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  • Female  (98)
  • Phosphorylation
  • Ultrastructure
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (122)
  • Springer  (35)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
  • 1990-1994  (157)
  • 1992  (157)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (122)
  • Springer  (35)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 1990-1994  (157)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Verapamil induces increased bone volume and osteopenia in female rats but has the opposite effect in male rats (1992)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 50 (1992), S. 524-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Verapamil ; Bone ; Osteopenia ; Rat ; Female ; Intestinal calcium absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Verapamil inhibits the intestinal absorption of calcium (Ca) and increases serum parathyroid hormone in rats. The effects of verapamil on bone tissue after long-term treatment is, however, not well described. Adult female and male Sprague-Dawley rats received verapamil in their drinking water at a dosage of 0.075 mg/ml (low dose) or 0.75 mg/ml (high dose) for 12 weeks; control rats received only drinking water. All rats were fed a diet containing 0.1% Ca and 0.5% P. In female rats, the amount of bone ash per volume was significantly reduced from 0.742 g/ml in controls to 0.713 g/ml after low-dose treatment of verapamil, and to 0.667 g/ml following high-dose treatment (P〈0.01). The tibial length was increased from 39.7 mm in controls to 40.3 mm or to 40.7 mm after low or high doses (P〈0.01). The tibial volume increased from 0.385 ml in controls to 0.397 ml after low doses and to 0.429 ml after high doses (P〈0.01). In contrast, in male rats the amount of bone ash per volume was significantly increased from 0.578 g/ml in controls to 0.580 g/ml after low doses and to 0.620 g/ml after high doses of verapamil (P〈0.01). The tibial bone volume in males as decreased from 0.633 ml in controls to 0.641 ml after low doses and to 0.583 ml after high doses (P〈0.05). The tibial length in the males was not changed by verapamil. The intestinal absorption of Ca was reduced in male rats from 5.28 in controls to 4.03 (serosa/mucosa) after low-dose treatment and to 2.46 after high-dose treatment with verapamil (P〈0.05). In female rats, the intestinal absorption of Ca did not change after verapamil treatment. Thus, chronic treatment with verapamil in female rats induced osteopenia whereas in male rats bone growth was inhibited.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00582167
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cigarette smoking, steroid hormones, and bone mineral density in young women (1992)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 50 (1992), S. 300-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Female ; Smoking ; Estradiol ; Testosterone ; Sex hormone-binding globulin ; Cortisol ; Bone density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary There are few studies of the effect of smoking on bone density in young women. The reported antiestrogenic effect of smoking could be a mechanism for a possible effect of smoking on bone. We measured bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (whole body, proximal femur, lumbar spine), and serum levels (midfollicular phase) of testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and cortisol in 52 women (25 smokers, 27 nonsmokers) aged 20–35 years. The two groups did not differ significantly in age, height, weight, or the sum of eight skinfold thicknesses. The mean number of cigarettes smoked per day and the number of years of smoking were 16.9 and 12.9, respectively. There were no significant differences in BMD between smokers and nonsmokers at any site. For both smokers and nonsmokers, SHBG and the free androgen index (T/SHBG) made significant contributions (P〈0.005) to the variance in BMD at all sitesexcept the lumbar spine. The free estradiol index (E2/SHBG) contributed to whole body BMD (P〈0.05). For all subjects, there were significant inverse relationships between SHBG and BMD (P〈0.002), and positive relationships between T/SHBG and BMD (P〈0.02) for all sites except the lumbar spine. These data suggest that moderate smoking in young women is not associated with low BMD at any site. However, smokers had lower free estradiol and higher SHBG, both of which have been related to increased bone loss in older women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301626
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro formation of mineralized nodules by periodontal ligament cells from the rat (1992)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 50 (1992), S. 459-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Periodontal ligament fibroblast ; Mineralized nodule ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The purposes of this study were to determine whether periodontal ligament (PDL) cells are capable of producing mineralized nodules in vitro and to analyze ultrastructural features of the nodules. Rat PDL cells were obtained from coagulum in the socket at 2 days after tooth extraction and cultured at confluence in standard medium containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium supplemented with 10% FBS and antibiotics. To test mineralized nodule formation, cells were further cultured for an additional 3 weeks in the standard medium containing (1) ascorbic acid (50 μg/ml) and sodium β-glycerophosphate (10 mM), (2) ascorbic acid, sodium β-glycerophosphate, and dexamethasone (5 μM), or (3) ascorbic acid alone. Cells were then fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, postfixed in 1% OsO4, and prepared for light and electron microscopy. Threedimensional nodules containing mineralized matrices were formed only when the cells were cultured in the presence of ascorbic acid and dexamethasone. They were composed of multilayered fibroblasts (up to 13 layers), and highly organized collagen fibrils with 64 nm cross-banding patterns between the cell layers. The fibroblasts in the nodules exhibited an elongated shape with a high degree of cytoplasmic polarity throughout the nodule, and have the morphological features of PDL fibroblasts as seen in vivo. Mineral deposition with needle-like crystals was initiated on collagen fibrils located in intercellular spaces of the upper cell layers and became increasingly heavier towards the bottom half of the nodules. X-ray microanalysis and electron diffraction analysis confirmed that mineral deposition contained calcium and phosphate in the form of immature hydroxyapatite. These nodules contained neither osteoblasts nor osteocytes, and have their own morphological organization and characteristics which differ from those formed by bone cells in culture. Therefore, these data suggest that PDL cells are capable of forming mineralized tissue in vitro with the morphological characteristics different from bone mineralized nodules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296778
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early events during the establishment of the Gunnera/Nostoc symbiosis (1992)
    Springer
    Planta 188 (1992), S. 403-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cyanobacterium ; Gunnera ; Infection process ; Nostoc ; Symbiosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The symbiosis between Gunnera and Nostoc was reconstituted using G. chilensis Lam. and G. manicata Linden, respectively, and three different Nostoc strains. Six stages characterised by specific modifications in both the cyanobiont and the host were recognised during the infection process. Mucilage-secreting stem glands developed on the Gunnera stems independent of the presence of cyanobacteria (Stage I). Soon after addition of the Nostoc isolates to the plant apices, an abundant differentiation of motile hormogonia commenced. The cyanobacteria accumulated in the mucilage on the surface of the gland (Stage II), and the hormogonia then proceeded into the stem tissue through intercellular channels (Stage III). At the channel bases, Nostoc was detected between the cell walls of small, densely cytoplasmic Gunnera cells and also in elaborate folds of these (Stage IV). The Gunnera cell walls subsequently dissolved adjacent to the cyanobacteria and Nostoc entered the host cells (Stage V). Once the intracellular association was formed, a high proportion of the vegetative Nostoc cells differentiated into heterocysts (Stage VI). Nostoc changed from being rich in inclusions (particularly cyanophycin) while on the gland surface into a comparatively “non-storing” form during penetration and the early intracellular stages. Bacteria were numerous on the gland surface, fewer in the channels, and were never detected within the Gunnera cells, indicating the existence of specific recognition mechanisms discriminating between conceivable microsymbionts. Mechanisms behind mutual adaptations and interactions between the two symbionts are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192808
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-pressure freezing of soybean nodules leads to an improved preservation of ultrastructure (1992)
    Springer
    Planta 188 (1992), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; Electron microscopy ; Glycine (root nodules) ; High-pressure freezing ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract High-pressure freezing of chemically untreated nodules of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), in sharp contrast to chemical fixation and prefixation, appears to preserve the ultrastructure close to the native state. This is supported by the observation that the peribacteroid membrane of high-pressure-frozen samples is tightly wrapped around the bacteroids, a finding that is fully consistent with the current views on the physiology of oxygen and metabolite transport between plant cytosol and bacteroids. In soybean root nodules, the plant tissue and the enclosed bacteria are so dissimilar that conventional aldehyde-fixation procedures are unable to preserve the overall native ultrastructure. This was demonstrated by high-pressure freezing of nodules that had been pre-fixed in glutaraldehyde at various buffer molalities: no buffer strength tested preserved all ultrastructural aspects that could be seen after high-pressure freezing of chemically untreated nodules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216809
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gametophytic self-incompatibility inPapaver rhoeas L. (1992)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Self-incompatibility ; Papaver rhoeas ; in vitro system ; Pollen response genes ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have developed an in vitro system whereby we can reproduce the self-incompatibility (SI) reactions ofP. rhoeas in pollen grown in vitro, using stigmatic extracts. This has enabled us to investigate a number of aspects of SI, which would otherwise be difficult. On the stigma side of the reaction, the in vitro system has enabled us to characterize and partially purify the stigmatic S-component, following S-specific activity. It has also enabled us to establish that, in contrast to the S-linked glycoprotein ofNicotiana alata, no detectable ribonuclease activity correlates with the presence of the functional stigmatic S-gene product in this species. Turning to look at the pollen side, we have used the in vitro system to study the metabolic events occurring in the pollen ofP. rhoeas as a consequence of the SI reaction. We have determined that it requires both de novo glyco-sylation and RNA transcription for full inhibition of pollen-tube growth during the SI reaction. Transcription products of pollen SI response genes, which are produced specificially in an incompatible reaction, have been identified. These pollen response genes have been cloned and are currently being characterized. Since the extracellular pollen-stigma interaction results directly in gene transcription in the pollen, it seems likely that a signal transduction mechanism may be operating in the SI response. The in vitro system has allowed us to begin to investigate this possibility. We have detected rapid and transient phosphorylation of certain pollen proteins, together with changes in phosphatase activity during the SI reaction. These studies provide evidence for a role for signal transduction in the SI reaction. Thus, our in vitro system has enabled us to begin to examine, not only stigma and pollen components, but also the interaction between them in the SI reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00714552
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The microtubule cytoskeleton and the rounding of isolated generative cells ofNicotiana tabacum (1992)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 64-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Generative cell ; Isolation ; Microtubules ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Upon squashing of the pollen grain, the isolated generative cell ofNicotiana tabacum looses its spindle shape to become spherical; this phenomenon is independent of the sucrose concentration used. The time necessary for this change can vary from 1 min (0% sucrose) to 20 min (30% sucrose). The microtubular cytoskeleton was studied by means of immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Just after isolation, 5 to 15 clearly visible bundles in microtubules organized in a basket-like structure are present. After 15 min in medium with 15% sucrose, the microtubular cytoskeleton disappears, and a diffusely spread tubulin can be observed. Neither the addition of 10–20 μM taxol to the medium, nor the omission of Ca2+ to the medium has any effect on the changes in cell shape and loss of microtubular bundles after isolation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00714559
