simplified solution of general equations makes it possible to indicate analytically a decrease of recovery time of field variation with the increasing distance, and to ascribe the behaviour of that variation to the effect of space charge formed in the medium. This decrease of recovery time in the range of great distances was observed experimentally and could not be explained analytically by any previous theory.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 393-400 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 371-391 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary With the help of modifications of the formulas which deal with the energy gains and losses by direct and scattered radiation, evaporation condensation and convective heat exchange with the air, it is made possible to solve the heat balance equation for a river analytically. Special attention is directed to the influence of the real horizon and to the modification of the long wave radiation term which is caused by the temperature differences between the river and its surroundings. The calculation is made in one case for the river Kamp in Lower Austria and the error which is caused by neglecting the influence of the true horizon on the river temperatures is shown.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Vereinfachungen in den Formeln für den Strahlungsgenuß von Sonne und Himmel, für die Energieumsätze bei Verdunstung, Kondensation und beim konvektiven Wärmeaustausch mit der Luft ist es möglich, die zunächst nur numerisch integrierbare Wärmehaushaltsgleichung eines Flusses analytisch zu lösen. Besondere Beachtung wird dem Einfluß des natürlichen Horizontverlaufs gewidmet, und auch die Tatsache, daß bei einem Fluß infolge seiner Temperaturdifferez zur Umgebung die Ausstrahlungsverhältnisse kompliziert werden, wird berücksichtigt. Es wird die Berechnung für einen sommerlichen Schönwettertag durchgeführt und der Fehler, der durch die Nichtberücksichtigung des natürlichen Horizontverlaufs entsteht, am Beispiel des Kamp-Flusses in Niederösterreich aufgezeigt.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 137-148 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A procedure for objective analysis of relative humidity up to 500 mb, developed by Deutscher Wetterdienst, is described. By this method the observations of humidity from radiosondes are used and also simulated observations, which were computed from synoptic surface observations by regression-techniques. In regions with no observations at all regression-techniques are used for getting informations about humidity from vertical air motion, which is computed by integration of the omega-equation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine im Deutschen Wetterdienst entwickelte Methode zur numerischen Analyse der relativen Feuchte beschrieben. Außer den Radiosondenmeßergebnissen werden simulierte Feuchtemessungen verwendet, die mittels Regressionsbeziehungen aus synoptischen Bodenbeobachtungen abgeleitet werden. In Gebieten ohne jegliche Beobachtungen werden Regressionsbeziehungen benutzt, um Feuchtewerte aus der Vertikalbewegung zu berechnen; letztere wird durch Integration der Omega-Gleichung erhalten.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 161-179 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Hydrodynamical equations (equation of motion, continuity, first law of thermodynamics, divergence and vortex equation, including frictional terms) are formulated in spherical coordinate systems with generalized vertical coordinate, using a static metric. The equations are given at first without any approximation in normalized (physical) components; after the introduction of approximations, they reduce to the forms used in meteorology. It turns out, however, that there appears a term with the wrong sign in the usual divergence equation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hydrodynamische Gleichungen (Bewegungs- und Kontinuitätsgleichung, erster Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik, Divergenz- und Wirbelgleichung, unter Einschluß von Reibungs-Termen) werden in sphärischen Koordinatensystemen mit generalisierter Vertikalkoordinate bei statischer Metrik formuliert. Die Gleichungen werden zunächst ohne jede Approximation in normierten (physikalischen) Komponenten angegeben; sie reduzieren sich nach Einführung von Approximationen auf die üblichen Formen der Meteorologie. Es zeigt sich jedoch, daß in der üblichen Divergenzgleichung ein Term mit falschem Vorzeichen aufscheint.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 199-214 
