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  • Astronomy
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  • 2015-2019  (161)
  • 2000-2004
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  • 1935-1939
  • 2017  (161)
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  • 2015-2019  (161)
  • 2000-2004
  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publication Date: 2022-05-13
    Description: The environmental variables are important in the functioning and dynamics of freshwater ecosystems, since changes in physical and chemical conditions of these environments contribute to alterations in the ecological functioning. This research was conducted in four neotropical flood plains: Amazônica, Araguaia, Pantanal e Paraná. The samples of zooplankton were performed in the subsurface region of limnetic lakes each floodplain, in the years 2011 and 2012 (dry and wet). At the same time the environmental variables were measured and obtained water samples for later laboratory analysis. Our goal was to investigate the effect of environmental variables in the abundance of copepods, and the following hypothesis was tested: HI) the abundance of copepods has a great set with environmental variables, and extremes range of environmental variation, the lower the abundance of these organisms, unimodal effect. Local factors (physical and chemical environmental conditions) determined the abundance of copepods, as well as the environmental gradient showed a close relationship in the spatial and temporal distribution of the species, being possible to observe higher abundance at specific levels of environmental variables (toward the great). Studies that focus on tolerance limits of the species and their relationships with environmental conditions has risen in recent years, as the anthropogenic changes in climate and natural environments has caused significant changes in community structure, facilitating the invasion by non-native species and loss species diversity and the consequent change in ecosystem functioning. However, the hypothesis (HI) was partially supported, as the abundance follows a pattern of rise towards the great, but it was not possible to clearly unimodal effect on abundance for many species.
    Description: As variáveis ambientais têm papel relevante no funcionamento e dinâmica de ambientes aquáticos continentais, uma vez que, mudanças nas condições físicas e químicas desses ambientes contribuem para alterações no padrão de funcionamento ecológico. Esta investigação foi realizada em quatro planícies de inundação neotropicais: Amazônica, Araguaia, Pantanal e Paraná. As coletas de organismos zooplanctônicos foram realizadas na subsuperfície da região limnética das lagoas de cada planície de inundação, nos anos de 2011 e 2012 (seca e cheia). Ao mesmo tempo foram medidas as variáveis ambientais e obtidas amostras de água para posterior análise em laboratório. O nosso objetivo foi investigar o efeito das variáveis ambientais na abundância dos copépodes, e foi testada a seguinte hipótese: HI) a abundância de copépodes possui um ótimo estabelecido com as variáveis ambientais, e em extremos de amplitude de variação ambiental, menor será a abundância desses organismos, efeito uninodal. Os fatores locais (condições físicas e químicas do ambiente) determinaram a abundância de copépodes, bem como a variação ambiental apresentou uma estreita relação na distribuição espacial e temporal das espécies, sendo possível observar maiores valores de abundância em níveis específicos das variáveis ambientais (direção ao ótimo). Estudos que focam nos limites de tolerância das espécies e suas relações com as condições ambientais tem ressurgido nos últimos anos, pois as alterações antropogênicas no clima e nos ambientes naturais tem causado expressivas mudanças na estrutura da comunidade, facilitação à invasão por espécies não nativas e perda da diversidade de espécies e a consequente alteração no funcionamento ecossistêmico. Contudo, a hipótese (HI) foi parcialmente corroborada, pois a abundância segue um padrão de ascensão em direção ao ótimo, porém não foi possível estabelecer claramente para muitas espécies um efeito unimodal na distribuição da abundância.
    Description: Masters
    Keywords: Copepoda ; Ciências Ambientais ; Ecology ; Community ; Abundance ; Spatial distribution ; Niche ; Brazil ; Temporal distribution ; Abundância ; Limnologia ; Distribuição espacial ; Nicho ; Copépodes (Crustacea: Copepoda) ; Planícies de inundação ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Brasil ; Distribuição temporal ; Limnology
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 37pp.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 44 (2017): 209–218, doi:10.1002/2016GL071378.
    Description: Global lake volume estimates are scarce, highly variable, and poorly documented. We developed a rigorous method for estimating global lake depth and volume based on the Hurst coefficient of Earth's surface, which provides a mechanistic connection between lake area and volume. Volume-area scaling based on the Hurst coefficient is accurate and consistent when applied to lake data sets spanning diverse regions. We applied these relationships to a global lake area census to estimate global lake volume and depth. The volume of Earth's lakes is 199,000 km3 (95% confidence interval 196,000–202,000 km3). This volume is in the range of historical estimates (166,000–280,000 km3), but the overall mean depth of 41.8 m (95% CI 41.2–42.4 m) is significantly lower than previous estimates (62–151 m). These results highlight and constrain the relative scarcity of lake waters in the hydrosphere and have implications for the role of lakes in global biogeochemical cycles.
    Description: Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program Grant Number: 2388357; National Science Foundation Grant Number: OCE-1315201
    Keywords: Limnology ; Topograhy ; Scaling ; Volume ; Mean depth
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2017-08-18
    Description: Subluminous Type Ia supernovae, such as the Type Iax–class prototype SN 2002cx, are described by a variety of models such as the failed detonation and partial deflagration of an accreting carbon-oxygen white dwarf star or the explosion of an accreting, hybrid carbon-oxygen-neon core. These models predict that bound remnants survive such events with, according to some simulations, a high kick velocity. We report the discovery of a high proper motion, low-mass white dwarf (LP 40-365) that travels at a velocity greater than the Galactic escape velocity and whose peculiar atmosphere is dominated by intermediate-mass elements. Strong evidence indicates that this partially burnt remnant was ejected following a subluminous Type Ia supernova event. This supports the viability of single-degenerate supernova progenitors.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-08-18
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-03-03
    Description: Last year researchers "heard" black holes for the first time, when they detected the gravitational waves unleashed as two of them crashed together and merged. Now, they want to see a black hole, or at least its silhouette. Next month, astronomers will harness radio telescopes across the globe to create the equivalent of a single Earth-spanning dish—an instrument powerful enough, they hope, to image black holes backlit by the incandescent gas swirling around them. Their targets are the supermassive black hole at the heart of our Milky Way galaxy, known as Sagittarius A*, and an even bigger one in the neighboring galaxy M87. Author: Daniel Clery
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-07-14
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-09-30
    Keywords: Astronomy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-09-30
    Description: The origin of super-massive black holes in the early universe remains poorly understood. Gravitational collapse of a massive primordial gas cloud is a promising initial process, but theoretical studies have difficulty growing the black hole fast enough. We report numerical simulations of early black hole formation starting from realistic cosmological conditions. Supersonic gas motions left over from the Big Bang prevent early gas cloud formation until rapid gas condensation is triggered in a protogalactic halo. A protostar is formed in the dense, turbulent gas cloud, and it grows by sporadic mass accretion until it acquires 34,000 solar masses. The massive star ends its life with a catastrophic collapse to leave a black hole—a promising seed for the formation of a monstrous black hole.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-10-13
    Description: Little is known about the portion of the Milky Way lying beyond the Galactic center at distances of more than 9 kiloparsec from the Sun. These regions are opaque at optical wavelengths because of absorption by interstellar dust, and distances are very large and hard to measure. We report a direct trigonometric parallax distance of 20.4–2.2+2.8 kiloparsec obtained with the Very Long Baseline Array to a water maser source in a region of active star formation. These measurements allow us to shed light on Galactic spiral structure by locating the Scutum-Centaurus spiral arm as it passes through the far side of the Milky Way and to validate a kinematic method for determining distances in this region on the basis of transverse motions.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-10-13
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 11
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-11-17
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2017-12-22
    Description: On 17 August 2017, Swope Supernova Survey 2017a (SSS17a) was discovered as the optical counterpart of the binary neutron star gravitational wave event GW170817. We report time-series spectroscopy of SSS17a from 11.75 hours until 8.5 days after the merger. Over the first hour of observations, the ejecta rapidly expanded and cooled. Applying blackbody fits to the spectra, we measured the photosphere cooling from 11,000–900+3400 to 9300–300+300 kelvin, and determined a photospheric velocity of roughly 30% of the speed of light. The spectra of SSS17a began displaying broad features after 1.46 days and evolved qualitatively over each subsequent day, with distinct blue (early-time) and red (late-time) components. The late-time component is consistent with theoretical models of r-process–enriched neutron star ejecta, whereas the blue component requires high-velocity, lanthanide-free material.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2017-12-22
    Description: Gravitational waves have been detected from a binary neutron star merger event, GW170817. The detection of electromagnetic radiation from the same source has shown that the merger occurred in the outskirts of the galaxy NGC 4993, at a distance of 40 megaparsecs from Earth. We report the detection of a counterpart radio source that appears 16 days after the event, allowing us to diagnose the energetics and environment of the merger. The observed radio emission can be explained by either a collimated ultrarelativistic jet, viewed off-axis, or a cocoon of mildly relativistic ejecta. Within 100 days of the merger, the radio light curves will enable observers to distinguish between these models, and the angular velocity and geometry of the debris will be directly measurable by very long baseline interferometry.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2017-12-22
    Description: On 17 August 2017, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and the Virgo interferometer detected gravitational waves (GWs) emanating from a binary neutron star merger, GW170817. Nearly simultaneously, the Fermi and INTEGRAL (INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory) telescopes detected a gamma-ray transient, GRB 170817A. At 10.9 hours after the GW trigger, we discovered a transient and fading optical source, Swope Supernova Survey 2017a (SSS17a), coincident with GW170817. SSS17a is located in NGC 4993, an S0 galaxy at a distance of 40 megaparsecs. The precise location of GW170817 provides an opportunity to probe the nature of these cataclysmic events by combining electromagnetic and GW observations.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-12-22
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2017-12-22
    Description: With the first direct detection of merging black holes in 2015, the era of gravitational wave (GW) astrophysics began. A complete picture of compact object mergers, however, requires the detection of an electromagnetic (EM) counterpart. We report ultraviolet (UV) and x-ray observations by Swift and the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array of the EM counterpart of the binary neutron star merger GW170817. The bright, rapidly fading UV emission indicates a high mass (0.03 solar masses) wind-driven outflow with moderate electron fraction ( Y e 0.27). Combined with the x-ray limits, we favor an observer viewing angle of 30° away from the orbital rotation axis, which avoids both obscuration from the heaviest elements in the orbital plane and a direct view of any ultrarelativistic, highly collimated ejecta (a -ray burst afterglow).