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Actin stringently accumulated in the specifically positioned, differentiating female gametangia of Allomyces (1992)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 310-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Actin ; Female ; Gametangia ; Differentiation ; Allomyces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Female gametangia of the normal bisexual Allomyces species are richer in fluorescently probed (FITC) actin, independent of their apical or subapical positioning during differentiation on the fertile hyphae. The anti-actin, cytochalasin D, can selectively suppress male differentiation in both species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197384
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure and microtubule organization of isolated generative cells ofAllemanda neriifolia at interphase and prophase (1992)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Isolated generative cells ; Ultrastructure ; Microtubule ; Immunofluorescence microscopy ; Allemanda neriifolia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of isolated generative cells ofAllemanda neriifolia at interphase and prophase was studied. The microtubule organization of the isolated cells was also investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy with a monoclonal anti-α-tubulin. After the generative cells had been isolated from the growing pollen tubes by osmotic shock, most of the cells were at prophase and only a few were at interphase. The interphase cell is spindle shaped and contains an ellipsoidal nucleus. In addition to the usual organelles, the cytoplasm of the interphase cell contains numerous vesicles (each measuring 40–50 nm in diameter) and two sets of longitudinally oriented microtubule bundles — one in the cortical region and the other near the nucleus. Most of the prophase cells are spherical in shape. Based on the ultrastructure and the pattern of microtubule cytoskeleton organization three types of prophase cells can be recognized. (1) Early prophase cell, which contains the usual organelles, numerous vesicles, and a spherical nucleus with condensed chromosomes. Longitudinally oriented microtubule bundles can no longer be seen present in the early prophase cell. A new type of structure resembling a microtubule aggregate appears in the cytoplasm. (2) Mid prophase cell, which has a spherical nucleus containing chromosomes that appear more condensed than those seen in the early prophase cell. In addition to containing the usual organelles, the cytoplasm of this cell contains numerous apparently randomly oriented microtubules. Few vesicles are seen and microtubule aggregates are no longer present. (3) Late prophase cell, typified by the lack of a nuclear envelope. Consequently, the chromosomes become randomly scattered in the cytoplasm. Microtubules are still present and some become closely associated with the chromosomes. The changes in the ultrastructure and in the pattern of microtubule organization in the interphase and prophase cells are discussed in relation to the method of isolation of the generative cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00714555
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The formation of the generative cell in Polystachia pubescens (Orchidaceae) (1992)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Pollen grain ; Generative cell ; Formation and detachment ; Ultrastructure ; Polystachia pubescens ; Orchidaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The formation and nature of the generative cell wall and the detachment mode of the generative cell from the intine in Polystachia pubescens were observed by LM and TEM. Vesicles evenly positioned within the phragmoplast fuse to form a cell plate that divides the microspore into the generative and vegetative cell. This cell plate consists of callose. Before the generative cell leaves the intine, however, the callose is completely resorbed and is not replaced by any other substance. The generative cell becomes detached from the intine by moving towards the centre of the pollen grain. A constriction formed thereby gives the generative cell a bulb-like appearance and leads ultimately to the generative cell being pinched off. Plasma-filled vesicles originating from the generative cell remain between the intine and the plasma membrane of the vegetative cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194872
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Electron microscopic examination of sporulation-deficient mutants of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 158 (1992), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Sporulation ; Meiosis ; Ultrastructure ; Spindle pole body ; Spo mutants ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Fission yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A homothallic haploid strain of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe initiates sexual reproduction (mating, meiosis and sporulation) in nitrogen-free sporulation medium. Cellular fine structures of eleven sporulation-deficient mutants (spo2, spo3, spo4, spo5, spo6, spo13, spo14, spo15, spo18, spo19 and spo20) of S. pombe in sporulation medium were examined by serial section-electron microscopy. The striking features of these spo mutants were: 1) the disappearance of the spindle pole bodies (SPBs) after the second meiotic division, and 2) the accumulation of unorganized structures. Based on histochemical staining, these structures were presumably unorganized spore wall precursors. In some mutants (spo3, spo5, spo6, spo19 and spo20), diploid zygotes contained four spore-like bodies which had walls similar to complete spore walls but failed to enclose any nuclei. After completion of the second meiotic division the nuclei were abnormally distributed in zygotic diploid cells. In the spo5, spo13, spo14, spo15 and spo19 mutants, the nuclei remained attached to each other. In spo5 and spo19, the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope was separated, but its outer membrane was shared by two sister nuclei. These observations suggest that the spo+ gene products play important roles in spatial and temporal organization of cellular structures during ascospore development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00245240
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorylation of proteins in Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 158 (1992), S. 262-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacterium ; Phosphorylation ; Protein kinase ; Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protein phosphorylation was studied in Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae in vivo and in vitro. In vitro labelling showed that the protein kinases in this bacterium used both ATP and GTP as nucleotide substrates at nearly the same efficiency. At least 6 proteins were phosphorylated in vitro, including abundant species of p81, p44, and p32 with M r of 81000, 44000, and 32000, respectively. Three types of phosphate-protein linkage were found in this bacterium: O-phosphate, N-phosphate and probably acyl phosphate. The p81 and p32 were phosphorylated at histidine. The p44 had mainly phosphoserine and a small part of phosphohistidine. The phosphorylation profile was variable depending on the growth conditions. Furthermore, by a virulent phage Xp10 infection the quantity of phosphorylation increased: for phosphohistinine more than 10-fold, and for phosphoserine about 3-fold. Thus, in this bacterium phosphorylation may be linked with a physiological regulation system and with Xp10 phage development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00245242
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  • 13
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    Frequency and structure of spinae on Chlorobium spp. (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 157 (1992), S. 319-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chlorobiaceae ; Spinae ; Chlorobium ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several Chlorobium species have been observed to possess spinae. Spinae are non-prosthecate, helically wound, rigid structures that extend from the outer bacterial cell surface into the external environment. Spinae length was variable within and between Chlorobium species. Spinae width was fairly consistent within species but varied between species (39.4 ± 2.6 nm to 82.6 ± 8.0 nm). The number of spinae per cell varied. The spinae did not penetrate the bacterial cell envelope and were randomly located on the cell surface. Spinae were not geographically restricted. The observation of spinae on pure cultures of Chlorobium spp. maintained for 25–30 years suggests that spinae may be of significant use to the cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248675
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  • 14
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    Ultrastructural investigations of Arbutus unedo-Laccaria amethystea mycorrhiza synthesized in vitro (1992)
    Springer
    Trees 7 (1992), S. 40-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Arbutus unedo ; Laccaria amethystea ; Mycorrhiza ; Synthesis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Anatomy and ultrastructure of the arbutoid mycorrhiza of Arbutus unedo-Laccaria amethystea from axenic culture are described. In comparison to non-inoculated roots, the rhizodermal cells of mycorrhizas are of greater volume, their nuclei are enlarged and show an irregular shape, plasmalemma and cytoplasm with mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes are increased. Several ontogenetical states are documented. The arbutoid mycorrhiza as a connecting link between ectomycorrhiza and ericoid mycorrhiza is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225230
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  • 15
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    Immunocytochemical and electron-microscopic study of the elasmobranch nucleus sacci vasculosi (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 395-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus sacci vasculosi ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry ; Hypothalamus ; Tuberculum posterius ; Scyliorhinus caniculus, Raja undulata (Elasmobranchii)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The elasmobranch nucleus sacci vasculosi was studied by means of electron microscopy (in the dogfish) and immunocytochemistry (in the dogfish and the skate) by using antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, somatostatin, serotonin, and substance P. Ultrastructural study of the dogfish nucleus sacci vasculosi shows the presence of medium-sized cells that possess numerous mitochondria but that have no dense-core vesicles in the cytoplasm or in cell processes. Fibres of the conspicuous tractus sacci vasculosi have a beaded appearance and form conventional synapses with dendrites and cell perikarya of the nucleus sacci vasculosi. The perikarya of this hypothalamic nucleus were not immunoreactive to any of the antibodies tested, and fibres immunopositive to tyrosine hydroxylase, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, somatostatin, serotonin, and substance P were scarce within this nucleus, in both the dogfish and the skate. Dorsal to the nucleus sacci vasculosi, there are numerous positive neuronal processes in addition to many small neurons that show immunoreactivity to alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, somatostatin and tyrosine hydroxylase. Two types of neuron occur in this dorsal region, displaying dense-core vesicles of either 100–160 nm or 60–100 nm diameter in their cytoplasm; they were identified as peptide-containing and monoamine-containing neurons, respectively. The neuropil of this region has a significantly different ultrastructure from that of the nucleus sacci vasculosi, with many processes containing dense-core vesicles. This group of neurons, located dorsal to the nucleus sacci vasculosi and showing (a) immunoreactivity to neuropeptides or to monoamine-synthesizing enzyme, and (b) cytoplasm with dense-core vesicles, was considered not to be a part of the nucleus sacci vasculosi but rather part of the nucleus tuberculi posterioris. These results support the non-peptidergic and non-aminergic character of the nucleus sacci vasculosi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328023
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  • 16