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A sand model was used to plot self-potential curves (SP-curves). Ore veins were thus simulated by two electrodes, and geological disturbances by two parallel sheet copper plates. The influence of various parameters on the shape of the SP-curves was studied, e. g., angle of incidence, and depth of an ore vein, current intensity, surface geometry, hollow spaces and location of disturbances. In many cases it will be necessary to know the cause of a measured self-potential anomaly, namely a highly conductive ore vein or disturbance. Difficulties will occur when interpreting an SP-curve as to the depth and angle of incidence of a potential-producing geological object, especially, when the surface geometries are complicated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe eines Sandmodells wurden Eigenpotentialkurven (SP-Kurven) aufgenommen. Dabei wurden Erzgänge durch zwei Elektroden und geologische Störungen durch zwei parallellaufende Kupferbleche simuliert. Der Einfluß diverser Parameter, wie Einfallswinkel und Teufe eines Erzganges, sowie Stromstärke, Oberflächengeometrie, Hohlräume und Lage der Störungen auf die Gestalt der SP-Kurven wurden untersucht. Die Ursachen von gemessenen Eigenpotentialanomalien, nämlich ein gut leitender Erzgang bzw. eine Störung, wird in vielen Fällen anzugeben sein. Die Interpretation einer SP-Kurve bezüglich Tiefenlage und Einfallswinkel eines potentialerzeugenden geologischen Objektes wird bereits Schwierigkeiten bereiten, besonders dann, wenn komplizierte Oberflächengeometrien vorliegen.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 29-54 
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die horizontale Ausdehnung eines Taifuns wird in dynamischer Hinsicht auf Grund des von Charney und Eliassen ausgearbeiteten Modells der Entwicklung der synoptischen Struktur eines Taifuns untersucht, wonach eine tropische Zyklone sich aus einem Depressionssystem zu einem Taifun durch das spontane Aufkommen eines Systems heftiger Winde in der inneren Region des dem Taifun vorangehanden Systems entwickelt. Im Text wird mit „tropischer Wirbel” das Ausgangssystem des Taifuns und mit „Taifun-Wirbel” der vollentwickelte Taifun bezeichnet. Das dem eigentlichen Taifun vorausgehende Anfangssystem hat ein inneres Rotationsgebiet mit einem Radius von ungefähr 200 km, während das Starkwindsystem im entwickelten Taifun einen Radius von ungefähr 50 km hat. Es wird gefolgert, daß der Radius der inneren Region des Vortaifun-Systems der Wirkung des Coriolisparameters unterworfen ist, während der des Starkwindsystems von der relativen Vorticity des Vortaifun-Systems abhängt, ferner, daß ein System mit einer inneren Region von etwa 50 km Radius sich als Wirkung des Coriolisparameters in tropischen Breiten nicht entwickeln kann, sondern nur im Feld der relativen Vorticity, welches dort um eine Größenordnung größer ist als der Coriolisparameter, wodurch die Entwicklungshypothese gestütt wird.
    Abstract: Résumé La dimension horizontale d'un typhon est considérée dynamiquement en appliquant le modèle de Charney-Eliassen à la structure synoptique d'un typhon au point de vue de l'évolution: un cyclone tropical est évolué d'un système de la dépression pré-typhonique (un vortex tropical dans le texte signifiant la matrice d'un typhon) un typhon par suite de la naissance spontanée d'un système du vent violent (un vortex typhonique dans le texte significant l'entité virtuelle d'un typhon) dans la région intérieure du système pré-typhonique. Un système pré-typhonique à la région intérieure de la rotation du rayon d'environ 200 km tandis qu'un système du vent violent à la région d'environ 50 km pour le système même respectivement. C'est conclu que le rayon de la région intérieure est sujet au paramètre de Coriolis en cas d'un système pré-typhonique, tandis que le rayon dans un système du vent violent à la vorticité relative du système pré-typhonique, et par surcroît qu'un système ayant la région intérieure du rayon de environ 50 km ne peut pas se former dans le champ du paramètre de Coriolis aux latitudes tropicales mais seulement dans le champ de la vorticité relative plus haute que le paramètre de Coriolis d'un chiffre, supportant l'hypothèse évolutionale.