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2017-12-22
    Description: On 17 August 2017, gravitational waves (GWs) were detected from a binary neutron star merger, GW170817, along with a coincident short gamma-ray burst, GRB 170817A. An optical transient source, Swope Supernova Survey 17a (SSS17a), was subsequently identified as the counterpart of this event. We present ultraviolet, optical, and infrared light curves of SSS17a extending from 10.9 hours to 18 days postmerger. We constrain the radioactively powered transient resulting from the ejection of neutron-rich material. The fast rise of the light curves, subsequent decay, and rapid color evolution are consistent with multiple ejecta components of differing lanthanide abundance. The late-time light curve indicates that SSS17a produced at least ~0.05 solar masses of heavy elements, demonstrating that neutron star mergers play a role in rapid neutron capture (r-process) nucleosynthesis in the universe.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 18
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-10-27
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 19
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-04-28
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 20
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-04-21
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2017-04-28
    Description: The distribution of diffuse gas in the intergalactic medium (IGM) imprints a series of hydrogen absorption lines on the spectra of distant background quasars known as the Lyman-α forest. Cosmological hydrodynamical simulations predict that IGM density fluctuations are suppressed below a characteristic scale where thermal pressure balances gravity. We measured this pressure-smoothing scale by quantifying absorption correlations in a sample of close quasar pairs. We compared our measurements to hydrodynamical simulations, where pressure smoothing is determined by the integrated thermal history of the IGM. Our findings are consistent with standard models for photoionization heating by the ultraviolet radiation backgrounds that reionized the universe.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2017-04-21
    Description: We report the discovery of a multiply imaged, gravitationally lensed type Ia supernova, iPTF16geu (SN 2016geu), at redshift z = 0.409. This phenomenon was identified because the light from the stellar explosion was magnified more than 50 times by the curvature of space around matter in an intervening galaxy. We used high-spatial-resolution observations to resolve four images of the lensed supernova, approximately 0.3 arc seconds from the center of the foreground galaxy. The observations probe a physical scale of ~1 kiloparsec, smaller than is typical in other studies of extragalactic gravitational lensing. The large magnification and symmetric image configuration imply close alignment between the lines of sight to the supernova and to the lens. The relative magnifications of the four images provide evidence for substructures in the lensing galaxy.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 23
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-02-03
    Description: The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) is aiming to merge some functions of its three largest optical observatories within a new body called the National Center for Optical and Infrared Astronomy. The new center would provide services to the Gemini Observatory (with twin 8.1-meter telescopes in Hawaii and Chile), the National Optical Astronomy Observatory with a handful of telescopes in Chile and the United States, and the still-rising Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, an 8.4-meter instrument in Chile. The fact that all three receive significant funding from NSF but each is governed by an entirely separate organization is emblematic of the fractured nature of U.S. astronomy. By pooling many functions, NSF hopes to make better use of available expertise and achieve economies of scale while preserving independent scientific operations. Author: Daniel Clery
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 24
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-04-15
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 25
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-04-15
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 26
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-04-14
    Description: The spiraling costs of the Square Kilometer Array (SKA), a continent-spanning radio telescope that will ultimately consist of thousands of dishes and antennas deployed across southern Africa and Australia, are forcing planners to scale the observatory back substantially. The project's first phase, known as SKA1, must reduce costs by about 20%, or €150 million, which could mean fewer dishes, fewer frequency bands, or some other economy. When completed, the SKA should detect faint radio waves emitted when the first stars formed in the universe and monitor metronomic radio beacons called pulsars for signs of gravitational waves, among other things. But some fear that the downsizing could threaten the array's scientific promise. Author: Edwin Cartlidge
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 27
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-12-08
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2017-12-08
    Description: Observations of binary stars containing an accreting black hole or neutron star often show x-ray emission extending to high energies (〉10 kilo­–electron volts), which is ascribed to an accretion disk corona of energetic particles akin to those seen in the solar corona. Despite their ubiquity, the physical conditions in accretion disk coronae remain poorly constrained. Using simultaneous infrared, optical, x-ray, and radio observations of the Galactic black hole system V404 Cygni, showing a rapid synchrotron cooling event in its 2015 outburst, we present a precise 461 ± 12 gauss magnetic field measurement in the corona. This measurement is substantially lower than previous estimates for such systems, providing constraints on physical models of accretion physics in black hole and neutron star binary systems.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 29
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-12-15
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 30
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-07-14
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2017-07-14
    Description: The magnetic fields of solar-type stars are observed to cycle over decadal periods—11 years in the case of the Sun. The fields originate in the turbulent convective layers of stars and have a complex dependency upon stellar rotation rate. We have performed a set of turbulent global simulations that exhibit magnetic cycles varying systematically with stellar rotation and luminosity. We find that the magnetic cycle period is inversely proportional to the Rossby number, which quantifies the influence of rotation on turbulent convection. The trend relies on a fundamentally nonlinear dynamo process and is compatible with the Sun’s cycle and those of other solar-type stars.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 32
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-05-26
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2017-05-26
    Description: The Juno spacecraft acquired direct observations of the jovian magnetosphere and auroral emissions from a vantage point above the poles. Juno’s capture orbit spanned the jovian magnetosphere from bow shock to the planet, providing magnetic field, charged particle, and wave phenomena context for Juno’s passage over the poles and traverse of Jupiter’s hazardous inner radiation belts. Juno’s energetic particle and plasma detectors measured electrons precipitating in the polar regions, exciting intense aurorae, observed simultaneously by the ultraviolet and infrared imaging spectrographs. Juno transited beneath the most intense parts of the radiation belts, passed about 4000 kilometers above the cloud tops at closest approach, well inside the jovian rings, and recorded the electrical signatures of high-velocity impacts with small particles as it traversed the equator.
    Keywords: Astronomy
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  • 34
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-01-20
    Description: Add energy-saving streetlights, self-driving cars, and balloon-borne internet services to the threats facing astronomers needing dark skies free of electromagnetic smog. The rise of all three technologies is posing new challenges to ground-based researchers who use the optical and radio spectrum to observe the universe, speakers warned earlier this month at the annual meeting of the American Astronomical Societ in Grapevine, Texas. The main problem with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is not that they are brighter; it's that they are the wrong color. With a large element of blue light, which is preferentially scattered by the atmosphere, LEDs help create more of a light "haze" that obscures the view of telescopes. For radio astronomers, broadcasts at nearby frequencies can fill protected bands with an electromagnetic fog that mars observations. As the sources multiply, astronomers seeking ever-fainter signals from the cosmos are in the position of someone trying to listen to an insect's footsteps while there's a pneumatic drill operating nearby. Author: Daniel Clery
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2019-05-07
    Description: Responses of animals exposed to microgravity during in-space experiments were observed via available video recording stored in the NASA Ames Life Sciences Data Archive. These documented observations of animal behavior, as well as the range and level of activities during spaceflight, demonstrate that weightlessness conditions and the extreme novelty of the surroundings may exert damaging psychological stresses on the inhabitants. In response to a recognized need for in-flight animals to improve their wellbeing we propose to reduce such stresses by shaping and interrelating structures and surroundings to satisfying vital physiological needs of inhabitants. A Rodent Habitat Hardware System (RHHS) based housing facility incorporating a tubing network system, to maintain and monitor rodent health environment with advanced accessories has been proposed. Placing mice in a tubing-configured environment creates more natural space-restricted nesting environment for rodents, thereby facilitating a more comfortable transition to living in microgravity. A sectional tubing structure of the RHHS environment will be more beneficial under microgravity conditions than the provision of a larger space area that is currently utilized. The new tubing configuration was found suitable for further incorporation of innovative monitoring technology and accessories in the animal holding habitat unit which allow to monitor in real-time monitoring of valuable health related biological parameters under weightlessness environment of spaceflight.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN50007
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2019-05-20
    Description: On 2017 August 17, the gravitational-wave event GW170817 was observed by the Advanced LIGO and Virgo detectors, and the gamma-ray burst (GRB) GRB170817A was observed independently by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor, and the Anti-Coincidence Shield for the Spectrometer for the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory. The probability of the near-simultaneous temporal and spatial observation of GRB 170817A and GW170817 occurring by chance is 5.0 x 10(exp -8). We therefore confirm binary neutron star mergers as a progenitor of short GRBs. The association of GW170817 and GRB 170817A provides new insight into fundamental physics and the origin of short GRBs. We use the observed time delay of (+1.74 +/- 0.05) s between GRB170817A and GW170817 to: (i) constrain the difference between the speed of gravity and the speed of light to be between -3 x 10(exp-16) times the speed of light, (ii) place new bounds on the violation of Lorentz invariance, (iii) present a new test of the equivalence principle by constraining the Shapiro delay between gravitational and electromagnetic radiation. We also use the time delay to constrain the size and bulk Lorentz factor of the region emitting the gamma-rays. GRB170817A is the closest short GRB with a known distance, but is between 2 and 6 orders of magnitude less energetic than other bursts with measured redshift. A new generation of gamma-ray detectors, and subthreshold searches in existing detectors, will be essential to detect similar short bursts at greater distances. Finally, we predict a joint detection rate for the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor and the Advanced LIGO and Virgo detectors of 0.1 - 1.4 per year during the 2018--2019 observing run and 0.3 - 1.7 per year at design sensitivity.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN48760 , MSFC-E-DAA-TN62551 , Astrophysical Journal Letters (ISSN 2041-8205) (e-ISSN 2041-8213); 848; 2; L13
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2019-06-08
    Description: A coupling between geomagnetic activity and the human nervous system's function was identified by virtue of continuous monitoring of heart rate variability (HRV) and the time-varying geomagnetic field over a 31-day period in a group of 10 individuals who went about their normal day-to-day lives. A time series correlation analysis identified a response of the group's autonomic nervous systems to various dynamic changes in the solar, cosmic ray, and ambient magnetic field. Correlation coefficients and p values were calculated between the HRV variables and environmental measures during three distinct time periods of environmental activity. There were significant correlations between the group's HRV and solar wind speed, Kp, Ap, solar radio flux, cosmic ray counts, Schumann resonance power, and the total variations in the magnetic field. In addition, the time series data were time synchronized and normalized, after which all circadian rhythms were removed. It was found that the participants' HRV rhythms synchronized across the 31-day period at a period of approximately 2.5 days, even though all participants were in separate locations. Overall, this suggests that daily autonomic nervous system activity not only responds to changes in solar and geomagnetic activity, but is synchronized with the time-varying magnetic fields associated with geomagnetic field-line resonances and Schumann resonances.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN56494 , International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1661-7827) (e-ISSN 1660-4601); 14; 7; 770
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2019-07-26