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    Culture and characterization of dental follicle cells from rat molars (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 483-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dental follicle ; Cell culture ; Fibroblasts ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Collagen ; Gel-electrophoresis ; Western blotting ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Because the dental follicle is necessary for the eruption of teeth of limited eruption, it was the objective of this study to determine if the cells of the follicle could be cultured in vitro. To achieve this, dental follicles and associated enamel organs were dissected from the first and second mandibular molars of 6–7-day-old rats (secretory stage of amelogenesis), and then cultured in a medium that promotes fibroblast growth — the predominant cell type of the dental follicle. The cultured cells grew to confluency and were kept through 3 passages before experimentation. The cultured cells were fibroblastic in shape, elongate with processes, and transmission electron microscopy revealed that they contained an abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, but did not form desmosomes. Immunofluorescent staining for anti-vimentin showed that all the cells stained and electron-microscopic immunogold labeling indicated that the antibody was associated with intermediate filaments. As revealed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting, the cultured cells synthesized and secreted the extracellular matrix molecules fibronectin and procollagens. Subsequent immunofluorescence staining of permeabilized and non-permeabilized cells confirmed the presence of fibronectin and type I collagen both intra- and extracellularly. Thus, based on all the above characteristics, the cultured cells appeared to be fibroblasts derived from the dental follicle, although a few of the fibroblasts may be derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells interposed between the alveolar bone and follicle. Experiments now can be conducted to determine how these cultured cells respond directly to growth factors that alter the rates of tooth eruption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319370
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  • 17
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    Structural organization of two fast, rhythmically active crustacean muscles (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 571-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crustacean muscle ; Ultrastructure ; Dye coupling ; Flagellum ; Scaphognathite ; Fascicles ; Mitochondria ; Carcinus maenas (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organization of the flagellum abductor muscle and of a scaphognathite levator muscle of the green crab, Carcinus maenas, has been compared quantitatively using light and electron microscopy. These muscles are rhythmically active at relatively high frequencies and for long durations. Fibers of both muscles are interconnected to form fascicles of 50 or more fibers within which there is cytoplasmic continuity. A single muscle is made up of 8–12 fascicles. Individual fibers consist of a peripheral rind of densely packed mitochondria, a thick region of glycogen granules, and myofibrils arranged into scattered central islands. Less than half the volume-density of these muscles is contractile material, the balance being largely mitochondria and glycogen. The fibers within a muscle are structurally similar. They have short sarcomeres (about 2 μm), thin to thick filament ratios of about 3:1, and junctions between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the transverse tubules at the M line. Sarcoplasmic reticulum occupies about 10% of the myofibrillar volume-density. A well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum appears to underlie the capacities of these two muscles for high frequency contraction; extensive mitochondria and glycogen stores should confer fatigue resistance under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319380
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    Bethanechol and a G-protein activator, NaF/AlCl3, induce secretory response in Paneth cells of mouse intestine (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 269 (1992), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paneth cells ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry ; Bethanechol ; Fluoride ion ; G-protein ; Mouse (Balb/c)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Paneth cells located at the bottom of intestinal crypts may play a role in controlling the bacterial milieu of the intestine. Using morphometry to clarify the secretory mechanism of the Paneth cells, we studied the ultrastructural changes in mouse Paneth cells produced following intra-arterial perfusion with Hanks' balanced salt solution containing a cholinergic muscarinic secretagogue (bethanechol), a neuroblocking agent (tetrodotoxin), or a G-protein activator (NAF/AlCl3). Bethanechol (2×10-4 mol/l) induced Paneth-cell secretion. Many Paneth cells massively exocytosed their secretory material into the crypt lumen; the enhanced secretion caused degranulation and vacuole formation. However, tetrodotoxin (2×10-6 mol/l) did not prevent the bethanechol-enhanced secretion by the Paneth cells. NaF (1×10-2 mol/l) and AlCl3 (1×10-5 mol/l) induced massive exocytosis of the Paneth cells; the exocytotic figures were similar to those observed in mice stimulated by bethanechol. G-protein activation was followed by a sequence of intracellular events, resulting in exocytosis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319611
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    Ultrastructural changes in primordial germ cells during early gonadal development of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., teleostei) (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 337-346 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Primordial germ cell ; Ultrastructure ; Gonadal differentiation ; Cyprinus carpio (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A description is given of primordial germ cell (PGC) differentiation and gonadal development in carp from hatching until the age of 6 weeks. This period was chosen as the PGCs are mitotically silent before they start to proliferate rapidly after week 6. The PGCs increased in size between week 2 and week 4 after fertilization. Ultrastructurally, the perinuclear dense bodies present in PGCs from hatching onwards increased in size and formed the ‘cement’ between mitochondria. Moreover, from week 2 onwards, an elaborate Golgiapparatus was present in PGCs, indicating synthetic activity that may be related to PGC enlargement. During the observation period, gonadal tissue was gradually formed around the PGCs. From the age of 4 and 5 weeks onwards, two somatic cell types could be distinguished; the central type had a light appearance and was closely associated with the PGCs, the other type being darker and forming the peripheral layer of the developing gonads. Thus, during the period of mitotic quiescence, the PGCs and the gonads actively differentiate in preparation for the fast PGC proliferation that occurs after 6 weeks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302972
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    Ultrastructural study of the retinal pigment epithelium during metamorphosis in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 375-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinal pigment epithelium ; Ultrastructure ; Organelle differentiation ; Metamorphosis ; Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus (Cyclostomata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sequence of morphological changes in the retinal pigment epithelium during the metamorphic period of the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus L. has been investigated using electron microscopy. At early metamorphic stages (stages I and II), photoreceptors are present in a small zone of the retina. During these stages, the lateral surface of the epithelial cells shows zonulae occludentes and adhaerentes. The degree of cell differentiation varies throughout the retinal pigment epithelium. Cells covering the differentiated photoreceptors in the central retina have phagosomes, whereas pigment granules appear only in the retinal pigment epithelium dorsal to the optic nerve head. Most epithelial cells have myeloid bodies; their morphology is more complex around the optic nerve head. At stage III, when photoreceptors develop over the whole retina, the distribution of cytoplasmic organelles is almost homogeneous in the retinal pigment epithelium. Subsequently, the basal plasma membrane of the epithelial cells becomes progressively folded and their apical processes enlarged. In addition, extensive gap junctions develop between retinal pigment cells. In late metamorphic stages, noticeable growth of myeloid bodies occurs and consequently the retinal pigment epithelium resembles that of the adult. This study also describes, for the first time, the presence of wandering phagocytes in the retinal pigment epithelium of lampreys; their role in melanosome degradation is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302976
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  • 21
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    In-vitro effects of angiotensin II on steroid production by hamster ovarian follicles and on ultrastructure of the theca interna (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 268 (1992), S. 191-196 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Angiotensin II ; Ovarian follicles ; Theca interna ; Ultrastructure ; Steroidogenesis ; Atresia ; Golden hamster (Rodentia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Angiotensin II (AII) is present in the mammalian ovary and has been correlated with atresia in follicles. Since the theca interna may be one site at which atresia is intiated, we wished to determine whether AII exerts an effect on theca interna from explanted ovarian follicles of hamsters. Hamsters were sacrified on the morning of proestrus, and ovaries were removed. Preovulatory follicles were excised from the ovaries, and cultured with one of the following components: medium alone (control); medium plus AII (1x10-6 M); the AII-receptor antagonist [Sar1, Ile8] AII (1x10-4 M); or AII plus antagonist. After 72 h, the follicles were processed for transmission electron microscopy (to determine quantities of theca interna organelles involved in the steroid synthetic pathway) or for protein determination (to normalize steroid production rates). The incubation medium was drawn off and analyzed by radioimmunoassay for progesterone, androstenedione, or estradiol-17β. There was a significant positive correlation (r=0.92, P〈0.01) between follicular androstenedione secretion and area comprising theca interna smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In the theca interna, AII induced a two-fold and 1.6-fold increase in lipid droplet number and area comprising smooth endoplasmic reticulum, respectively (P〈0.05). Excess antagonist negated the increase in cell or-ganelles and also reduced androstenedione secretion compared with AII alone (P〈0.05). Most importantly, AII significantly augmented the ratio of androstenedione: estradiol-17β secretion by 44% over that of control. The ultrastructural changes observed in this study and the increase in the andostenedione: estradiol-17β production ratio are consistent with atresia-like changes in ovarian follicles. We believe, therefore, that AII is involved, possibly at its membrane receptor, in an aspect of the overall process of follicular atresia, operating in part at the level of the theca interna.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338068
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    Ultrastructure of the basement membrane and its precursor in developing rat submandibular gland as shown by alcian blue staining (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 268 (1992), S. 233-238 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Alcian blue ; Basement membrane ; Lamina densa ; Meshwork ; Submandibular gland ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Wistar-Imamichi)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the epithelial basement membrane and membrane precursor was studied in rat submandibular rudiment and a model system of the reconstructed basement membrane, by transmission electron microscopy following alcian blue staining. Directly beneath the epithelial plasma membrane, a meshwork layer was found to consist of anastomosing thin fibers arranged as a three-dimensional meshwork (100–400 nm in thickness). Straight strands (5–10 nm in diameter) could sometimes be seen to pass through the meshwork. Adjacent to this layer, a coarse network composed of threads (20–40 nm in diameter) connected the meshwork layer with collagen fibers of the underlying connective tissue. The earliest precursors recognized in the reconstruction-model system were part of the fine-meshwork structure, and showed this structure to be a fundamental component of the basement membrane.
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    Immunogold labelling of the cytoplasmic estradiol receptor in resting porcine endometrium (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Estradiol receptor ; Endometrium ; Ovariectomy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serial sections of resting porcine endometrium were analyzed with the monoclonal antibody 13H2 using goat antimouse IgG/5 nm gold as secondary reagent or with either polyclonal antibodies from goat #402 or the rat monoclonal antibody H222, both in combination with protein G/12 nm gold. A modestly higher labelling of nuclei than of cytoplasm was seen only with the monoclonal antibody H222. Polyclonal #402 and monoclonal 13H2 showed fewer attachments over nuclear than over cytoplasmic areas. The highest densities of attachment and of predominantly cytoplasmic labelling were obtained with the monoclonal antibody 13H2. The results confirm the earlier assumption of a restricted accessiblity of estradiol receptor in the cytoplasm of resting cells for immunoreagents.