    Notes: Summary The horizontal dimension of a typhoon is dynamically considered by applying Charney-Eliassen's model to the synoptic structure of a typhoon from the viewpoint of evolution, where a tropical cyclone is to evolve from a pre-typhoon depression system (a tropical vortex in the text meaning the mother body of a typhoon) into a typhoon by the spontaneous outbreak of a violent wind system (a typhoon vortex in the text meaning the virtual entity of a typhoon) in the inner region of the pre-typhoon system. A pre-typhoon system has the inner region of rotation of about 200 km radius while a violent wind system has that of about 50 km radius for each own system. It is concluded that the radius of the inner region of a pre-typhoon system is subject to the Coriolis parameter while that of a violent wind system to the relative vorticity of the pre-typhoon system, and that a system having the inner region of about 50 km radius can not break out in the field of the Coriolis parameter in tropical latitudes but only in the field of relative vorticity higher than the Coriolis parameter by one figure, supporting the evolutional hypothesis.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 87-100 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By the proper motion of the coordinates (frame motion) of time-dependent frames of reference, there arise additional terms in hydrodynamical equations. These additional terms are given in exact form for the equation of motion (including internal friction), equation of continuity, first law of thermodynamics, and the divergence and vortex equation. The omission of the additional terms in meteorological frames of reference is substantiated. A new scalar differential invariant of a vector (“Jacobi invariant”) proves to be a suitable threedimensional generalization of the usual (non-invariant) Jacobian of the divergence equation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch die Eigenbewegung der Koordinaten (Führungsbewegung) von zeitabhängigen Bezugssystemen entstehen in hydrodynamischen Gleichungen Zusatzglieder. Diese Zusatzglieder werden für die Bewegungsgleichung (unter Einschluß der inneren Reibung), Kontinuitätsgleichung, den ersten Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik sowie Divergenz- und Wirbelgleichung in exakter Form angegeben. Die Vernachlässigung der Zusatzglieder in meteorologischen Bezugssystemen wird begründet. Eine neue skalare Differential-Invariante eines Vektors (“Jacobi-Invariante”) erweist sich als zweckmäßige dreidimensionale Verallgemeinerung des üblichen (nicht-invarianten) Jacobi-Terms der Divergenzgleichung.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 23 (1974), S. 101-114 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine der Unzulänglichkeiten zumindest jener Leewellentheorien, die mathematisch leicht zugänglich sind, besteht, darin, daß sie die Perturbationsenergiegleichung nicht befriedigen. In diesem Bericht gehen wir von einer vereinfachten Energiegleichung aus. Durch Parametrisierung gewisser Terme unter Verwendung plausibler Annahmen gelangen wir zu einer Lösung der primitiven Gleichungen für interne Schwerewellen. Einige Fälle von Leewellen in der Nähe von Boulder, Colorado, wurden mit diesen Lösungen verglichen. Das Resultat dieses Vergleiches ist zufriedenstellend. Die hier erhaltenen Lösungen lassen vermuten, daß die in der Region der leuchtenden Nachtwolken beobachteten Wellenformationen höchstwahrscheinlichin situ erzeugt werden und nicht durch vertikale Fortpflanzung aus der Troposphäre entstehen.