    Description: The detrimental effects of mechanical unloading in microgravity, including the musculo-skeletal system, are well documented. However, the effects of mechanical unloading on joint health and the interaction between bone and cartilage specifically, are less well known. Our ongoing studies with the mouse bone model have identified the failure of normal stem cell-based tissue regeneration, in addition to tissue degeneration, as a significant concern for long-duration spaceflight, especially in the mesenchymal and hematopoietic tissue lineages. Furthermore, we have identified the cell cycle arrest molecule, CDKN1ap21, as specifically up-regulated during spaceflight exposure and localized to osteoprecursors on the bone surface and chondroprogenitors in articular cartilage that are both required for normal tissue regeneration. The 30-day BionM1 and 37-day Rodent Research 1 (RR1) missions enabled the possibility of studying these effects in long-duration microgravity experiments. We hypothesized that the inhibition of stem cell-based tissue regeneration in short-duration spaceflight would continue during long-duration spaceflight resulting in significant tissue alterations and we specifically studied the hip joint (pelvis and proximal femur) to elucidate these effects. To test this hypothesis we analyzed bone and bone marrow stem cells using techniques including high-resolution Microcomputed Tomography (MicroCT), in-vivo differentiation and migration assays, and whole transcriptome expression profiling. We found that exposure to spaceflight for 30 days results in a significant decrease in bone volume fraction (-31), trabecular thickness (-14) and trabecular number (-20). Similar decrements in bone volume fraction (-27), trabecular number (-13) and trabecular thickness (-17) were found in female mice exposed to 37 days spaceflight. Furthermore, high-resolution MicroCT and immunohistochemical analysis of spaceflight tissues revealed a severe disruption of the epiphyseal boundary, resulting in endochondral ossification of the femoral head and perforation of articular cartilage by bone. This suggests that spaceflight in microgravity may cause rapid induction of an aging-like phenotype with signs of osteoarthritic disease in the hip joint. Microarray analysis also revealed that the top pathways altered during spaceflight include activation of matrix metalloproteinases, oxidative stress signaling and inflammation in both whole bone tissue and isolated bone marrow stem cells. In conclusion, the observed inhibition of stem cell-based tissue regeneration persists during long-duration spaceflight. Furthermore, spaceflight mice exhibit disruption of the epiphyseal boundary and endochondral ossification of the femoral head, and an inhibition of stem cell based tissue regeneration, which, taken together, may indicate onset of an accelerated aging phenotype with signs of osteoarthritic disease.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN43927 , Annual Meeting American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2019-07-26
    Description: Broad tissue degeneration and the failure of normal tissue regenerative processes in microgravity because of mechanical unloading are increasing concerns for sustaining life in space as the duration of future flight missions increases. Work in our laboratory has identified normal adult stem cell-based tissue regenerative processes, such as the formation of new bone, cartilage, and immune cells, as being particularly sensitive to the stresses of mechanical unloading in microgravity. Our studies have also identified the inhibition of differentiation of marrow mesenchymal stem cells and activation of CDKN1ap21-mediated cell cycle arrest in proliferative osteoprecursor cells on the bone surface as potential mechanisms for spaceflight-induced skeletal changes. This finding, in combination with the role of CDKN1ap21 as a suppressor of mammalian tissue regeneration, suggests that this gene could be responsible for suppressing stem cell-based tissue regeneration in response to disuse. In this work, we hypothesized that CDKN1ap21 regulates regenerative bone formation in response to alterations in mechanical load and tested this hypothesis by studying the skeletal phenotype and stem cell regenerative ability of juvenile (4-11 weeks old) and adult (18 weeks-12 months old) p21 (--) knockout (KO) mice. Additionally, we analyzed bone micro-architectural properties, bone formation rates and differentiation capacity of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) from male and female KO mice exposed to hindlimb unloading (HU) for 15-30 days. We found that juvenile KO mice exhibited increased femoral trabecular and cortical bone formation, whilst three-point bending of the tibias from KO mice showed decreased bone stiffness. Conversely, adult KO mice exhibited no significant differences in micro-architectural properties compared to WT (wild-type) but woven bone structure was indicative of rapid bone remodeling. Furthermore, cortical bone properties showed similar characteristics to aged bone, including increased cross-sectional area and perimeter, whilst three-point bending showed increased stiffness and toughness. Interestingly, in-vitro, KO mice exhibited increased differentiation and mineralized nodule formation in osteoblastogenesis assays compared to WT. Preliminary results from CDKN1ap21 KO mice subjected to HU suggest altered sensitivity to mechanical unloading resulting in decreased cortical thickness compared to WT mice. However, KO mice subjected to short and long-duration HU show increased in-vitro differentiation potential of BMSCs to from form mature, mineral-forming osteoblasts, indicating maintenance of regenerative potential. Analysis of bone formation rates, cell proliferation rates and key genes of interest are currently underway. These results indicate a novel role for CDKN1ap21 in load-dependent osteoprogenitor proliferation and differentiation and that deletion of CDKN1ap21 results in an age-dependent release of osteoblast proliferation inhibition and increased bone formation and turnover.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN43922 , Annual Meeting American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: In support of air revitalization system sorbent selection for future space missions, Ames Research Center (ARC) has performed CO2 capacity tests on various sorbents to complement structural strength tests from Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). The materials of interest are: Grace Davison Grade 544 13x, Honeywell UOP APG III, VSA-10, BASF 13x, and Grace Davison Grade 522 5A. Each sorbents CO2 capacity was measured using a Micromeritics ASAP 2020 Physisorption Volumetric Analysis machine to produce 0C, 10C, 25C, 50C, and 75C isotherms. These datasets were then extrapolated using Langmuir 3-Site and Toth isotherm models to compare with previously measured capacity data from MSFC using a thermogravimetric analysis approach. The modeling and extrapolation from ARC data correlated well with data measured at MSFC.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN37094 , International Conference for Environmental Systems (ICES); Jul 16, 2016 - Jul 20, 2016; Charleston, SC; United States
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Limits and guidelines are set on microbial counts in produce to protect the consumer. Different agencies make specifications, which constitute when a product becomes unsafe for human consumption. Producers design their procedures to comply with the limits, but they are responsible creating their own internal standards. The limits and guidelines are summarized here to be applied to assess the microbial safety of the NASA Veggie Program.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN42115
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: As the world's space agencies and commercial entities continue to expand beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO), novel approaches to carry out biomedical experiments with animals are required to address the challenge of adaptation to space flight and new planetary environments. The extended time and distance of space travel along with reduced involvement of Earth-based mission support increases the cumulative impact of the risks encountered in space. To respond to these challenges, it becomes increasingly important to develop the capability to manage an organism's self-regulatory control system, which would enable survival in extraterrestrial environments. To significantly reduce the risk to animals on future long duration space missions, we propose the use of metabolically flexible animal models as "pathfinders," which are capable of tolerating the environmental extremes exhibited in spaceflight, including altered gravity, exposure to space radiation, chemically reactive planetary environments and temperature extremes. In this report we survey several of the pivotal metabolic flexibility studies and discuss the importance of utilizing animal models with metabolic flexibility with particular attention given to the ability to suppress the organism's metabolism in spaceflight experiments beyond LEO. The presented analysis demonstrates the adjuvant benefits of these factors to minimize damage caused by exposure to spaceflight and extreme planetary environments. Examples of microorganisms and animal models with dormancy capabilities suitable for space research are considered in the context of their survivability under hostile or deadly environments outside of Earth. Potential steps toward implementation of metabolic control technology in spaceflight architecture and its benefits for animal experiments and manned space exploration missions are discussed.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN39143
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Exploration of the solar system is constrained by the cost of moving mass off Earth. Producing materials in situ will reduce the mass that must be delivered from earth. CO2 is abundant on Mars and manned spacecraft. On the ISS, NASA reacts excess CO2 with H2 to generate CH4 and H2O using the Sabatier System. The resulting water is recovered into the ISS, but the methane is vented to space. Thus, there is a capability need for systems that convert methane into valuable materials. Methanotrophic bacteria consume methane but these are poor synthetic biology platforms. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in utilizing methane in a robust and flexible synthetic biology platform. The yeast Pichia pastoris is a refined microbial factory that is used widely by industry because it efficiently secretes products. Pichia could produce a variety of useful products in space. Pichia does not consume methane but robustly consumes methanol, which is one enzymatic step removed from methane. Our goal is to engineer Pichia to consume methane thereby creating a powerful methane-consuming microbial factory.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN46034
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: We evaluate the extent of the regions within the alpha Centauri AB star system where small planets are able to orbit for billion-year timescales (Quarles & Lissauer 2016, Astron. J. 151, 111), as well as how closely-spaced planetary orbits can be within those regions in which individual planets can survive. Although individual planets on low inclination, low eccentricity, orbits can survive throughout the habitable zones of both stars, perturbations from the companion star imply that the spacing of planets in multi-planet systems within the habitable zones of each star must be significantly larger than the spacing of similar multi-planet systems orbiting single stars in order to be long-lived. Because the binary companion induces a forced eccentricity upon the orbits of planets in orbit around either star, appropriately-aligned circumstellar orbits with small initial eccentricities are stable to slightly larger initial semimajor axes than are initially circular orbits. Initial eccentricities close to forced eccentricities can have a much larger affect on how closely planetary orbits can be spaced, and therefore on how many planets may remain in the habitable zones, although the required spacing remains significantly higher than for planets orbiting single stars.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN39102 , 2017 Aspen Winter Conference: Formation and Dynamical Evolution of Exoplanets; Mar 26, 2017 - Apr 01, 2017; Aspen, CO; United States
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: So you want to conduct human spaceflight research aboard the International Space Station (ISS)? Once your spaceflight research aboard the ISS is proposal is funded.... the real work begins. Because resources are so limited for ISS research, it is necessary to maximize the work being done, while at the same time, minimizing the resources spent. Astronauts may be presented with over 30 human research experiments and select, on average approximately 15 in which to participate. In order to conduct this many studies, ISSMP uses the study requirements provided by the principle investigator to integrate all of this work into the astronauts' complement. The most important thing for investigators to convey to the ISSMP team is their RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS. Requirements are captured in the Experiment document. This document is the official record of how, what, where and when data will be collected. One common mistake that investigators make is not taking this document seriously, but when push comes to shove, if a research requirement is not in this document....it will not get done. The research requirements are then integrated to form a complement of research for each astronaut. What do we mean by integration? Many experiments have overlapping requirements; blood draws, behavioral surveys, heart rate measurement. Where possible, these measures are combined to reduce redundancy and save crew time. Investigators can access these data via data sharing agreements. More examples of how ISS research is integrated will be presented. There are additional limitations commonly associated with human spaceflight research that will also be discussed. Large/heavy hardware, invasive procedures, and toxic reagents are extremely difficult to implement on the ISS. There are strict limits placed on the amount of blood that can be drawn from crew members during (and immediately after) spaceflight. These limits are based on 30-day rolling accumulations. We have recently had to start restricting studies due to this limit. The NASA Human Research Program (HRP) provides extensive support, via ISSMP, to help investigators cope with all of the intricacies of conducting human spaceflight research. This presentation will help you take the best advantage of that support.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: JSC-CN-38021 , 2017 Human Research Program Investigators'' Workshop (HRP IWS 2017); Jan 23, 2017 - Jan 26, 2017; Galveston, TX; United States
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  • 46
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Spectrum is a multispectral fluorescence imager designed for capturing in vivo genetic expression in a variety of biological organisms, providing a capability that does not currently exist on the International Space Station (ISS). Researching organisms that have been transformed with in vivo reporter genes ligated with fluorescent proteins allows the scientific community to further understand the fundamental biological responses of these organisms when subjected to space environments. Model organisms that may utilize multispectral imaging on the ISS include unicellular organisms (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae), plants (e.g. Arabidopsis thaliana), and invertebrates (e.g. Caenorhabditis elegans).