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    Electron microscopical studies ofThorea ramosissima (Thoreaceae, Rhodophyta): Taxonomic implications ofThorea pit plug ultrastructure (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 181 (1992), S. 233-244 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Algae ; Rhodophyta ; Thorea ramosissima ; T. riekei ; Ultrastructure ; pit plugs as a taxonomic character
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The thallus ofThorea ramosissima was studied electron microscopically. The cells of the medulla, the cortex and the assimilatory hairs differ not only in size and number of plastids and their equipment with thylakoids but also in cell wall structure, the number of mitochondria and the activity of the Golgi apparatus, with dictyosomes transforming complete cisternae into Golgi vesicles with mucilaginous contents in the outer region of the cortex. The pit connections have plugs with a distinct plate—like (not dome-like) outer cap layer. BecauseT. riekei was reported to have dome-like outer cap layers and because this character was the main reason to place theThoreaceae into theBatrachospermales (Pueschel & Cole 1982),T. riekei was reinvestigated, too. A distinct outer cap could not be detected. The reliability of pit plug structure as a taxonomic character and the taxonomic position ofThorea is discussed.
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    Biochemical and immunological characterization of intermicrotubular cement in the feeding apparatus of phagotrophic eugienoids:Entosiphon, Peranema, andPloeotia (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 168 (1992), S. 113-124 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cytoskeleton ; Phagotrophic ; Eugienoids ; Immunochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A monoclonal antibody (IIID12) obtained from mice immunized against the entireEntosiphon cytoskeleton highlights the feeding apparatus ofEntosiphon, Peranema, andPloeotia by IF. IGS at the ultrastructural level shows that it labels the cementing material surrounding the microtubular bundles in the three species studied. InEntosiphon additional structures, such as the supplementary plaque, the scaffold structure and the lenticular structure or canal thickening, are also detected by the antibody. Immunoblotting analysis after SDS-PAGE reveals a positive reaction with this antibody to the 58 and 66kDa protein bands inEntosiphon, 82 and 84kDa inPeranema, and 56 and 60kDa inPloeotia. These results demonstrate biochemical homologies in the proteins of the cement material in the three heteronematal eugienoids studied. The possible role of these proteins in microtubule assembly and stabilization is discussed, as well as the role of the cementing material in the mode of the feeding apparatus motion during the ingestion of food.
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    Ultrastructural characterization of somatic embryos regenerated from NaCl selected and nonselected calli ofDactylis glomerata (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 170 (1992), S. 177-185 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Dactylis glomerata L. ; Orchardgrass ; Sodium chloride tolerance ; Somatic embryo ; Tissue culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Calli were induced from leaf expiants of aDactylis glomerata L. (orchardgrass) genotype which has a high capacity for somatic embryogenesis. After 7 months culture on SH medium containing NaCl, a line was selected which was tolerant to 200 mM NaCl. When both selected and nonselected calli were maintained for 56 days on media containing 0 to 300 mM NaCl, the selected line showed significantly higher regeneration capacity than nonselected calli when placed on media containing more than 50 mM NaCl. Ultrastructural features of control somatic embryos not exposed to the salt were compared to those from nonselected and selected embryos cultured on 200 mM NaCl medium. In the presence of NaCl there were changes in the appearance of cell walls and mitochondria, accumulation of lipids and a higher degree of vacuolation in cells of nonselected embryos compared to control and selected embryos.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of callose in root cortical cells parasitized by the ring nematodeCriconemella xenoplax (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 171 (1992), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: (1→3)-β-Glucose ; Callose ; Cell wall ; Host-parasite interface ; Immunocytochemical ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies specific to (1→3)-β-glucose were used to localize callose around stylets ofCriconemella xenoplax in parasitized cortical cells in root explants of carnation, crimson clover, and tomato. The nematode's stylet was inserted 5–6 μm through the wall of the parasitized cell without piercing the plasma membrane, which became invaginated around the stylet tip. A layer of electron-transparent callose was localized by immunogold labelling between the invaginated plasma membrane and the inserted stylet, except at the stylet orifice. The callose was continuous with the inner surface of the wall of the parasitized cell around the site where the stylet penetrated. When the parasitized cell was located in the second layer of the cortex, the nematode's stylet first passed through a subepidermal cortical cell. The integrity of the plasma membrane of the transected cell was maintained and callose was deposited around the portion of the nematode's stylet that traversed the cell. We suggest that callose deposition around nematode stylets in parasitized cells is a common wound response elicited when plant-parasitic nematodes feed from cells.
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    Rose leaf structure in relation to different stages of micropropagation (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 166 (1992), S. 165-176 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cuticle ; Humidity ; Leaf structure ; Micropropagation ; Rosa ; Stomata ; Ultrastructure ; Wax
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The Mme Isaac Pereire rose was investigated in an attempt to establish how micropropagated roses might best be weaned into normal growth conditions. Leaves of in vitro grown plants, weaned plants and the stock plant were studied, using light microscopy and different scanning and transmission electron microscopical techniques. Features that varied in the different growing conditions were leaf size and thickness, amount of wax, thickness of cuticle and external epidermal cell wall, number and aperture of the stomata, size of the epidermal cells, number of layers of the palisade cells, and size of the chloroplasts in the mesophyll. The rose in the present study had wax on the in vitro cultured plants; this wax was of similar ultrastructural appearance to that of the stock plant, even though in smaller quantities. Weaned plants had an intermediate amount of wax. The cuticle was thin, ranging from 0.04 μm on plants growing in vitro to 0.3-0.6 μm on weaned plants and stock plants. Stomata were always wide-open on leaves taken from cultures with a relative humidity of 100%. After four weeks in a humidity lowered to 85% stomata had closed.
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    Phosphorylation of a putative myosin light chain inChara by calcium-dependent protein kinase (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 171 (1992), S. 85-88 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Ca2+-dependent protein kinase ; Chara ; Cytoplasmic streaming ; Myosin light chain ; Phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) has been proposed to mediate inhibition by Ca2+ of cytoplasmic streaming in the green algaChara. We have identified the in vivo substrate(s) of CDPK inChara by using vacuolar perfusion of individual internodal cells with [γ-32P]ATP. Phosphorylation of several polypeptides is enhanced when perfusions are performed at 10−4M free Ca2+ compared to 〈10−9M free Ca2+. The Ca2+-stimulated phosphorylation of these proteins is inhibited by the presence of a monoclonal antibody to soybean CDPK. One of these proteins is 16 to 18kDa and is recognized by an antibody against gizzard myosin light chains. These results demonstrate that inChara, several polypeptides are phophorylated by CDPK and one of these proteins has been tentatively identified as a myosin light chain. These observations support the hypothesis that Ca2+-regulated phosphorylation of myosin is involved in the regulation of cytoplasmic streaming.
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    Ultrastructure of cuticular exudations in parasitic juvenileHeterodera schachtii, as related to cuticle structure (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 166 (1992), S. 67-77 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cuticle ; Cuticular exudations ; Exudations ; Heterodera schachtii ; Ultrastructure ; Host-parasite interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The development ofHeterodera schachtii inside roots of a cruciferous host plant grown under monoxenic conditions in an agar medium was observed with video-enhanced contrast light microscopy. One to 6 days after inoculation, roots were excised and processed for electron microscopic observations. Exudates were present on the cuticle surfaces of J 2 and early J 3 juveniles located at feeding sites. Fibrillar exudations were correlated with similar fibrillar patterns in the epicuticle, exocuticle, intermediate zone, and the striated endocuticle. Secretion vesicles assembled at many Golgi sites in the hypodermis, appeared to coalesce and form large electron translucent vesicles in the cytoplasm. We propose that secretion vesicles migrate toward the cuticle, contact the plasmalemma and transfer their contents by exocytosis or a similar mechanism to a secretion accumulation site. These contents are associated with cuticle structure and emerge as surface exudations.
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    Morphogenesis of the feeding apparatus ofEntosiphon sulcatum (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 168 (1992), S. 125-135 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Morphogenesis ; Phagotrophic ; Euglenoids ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The disruption and development of the siphon during division ofEntosiphon have been followed by immunofluoresence with both an anti-cement MAb (IIID12) and an anti-tubulin MAb. (IVA10), by nuclear DNA labelling and by electron microscopy of serial section. The disruption of the parental siphon begins at the reservoir level where two new transversely orientated daughter siphons arise. In the degenerating bundles the cement disappears, first liberating the microtubules which then depolymerize. The first structure which surrounds the anterior part of the two young siphons is a loop of 5 microtubules linked to the reservoir membrane. From around this loop a row of perpendicular microtubules sink in the cytosplasm; they will form the primary row of microtubules in the definitive bundles. Inside the loop, reinforced microtubules are seen beneath the membrane, they will generate the future vanes, and also penetrate into the cytosplasm. Amorphous material surrounds the young siphons and may correspond to cement material. The growth of the siphons proceeds as they adopt a central longitudinal position in the cell. The cement material progressively condenses on structures such as the primary row of microtubules. The bundles, the supplementary plaque, and the scaffold. After flagellar partition each of the canals becomes distinct and cytokinesis occurs from the anterior end. These observations indicate that the microtubular loop could be the source of microtubule-organizing centre (MTOC) proteins initiating the assembly of the primary row of microtubules. Bundle microtubules start to assemble at the anterior end and extend backwards. The microtubules of the loop could be linked to roots associated with the basal bodies which double in number before division. The cement later condenses, linking and stabilizing the structures. Microfibrils play an important role in basal body and siphon separation and positioning.
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    Ultrastructural changes in the cell wall, nucleus and cytoplasm of pollen mother cells during meiotic prophase I inLycopersicon esculentum (Mill.) (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 169 (1992), S. 139-147 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cell wall ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Microsporogenesis ; Pollen development ; Prophase I ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Throughout the premeiotic to late prophase I stages of meiosis in the anthers of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) extensive changes occurred in the ultrastructure of pollen mother cells (PMCs). During early prophase, the wall of each PMC developed a layered appearance and was broadened both by the widening of the middle lamella as well as by intensive deposition of microfibrils in the wall. By late prophase, however, the microfibrils adjacent to the plasmalemma dissipated. At the same time, callose was deposited between the wall and the plasmalemma. The nucleus of the PMCs also underwent changes. During early prophase, the nucleolus consisted of a linear series of three segments, with a separation of the granular and fibrillar portions. By late prophase, the nucleoli were less distinct as the nucleus was highly vacuolate. Mitochondria were initially simple with lightly stained matrix and few cristae but, during the course of prophase, they acquired a more densely-stained matrix with dilated cristae. Plastids remained relatively undifferentiated and, at late prophase, many were convoluted in appearance and constricted at intervals indicating their division. Cytoplasmic connections between adjacent PMCs were broad enough to permit the passage of organelles and were retained through to metaphase I. These cytological and wall changes appear to be a prerequisite for the subsequent development of microspores.