    Notes: Summary One of the shortcomings of at least those lee-wave theories which are mathematically tractable with relative ease, is that they do not satisfy the perturbation energy equation. In this report we started from a simplified energy equation and by parameterizing certain terms using plausible assumptions, we arrived at a solution of the primitive equations for internal gravity waves. Several cases of lee waves near Boulder were compared with this solution and results are encouraging. The proposed internal gravity wave solution suggests that wave formations observed in the noctilucent cloud region are most likely generatedin situ and not propagated upward from the troposphere.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 14-34 
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    Notes: Abstract A linear programming model is developed to investigate some of the characteristics of alternative rates of expansion of the irrigated agricultural economy of the Rio Negro basin in southern Argentina over a twenty-year period. While essentially a demandled model, expansion rates can be imposed and the economic impact of such suboptimizing behavior then compared to the optimal outcomes. The approach used is a multiperiod linear programming model in which both farm and social infrastructure investments in a given period have an impact on both output and physical and human resource availabilities in subsequent periods. These activities give rise to time streams of costs and returns which are discounted at alternative discount rates to observe the behavior of the model under differing assumptions as to the proper rate. An analysis of the outcomes of applying the model indicates that the higher rates of expansion of irrigated agriculture in the basin are excessive and an economically optimal rate would be relatively modest. An attempt is made to relate this outcome to approximate overall labor force and population levels in the Rio Negro basin in the next two decades.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 35-50 
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    Notes: Abstract Conventional demand based approaches to recreational economics are reviewed and found unsuitable for analyzing the effects of changes of the quality of recreation. An alternative approach using a simulation model is proposed, which allows the use of both quantitative data and subjective input on the qualitative effects. The critical economic variables are found to be fishing recreation visitor days and investment in recreational facilities at the Salton Sea, California. The model results are projected for 20 years and key parameters and assumptions are identified by parametric analysis. These parameters were then subjected to critical interaction by a group of specialists in the area, during a workshop session. Results of the final model are compared to a previous economic study of the region and found to be more pessimistic about the benefits of quality control. Verification of the model is performed by tests of deviation of the predictions of visitor days by the model from the actual visitor days recorded over eight years.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 79-86 
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    Notes: Abstract The research in this paper contains the design and application of a model to study the regional growth of union membership. It provides techniques to analyze both aggregate regional union membership and the ratio of aggregate regional union membership to aggregate regional employment. Union membership and its ratio to employment are influenced by employment effects (essentially a product market influence) and non-employment effects (factor market influences: government legislation, social opinion, technology, and union organizational efforts). The Product Market Effect and Factor Market Effect are isolated and measurable within the context of the model. In addition to having the advantage of separating employment from all other influences, the model deals with individual industries in a regional setting. Hence, its application is facilitated because agencies in many states collect and publish data on industrial employment and the industrial composition of union membership. In order to demonstrate the model's applicability, it has been applied to Santa Clara County. Union membership in the County rose from 56,300 in 1955 to 104,800 in 1968. Simultaneously, the ratio of union membership to employment declined from.497 in 1955 to.294 in 1968. The regional rise in total union membership between 1955 and 1968 was a composite of regional employment expansion and reductions in some of the regional industry's ratios of union membership to employment. The decline of the ratio of total union membership to total employment in Santa Clara County can be attributed to employment expansion in weakly organized industries (i. e., those with low ratios of union membership to employment) and the declining ratios of union membership to employment within the regional industries.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 70-78 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper attempts to explain localized employment in a cross section of SMSAs using selected economic aggregates rather than “basic” employment. A model is postulated where a city's localized employment depends on population, per capita income, and the position of a city within an urban hierarchy. This formulation is successfully estimated using regression analysis. The estimated coefficients are then used to explore implications concerning intercity differences in the propensity to spend locally and other aggregate relationships.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 87-94 
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    Notes: Abstract Over the last several years, considerable attention has been directed to the analysis of interregional and international capital transfers. A few of these studies have been concerned with the persistence of interregional interest rate differentials over time. In this vein, Davis and Banks have argued that between regions within the United States there have been persistent regional differences in going interest rates over very long periods and a tendency for particular regions to show persistently higher or lower than average rates for a variety of different instruments. Unfortunately, the Davis-Banks argument is based upon casual observation rather than upon formal empirical testing. In analytical terms, it has been elsewhere shown that persistent interregional interest rate differentials, if they in fact do exist, may be entirely compatible with conventional economic theory once it is recognized that there may exist barriers of one form or another to the interregional flow of funds. Using this framework of analysis as a point of departure, this paper examines whether the interregional flow of funds within the United States over time has in fact been insensitive to interest rate differentials.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 109-117 