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: NASA/SP-2017-10-1095-KSC , KSC-E-DAA-TN53022
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Continued space bioscience research onboard the International Space Station (ISS) and future long-duration flight missions to the Moon or Mars will require the ability to conduct on-orbit molecular analysis of biological samples independently from Earth. In the last year two new molecular analytic technologies have been installed and the technologies demonstrated onboard the ISS: The Sample Prep Module (SPM) WetLab-2 (WL2) qRT-PCR toolbox and the Oxford Nanopore MinIon Biomolecule Sequencer. Here we describe protocol development and integration into existing ISS technology for end-to-end on-orbit biological sample processing and molecular analysis with real time results generated utilizing only field offline analytic software. For this experiment we isolated primary cells from bone marrow flushes of wild type B6129SF2 mice (Jackson Labs) long bones. The cell isolate was then processed using the SPM to produce total 147nanograms of RNA. The total RNA was purified to only messenger RNA (mRNA) and transferred to Smartcycler Thermocycle ISS kit consumable tube using Eppendorf gel loading pipette tips for further processing. Complementary first strand cDNA was synthesized using OLIGO dT priming followed by addition of SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase and thermal cycling as per manufacturers instruction. All thermal cycling was conducted using the ISS WetLab-2 Cephid Smarcycler real time thermal cycler. Our protocol takes advantage of mRNAs native poly(A) tail, synthesized in vivo to protect the mRNA from degradation by endonucleases, to eliminate end-prep for adapter ligation. The adapted library is purified using MyOne C1 Streptavidin beads before elution in buffer. The pre-sequencing library is diluted in the loading buffer and injected into the MinIon sample port, drawn into the nanopore window by capillary action, and sequenced using the MinKnown software with local basecalling. The sequencing read produced 34.5 million events and local basecalling produced 117,301 successful reads. NCBI Blast of the data for the mouse genome resulted in 2,462 successful nucleotide collection matches (gene sequences) exceeding 70 homology. These results demonstrate the viability of this novel flight ready end-to-end sample analytic methodology and provide a real time homolog for flight experimentation utilizing supply kits and technologies that have already been demonstrated on ISS.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN43951 , Annual Meeting American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: System testing of the Carbon Dioxide Removal and Compression System (CRCS) has revealed that sufficient CO2 removal capability was not achieved with the designed system. Subsystem component analysis of the zeolite bed revealed that the sorbent material suffered significant degradation and CO2 loading capacity loss. In an effort to find the root cause of this degradation, various factors were investigated to try to reproduce the observed performance loss. These factors included contamination by vacuum pump oil, o-ring vacuum grease, loadingunloading procedures, and operations. This paper details the experiments that were performed and their results.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN37174 , International Conference for Environmental Systems; Jul 16, 2017 - Jul 20, 2017; Charleston, SC; United States
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2019-07-26
    Description: Spaceflight environments and their associated conditions, such as microgravity and space radiation, cause many biological functions formerly considered to be standard to behave in nonstandard ways. Exposure to microgravity has shown to induce deleterious effects in stem cell-based tissue regeneration, leading to immune system and healing response impairments as well as muscle and bone density loss. Such risks must be mitigated in order for long-term human space exploration to proceed. Thus, our work seeks to explore mechanisms of stem cell-based tissue regeneration that experience changes in spaceflight environments. Cellular senescence is a process of inducing cell cycle arrest that can be initiated by various stimuli. This function is influenced by two major pathways, controlled by p53 and pRB tumor suppressor proteins. p53 activity targets the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene p21Cdkn1a in osteogenic cell cycle arrest. Under conditions of mechanical unloading, stem cell-based tissue regeneration has shown to be decreased in both proliferation and differentiation, as many cells are arrested in progenitor states. p21 has shown upregulation in expression under conditions of microgravity, suggesting its role in regenerative bone formation arrest in space. p21 levels are found to be elevated independent of p53, suggesting a decrease in proliferation and regeneration without apoptosis, but rather through cell cycle arrest alone. Thus, we hypothesize that p21 is a mediator of cellular senescence in bone marrow stem cells. Culturing of bone marrow stem cells from wild type and p21 knockout mice under osteoblastogenic conditions will be completed to explore the role of p21Cdkn1a in stem cell proliferation and maturation. We believe that decreases in somatic stem cell differentiation may occur after spaceflight due to signal pathway alterations that result in downstream inhibition of genes involved in differentiation, preventing tissue from repairing and regenerating normally.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN43925 , Annual Meeting American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The ends of human chromosomes contain telomeres, or tandem arrays of repeating DNA sequences capped by multiple associated proteins that protect chromosomal ends from degradation. Telomeres function to preserve genomic stability by preventing natural chromosomal ends from being recognized as broken DNA double-strand breaks and triggering inappropriate DNA damage responses. Mounting evidence shows telomere length is an inherited trait that decreases with cellular division and normal aging. In addition, telomere length also appears to be influenced by other factors such as cellular oxidative stress, radiation and mechanical unloading of tissues as in microgravity. To measure these potential effects of the space environment on telomere lengths and cellular aging and regenerative potential we developed a novel telomere measurement approach based on nanopore sequencing of PCR amplified bar-coded chromosome termini. Specifically, telomeres can be directly enriched using barcode sequences ligated to the end of a free end- repaired telomere using the WetLab-2 facility SmartCycler on ISS. Prior to the ligation and amplification protocol a proteinase K digestion of capping proteins followed by a single 95-degree C heat denaturation of the protease is included. After digestion and bar-code ligation, PCR amplification will initiate with the ligated barcoded sequence, suppressing amplification of intra-genomic fragments and resulting in long read barcoded telomere amplicons including the nanopore motor protein sequences. Purified PCR amplicons are then used for nanopore sequencing library generation by simple addition of motor proteins and sequencing library is loaded into the MinION nanopore DNA-sequencer. Amplicon sequence reads from the nanopore device can be base-called quickly on ISS due to barcoding ligation and subsequent PCR amplification enhancing the telomere sequence resolution. If successfully implemented on ISS this technique will provide a novel means of measuring regenerative ability of somatic stem cells in astronauts, and of determining whether spaceflight in microgravity alters their telomere lengths and causes premature cellular aging.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN44002 , Annual Meeting American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The detection of Earth-like exoplanets in the habitable zone of their stars, and their spectroscopic characteri- zation in a search for biosignatures, requires starlight suppression that exceeds the current best ground-based performance by orders of magnitude. The required planet/star brightness ratio of order 10-10 at visible wave-lengths can be obtained by blocking stellar photons with an occulter, either externally (a starshade) or internally (a coronagraph) to the telescope system, and managing diffracted starlight, so as to directly image the exoplanet in reflected starlight. Coronagraph instruments require advancement in telescope aperture (either monolithic or segmented), aperture obscurations (obscured by secondary mirror and its support struts), and wavefront error sensitivity (e.g. line-of-sight jitter, telescope vibration, polarization). The starshade, which has never been used in a science application, benefits a mission by being decoupled from the telescope, allowing a loosening of telescope stability requirements. In doing so, it transfers the difficult technology from the telescope system to a large deployable structure (tens of meters to greater than 100 m in diameter) that must be positioned precisely at a distance of tens of thousands of kilometers from the telescope. We describe in this paper a roadmap to achieving the technological capability to search for biosignatures on an Earth-like exoplanet from a future space telescope. Two of these studies, HabEx and LUVOIR, include the direct imaging of Earth-sized habitable exoplanets as a central science theme.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: JPL-CL-CL#17-4660 , SPIE Optics + Photonics 2017; Aug 06, 2017 - Aug 10, 2017; San Diego, CA; United States
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We used the new high spectral resolution cross-dispersed facility spectrograph, iSHELL, at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on Maunakea, HI, to observe Jupiter-family comet (JFC) 45P/Honda-Mrkos-Pajdusakova. We report water production rates, as well as production rates and abundance ratios relative to H2O, for eight trace parent molecules (native ices), CO, CH4, H2CO, CH3OH, HCN, NH3, C2H2, and C2H6, on 2 days spanning UT 2017 January 6/7 and 7/8, shortly following perihelion. Trace species were measured simultaneously with H2O and/or OH prompt emission, a proxy for H2O production, thereby providing a robust and consistent means of establishing the native ice composition of 45P. Its favorable geocentric radial velocity (approximately minus 35 kilometers per second) permitted sensitive measures of the "hypervolatiles" CO and CH4, which are substantially undercharacterized in JFCs. Our results represent the most precise ground-based measures of CO and CH4 to date in a JFC, providing a foundation for building meaningful statistics regarding their abundances. The abundance ratio for CH4 in 45P (0.79 percent plus or minus 0.06 percent relative to H2O) was consistent with its median value as measured among Oort Cloud comets, whereas CO (0.60 percent plus or minus 0.04 percent) was strongly depleted. Compared with all measured comets, HCN (0.049 percent plus or minus 0.012 percent) was strongly depleted, CH3OH (3.6 percent plus or minus 0.3 percent) was enriched, and the remaining species were consistent with their respective median abundances. The volatile composition measured for 45P could indicate processing of ices prior to their incorporation into its nucleus. Spatial analysis of emissions suggests enhanced release of more volatile species into the sunward-facing hemisphere of the coma.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN50413 , The Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256) (e-ISSN 1538-3881); 154; 6; 246
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Hazes are common in known planetary atmospheres, and geochemical evidence suggests that early Earth occasionally supported an organic haze with significant environmental and spectral consequences. The UV spectrum of the parent star drives organic haze formation through methane photochemistry. We use a 1D photochemical-climate model to examine production of fractal organic haze on Archean Earth-analogs in the habitable zones of several stellar types: the modern and early Sun, AD Leo (M3.5V), GJ 876 (M4V), epsilon Eridani (K2V), and sigma Bootis (F2V). For Archean-like atmospheres, planets orbiting stars with the highest UV (ultraviolet) fluxes do not form haze because of the formation of photochemical oxygen radicals that destroy haze precursors. Organic hazes impact planetary habitability via UV shielding and surface cooling, but this cooling is minimized around M dwarfs, whose energy is emitted at wavelengths where organic hazes are relatively transparent. We generate spectra to test the detectability of haze. For 10 transits of a planet orbiting GJ 876 observed by the James Webb Space Telescope, haze makes gaseous absorption features at wavelengths less than 2.5 microns times 2-10 sigma shallower than a haze-free planet, and methane and carbon dioxide are detectable at greater than 5 sigma. A haze absorption feature can be detected at 5 sigma near 6.3 microns, but a higher signal-to-noise ratio is needed to distinguish haze from adjacent absorbers. For direct imaging of a planet at 10 parsecs using a coronagraphic 10 meter class ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared telescope, a UV-blue haze absorption feature would be strongly detectable at greater than 12 sigma in 200 hours.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN51571 , The Astrophysical Journal (ISSN 2041-8205) (e-ISSN 2041-8213); 836; 1; 49
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Comet composition provides critical information on the chemical and physical processes that took place during the formation of the Solar System. We report here on millimeter spectroscopic observations of the long-period bright comet C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) using the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) band 1 receiver between UT 16.948 to 18.120 January 2015, when the comet was at heliocentric distance of 1.30 au and geocentric distance of 0.53 au. Bright comets allow for sensitive observations of gaseous volatiles that sublimate in their coma. These observations allowed us to detect HCN, CH3OH (multiple transitions), H2CO and CO, and to measure precise molecular production rates. Additionally, sensitive upper limits were derived on the complex molecules acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and formamide (NH2CHO) based on the average of the strongest lines in the targeted spectral range to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Gas production rates are derived using a non-LTE molecular excitation calculation involving collisions with H2O and radiative pumping that becomes important in the outer coma due to solar radiation. We find a depletion of CO in C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) with a production rate relative to water of 2.0%, and relatively low abundances of Q(HCN)/Q(H2O), 0.1%, and Q(H2CO)/Q(H2O), 0.2%. In contrast the CH3OH relative abundance Q(CH3OH)/Q(H2O), 2.2%, is close to the mean value observed in other comets. The measured production rates are consistent with values derived for this object from other facilities at similar wavelengths taking into account the difference in the fields of view. Based on the observed mixing ratios of organic molecules in four bright comets including C/2014 Q2, we find some support for atom addition reactions on cold dust being the origin of some of the molecules.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN48627 , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (ISSN 0035-8711) (e-ISSN 1365-2966); 474; 1; 1099–1107