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    Ultrastructure of freeze-substituted pollen tubes ofLilium longiflorum (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 167 (1992), S. 215-230 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Lilium ; Freeze substitution ; Pollen tubes ; Rapid freeze fixation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In view of the importance of the lily pollen tube as an experimental model and the improvements in ultrastructural detail that can now be attained by the use of rapid freeze fixation and freeze substitution (RF-FS), we have reexamined the ultrastructure of these cells in material prepared by RF-FS. Several previously unreported details have been revealed: (1) the cytoplasm is organized into axial “slow” and “fast” lanes, each with a distinct structure; (2) long, straight microtubule (MT) and microfilament (MF) bundles occur in the cytoplasm of the fast lanes and are coaligned with every organelle present; (3) the cortical cytoplasm contains complexes of coaligned MTs, MFs, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER); (4) the cortical ER is arranged in a tight hexagonal pattern and individual elements are closely appressed to the plasma membrane with no space between; (5) mitochondria and ER extend into the extreme apex along the flanks of the pollen tube, and vesicles and ER are packed into an inverted cone-shaped area at the center of the apex; (6) MF bundles in the tip region are fewer, finer, and in random orientation in comparison to those of the fast lanes; (7) the generative cell (GC) cell wall complex contains patches of plasmodesmata; (8) The GC cytoplasm contains groups of spiny vesicles that are closely associated with and seem to be fusing with or pinching off from mitochondria, and (9) the vegetative nucleus (VN) contains internal MT-like structures as well as numerous cytoplasmic MTs associated with its membrane and also located between the VN and GC.
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    Changes in the lysosome structure during the formation of zoospores inTrebouxia potteri (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 171 (1992), S. 19-27 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Lysosome ; Morphogenesis ; Trebouxia potteri ; Ultrastructure ; Zoospore formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Changes in the lysosome structures were examined by electron microscopy during the formation of zoospores inTrebouxia potteri. Lysosomes in vegetative cells were homogeneously filled with electron-dense material. At the beginning of zoospore formation, lysosomes invaginated or evaginated to take up mitochondria, ER, or cytoplasmic ground plasma. The ingested organelles became disorganized within the lysosomes. During this disruption of these organelles, the lysosomal contents became heterogeneous, suggesting a decrease in the amount of enzymes within the lysosomes. Golgi bodies and ER seemed to be involved with the disruption of the organelles, probably supplying some substances necessary for the functioning of the lysosomes. Amount of electron-dense materials decreased and, finally, only one to three small spherical aggregates remained in the lysosomes. Then the lysosomes appeared to shrink via loss of watery substances or cutting off of electron-transparent regions. After these changes in lysosome structure, nuclei started to divide successively for formation of the zoospores. The possibility is proposed that the drastic cytoplasmic changes operated by lysosomes trigger the following morphogenetic events in the formation of zoospores.
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    Cytometric and electron microscopic studies of the direct interaction of divalent nickel with intact and chemically modified HuT-78 lymphoblasts (1992)
    Springer
    Cell biology and toxicology 8 (1992), S. 27-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: Lymphoblasts ; Nickel ; Cytometry ; Ultrastructure ; Membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytometric and ultrastructural studies on 24 hr cultures of intact, 1.0 mM H5I06, and 0.1 mM SeO2-oxidized HuT-78 lymphoblasts were performed after their direct, 30 min interaction with 1.0 mM NiCl2. Except for moderately depressed cell viability, divalent nickel did not alter the progression of intact and oxidized target cells through the phases of the cell cycle. Although the plasma membrane remained structurally intact, marked distortion of mitochondria structure and increased osmiophilia were an invariable attribute of all nickel-pulsed cells. Moreover, numerous electron-opaque, intracellular depositions were detected in SeO2-oxidized, nickel-pulsed cells. It is concluded that the initial state of plasma membrane, and the interaction of nickel with other trace elements, have jointly determined the response of HuT-78 cells to brief and direct, divalent nickel pulses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00119293
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    Increased osteoclast development after estrogen loss: mediation by interleukin-6 (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-03
    Description: Osteoclasts, the cells that resorb bone, develop from hematopoietic precursors of the bone marrow under the control of factors produced in their microenvironment. The cytokine interleukin-6 can promote hematopoiesis and osteoclastogenesis. Interleukin-6 production by bone and marrow stromal cells is suppressed by 17 beta-estradiol in vitro. In mice, estrogen loss (ovariectomy) increased the number of colony-forming units for granulocytes and macrophages, enhanced osteoclast development in ex vivo cultures of marrow, and increased the number of osteoclasts in trabecular bone. These changes were prevented by 17 beta-estradiol or an antibody to interleukin-6. Thus, estrogen loss results in an interleukin-6-mediated stimulation of osteoclastogenesis, which suggests a mechanism for the increased bone resorption in postmenopausal osteoporosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jilka, R L -- Hangoc, G -- Girasole, G -- Passeri, G -- Williams, D C -- Abrams, J S -- Boyce, B -- Broxmeyer, H -- Manolagas, S C -- AI21761/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AR41313/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- CA36464/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 3;257(5066):88-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1621100" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Bone Marrow Cells ; Cells, Cultured ; Estradiol/*pharmacology ; Female ; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology ; Immunoglobulin G ; Interleukin-6/immunology/*physiology ; Mice ; Osteoclasts/*cytology/drug effects ; *Ovariectomy ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Spleen/cytology ; Stem Cells/cytology/drug effects
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Centriole duplication in lysates of Spisula solidissima oocytes (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-10
    Description: A cell-free system has been developed that executes centriole duplication. Surf clam (Spisula solidissima) oocytes, arrested at late prophase of meiosis I, do not contain centrioles, centrosomes, or asters. Serial section high-voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) of asters and spindles isolated from potassium chloride-activated oocytes indicates that within 4 minutes oocytes assemble a single centriole that is duplicated by 15 minutes when assembly of the first meiotic spindle is complete. A mixture of lysates from unactivated oocytes and potassium chloride-activated oocytes induces centriole formation and duplication. Astral microtubule content in these lysate mixtures increases with time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palazzo, R E -- Vaisberg, E -- Cole, R W -- Rieder, C L -- R01-40198/PHS HHS/ -- R01-43264/PHS HHS/ -- RR 01219/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 10;256(5054):219-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566068" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bivalvia ; Cell-Free System ; Centrioles/*ultrastructure ; Female ; Meiosis ; Microscopy, Electron ; Oocytes/cytology/*ultrastructure ; Prophase ; Tubulin/analysis
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    NIH wrestles with furor over conference (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palca, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 7;257(5071):739.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1496391" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; *Crime ; Female ; *Genetics, Medical ; Humans ; Male ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States ; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services ; *Violence
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    Molecular epidemiology of HIV transmission in a dental practice (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-22
    Description: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission from infected patients to health-care workers has been well documented, but transmission from an infected health-care worker to a patient has not been reported. After identification of an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patient who had no known risk factors for HIV infection but who had undergone an invasive procedure performed by a dentist with AIDS, six other patients of this dentist were found to be HIV-infected. Molecular biologic studies were conducted to complement the epidemiologic investigation. Portions of the HIV proviral envelope gene from each of the seven patients, the dentist, and 35 HIV-infected persons from the local geographic area were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Three separate comparative genetic analyses--genetic distance measurements, phylogenetic tree analysis, and amino acid signature pattern analysis--showed that the viruses from the dentist and five dental patients were closely related. These data, together with the epidemiologic investigation, indicated that these patients became infected with HIV while receiving care from a dentist with AIDS.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ou, C Y -- Ciesielski, C A -- Myers, G -- Bandea, C I -- Luo, C C -- Korber, B T -- Mullins, J I -- Schochetman, G -- Berkelman, R L -- Economou, A N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 22;256(5060):1165-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1589796" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/blood/microbiology/*transmission ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Viral/blood/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Dentistry ; Female ; Florida ; Genetic Variation ; HIV Infections/microbiology/*transmission ; HIV-1/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monocytes/physiology ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; *Patients ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Viral Envelope Proteins/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Requirement for the adenovirus type 9 E4 region in production of mammary tumors (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-09-07
    Description: Oncogenic viruses demonstrating a strict tropism for the mammary gland provide special opportunities to study the susceptibility of this tissue to neoplasia. In rats, human adenovirus type 9 (Ad9) elicits mammary fibroadenomas that are similar to common breast tumors in women, as well as phyllodes-like tumors and mammary sarcomas. By constructing recombinant adenoviruses between Ad9 and Ad26 (a related nontumorigenic virus), it was shown that the Ad9 E4 region was absolutely required to produce these mammary tumors. This indicates that an adenovirus gene located outside the classic transforming region (E1) can significantly influence the in vivo oncogenicity of an adenovirus. Consistent with a direct role in mammary gland oncogenesis, the Ad9 E4 region also exhibited transforming properties in vitro. Therefore, the Ad9 E4 region is a viral oncogene specifically involved in mammary gland tumorigenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Javier, R -- Raska, K Jr -- Shenk, T -- CA 21196/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 41086/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA09528/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 28;257(5074):1267-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1519063" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoviridae/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; Female ; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/*genetics/*microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Open Reading Frames/genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred WF ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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    Identification of ras oncogene mutations in the stool of patients with curable colorectal tumors (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-03
    Description: Colorectal (CR) tumors are usually curable if detected before metastasis. Because genetic alterations are associated with the development of these tumors, mutant genes may be found in the stool of individuals with CR neoplasms. The stools of nine patients whose tumors contained mutations of K-ras were analyzed. In eight of the nine cases, the ras mutations were detectable in DNA purified from the stool. These patients included those with benign and malignant neoplasms from proximal and distal colonic epithelium. Thus, colorectal tumors can be detected by a noninvasive method based on the molecular pathogenesis of the disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sidransky, D -- Tokino, T -- Hamilton, S R -- Kinzler, K W -- Levin, B -- Frost, P -- Vogelstein, B -- CA06973/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA35494/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 3;256(5053):102-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566048" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Blotting, Southern ; Carcinoma/diagnosis/*genetics/pathology ; Colonic Neoplasms/diagnosis/*genetics/pathology ; DNA, Neoplasm/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Feces/chemistry ; Female ; *Genes, ras ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prognosis ; Rectal Neoplasms/diagnosis/*genetics/pathology
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    Minority health. NIH spells out plans for a $45 million initiative (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palca, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 3;256(5053):24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566053" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; Female ; *Health Promotion ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Minority Groups ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase by v-Raf in NIH 3T3 cells and in vitro (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-09-04