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    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis that opportunity costs associated with foregone alternatives in moving from region i to region j significantly affect the migration decision has been proposed by Levy and Wadycki in the context of a regression model of migration. Their results for Venezuela were highly successful and additional evidence reported by Wadycki with United States data for 1955–60 also substantiated the basic hypothesis. These previous attempts at including the concept of intervening opportunities into the regression model of migration employed definitions similar to Stouffer's seminal 1940 article on the subject of intervening opportunities. The present paper presents two alternative formulations for intervening opportunities and tests them with 1955–60 United States interstate migration data. In all cases we find that both the explanatory power of distance and its estimated elasticity fall substantially when we include the proxy variables for intervening opportunities. Furthermore, including these proxies increases the explanatory power of the migration model substantially. Proxy variables which employ Stouffer's 1960 reformulation of the concept of intervening opportunities prove superior in our empirical tests.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 95-108 
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    Notes: Abstract A much neglected area of inquiry in geography is the analysis of spatial processes. It seems necessary, therefore, to initiate more effort in this area by examining and modifying existing means of investigation, or suggesting new ones. Using downtown Denver as the study area, an investigation of the spatial pattern of five urban activities from 1947 to 1971, by applying a modification of an existing means of research, shows a general temporal trend that suggests the working of the spatial process of urban equifinality. It is necessary, however, to extend the investigation of the area to several more future time periods, or to conduct a comparison between this area with several other urban areas before a firmer conclusion can be derived.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 139-146 
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    Notes: Abstract The existence of a corridor for consumer household shopping travel behavior relative to the Interstate System has previously been verified. However, whether a corridor develops, as measured in terms of investment response and commercial development, following Interstate construction is unknown. Thus, the objective of this research was to determine the investment response, if any, following the construction of an Interstate highway in one southeastern state. The basis for the research was personal interviews with all owners or managers of businesses established along a 100 mile section of Interstate highway. Based on the research, it seems questionable whether a development corridor based on investment response could be attributed to the Interstate. This article focuses on reasons for this assertion. The development which occurred was nodally related only to the interchanges along the System and to meetinthneeds of motorist travelers on the System.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 131-138 
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    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this note is to critically examine Charles Leven's concept of regional capital autonomy, which he defines as a situation in which a region is assured of attracting nonlocal investible funds to at least offset any outward movementof local savings, as a meaningful analytical tool. 2 Section II argues that in the context of interregional flow of funds, goods and services any lack of capital autonomy, which will manifest in the form of differential rate of return on investments among regions, will have a tendency of correcting itself under competitive equilibrium conditions. It is pointed out that flow of funds are sensitive not only to changes in the interregional rate of return but also to variations in the liquidity functions of the regions and that any index of capital autonomy defined only in terms of the magnitude of the impact on the real investment of a region would detract from its usefulness as an analytical tool. Further, it is shown that, other things being given, the index measuring the regional capital autonomy could conceivably be independent of either changes inthe outflow of local savings or inflow of foreign savings. Section III summarizes some of Leven's specific equations of regional accounts as a prelude to his derivation of indexes defining capital autonomy. In addition, it shows that some of the key equations are definitionally invalid and an attempt is made to reinterpret these so as to render them meaningful. The last section attempts to demonstrate that both the indexes of regional capital autonomy as defined by Leven have fatal drawbacks irrespective of whether the symbols of the key equations are assigned meanings as originally intended or as reinterpreted herein.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 168-173 
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 1-7 