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: As human habitation and eventual colonization of space becomes an inevitable reality, there is a necessity to understand how organisms develop over the life span in the space environment. Microgravity, altered CO2, radiation and psychological stress are some of the key factors that could affect mammalian reproduction and development in space, however there is a paucity of information on this topic. Here we combine early (neonatal) in vivo spectroscopic imaging with an adult emotionality assay following a common obstetric complication (prenatal asphyxia) likely to occur during gestation in space. The neural metabolome is sensitive to alteration by degenerative changes and developmental disorders, thus we hypothesized that that early neonatal neurometabolite profiles can predict adult response to novelty. Late gestation fetal rats were exposed to moderate asphyxia by occluding the blood supply feeding one of the rats pair uterine horns for 15min. Blood supply to the opposite horn was not occluded (within-litter cesarean control). Further comparisons were made with vaginal (natural) birth controls. In one-week old neonates, we measured neurometabolites in three brain areas (i.e., striatum, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus). Adult perinatally-asphyxiated offspring exhibited greater anxiety-like behavioral phenotypes (as measured the composite neurobehavioral assay involving open field activity, responses to novel object, quantification of fecal droppings, and resident-intruder tests of social behavior). Further, early neurometabolite profiles predicted adult responses. Non-invasive MRS screening of mammalian offspring is likely to advance ground-based space analogue studies informing mammalian reproduction in space, and achieving high-priority.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN48058 , American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Spaceflight imposes multiple stresses on biological systems resulting in genome-scale adaptations. Understanding these adaptations and their underlying molecular mechanisms is important to clarifying and reducing the risks associated with spaceflight. One such risk is infection by microbes present in spacecraft and their associated systems and inhabitants. This risk is compounded by results suggesting that some microbes may exhibit increased virulence after exposure to spaceflight conditions. The yeast, S. cerevisiae, is a powerful microbial model system, and it's response to spaceflight has been studied for decades. However, to date, these studies have utilized common lab strains. Yet studies on trait variation in S. cerevisiae demonstrate that these lab strains are not representative of wild yeast and instead respond to environmental stimuli in an atypical manner. Thus, it is not clear how transferable these results are to the wild S. cerevisiae strains likely to be encountered during spaceflight. To determine if diverse S. cerevisiae strains exhibit a conserved response to simulated microgravity, we will utilize a collection of 100 S. cerevisiae strains isolated from clinical, environmental and industrial settings. We will place selected S. cerevisiae strains in simulated microgravity using a high-aspect rotating vessel (HARV) and document their transcriptional response by RNA-sequencing and quantify similarities and differences between strains. Our research will have a strong impact on the understanding of how genetic diversity of microorganisms effects their response to spaceflight, and will serve as a platform for further studies.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN48315 , Annual Meeting of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research - ASGSR; Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Renton, WA; United States
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Electrochemical detection of biological molecules is a pertinent topic and application in many fields such as medicine, environmental spills, and life detection in space. Proteases, a class of molecules of interest in the search for life, catalyze the hydrolysis of peptides. Trypsin, a specific protease, was chosen to investigate an optimized enzyme detection system using electrochemistry. This study aims at providing the ideal functionalization of an electrode that can reliably detect a signal indicative of an enzymatic reaction from an Enceladus sample.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN47161 , Ames Research and Technology Showcase; Sep 28, 2017; Moffett Field, CA; United States
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  • 58
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: M17-6302 , Annual Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting; Oct 16, 2017 - Oct 20, 2017; Provo, UT; United States
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  • 59
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The universe is 13.7 billion years old. Hubble can look back in time to observe an epoch during which the universe was approximately 1 billion years old, and has seen some galaxies at even earlier epochs.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN47501 , BergamoScienza Festival; Sep 30, 2017 - Oct 15, 2017; Lombardia; Italy
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Contents: introduction to WFIRST (Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope) and integrated modeling; WFIRST stability requirement summary; instability mitigation strategies; dynamic jitter results; STOP (structural-thermal-optical performance) (thermal distortion) results; STOP and jitter capability limitations; model validation philosophy.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN47237 , NASA Telescope Stability Workshop; Oct 04, 2017; Boulder, CO; United States|LUVOIR (Large Ultra-Violet Optical Infrared Surveyor) STDT (NASA Science and Technology Definition Team) In-Person Meeting; Oct 05, 2017 - Oct 06, 2017; Boulder, CO; United States
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Future space exploration and long duration space flight will pose an array of challenges to the health and wellbeing of astronauts. Since 2015, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden (FTBG), in partnership with NASA's Veggie team, has been testing edible crops for space flight potential through a series of citizen science experiments. FTBG's interest in classroom-based science projects, along with NASA's successful operation of the Veggie system aboard the International Space Station (ISS), led to a NASA-FTBG partnership that gave rise to the Growing Beyond Earth STEM Initiative (GBE). Established in 2015, GBE now involves 131 middle and high school classrooms in South Florida, all conducting simultaneous plant science experiments. The results of those experiments (both numeric and visual) are directly shared with the space food production researchers at KSC. Through this session, we will explore the successful classroom implementation and integration into the curriculum, how the data is being used and the impact of the project on participating researchers, teachers, and students. Participating schools were supplied with specialized LED-lit growth chambers, mimicking the Veggie system on ISS, for growing edible plants under similar physical and environmental constraints. Research protocols were provided by KSC scientists, while edible plant varieties were selected mainly by the botanists at FTBG. In a jointly-led professional development workshop, participating teachers were trained to conduct GBE experiments in their classrooms. Teachers were instructed to not only teach basic botany concepts, but to also demonstrate practical applications of math, physics and chemistry. As experiments were underway, students shared data on plant germination, growth, and health in an online spreadsheet. Results from the students research show a promising selection of new plant candidates for possible further testing. Over a two year period, more than 5000 South Florida students, ages 11 to 18, participated in GBE. Evaluation of the program shows an increased knowledge of and interest in science and science careers among students. The program has also boosted the demand for summer high school internships at FTBG, further developing expertise in plant research and science related to space exploration. Supported by a grant from NASA (NNX16AM32G) to Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN47796 , Annual Meeting American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Renton, WA; United States
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: JSC-CN-40547 , Ohio State University 2017 Optometry Homecoming; Oct 06, 2017; Columbus, OH; United States
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Brown dwarf and giant planet atmospheric structure and composition has been studied both by forward models and, increasingly so, by retrieval methods. While indisputably informative, retrieval methods are of greatest value when judged in the context of grid model predictions. Meanwhile retrieval models can test the assumptions inherent in the forward modeling procedure. In order to provide a new, systematic survey of brown dwarf atmospheric structure, emergent spectra, and evolution, we have constructed a new grid of brown dwarf model atmospheres. We ultimately aim for our grid to span substantial ranges of atmospheric metallilcity, C/O ratios, cloud properties, atmospheric mixing, and other parameters. Spectra predicted by our modeling grid can be compared to both observations and retrieval results to aid in the interpretation and planning of future telescopic observations. We thus present Sonora, a new generation of substellar atmosphere models, appropriate for application to studies of L, T, and Y-type brown dwarfs and young extrasolar giant planets. The models describe the expected temperature-pressure profile and emergent spectra of an atmosphere in radiative-convective equilibrium for ranges of effective temperatures and gravities encompassing 200 less than or equal to T(sub eff) less than or equal to 2400 K and 2.5 less than or equal to log g less than or equal to 5.5. In our poster we briefly describe our modeling methodology, enumerate various updates since our group's previous models, and present our initial tranche of models for cloudless, solar metallicity, and solar carbon-to-oxygen ratio, chemical equilibrium atmospheres. These models will be available online and will be updated as opacities and cloud modeling methods continue to improve.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN42145 , American Astronomical Society Meeting; Jun 04, 2017 - Jun 08, 2017; Austin, TX; United States
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  • 64
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: NASA invests in professional coaching as a way to accelerate the development of its staff. The speaker shares one foundational human development model in coaching - the Six Streams - and applies it to the challenges that new scientists face. The speaker also describes how a new scientist can develop greater capabilities in the Six Streams so that they can become a more effective scientist and feel more satisfaction with their work.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN46151 , NASA ARC Night of Science; Aug 10, 2017; Moffett Field, CA; United States
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: We hypothesize that DNA damage induced by high local energy deposition, occurring when cells are traversed by high-LET (Linear Energy Transfer) particles, can be experimentally modeled by exposing cells to high doses of low-LET. In this work, we validate such hypothesis by characterizing and correlating the time dependence of 53BP1 radiation-induced foci (RIF) for various doses and LET across 72 primary skin fibroblast from mice. This genetically diverse population allows us to understand how genetic may modulate the dose and LET relationship. The cohort was made on average from 3 males and 3 females belonging to 15 different strains of mice with various genetic backgrounds, including the collaborative cross (CC) genetic model (10 strains) and 5 reference mice strains. Cells were exposed to two fluences of three HZE (High Atomic Energy) particles (Si 350 megaelectronvolts per nucleon, Ar 350 megaelectronvolts per nucleon and Fe 600 megaelectronvolts per nucleon) and to 0.1, 1 and 4 grays from a 160 kilovolt X-ray. Individual radiation sensitivity was investigated by high throughput measurements of DNA repair kinetics for different doses of each radiation type. The 53BP1 RIF dose response to high-LET particles showed a linear dependency that matched the expected number of tracks per cell, clearly illustrating the fact that close-by DNA double strand breaks along tracks cluster within one single RIF. By comparing the slope of the high-LET dose curve to the expected number of tracks per cell we computed the number of remaining unrepaired tracks as a function of time post-irradiation. Results show that the percentage of unrepaired track over a 48 hours follow-up is higher as the LET increases across all strains. We also observe a strong correlation between the high dose repair kinetics following exposure to 160 kilovolts X-ray and the repair kinetics of high-LET tracks, with higher correlation with higher LET. At the in-vivo level for the 10-CC strains, we observe that drops in the number of T-cells and B-cells found in the blood of mice 24 hours after exposure to 0.1 gray of 320 kilovolts X-ray correlate well with slower DNA repair kinetics in skin cells exposed to X-ray. Overall, our results suggest that repair kinetics found in skin is a surrogate marker for in-vivo radiation sensitivity in other tissue, such as blood cells, and that such response is modulated by genetic variability.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN42188 , Annual International Meeting of the Radiation Research Society (RRS); Oct 15, 2017 - Oct 18, 2017; Cancun; Mexico
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Exploration of the solar system is constrained by the cost of moving mass off Earth. Producing materials in situ will reduce the mass that must be delivered from earth. CO2 is abundant on Mars and manned spacecraft. On the ISS, NASA reacts excess CO2 with H2 to generate CH4 and H2O using the Sabatier System. The resulting water is recovered into the ISS, but the methane is vented to space. Thus, there is a capability need for systems that convert methane into valuable materials. Methanotrophic bacteria consume methane but these are poor synthetic biology platforms. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in utilizing methane in a robust and flexible synthetic biology platform. The yeast Pichia pastoris is a refined microbial factory that is used widely by industry because it efficiently secretes products. Pichia could produce a variety of useful products in space. Pichia does not consume methane but robustly consumes methanol, which is one enzymatic step removed from methane. Our goal is to engineer Pichia to consume methane thereby creating a powerful methane-consuming microbial factory.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN47267 , Ames Research and Technology Showcase (ARTS) Event; Sep 28, 2017; Moffatt Field, CA; United States