    Description: Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are 42- and 44-kD serine-threonine protein kinases that are activated by tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation in cells stimulated with mitogens and growth factors. MAP kinase and the protein kinase that activates it (MAP kinase kinase) were constitutively activated in NIH 3T3 cells infected with viruses containing either of two oncogenic forms (p35EC12, p3722W) of the c-Raf-1 protein kinase. The v-Raf proteins purified from cells infected with EC12 or 22W viruses activated MAP kinase kinase from skeletal muscle in vitro. Furthermore, a bacterially expressed v-Raf fusion protein (glutathione S-transferase-p3722W) also activated MAP kinase kinase in vitro. These findings suggest that one function of c-Raf-1 in mitogenic signaling is to phosphorylate and activate MAP kinase kinase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dent, P -- Haser, W -- Haystead, T A -- Vincent, L A -- Roberts, T M -- Sturgill, T W -- CA50661/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK41077/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HD24926/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Sep 4;257(5075):1404-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1326789" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Immunosorbent Techniques ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases ; Muscles/enzymology ; Oncogene Proteins v-raf ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology ; Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/genetics/*pharmacology
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    G protein activation of a hormone-stimulated phosphatase in human tumor cells (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-05-22
    Description: The growth-inhibiting peptide hormone somatostatin stimulates phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity in the human pancreatic cell line MIA PaCa-2. This hormonal activation was mediated by a pertussis toxin-sensitive guanosine 5'-triphosphate-binding protein (G protein) in the membranes of these cells. Activation of this G protein by somatostatin stimulated the dephosphorylation of exogenous epidermal growth factor receptor prepared from A-431 cells in vitro. This pathway may mediate the antineoplastic action of somatostatin in these cells and in human tumors and could represent a general mechanism of G protein coupling that is utilized by normal cells in the hormonal control of cell growth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pan, M G -- Florio, T -- Stork, P J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 22;256(5060):1215-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute for Advanced Biomedical Research, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1350382" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/pharmacology ; Guanosine Diphosphate/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; Peptides/metabolism ; Pertussis Toxin ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/*metabolism ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism ; Somatostatin/*pharmacology ; Thionucleotides/pharmacology ; Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology
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    Targeted degradation of c-Fos, but not v-Fos, by a phosphorylation-dependent signal on c-Jun (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-12-18
    Description: The proto-oncogene products c-Fos and c-Jun heterodimerize through their leucine zippers to form the AP-1 transcription factor. The transcriptional activity of the heterodimer is regulated by signal-dependent phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. The stability of c-Fos was found to also be controlled by intracellular signal transduction. In transient expression and in vitro degradation experiments, the stability of c-Fos was decreased when the protein was dimerized with phosphorylated c-Jun. c-Jun protein isolated from phorbol ester-induced cells did not target c-Fos for degradation, which suggests that c-Fos is transiently stabilized after stimulation of cell growth. v-Fos protein, the retroviral counterpart of c-Fos, was not susceptible to degradation targeted by c-Jun.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Papavassiliou, A G -- Treier, M -- Chavrier, C -- Bohmann, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Dec 18;258(5090):1941-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Differentiation Program, Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1470918" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Codon/genetics ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oncogene Proteins v-fos/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/genetics/*metabolism ; Rabbits ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Reticulocytes/metabolism ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection
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    Changes in the sensory processing of olfactory signals induced by birth in sheep (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-05-08
    Description: After giving birth, sheep and many other species form a selective bond with their offspring based on the sense of smell. Processing of olfactory signals is altered to allow the animals to perform this selective recognition. Lamb odors have little effect on either neurotransmitter release or electrical activity of neurons in the olfactory bulb before birth. However, after birth there is an increase in the number of mitral cells, the principal cells of the olfactory bulb, that respond to lamb odors, which is associated with increased cholinergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter release. Selective recognition of lambs is accompanied by increased activity of a subset of mitral cells and release of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from the dendrodendritic synapses between the mitral and granule cells. The relation between the release of each transmitter after birth also suggests an increased efficacy of glutamate-evoked GABA release.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kendrick, K M -- Levy, F -- Keverne, E B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 8;256(5058):833-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Agricultural and Food Research Council, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge, United Kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1589766" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Female ; Glutamates/secretion ; Labor, Obstetric ; *Maternal Behavior ; Models, Neurological ; Neurons/physiology ; Odors ; Olfactory Bulb/*physiology ; Olfactory Nerve/physiology ; Pregnancy ; Regression Analysis ; Sheep ; *Smell ; Time Factors ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/secretion
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    Inactivation of the p34cdc2-cyclin B complex by the human WEE1 tyrosine kinase (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-09-25
    Description: Entry into mitosis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is negatively regulated by the wee1+ gene, which encodes a protein kinase with serine-, theonine-, and tyrosine-phosphorylating activities. The wee1+ kinase negatively regulates mitosis by phosphorylating p34cdc2 on tyrosine 15, thereby inactivating the p34cdc2-cyclin B complex. The human homolog of the wee1+ gene (WEE1Hu) was overproduced in bacteria and assayed in an in vitro system. Unlike its fission yeast homolog, the product of the WEE1Hu gene encoded a tyrosine-specific protein kinase. The human WEE1 kinase phosphorylated the p34cdc2-cyclin B complex on tyrosine 15 but not on threonine 14 in vitro and inactivated the p34cdc2-cyclin B kinase. This inhibition was reversed by the human Cdc25C protein, which catalyzed the dephosphorylation of p34cdc2. These results indicate that the product of the WEE1Hu gene directly regulates the p34cdc2-cyclin B complex in human cells and that a kinase other than that encoded by WEE1Hu phosphorylates p34cdc2 on threonine 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parker, L L -- Piwnica-Worms, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Sep 25;257(5078):1955-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1384126" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; *Cell Cycle ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cyclins/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Humans ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine ; Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins ; Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism
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    Selective transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 variants from mothers to infants (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-02-28
    Description: Multiple human immunodeficiency virus type-1 sequences from the V3 and V4-V5 regions of the envelope gene were analyzed from three mother-infant pairs. The infants' viral sequences were less diverse than those of their mothers. In two pairs, a proviral form infrequently found in the mother predominated in her infant. A conserved N-linked glycosylation site within the V3 region, present in each mother's sequence set, was absent in all of the infants' sequence sets. These findings demonstrate that a minor subset of maternal virus is transmitted to the infant.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wolinsky, S M -- Wike, C M -- Korber, B T -- Hutto, C -- Parks, W P -- Rosenblum, L L -- Kunstman, K J -- Furtado, M R -- Munoz, J L -- AI-32535/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HD26619-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P01-25569/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 28;255(5048):1134-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1546316" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/congenital/microbiology/*transmission ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Female ; Genotype ; Glycosylation ; HIV Antigens/genetics ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/genetics/immunology ; HIV-1/*genetics/immunology ; Humans ; Infant ; Maternal-Fetal Exchange ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Pregnancy ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment
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    A multifunctional aqueous channel formed by CFTR (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-27
    Description: The cystic fibrosis gene product (CFTR) is a complex protein that functions as an adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cAMP)-stimulated ion channel and possibly as a regulator of intracellular processes. In order to determine whether the CFTR molecule contains a functional aqueous pathway, anion, water, and urea transport were measured in Xenopus oocytes expressing CFTR. Cyclic AMP agonists induced a Cl- conductance of 94 microsiemens and an increase in water permeability of 4 x 10(-4) centimeter per second that was inhibited by a Cl- channel blocker and was dependent on anion composition. CFTR has a calculated single channel water conductance of 9 x 10(-13) cubic centimeter per second, suggesting a pore-like aqueous pathway. Oocytes expressing CFTR also showed cAMP-stimulated transport of urea but not the larger solute sucrose. Thus CFTR contains a cAMP-stimulated aqueous pore that can transport anions, water, and small solutes. The results also provide functional evidence for water movement through an ion channel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hasegawa, H -- Skach, W -- Baker, O -- Calayag, M C -- Lingappa, V -- Verkman, A S -- DK35124/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK43840/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HL42368/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 27;258(5087):1477-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0532.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1279809" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Biological Transport/physiology ; Chlorides/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP/physiology ; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ; Female ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Ion Channels/*physiology ; Membrane Proteins/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oocytes ; Urea/metabolism ; Water/metabolism ; Xenopus
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    Triplet repeat mutations in human disease (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-18
    Description: Triplet repeats are the sites of mutation in three human heritable disorders, spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), fragile X syndrome, and myotonic dystrophy (DM). These repeats are GC-rich and highly polymorphic in the normal population. Fragile X syndrome and DM are examples of diseases in which premutation alleles cause little or no disease in the individual, but give rise to significantly amplified repeats in affected progeny. This newly identified mechanism of mutation has, so far, been identified in two of the most common heritable disorders, fragile X syndrome and DM, and one rare disease, SBMA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Caskey, C T -- Pizzuti, A -- Fu, Y H -- Fenwick, R G Jr -- Nelson, D L -- 1R01HD29256/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P30-HG00210/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- P30HD24064/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 8;256(5058):784-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1589758" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; Fragile X Syndrome/*genetics/physiopathology ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/*genetics/physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/*genetics/physiopathology ; *Mutation ; Myotonic Dystrophy/*genetics/physiopathology ; Pedigree ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
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    Modulation of the dimerization of a transcriptional antiterminator protein by phosphorylation (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-09-04