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 118-130 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper summarizes a study for the State of Alabama which develops and tests seven alternative plans for the allocation of public grants among four different divisions of governments. This study suggests that the Alabama Development Office and Appalachia Regional Commission monies be combined and distributed jointly under one plan in order to optimize the allocation of development funds among governmental units relative to specific goals. The plan would not follow current policies of being project oriented but would distribute funds directly to governmental units on the basis of economic and/or sociological factors. The distributional patterns of the seven plans were tested statistically with a rank correlation coefficient and examined further under eleven criteria which may be interpreted individually or collectively as measurements of policy goals. A suggested application was included. Assuming a policy of placing public projects in regions which appear to be growth areas, specific recommendations would include adopting a plan similar to the Nixon Administration revenue sharing proposal which distributes funds on the basis of Gi/R, where Gi is revenues from own sources in government i, and R is revenues from own sources by all governments similar to i. By all indicators used, this allocator channels grants into the growth regions by larger amounts than the others for the government divisions of rural counties, county school districts, and cities. Another recommendation would be to adopt an allocator for city schools which weights population inversely by per capita income if the policy is to reward existing states of past growth.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 8-23 
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    Notes: Abstract This study reports some results on the determinants of regional growth at the state level, using gross state product estimates for 1955–64 and drawing upon 28 independent variables. Theoretical hypotheses relating to the influences of demographic variables, amenities, agglomeration economies, business behaviour, labour market and policy variables are tested as well as a descriptive equation. Also, ‘good fit’ equations were derived by stepwise regression procedures. The equations had a high explanatory value. Several variables showed that the more backward states grew faster, supporting the convergence hypothesis. Differences in thespatial distribution of population and economic activity within states were closely associated with variations in growth rates, suggesting that the non-spatial models that have dominated regional growth analysis are deficient. Two instrumental variables, tourist expenditures and federal government spending, were highly significant. It is important, therefore, to incorporate the government sector in regional growth theory. On the other hand, several plausible independent variables either were insignificant or had the wrong sign: education, scientific and technical personnel, the profit rate, gross savings, income potential, unemployment and air pollution. Monocausal explanations were not supported; the regional growth process appears a much more complex and interrelated phenomenon than implied by the simple growth models. Finally, current state growth performance was not independent of past conditions, indicating that the regional growth process is to some extent historically determined.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 43-58 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents alternate detailed forecasts of occupational requirements for the state of Illinois in 1980. These manpower forecasts, developed on the basis of different national economic policies and Federal budget priorities, are compared with the 1980 Illinois employment projections estimated by the State manpower planning agency and the differences in methodology are analyzed. Sources of possible error in the official State forecasts are indicated and a potentially more accurate picture of Illinois 1980 manpower requirements is developed. It is discussed how the model utilized here could be adapted to other States and regions.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 89-104 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is divided into two main sections: the first deals with the theoretical and practical interpretation of statistical data concerning a given region of a larger economy. We argue that much of the raw data are inherently faulty without more sophisticated statistical manipulation. Policy recommendations based upon such data can be no better than the data. The second section is devoted to illustration of the problems faced in using regional statistics. These illustrations are drawn primarily from the Canadian economy.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 72-88 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a process for integrating product yields, costs, and values into a planning framework which allocates broadly defined management practices on National Forest lands. Standard forest planning procedures are used to define homogeneous land units to which the practices are applied; the analytical model is an extension of those procedures. Goal-oriented allocation of the practices is accomplished by polyperiodic linear programming methods. Production goals are embodied as model constraints which govern all physical yields over time. These target constraints are also used to evaluate non-market social objectives such as scaled values of visual impact. Other considerations, as indicated by dollar values for marketable products, are incorporated into the objective function where present net worth is maximized. Sample solutions from a 10, 700-acre test site model serve to illustrate the types of information available from the model, their interpretation, and possible implications. It is shown that the model unifies and augments available information for decision making but is not a substitute for manager judgment or public opinion. Satisfaction of production goals may require significant forfeitures in net present worth as compared to the unconstrained maximum. The manager must still evaluate and balance the possible tradeoffs between production and economic oriented goals.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 59-71 
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    Notes: Abstract This report discusses a model developed to estimate regional and national effects of specified pesticide withdrawals from cotton production. In addition,the Delphi technique, which was the method used to establish much the model input data, such as regional per acre yield and production cost responses to pesticide withdrawal, is presented along with some model results. The model contains five methods for estimating the impact of specified pesticide withdrawals. The impact is estimated assuming maintenance of present cotton acreages. Alternatively, regional cotton acreage shifts are estimated based on the relationship between per acre cotton net returns and the alternative crop net returns. Model results include regional cotton price per pound and regional and national cotton acres, bales of output, and net returns for cotton and the alternative crop to cotton.