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: BioSentinel is one of 13 secondary payloads to be deployed on Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1) in 2019. We will use the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a biosensor to determine how deep-space radiation affects living organisms and to potentially quantify radiation levels through radiation damage analysis. Radiation can damage DNA through double strand breaks (DSBs), which can normally be repaired by homologous recombination. Two yeast strains will be air-dried and stored in microfluidic cards within the payload: a wild-type control strain and a radiation sensitive rad51 mutant that is deficient in DSB repairs. Throughout the mission, the microfluidic cards will be rehydrated with growth medium and an indicator dye. Growth rates of each strain will be measured through LED detection of the reduction of the indicator dye, which correlates with DNA repair and the amount of radiation damage accumulated. Results from BioSentinel will be compared to analog experiments on the ISS and on Earth. It is well known that desiccation can damage yeast cells and decrease viability over time. We performed a screen for desiccation-tolerant rad51 strains. We selected 20 re-isolates of rad51 and ran a weekly screen for desiccation-tolerant mutants for five weeks. Our data shows that viability decreases over time, confirming previous research findings. Isolates L2, L5 and L14 indicate desiccation tolerance and are candidates for whole-genome sequencing. More time is needed to determine whether a specific strain is truly desiccation tolerant. Furthermore, we conducted an intracellular trehalose assay to test how intracellular trehalose concentrations affect or protect the mutant strains against desiccation stress. S. cerevisiae cell and reagent concentrations from a previously established intracellular trehalose protocol did not yield significant absorbance measurements, so we tested varying cell and reagent concentrations and determined proper concentrations for successful protocol use.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN47978 , Annual Meeting American Society for Gravitational and Space Research; Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Pre-flight groundbased testing done to prepare for the first Rodent Research mission validation flight, RR1 (Choi et al, 2016 PlosOne). We purified RNA and measured RIN values to assess quality of the samples. For protein, we measured liver enzyme activities. We tested protocol and methods of preservation to date. Here we present an overview of results related to tissue preservation from the RR1 validation mission and a summary of findings to date from investigators who received RR1 teissues various Biospecimen Sharing Program.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN48608 , Annual Meeting of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Spaceflight imposes multiple stresses on biological systems resulting in genome-scale adaptations. Understanding these adaptations and their underlying molecular mechanisms is important to clarifying and reducing the risks associated with spaceflight. One such risk is infection by microbes present in spacecraft and their associated systems and inhabitants. This risk is compounded by results suggesting that some microbes may exhibit increased virulence after exposure to spaceflight conditions. The yeast, S. cerevisiae, is a powerful microbial model system, and its response to spaceflight has been studied for decades. However, to date, these studies have utilized common lab strains. Yet studies on trait variation in S. cerevisiae demonstrate that these lab strains are not representative of wild yeast and instead respond to environmental stimuli in an atypical manner. Thus, it is not clear how transferable these results are to the wild S. cerevisiae strains likely to be encountered during spaceflight. To determine if diverse S. cerevisiae strains exhibit a conserved response to simulated microgravity, we will utilize a collection of 100 S. cerevisiae strains isolated from clinical, environmental and industrial settings. We will place selected S. cerevisiae strains in simulated microgravity using a high-aspect rotating vessel (HARV) and document their transcriptional response by RNA-sequencing and quantify similarities and differences between strains. Our research will have a strong impact on the understanding of how genetic diversity of microorganisms effects their response to spaceflight, and will serve as a platform for further studies.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN47871 , ARC-E-DAA-TN43859 , Annual Meeting of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research - ASGSR; Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Renton, WA; United States
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  • 70
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This payload overview presentation will be presented at the POIWG on October 17th, 2017. It provides a high-level overview of Cell Science-02 operations.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN47551 , Payload Operations Integration Working Group (POIWG); Oct 17, 2017 - Oct 19, 2017; Huntsville, AL; United States
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: System testing of the Carbon Dioxide Removal and Compression System (CRCS) has revealed that sufficient CO2 removal capability was not achieved with the designed system. Subsystem component analysis of the zeolite bed revealed that the sorbent material suffered significant degradation and CO2 loading capacity loss. In an effort to find the root cause of this degradation, various factors were investigated to try to reproduce the observed performance loss. These factors included contamination by vacuum pump oil, o-ring vacuum grease, loading/unloading procedures, and operations. This paper details the experiments that were performed and their results.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ICES-2017-117 , ARC-E-DAA-TN40177 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 16, 2017 - Jul 20, 2017; Charleston, SC; United States
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Near-infrared array detectors, like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NIRSpec's Teledyne's H2RGs, often provide reference pixels and a reference output. These are used to remove correlated noise. Improved reference sampling and subtraction (IRS(exp 2)) is a statistical technique for using this reference information optimally in a leastsquares sense. Compared with the traditional H2RG readout, IRS(exp 2) uses a different clocking pattern to interleave many more reference pixels into the data than is otherwise possible. Compared with standard reference correction techniques, IRS(exp 2) subtracts the reference pixels and reference output using a statistically optimized set of frequency dependent weights. The benefits include somewhat lower noise variance and much less obvious correlated noise. NIRSpec's IRS(exp 2) images are cosmetically clean, with less 1/f banding than in traditional data from the same system. This article describes the IRS(exp 2) clocking pattern and presents the equations needed to use IRS(exp 2) in systems other than NIRSpec. For NIRSpec, applying these equations is already an option in the calibration pipeline. As an aid to instrument builders, we provide our prototype IRS(exp 2) calibration software and sample JWST NIRSpec data. The same techniques are applicable to other detector systems, including those based on Teledyne's H4RG arrays. The H4RG's interleaved reference pixel readout mode is effectively one IRS(exp 2) pattern.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN63865 , Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ISSN 0004-6280) (e-ISSN 1538-3873); 129; 980; 105003
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Asteroid 2008 TC3 was the rst asteroid ever discovered before reaching Earth. By using the almost 900 astrometric observations acquired prior to impact we estimate the trajectory of 2008 TC3 and the ground-track of the impact location as a function of altitude. For a reference altitude of 100 km the impact location 3- formal uncertainty is a 1.4 km 0.15 km ellipse with a semimajor axis azimuth of 105. We analyze the contribution of modeling errors and nd that the second-order zonal harmonics of the Earth gravity eld moves the ground-track by more than 1 km and the location along the ground-track by more than 2 km. Non-zonal and higher order harmonics only change the impact prediction by less than 20 m. The contribution of the atmospheric drag to the trajectory of 2008 TC3 is at the numerical integration error level, a few meters, down to an altitude of 50 km. Integrating forward to lower altitudes and ignoring the break-up of 2008 TC3, the atmospheric drag causes an along-track error that can be as large as a few kilometers at sea level. The locations of the recovered meteorites is consistent with the computed ground-track.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN34828 , Icarus (e-ISSN 0019-1035); 294; 218-226
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We summarize unique aperture data on the degree of linear polarization observed for distant comets C/2010 S1, C/2010 R1, C/2011 KP36, C/2012 J1, C/2013 V4, and C/2014 A4 with heliocentric distances exceeding 3 AU. Observations have been carried out at the 6-m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Nizhnij Arkhyz, Russia) during the period from 2011 to 2016. The measured negative polarization proves to be significantly larger in absolute value than what is typically observed for comets close to the Sun. We compare the new observational data with the results of numerical modeling performed with the T-matrix and superposition T-matrix methods. In our computer simulations, we assume the cometary coma to be an optically thin cloud containing particles in the form of spheroids, fractal aggregates composed of spherical monomers, and mixtures of spheroids and aggregate particles. We obtain a good semi-quantitative agreement between all polarimetric data for the observed distant comets and the results of numerical modeling for the following models of the cometary dust: (i) a mixture of submicrometer water-ice oblate spheroids with aggregates composed of submicrometer silicate monomers; and (ii) a mixture of submicrometer water-ice oblate spheroids and aggregates consisting of both silicate and organic monomers. The microphysical parameters of these models are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN47670 , Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer (e-ISSN 0022-4073); 205; 80-90
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Despite centuries of scientific balloon flights, only a handful of experiments have produced biologically-relevant results. Yet unlike orbital spaceflight, it is much faster and cheaper to conduct biology research with balloons, sending specimens to the near space environment of Earths stratosphere. Samples can be loaded the morning of a launch and sometimes returned to the laboratory within one day after flying. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) flies large, unmanned scientific balloons from all over the globe, with missions ranging from hours to weeks in duration. A payload in the middle portion of the stratosphere (approx. 35 km above sea level) will be exposed to an environment similar to the surface of Mars: temperatures generally around -36 C, atmospheric pressure at a thin 1 kPa, relative humidity levels 〈1%, and a harsh illumination of ultraviolet (UV) and cosmic radiation levels (about 100 W/sq m and 0.1 mGy/d, respectively) that can be obtained nowhere else on the surface of the Earth, including environmental chambers and particle accelerator facilities attempting to simulate space radiation effects. Considering the operational advantages of ballooning and the fidelity of space-like stressors in the stratosphere, researchers in aerobiology, astrobiology, and space biology can benefit from balloon flight experiments as an intermediary step on the extraterrestrial continuum (ground, low Earth orbit, and deep space studies). Our presentation targets biologists with no background or experience in scientific ballooning. We will provide an overview of large balloon operations, biology topics that can be uniquely addressed in the stratosphere, and a roadmap for developing payloads to fly with NASA.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN47874 , Annual Meeting of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR 2017); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The James Webb Space Telescope near-infrared camera (JWST NIRCam) has two 2'2 x 2'2 fields of view that can be observed with either imaging or spectroscopic modes. Either of two R ~1500 grisms with orthogonal dispersion directions can be used for slitless spectroscopy over lambda = 2.4 - 5.0 microns in each module, and shorter wavelength observations of the same fields can be obtained simultaneously. We describe the design drivers and parameters of the grisms and present the latest predicted spectroscopic sensitivities, saturation limits, resolving powers, and wavelength coverage values. Simultaneous short wavelength (0.6 -- 2.3 microns) imaging observations of the 2.4 -- 5.0 microns spectroscopic field can be performed in one of several different filter bands, either in-focus or defocused via weak lenses internal to NIRCam. The grisms are available for single-object time series spectroscopy and wide-field multi-object slitless spectroscopy modes in the first cycle of JWST observations. We present and discuss operational considerations including subarray sizes and data volume limits. Potential scientific uses of the grisms are illustrated with simulated observations of deep extragalactic fields, dark clouds, and transiting exoplanets. Information needed to plan observations using these spectroscopic modes are also provided.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: Paper 17010P , ARC-E-DAA-TN43262 , Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems (ISSN 2329-4124) (e-ISSN 2329-4221); 3; 3; 035001
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Social interactions are adaptive responses to environmental pressures that have evolved to facilitate the success of individual animals and their progeny. Quantifying social behavior in social animals is therefore one method of evaluating an animal's health, wellbeing and their adjustment to changes in their environment. The interaction between environment and animal can influence numerous other physiological and psychological responses that may enhance, deter or shift an animals social paradigm. For this study, we utilized flight video from the Rodent Research Hardware and Operations Validation mission (Rodent Research-1; RR1) on the International Space Station (ISS). Female mice spent 37 days in microgravity on the ISS and video was captured during the final 33 days. In a previous analysis of individual behavior, we also reported an observed spontaneous ambulatory behavior which we termed circling or 'race tracking,' and we anecdotally observed an increase in group organization around this behavior. In this analysis we further examined this behavior, and other social interactions, to determine if (1) animals joining in on this behavior were induced by other cohort members already participating in this circling behavior, (2) rates of joining varied by number already participating.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN48034 , American Society for Gravitational and Space Research Meeting (ASGSR); Oct 25, 2017 - Oct 28, 2017; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The James Webb Space Telescope near-infrared camera (JWST NIRCam) has two 2'2 x 2'2 fields of view that can be observed with either imaging or spectroscopic modes. Either of two R approx.1500 grisms with orthogonal dispersion directions can be used for slitless spectroscopy over lambda = 2.4 - 5.0 microns in each module, and shorter wavelength observations of the same fields can be obtained simultaneously. We describe the design drivers and parameters of the grisms and present the latest predicted spectroscopic sensitivities, saturation limits, resolving powers, and wavelength coverage values. Simultaneous short wavelength (0.6 - 2.3 microns) imaging observations of the 2.4 - 5.0 microns spectroscopic field can be performed in one of several different filter bands, either in-focus or defocused via weak lenses internal to NIRCam. The grisms are available for single-object time series spectroscopy and wide-field multi-object slitless spectroscopy modes in the first cycle of JWST observations. We present and discuss operational considerations including subarray sizes and data volume limits. Potential scientific uses of the grisms are illustrated with simulated observations of deep extragalactic fields, dark clouds, and transiting exoplanets. Information needed to plan observations using these spectroscopic modes are also provided.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN43297 , Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems (ISSN 2329-4124) (e-ISSN 2329-4221); o 3; 3; 035001