    Description: The transcriptional antiterminator protein BglG inhibits transcription termination of the bgl operon in Escherichia coli when it is in the nonphosphorylated state. The BglG protein is now shown to exist in two configurations, an active, dimeric nonphosphorylated form and an inactive, monomeric phosphorylated form. The migration of BglG on native polyacrylamide gels was consistent with it existing as a dimer when nonphosphorylated and as a monomer when phosphorylated. Only the nonphosphorylated dimer was found to bind to the target RNA. When the dimerization domain of the lambda repressor was replaced with BglG, the resulting chimera behaved like an intact lambda repressor in its ability to repress lambda gene expression, which suggests that BglG dimerizes in vivo. Repression by the lambda-BglG hybrid was significantly reduced by BglF, the BglG kinase, an effect that was relieved by conditions that stimulate dephosphorylation of BglG by BglF. These results suggest that the phosphorylation and the dephosphorylation of BglG regulate its activity by controlling its dimeric state.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Amster-Choder, O -- Wright, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Sep 4;257(5075):1395-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University Health Sciences Campus, Boston, MA 02111.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1382312" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Bacteriophage lambda/genetics ; Binding Sites ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Escherichia coli/metabolism ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Weight ; Operon ; Phosphorylation ; RNA/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Women in science: from panes to ceilings (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-03-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Healy, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Mar 13;255(5050):1333.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1542782" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; Humans ; Research Personnel/*statistics & numerical data ; Science/*manpower ; United States ; Women, Working/*statistics & numerical data
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Sexually antagonistic genes: experimental evidence (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-06-05
    Description: When selection differs between the sexes, a mutation beneficial to one sex may be harmful to the other (sexually antagonistic). Because the sexes share a common gene pool, selection in one sex can interfere with the other's adaptive evolution. Theory predicts that sexually antagonistic mutations should accumulate in tight linkage with a new sex-determining gene, even when the harm to benefit ratio is high. Genetic markers and artificial selection were used to make a pair of autosomal genes segregate like a new pair of sex-determining genes in a Drosophila melanogaster model system. A 29-generation study provides experimental evidence that sexually antagonistic genes may be common in nature and will accumulate in response to a new sex-determining gene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rice, W R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 5;256(5062):1436-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Board of Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz 95064.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1604317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; Eye Color/genetics ; Female ; *Genes ; Male ; Phenotype ; *Recombination, Genetic ; *Selection, Genetic ; *Sex Ratio
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    Human gene therapy (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-05-08
    Description: Human gene therapy is a procedure that is being used in an attempt to treat genetic and other diseases. Eleven clinical protocols are under way at the present time, each with scientific and clinical objectives. Human genetic engineering raises unique safety, social, and ethical concerns.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, W F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 8;256(5058):808-13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1589762" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Deaminase/deficiency/*genetics ; Bioethics ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Federal Government ; Female ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn ; Genetic Engineering ; *Genetic Therapy ; Government Regulation ; Humans ; Male ; Neoplasms/genetics/therapy ; Risk Assessment ; Safety ; Social Responsibility
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    Folic acid. Agencies split on nutrition advice (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-09-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palca, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Sep 25;257(5078):1857.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1301026" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Diet ; Female ; *Folic Acid ; Humans ; Neural Tube Defects/prevention & control ; Pregnancy
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    Cloning of a subunit of yeast RNA polymerase II transcription factor b and CTD kinase (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-09-04
    Description: Yeast RNA polymerase II initiation factor b copurifies with three polypeptides of 85, 73, and 50 kilodaltons and with a protein kinase that phosphorylates the carboxyl-terminal repeat domain (CTD) of the largest polymerase subunit. The gene that encodes the 73-kilodalton polypeptide, designated TFB1, was cloned and found to be essential for cell growth. The deduced protein sequence exhibits no similarity to those of protein kinases. However, the sequence is similar to that of the 62-kilodalton subunit of the HeLa transcription factor BFT2, suggesting that this factor is the human counterpart of yeast factor b. Immunoprecipitation experiments using antibodies to the TFB1 gene product demonstrate that the transcriptional and CTD kinase activities of factor b are closely associated with an oligomer of the three polypeptides. Photoaffinity labeling with 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl-ATP (adenosine triphosphate) identified an ATP-binding site in the 85-kilodalton polypeptide, suggesting that the 85-kilodalton subunit contains the catalytic domain of the kinase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gileadi, O -- Feaver, W J -- Kornberg, R D -- GM-36659/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Sep 4;257(5075):1389-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Sherman Fairchild Center, Stanford University Medical School, CA 94305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1445600" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Affinity Labels ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; *Cloning, Molecular ; Immunosorbent Techniques ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA Polymerase II/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*enzymology/genetics ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/*genetics ; *Transcription Factors, General ; *Transcription Factors, TFII ; *Transcriptional Elongation Factors
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    Age-associated inclusions in normal and transgenic mouse brain (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-03-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jucker, M -- Walker, L C -- Martin, L J -- Kitt, C A -- Kleinman, H K -- Ingram, D K -- Price, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Mar 13;255(5050):1443-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1542796" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/*metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*metabolism ; Animals ; Brain/*metabolism ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic/*metabolism
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    Genome analysis and the human X chromosome (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-10-02
    Description: A unified genetic, physical, and functional map of the human X chromosome is being built through a concerted, international effort. About 40 percent of the 160 million base pairs of the X chromosome DNA have been cloned in overlapping, ordered contigs derived from yeast artificial chromosomes. This rapid progress toward a physical map is accelerating the identification of inherited disease genes, 26 of which are already cloned and more than 50 others regionally localized by linkage analysis. This article summarizes the mapping strategies now used and the impact of genome research on the understanding of X chromosome inactivation and X-linked diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mandel, J L -- Monaco, A P -- Nelson, D L -- Schlessinger, D -- Willard, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 2;258(5079):103-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Genetique Moleculaire des Eucaryotes du CNRS, INSERM, Strasbourg, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1439756" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Chromosome Mapping ; Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Female ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Macropodidae ; Male ; Mice ; Mutation ; Sex Chromosome Aberrations ; *X Chromosome
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    Genome maps III. 1992. Wall Chart (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mandel, J L -- Monaco, A P -- Nelson, D L -- Schlessinger, D -- Willard, H F -- Chipperfield, M -- Pearson, P -- Gilna, P -- Cinkosky, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 2;258(5079):87-102.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSERM, Strasbourg, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1439771" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human ; Female ; Genetic Linkage ; Genetic Markers ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Sex Chromosome Aberrations ; X Chromosome
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    Activation of transcription by IFN-gamma: tyrosine phosphorylation of a 91-kD DNA binding protein (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-12-21
    Description: Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) induces the transcription of the gene encoding a guanylate binding protein by activating a latent cytoplasmic factor, GAF (gamma-activated factor). GAF is translocated to the nucleus and binds a DNA element, the gamma-activated site. Through cross-linking and the use of specific antibodies GAF was found to be a 91-kilodalton DNA binding protein that was previously identified as one of four proteins in interferon-stimulated gene factor-3 (ISGF-3), a transcription complex activated by IFN-alpha. The IFN-gamma-dependent activation of the 91-kilodalton DNA binding protein required cytoplasmic phosphorylation of the protein on tyrosine. The 113-kilodalton ISGF-3 protein that is phosphorylated in response to IFN-alpha was not phosphorylated nor translocated to the nucleus in response to IFN-gamma. Thus the two different ligands result in tyrosine phosphorylation of different combinations of latent cytoplasmic transcription factors that then act at different DNA binding sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shuai, K -- Schindler, C -- Prezioso, V R -- Darnell, J E Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Dec 11;258(5089):1808-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1281555" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Interferon-alpha/pharmacology ; Interferon-gamma/*pharmacology ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; STAT1 Transcription Factor ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; *Trans-Activators ; *Transcription, Genetic/drug effects ; Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives/analysis
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    Breast cancer's forced march? (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-10-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 30;258(5083):732, 734.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1439774" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomedical Research ; *Breast Neoplasms ; *Federal Government ; Female ; Financing, Government/*economics ; Humans ; Lobbying ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research Support as Topic/*economics ; Resource Allocation ; United States
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    Senate backs fetal research--and more (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palca, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 10;256(5054):172-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566065" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*transmission ; Female ; *Fetal Tissue Transplantation ; Government Agencies ; Humans ; Male ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Sexual Behavior ; United States
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    Tumor necrosis factor-alpha activates the sphingomyelin signal transduction pathway in a cell-free system (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-03-27
    Description: The mechanism of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha signaling is unknown. TNF-alpha signaling may involve sphingomyelin hydrolysis to ceramide by a sphingomyelinase and stimulation of a ceramide-activated protein kinase. In a cell-free system, TNF-alpha induced a rapid reduction in membrane sphingomyelin content and a quantitative elevation in ceramide concentrations. Ceramide-activated protein kinase activity also increased. Kinase activation was mimicked by addition of sphingomyelinase but not by phospholipases A2, C, or D. Reconstitution of this cascade in a cell-free system demonstrates tight coupling to the receptor, suggesting this is a signal transduction pathway for TNF-alpha.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dressler, K A -- Mathias, S -- Kolesnick, R N -- 1 F32 GM14207-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R0-1-CA-42385/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Mar 27;255(5052):1715-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1313189" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell-Free System ; Ceramides/*physiology ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*physiology ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor ; Second Messenger Systems ; Signal Transduction/*drug effects ; Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase/*physiology ; Sphingomyelins/*physiology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*pharmacology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comparative genomic hybridization for molecular cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-30
    Description: Comparative genomic hybridization produces a map of DNA sequence copy number as a function of chromosomal location throughout the entire genome. Differentially labeled test DNA and normal reference DNA are hybridized simultaneously to normal chromosome spreads. The hybridization is detected with two different fluorochromes. Regions of gain or loss of DNA sequences, such as deletions, duplications, or amplifications, are seen as changes in the ratio of the intensities of the two fluorochromes along the target chromosomes. Analysis of tumor cell lines and primary bladder tumors identified 16 different regions of amplification, many in loci not previously known to be amplified.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kallioniemi, A -- Kallioniemi, O P -- Sudar, D -- Rutovitz, D -- Gray, J W -- Waldman, F -- Pinkel, D -- CA 44768/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 45919/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 47537/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 30;258(5083):818-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1359641" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromosome Mapping ; DNA Probes ; DNA, Neoplasm/*genetics ; Female ; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Gene Amplification ; Gene Deletion ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Male ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/*genetics ; *Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Oncogenes ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Rhodamines ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Aromatase enzyme activity and sex determination in chickens (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-24