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    Notes: Abstract There has been a great deal of controversy recently in British Columbia over the non-Canadian use of the province's recreational resources. Tourism is British Columbia's third largest industry, yet tourist facilities, especially publicly provided facilities, have been experiencing crowding problems, which many believe result in deterioration in the quality of the recreational experience. In July, 1973, British Columbia's Minister of Highways responded to this situation by advocating a ban on all United States' recreational vehicles. In the present paper the problems of recreational resource development are subjected to economic analysis. One group of non-Canadian users, namely, sport fishermen, is singled out for attention. The consequences of various relevant recreation policies are discussed on a regional basis, drawing on a selection of studies undertaken by the Northern Economics Unit, Federal Fisheries Service, in Vancouver. The conclusions of the paper are as follows. It is evident that public attitudes towards non-resident use of locally identified recreational resources vary significantly from one region to another. Overcrowded conditions prevailing in some areas are not evident in others and policies must be flexible enough to take account of regional variation. Furthermore, excess demand is often a reflection of inconsistent government policies which produce a gap between the planned utilisation and the planned provision of facilities. Under such conditions discrimination on the basis of residential status is likely to be carried to lengths beyond those justified by economic analysis. In particular, in the case of British Columbia, to focus attention on restricting non-Canadian use is to divert attention away from the real problem. In the final analysis, if governments are concerned with providing an optimal amount of good quality recreational opportunities and maximising the real net benefits accruing to residents under their jurisdictions, then a policy package more finely attuned to these objectives is necessary.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 118-130 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Several strip-mine mineral industries in the West--particularly coal, uranium, and oil shale--are currently the center of concern to energy and rural development policy makers. In addition to numerous environmental and social ramifications of development of these industries, large numbers of jobs may be generated in what are presently sparsely populated rural areas. This raises questions regarding places of origin of employees and creation of new mining towns versus location of employees in existing towns. In order to gain insights and direction for future developments, the existing Wyoming uranium industry work force is examined in this study with respect to 1) the locational origins of employees and 2) employee commuting patterns. Manpower location considerations in rural development are conceptualized in the first portion of the paper. Work force patterns in three uranium areas of Wyoming are then analyzed and compared. Implications of the empirical findings for manpower and development policies are explored in the concluding section of the paper. Manpower training and transportation policies are addressed.
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  • 91
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The Border Industries Program was initiated in 1965 as a series of agreements between Mexico and the United States to bring U.S. industries to the Mexican side of the border, and thereby provide employment and income opportunities in a region of relatively high unemployment. Since 1965, many U. S. industries have taken advantage of the Program, and located firms on the Mexican and U.S. side of the border. Supposedly this has fostered economic development of not only the Mexican border region, but also U.S. border communities. Part of this impact has resulted from the expenditures of Mexican Border Industry employees in the adjacent U.S. town. The objective of the research presented in the present article is to empirically estimate the impact of these expenditures on income, employment, and population in a specific U.S. border community. An input-output model of the Nogales, Arizona, area is used in a case study in making the analysis. The results indicate that the impact of the Mexican Border Industry wage payments on the Nogales, Arizona, economy have been significant. Policy implications for those interested in regional economic development are given.
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  • 92
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 168-173 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
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  • 93
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 131-139 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In a recent issue of this journal, Greenwood and Thomas (G-T) estimated determinants of intercounty migration in England and Wales for 1861, using regression analysis. Coincidently, we performed a similar analysis using 1851 data. As with G-T, we conclude that migrants were sensitive to economic considerations in making their locational choice. Both sets of results are remarkably similar with respect to the pronounced sensitivity of migrants to movement costs, as measured by distance. Unlike G-T, however, we generally observe significantly positive relationships between migration and wage levels in the destination county. Also, our results suggest that migrants were less responsive to job opportunity considerations than those of G-T. Furthermore, we conclude that migrants,ceteris paribus, tended to move to sunnier counties and to be somewhat responsive to public assistance payment levels in making their locational choice. Finally, our results suggest that migrants improved their economic status and contributed to British economic growth by their behavioral patterns.