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An experiment investigated the impact of normobaric hypoxia induction on aircraft pilot performance to specifically evaluate the use of hypoxia as a method to induce mild cognitive impairment to explore human-autonomous systems integration opportunities. Results of this exploratory study show that the effect of 15,000 feet simulated altitude did not induce cognitive deficits as indicated by performance on written, computer-based, or simulated flight tasks. However, the subjective data demonstrated increased effort by the human test subject pilots to maintain equivalent performance in a flight simulation task. This study represents current research intended to add to the current knowledge of performance decrement and pilot workload assessment to improve automation support and increase aviation safety.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: NF1676L-26926 , Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) International Annual Meeting 2017; Oct 09, 2017 - Oct 13, 2017; Austin, TX; United States
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: 47 Tuc X9 is a low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) in the globular cluster 47 Tucanae, and was previously thought to be a cataclysmic variable. However, Miller-Jones et al. recently identified a radio counterpart to X9 (inferring a radio X-ray luminosity ratio consistent with black hole LMXBs), and suggested that the donor star might be a white dwarf. We report simultaneous observations of X9 performed by Chandra, NuSTAR and Australia Telescope Compact Array. We find a clear 28.18+/- 0.02-min periodic modulation in the Chandra data, which we identify as the orbital period, confirming this system as an ultracompact X-ray binary. Our X-ray spectral fitting provides evidence for photoionized gas having a high oxygen abundance in this system, which indicates a CO white dwarf donor. We also identify reflection features in the hard X-ray spectrum, making X9 the faintest LMXB to show X-ray reflection. We detect an approx. 6.8-d modulation in the X-ray brightness by a factor of 10, in archival Chandra, Swift and ROSAT data. The simultaneous radio X-ray flux ratio is consistent with either a black hole primary or a neutron star primary, if the neutron star is a transitional millisecond pulsar. Considering the measured orbital period (with other evidence of a white dwarf donor), and the lack of transitional millisecond pulsar features in the X-ray light curve, we suggest that this could be the first ultracompact black hole X-ray binary identified in our Galaxy.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN46798 , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (ISSN 0035-8711) (e-ISSN 1365-8711); 467; 2; 2199–2216
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We demonstrate the effectiveness of a relatively straightforward analysis of the complex 3D Fourier transform of galaxy coordinates derived from redshift surveys. Numerical demonstrations of this approach are carried out on a volume-limited sample of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey redshift survey. The direct unbinned transform yields a complex 3D data cube quite similar to that from the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of finely binned galaxy positions. In both cases deconvolution of the sampling window function yields estimates of the true transform. Simple power spectrum estimates from these transforms are roughly consistent with those using more elaborate methods. The complex Fourier transform characterizes spatial distributional properties beyond the power spectrum in a manner different from (and we argue is more easily interpreted than) the conventional multi-point hierarchy. We identify some threads of modern large scale inference methodology that will presumably yield detections in new wider and deeper surveys.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN40727 , The Astrophysical Journal (ISSN 0004-637X) (e-ISSN 1538-4357); 839; 1; 40
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: DNA methylation (addition of methyl groups to cytosines which normally represses gene transcription) and changes in telomere length (TTAGGG repeats on the ends of chromosomes) are two molecular modifications that result from stress and could contribute to the long-term effects of intrauterine exposure to maternal stress on offspring behavioral outcomes. Here, we measured methylation of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), a gene important in development and plasticity, and telomere length in the brains of adult rat male and female offspring whose mothers were exposed to unpredictable and variable stressors throughout gestation. Males exposed to prenatal stress had greater methylation (Bdnf IV) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) compared to non-stressed controls. Further, prenatally-stressed males had shorter telomeres than controls in the mPFC. This study provides the first evidence in a rodent model of an association between prenatal stress exposure and subsequent shorter brain telomere length. Together findings indicate a long-term impact of prenatal stress on DNA methylation and telomere biology with relevance for behavioral and health outcomes, and contribute to a growing literature linking stress to intergenerational epigenetic alterations and changes in telomere length.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN38841 , International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience (ISSN 0736-5748) (e-ISSN 1873-474X); 62; 56-62
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  • 83
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: We explain how to make time-series observations with the Near-Infrared camera (NIRCam) science instrument of the James Webb Space Telescope. Both photometric and spectroscopic observations are described. We present the basic capabilities and performance of NIRCam and show examples of how to set its observing parameters using the Space Telescope Science Institute's Astronomer's Proposal Tool (APT).
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN44383 , Enabling Transiting Exoplanet Observations (ETEO) with JWST Science Meeting; Jul 10, 2017 - Jul 12, 2017; Baltimore, MD; United States
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Future long-duration space exploration beyond low earth orbit will increase human exposure to space radiation and microgravity conditions as well as associated risks to skeletal health. In animal studies, radiation exposure (greater than 1 Gy) is associated with pathological changes in bone structure, enhanced bone resorption, reduced bone formation and decreased bone mineral density, which can lead to skeletal fragility. Definitive measurements and detection of bone loss typically require large and specialized equipment which can make their application to long duration space missions logistically challenging. Towards the goal of developing non-invasive and less complicated monitoring methods to predict astronauts' health during spaceflight, we examined whether radiation induced gene expression changes in skin may be predictive of the responses of skeletal tissue to radiation exposure. We examined oxidative stress and growth arrest pathways in mouse skin and long bones by measuring gene expression levels via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) after exposure to total body irradiation (IR). To investigate the effects of irradiation on gene expression, we used skin and femora (cortical shaft) from the following treatment groups: control (normally loaded, sham-irradiated), and IR (0.5 Gy 56Fe 600 MeV/n and 0.5 Gy 1H 150 MeV/n), euthanized at one and 11 days post-irradiation (IR). To determine the extent of bone loss, tibiae were harvested and cancellous microarchitecture in the proximal tibia quantified ex vivo using microcomputed tomography (microCT). Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test. At one day post-IR, expression of FGF18 in skin was significantly greater (3.8X) than sham-irradiated controls, but did not differ at 11 days post IR. Expression levels of other genes associated with antioxidant response (Nfe2l2, FoxO3 and Sod1) and the cell cycle (Trp53, Cdkn1a, Gadd45g) did not significantly differ between the control and IR groups at either time point. Radiation exposure resulted in a 27.0% increase in FGF18-positive hair follicles at one day post-IR and returned to basal levels at 11 days post-IR. A similar trend was observed from FGF18 gene expression analysis of skin. In bone (femora), there was an increase in the expression of the pro-osteoclastogenic cytokine, MCP-1, one day after IR compared to non-irradiated controls. FGF18 expression in skin and MCP- 1 expression in bone were found to be positively correlated (P less than 0.002, r=0.8779). Further, microcomputed tomography analysis of tibia from these animals showed reduced cancellous bone volume (-9.9%) at 11 days post- IR. These results suggest that measurements of early radiation induced changes in FGF18 gene expression in skin may have value for predicting subsequent loss of cancellous bone mass. Further research may lead to the development of a relatively simple diagnostic tool for bone loss, with the advantage that hair follicles and skin are relatively easy to acquire from human subjects.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN44736 , 2017 ISSR&D (International Space Station Research and Development) Conference; Jul 17, 2017 - Jul 20, 2017; Washington, DC; United States
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Future directions for investigations and measurements identified in the decadal survey Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 include direct methods to search for extant life. Within the framework a 35-year science vision for future decades extending into the 2020s and beyond, "Ocean Worlds" of the outer Solar System (e.g., Enceladus and Europa), as well as Mars, represent accessible targets that likely provide habitable environments that may support extant life. NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) is currently developing a multi-dimensional approach, led by astrobiology scientists in the ARC Space Sciences Division, technologists in the ARC Exploration Technology Directorate, and small payload engineers in the ARC Mission Design Division, to enable the definitive detection of extant extraterrestrial life in future NASA missions.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN38115 , Planetary Science Vision 2050 Workshop; 27-28 Feb. - 1 Mar. 2018; Washington, DC; United States
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Upon atmospheric exitre-entry and during training, astronauts are subjected to temporary periods of hypergravity, which has been implicated in the activation of oxidative stress pathways contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal degeneration. The pathogenesis of Parkinsons disease and other neurodegenerative disorders is associated with oxidative damage to neurons involved in dopamine systems of the brain. Our study aims to examine the effects of a hypergravitational developmental environment on the degeneration of dopaminergic systems in Drosophila melanogaster. Male and female flies (Gal4-UAS transgenic line) were hatched and raised to adulthood in centrifugal hypergravity (97rpm, 3g). The nuclear expression of the reporter, Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) is driven by the dopaminergic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter, allowing for the targeted visualization of dopamine producing neurons. After being raised to adulthood and kept in hypergravity until 18 days of age, flies were dissected and the expression of TH was measured by fluorescence confocal microscopy. TH expression in the fly brains was used to obtain counts of healthy dopaminergic neurons for flies raised in chronic hypergravity and control groups. Dopaminergic neuron expression data were compared with those of previous studies that limited hypergravity exposure to late life in order to determine the flies adaptability to the gravitational environment when raised from hatching through adulthood. Overall, we observed a significant effect of chronic hypergravity exposure contributing to deficits in dopaminergic neuron expression (p 0.003). Flies raised in 3g had on average lower dopaminergic neuron counts (mean 97.7) when compared with flies raised in 1g (mean 122.8). We suspect these lower levels of TH expression are a result of oxidative dopaminergic cell loss in flies raised in hypergravity. In future studies, we hope to further elucidate the mechanism by which hypergravity-induced oxidative stress damages the dopaminergic neuronal system, as well as examining possible chemical countermeasures to the hypergravity-induced oxidative stress response in dopaminergic neurons in order to combat cell death and consequent mental and behavioral deficits.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN48028 , Annual Meeting American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR); 2017 Oct 25-28; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2019-08-24
    Description: A kit for the characterization of chromosomal inversions using single-stranded probes that are either all identical or all complementary to a single-stranded chromatid is described. Reporter species are attached to oligonucleotide strands designed such that they may hybridize to portions of only one of a pair of single-stranded sister chromatids which may be prepared by the CO-FISH procedure. If an inversion has occurred, these marker probes will be detected on the second sister chromatid at the same location as the inversion on the first chromatid. The kit includes non-repetitive probes that are either all identical or all complementary to at least a portion of a target DNA sequence of only one DNA strand of only one chromatid and may in some embodiments include reagents suitable for performing CO-FISH and/or reagents for hybridizing the probes to the target DNA sequence.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Problem statement: During spaceflight, astronauts are subjected to microgravity as well as radiation, both of which have adverse effects on bones, soft tissues and organs, possibly by shared mechanisms. For this reason there is a need to identify broad-spectrum countermeasures to protect multiple tissues from both insults.6.The spaceflight environment poses multiple challenges to homeostasis, including microgravity and ionizing radiation. Together, these factors contribute to cellular stress, and effects include increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative and DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and cell senescence. We have shown that a purified diet supplemented with dried plum (DP, 25) conferred full protection of cancellous structure from the rapid bone loss caused by exposure to ionizing radiation (Schreurs et al. 2016). Based on these promising results for a new countermeasure to prevent space radiation induced-tissue damage, we will conduct additional studies to advance the potential countermeasure to a higher CRL level. We will test the DP diet for its ability to prevent bone loss caused by simulated microgravity as well as exposure to radiation. This will be achieved by exposing mice to each factor (simulated microgravity and radiation) alone and in combination. We hypothesize that spaceflight conditions lead to oxidative damage and bone loss, and that DP, a dietary additive rich in antioxidant and polyphenolic compounds, is an effective countermeasure for multiple tissues, including bone. To test this hypothesis we will accomplish the following aims: Aim 1 Determine if the antioxidant rich diet DP prevents simulated microgravity-induced bone loss. Aim 2 Determine if DP prevents simulated spaceflight-induced bone loss (microgravity and radiation combined). Aim 3 Determine if DP is effective as a countermeasure for adverse effects of simulated microgravity and radiation on non-skeletal tissues (brain, eye).
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN37073 , Human Research Program Investigators'' Workshop; Jan 23, 2017 - Jan 26, 2017; Galveston, TX; United States
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The Microbial Ecology and Biogeochemistry Research Laboratory at NASA Ames Research Center focuses primarily on the nutrient cycling and diversity of complex microbial communities. NASA is interested in the composition and functioning of microbial mat communities as these processes fundamentally shape the form and function of these analogs for the earliest forms of life on Earth (3.6 billion years ago), and likely will on other planets as well. Aquaponics systems are supported by microbial communities who perform many complex ecosystem services, including cycling nitrogen. Microbes are integral to the stability and productivity of aquaponics systems, which are analogous to microbial communities in food production systems that are essential for building efficient life support systems for long-distance space travel. Students at Meadow Park Middle School created 10 parallel aquaponics systems and took temporal microbial samples to characterize whether any macro-ecology variables impacted or changed the microbial diversity of these systems. Students additionally created a website so that other classrooms can pursue similar projects in their own schools (https://go.nasa.gov/2uJhxmF). Our lab at NASA Ames has sequenced water samples from each of the 10 tanks at 3 timepoints using a MinION sequencer. MPMS students will be involved in the analysis of the bioinformatics data generated through this collaboration. Our ongoing collaboration aims to collect and analyze data in the classroom setting that has utility for research scientists, while involving students as collaborators in the research process.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN50292 , Aquaponics Association Meeting; Nov 03, 2017 - Nov 05, 2017; Portland, OR; United States
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The NASA Ames WetLab-2 system was developed to offer new on-orbit gene expression analysis capabilities to ISS researchers and can be used to conduct on-orbit RNA isolation and quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis of gene expression from a wide range of biological samples ranging from microbes to mammalian tissues. On orbit validation included three quantitative PCR (qPCR) runs using an E. coli genomic DNA template pre-loaded at three different concentrations. The flight Ct values for the DNA standards showed no statistically significant differences relative to ground controls although there was increased noise in Ct curves, likely due to microgravity-related bubble retention in the optical windows. RNA was successfully purified from both E. coli and mouse liver samples and successfully generated singleplex, duplex and triplex data although with higher standard deviations than ground controls, also likely due to bubbles. Using volunteer science activities, a potential bubble reduction strategy was tested and resulted in smooth amplification curves and tighter Cts between replicates. The WetLab-2 validation experiment demonstrates a novel molecular biology workbench on ISS which allows scientists to purify and stabilize RNA, and to conduct RT-qPCR analyses on-orbit with rapid results. This novel ability is an important step towards utilizing ISS as a National Laboratory facility with the capability to conduct and adjust science experiments in real time without sample return, and opens new possibilities for rapid medical diagnostics and biological environmental monitoring on ISS.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN38760 , 2017 NASA Human Research Program Investigators'' Workshop; Jan 23, 2017 - Jan 26, 2017; Galveston, TX; United States
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The Freedom Museum, located in Manassas, VA, requested a speaker through the NASA Speakers Bureau, on the topic of the Hubble Space Telescope. A public outreach presentation has been prepared. Many of the facts are drawn from a public source, the Wikipedia article on the Hubble Space Telescope. This covers the history of the development of the HST, as well as the initial flaw and its repair, and the subsequent series of servicing missions, for which I was involved in the last three. This has been the topic of numerous books. This has been supplemented mostly by facts known to the author, such as names of individuals who played key roles, but not any technical information. Because the reqeustor asked for a significant part of the talk to address major science findings and discoveries, significant portions of a public presentation on this topic developed by Kenneth Carpenter of GSFC were obtained and incorporated, with credit. I have confirmed that this material is also available through public sources.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN43477 , Freedom Museum Presentation; Jun 20, 2017; Manassas, VA; United States
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: JSC-CN-38983 , Marshall University Presentation; Mar 06, 2017; Huntington, WV; United States
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: We examined experimentally the effects of radiation andor simulated weightlessness by hindlimb unloading on bone and blood vessel function either after a short period or at a later time after transient exposures in adult male, C57Bl6J mice. In sum, recent findings from our studies show that in the short term, ionizing radiation and simulate weightlessness cause greater deficits in blood vessels when combined compared to either challenge alone. In the long term, heavy ion radiation, but not unloading, can lead to persistent, adverse consequences for bone and vessel function, possibly due to oxidative stress-related pathways.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN37168 , 2017 NASA Human Research program (HRP) Investigator's Workshop; Jan 23, 2017 - Jan 26, 2017; Galveston, TX; United States
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN41772 , HabEx STDT Face-to-Face Spring Meeting; Apr 19, 2017 - Apr 21, 2017; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An eye movement-based methodology and assessment tool may be used to quantify many aspects of human dynamic visual processing using a relatively simple and short oculomotor task, noninvasive video-based eye tracking, and validated oculometric analysis techniques. By examining the eye movement responses to a task including a radially-organized appropriately randomized sequence of Rashbass-like step-ramp pursuit-tracking trials, distinct performance measurements may be generated that may be associated with, for example, pursuit initiation (e.g., latency and open-loop pursuit acceleration), steady-state tracking (e.g., gain, catch-up saccade amplitude, and the proportion of the steady-state response consisting of smooth movement), direction tuning (e.g., oblique effect amplitude, horizontal-vertical asymmetry, and direction noise), and speed tuning (e.g., speed responsiveness and noise). This quantitative approach may provide fast and results (e.g., a multi-dimensional set of oculometrics and a single scalar impairment index) that can be interpreted by one without a high degree of scientific sophistication or extensive training.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: JSC-CN-38432 , 2017 NASA Human Research Program Investigators'' Workshop (HRP IWS 2017); Jan 23, 2017 - Jan 26, 2017; Galveston, TX; United States
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Growing plants in space will be an essential part of sustaining astronauts during long-range missions. During the summer of 2017, three female NASA interns, have been engaged in research relevant to food production in space, and will present their projects to an all female program known as Girls in STEM camp. Ayla Grandpre, a senior from Rocky Mountain College, has performed data mining and analysis of crop growth results gathered through Fairchild Botanical Gardens program, Growing Beyond Earth. Ninety plants were downselected to three for testing in controlled environment chambers at KSC. Ayla has also managed an experiment testing a modified hydroponics known as PONDS, to grow mizuna mustard greens and red robin cherry tomatoes. Emma Boehm, a senior from the University of Minnesota, has investigated methods to sterilize seeds and analyzed the most common microbial communities on seed surfaces. She has tested a bleach fuming method and an ethanol treatment. Emma has also tested Tokyo bekana Chinese cabbage seeds from four commercial seed vendors to identity differences in germination and growth variability. Lastly, Payton Barnwell, a junior from Florida Polytechnic University has shown that light recipes provided by LEDs can alter the growth and nutrition of 'Outredgeous' lettuce, Chinese cabbage, and Mizuna. The results of her light quality experiments will provide light recipe recommendations for space crops that grown in the Advanced Plant Habitat currently aboard the International Space Station.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN45542 , Girls in STEM Camp; Aug 04, 2017; Kennedy Space Center, FL; United States
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Commercial activated carbons from Calgon (207C and OVC) and Cabot Norit (RB2 and GCA 48) were evaluated for use in spacecraft trace contaminant control filters. The Polanyi potential plots of the activated carbons were compared using to those of Barnebey-Cheney Type BD, an untreated activated carbon with similar properties as the acid-treated Barnebey-Sutcliffe Type 3032 utilized in the TCCS. Their adsorptive capacities under dry conditions were measured in a closed loop system and the sorbents were ranked for their ability to remove common VOCs found in spacecraft cabin air. This comparison suggests that these sorbents can be ranked as GCA 48 207C, OVC RB2 for the compounds evaluated.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: ICES-2017-291 , KSC-E-DAA-TN43217 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 16, 2017 - Jul 20, 2017; Charleston, SC; United States
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Thigmomorphogenesis can be utilized to improve volume utilization efficiency in peppers (Capsicum annum cv. California Wonder), a candidate crop for fresh food production in space. The effect occurred primarily through a reduction in average plant height. Reductions in vegetative growth metrics during the juvenile growth phase (growth leading up to and including early anthesis) were not observed during the mature or fruiting phase, with the notable exception of reduced plant height. Early flower production and fruit set was reduced under MS; however, the total edible biomass was not reduced, with MS plants producing fewer but larger fruits. The overall reduction in plant height due to MS (Mechanical Stimulation) was sufficient to realize theoretical improvements in VUE (Volume Use Efficiency) for large vertical farming systems. The reduced heights observed could improve VUE in single tier spaceflight hardware (e.g., Veggie; Massa 2016 (this issue)) in that crops that would not normally fit in these spaceflight systems may be accommodated if MS can be applied. Although the potential for using MS to induce thigmomorphogenic phenotypes has long been appreciated, it is only recently that the growth systems themselves could take advantage of the modified crop architecture associated with MS. It is with this in mind that renewed attention should be given to developing procedures for environmentally modifying crops for spaceflight applications.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: KSC-E-DAA-TN38562 , Open Agriculture (e-ISSN 2391-9531); 2; 1; 42-51
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: One of the justifications motivating efforts to detect and characterize young extrasolar giant planets has been to measure atmospheric composition for comparison with that of the primary star. If the enhancement of heavy elements in the atmospheres of extrasolar giant planets, like it is for their solar system analogs, is inversely proportional to mass, then it is likely that these worlds formed by core accretion. However in practice it has been very difficult to constrain metallicity because of the complex effect of clouds. Cloud opacity varies both vertically and, in some cases, horizontally through the atmosphere. Particle size and composition, both of which impact opacity, are difficult challenges both for forward modeling and retrieval studies. In my presentation I will discuss systematic efforts to improve cloud studies to enable more reliable determinations of atmospheric composition. These efforts are relevant both to discerning composition of directly imaged young planets from ground based telescopes and future space based missions, such as WFIRST and LUVOIR.
    Keywords: Astronomy
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN41577 , Exo-Frontiers 2017, Kavli Symposium on "Connecting Exoplanetary Atmospheres to their Formation Conditions"; Jul 10, 2017 - Jul 12, 2017; Cambridge; United Kingdom
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