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  • 94
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
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  • 95
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 12-23 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A number of parallels exist between the development of social indicators and of simulation models. This paper seeks to clarify the nature of these parallels and to place them in their respective places vis-a-vis decisions dealing with complex and changing environmental problems. After delineating the role of social indicators and simulation in environmental decision-making, the paper closes with a number of areas where caution and concern are especially important. The principal conclusion is that decision-making for complex environmental problems must be synthetic in nature, and must ultimately rely on well functioning democratic political processes, since political decisions are inherently synthetic. We must avoid simple decisions dictated by technical expediency (unless of course the body politic prefers such decision models and is made aware of alternative technical opinions). In an arena of open political debate and sound technical discussion, the paper concludes that environmental decisions can be taken that respect both the ecosystem and its human inhabitants.
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  • 96
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study examines the role of subnational governmental units in the “distribution branch” of the Musgrave conceptual fiscal frame-work. The study analyzes the size distribution of family personal income in the 19 county North Central Planning Region of Texas. The measure of inequality used is the Gini ratio (Lorenz curves are also presented) which is calculated for each county and for the region for the years 1950, 1960 and 1970. Multiple regression analysis is then used to explain the variation in distributional inequality among the counties. The variables tested in the regression for each year included: median family income, manufacturing employment, rural-farm residence, an index of inequality in the distribution of education, female labor force participation, race, female family headship and age distribution of the population. The explanatory power of the variables varied from year to year and only the best results are presented. The results indicated that inequality increases with (1) the proportion of non-whites in the population, (2) the percent of the population over 65 years of age and (3) the degree of inequality in the distribution of education. In light of the results, the authors conclude that subnational governments could play a positive role in the activities of the Musgrave “distribution branch.” National programs with greater distributional equality as their objective could be reinforced through the activities of such subnational governmental units as regional councils of government. The COG roles in regional manpower planning and regional transportation planning are suggested as areas where regional programs can influence in a positive fashion some of the factors explaining income inequality.
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  • 97
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 24-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The positive correlation between city size and money wage rates has been an important factor in the spatial redistribution of population in the United States. Previous studies of inter-urban wage differentials have emphasized labor productivity differences (arising from sex, age, racial, and educational characteristics) and variations in labor demand associated with factor proportions, scale of firm, and industry mix. The analysis presented here expands this research base by articulating a theoretical model of the labor demand-supply relationships which incorporates (1) the implied predictive assumptions underlying regression studies of the relation between wage rates and city size and (2) the conflicting locational forces of local demand for products and/or labor and the competitive disadvantage of distance from intermediate or final markets for output. Statistical estimation and testing of the important relationships implied by the model confirm the significance of its principal variables.
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  • 98
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 39-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The proposed mass rapid transit system for the Los Angeles metropolitan region is examined and evaluated. Data describing the journey-to-work function in the region is analyzed in order to delineate the major patterns that exist, along with the major centers of attraction. The techniques used are those of factor analysis, nodal analysis, and cluster analysis. All three techniques delineate highly similar patterns and define identical centers of attraction within the system. The emergent structure is compared with the proposed rapid transit network and comments are made regarding the possible success of the future system.
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  • 99
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 70-81 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Under discriminatory pricing, the firm's marginal revenue is equated with its marginal cost at each market point in the space economy. This pricing practice is more profitable than the f. o.b. pricing schedule which involves equality of aggregate marginal revenue and marginal cost. From this departure point, the present paper determines the effect on the theory of spatial price discrimination of homogeneous and heterogeneous local demand schedules and different degrees of competition over economic space. By relaxing the customary assumptions of homogeneity and assuming varying levels of competition, better explanations of spatial pricing policies obtain. A case study is also presented to indicate the importance of the alternative assumptions made in spatial price discriminating theory. It is shown that different demand schedules and varying levels of competition tend to promote discriminatory prices over economic space.
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    The annals of regional science 8 (1974), S. 82-98 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract An important type of firm location decision is the in site or in place locational adjustment. The dynamic nature of the economic milieu necessitates continued reassessment and reorganization of internal resources by the firm. Economic geographers have become increasingly interested in the in site adjustment process and the conditions associated with various types of “adjustment paths” followed by firms. This study of twenty-one Pacific Northwest iron and steel firms during an eight year period identifies two types of in site locational adjustments made under varied conditions of economic growth by firms of different size, product mix and competitive position.
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