    Description: During development, the genotype of the zygote determines the nature of the gonad, which then determines the male or female phenotype. The molecular events underlying this process are just beginning to be defined. A single treatment of chicken embryos with an aromatase inhibitor (which blocks the synthesis of estrogen from testosterone) at a stage when their gonads were bipotential caused genetic females to develop a permanent male phenotype. These sex-reversed females developed bilateral testes that were capable of complete spermatogenesis and had the physical appearance and behavior of normal males. This result identifies aromatase as a key developmental switch in the sex determination of chickens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elbrecht, A -- Smith, R G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 24;255(5043):467-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Animal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1734525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aromatase/*metabolism ; Aromatase Inhibitors ; Chick Embryo ; Chickens/*physiology ; Estradiol/blood/pharmacology ; Female ; Genitalia/embryology ; Male ; Phenotype ; *Sex Determination Analysis ; Spermatogenesis ; Testosterone/blood
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    Structure and functional expression of an omega-conotoxin-sensitive human N-type calcium channel (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-17
    Description: N-type calcium channels are omega-conotoxin (omega-CgTx)-sensitive, voltage-dependent ion channels involved in the control of neurotransmitter release from neurons. Multiple subtypes of voltage-dependent calcium channel complexes exist, and it is the alpha 1 subunit of the complex that forms the pore through which calcium enters the cell. The primary structures of human neuronal calcium channel alpha 1B subunits were deduced by the characterization of overlapping complementary DNAs. Two forms (alpha 1B-1 and alpha 1B-2) were identified in human neuroblastoma (IMR32) cells and in the central nervous system, but not in skeletal muscle or aorta tissues. The alpha 1B-1 subunit directs the recombinant expression of N-type calcium channel activity when it is transiently co-expressed with human neuronal beta 2 and alpha 2b subunits in mammalian HEK293 cells. The recombinant channel was irreversibly blocked by omega-CgTx but was insensitive to dihydropyridines. The alpha 1B-1 alpha 2b beta 2-transfected cells displayed a single class of saturable, high-affinity (dissociation constant = 55 pM) omega-CgTx binding sites. Co-expression of the beta 2 subunit was necessary for N-type channel activity, whereas the alpha 2b subunit appeared to modulate the expression of the channel. The heterogeneity of alpha 1B subunits, along with the heterogeneity of alpha 2 and beta subunits, is consistent with multiple, biophysically distinct N-type calcium channels.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Williams, M E -- Brust, P F -- Feldman, D H -- Patthi, S -- Simerson, S -- Maroufi, A -- McCue, A F -- Velicelebi, G -- Ellis, S B -- Harpold, M M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 17;257(5068):389-95.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉SIBIA, Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1321501" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Channels/*drug effects/*genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Membrane Potentials ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neuroblastoma/metabolism ; Peptides, Cyclic/*pharmacology ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Transfection ; omega-Conotoxin GVIA
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    The continuing case of the Florida dentist (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, T F -- Waterman, M S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 22;256(5060):1155-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biomolecular Engineering Research Center, Boston University, MA 02215.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1589795" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/microbiology/*transmission ; DNA, Viral/*genetics ; *Dentistry ; Female ; Florida ; *HIV Seropositivity ; HIV-1/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Infant ; *Patients
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    Selfish genes (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bull, J J -- Molineux, I J -- Werren, J H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 3;256(5053):65.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin 78712.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566058" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Crosses, Genetic ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Female ; *Genes ; Heterozygote ; Male ; Mice
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    Lymphoid development in mice congenitally lacking T cell receptor alpha beta-expressing cells (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-06-05
    Description: Vertebrate T cells express either an alpha beta or gamma delta T cell receptor (TCR). The developmental relatedness of the two cell types is unresolved. alpha beta + T cells respond to specific pathogens by collaborating with immunoglobulin-producing B cells in distinct lymphoid organs such as the spleen and Peyer's patches. The precise influence of alpha beta + T cells on B cell development is poorly understood. To investigate the developmental effects of alpha beta + T cells on B cells and gamma delta + T cells, mice homozygous for a disrupted TCR alpha gene were generated. The homozygotes showed elimination of alpha beta + T cells and the loss of thymic medullae. Despite this, gamma delta + T cells developed in normal numbers, and there was an increase in splenic B cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Philpott, K L -- Viney, J L -- Kay, G -- Rastan, S -- Gardiner, E M -- Chae, S -- Hayday, A C -- Owen, M J -- GM37759/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 5;256(5062):1448-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1604321" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Blastocyst ; Blotting, Southern ; Chimera ; Clone Cells ; DNA/genetics/isolation & purification ; Female ; Lymphoid Tissue/growth & development/*immunology ; Macromolecular Substances ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Peyer's Patches/immunology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*genetics ; Spleen/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Thymus Gland/immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    An amino acid mutation in a potassium channel that prevents inhibition by protein kinase C (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-03-27
    Description: A slowly activating, voltage-dependent potassium channel protein cloned from rat kidney was expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Two activators of protein kinase C, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-rac-glycerol and phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, inhibited the current. This inhibition was blocked by the kinase inhibitor staurosporine. Inhibition of the current was not seen in channels in which Ser103 was replaced by Ala, although other properties of the current were unchanged. These results indicate that inhibition of the potassium current results from direct phosphorylation of the channel subunit protein at Ser103.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Busch, A E -- Varnum, M D -- North, R A -- Adelman, J P -- DA03160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- NS28504/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Mar 27;255(5052):1705-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553557" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; DNA/genetics ; Diglycerides/pharmacology ; Ion Channel Gating ; Membrane Potentials ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Phorbol Esters/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Potassium Channels/*physiology ; Protein Kinase C/*metabolism ; Rats ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    Do antidepressants promote tumors? (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 3;257(5066):22-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1621088" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amitriptyline/*toxicity ; Animals ; Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy/prevention & control ; Carcinogens/*toxicity ; Female ; Fluoxetine/*toxicity ; Humans ; Mice ; Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced ; Rats ; Tamoxifen/therapeutic use ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
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    MAP kinases: charting the regulatory pathways (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-09-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pelech, S L -- Sanghera, J S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Sep 4;257(5075):1355-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Kinetek Biotechnology Corporation, Richmond, B.C., Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1382311" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases ; *Homeostasis ; Humans ; Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphothreonine/metabolism ; Phosphotyrosine ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Condom use (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sonenstein, F L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 14;257(5072):861.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1502545" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control ; Adolescent ; Adult ; *Contraceptive Devices, Male ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Sex Education ; *Sexual Behavior ; United States
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    Medicine: a signal contribution to cell biology (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 23;258(5082):542-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1411564" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: History, 20th Century ; *Nobel Prize ; Phosphorylases/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; *Physiology/history ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; United States
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    Levantines and Londoners (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wolpoff, M H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 10;255(5041):142.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Continental Population Groups ; Female ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; Male ; *Paleontology ; Skull/*anatomy & histology
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    The promise and pitfalls of molecular genetics (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aldhous, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 10;257(5067):164-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1631543" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Behavior/*physiology ; Child ; Environment ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence/genetics ; Male ; Mental Disorders/genetics ; *Molecular Biology ; Twins/psychology
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    Sexual behavior. French venture where U.S. fears to tread (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aldhous, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 3;257(5066):25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1320289" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control ; Adult ; Aged ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Data Collection ; Female ; France ; HIV Infections/prevention & control ; *Homosexuality ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Sexual Behavior ; United States
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    The tissue bank's shaky underpinnings (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hamilton, D P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 14;257(5072):869.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1502549" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aborted Fetus ; Abortion, Induced ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Federal Government ; Female ; *Fetal Research ; *Fetal Tissue Transplantation ; Fetus ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Ectopic ; Tissue Banks/economics/*organization & administration ; United States ; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services
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    Tyrosyl phosphorylation and activation of MAP kinases by p56lck (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-02-14
    Description: T cell signaling via the CD4 surface antigen is mediated by the associated tyrosyl protein kinase p56lck. The 42-kilodalton mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (p42mapk) was tyrosyl-phosphorylated and activated after treatment of the murine T lymphoma cell line 171CD4+, which expresses CD4, with antibody to CD3. Treatment of the CD4-deficient cell line 171 with the same antibody did not result in phosphorylation or activation of p42mapk. Purified p56lck both tyrosyl-phosphorylated and stimulated the seryl-threonyl phosphotransferase activity of purified p44mpk, a MAP kinase isoform from sea star oocytes. A synthetic peptide modeled after the putative regulatory phosphorylation site in murine p42mapk (Tyr185) was phosphorylated by p56lck with a similar Vmax, but a fivefold lower Michaelis constant (Km) than a peptide containing the Tyr394 autophosphorylation site from p56lck. MAP kinases may participate in protein kinase cascades that link Src family protein-tyrosyl kinases to seryl-threonyl kinases such as those encoded by rsk and raf, which are putative substrates of MAP kinases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ettehadieh, E -- Sanghera, J S -- Pelech, S L -- Hess-Bienz, D -- Watts, J -- Shastri, N -- Aebersold, R -- R126604/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 14;255(5046):853-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1311128" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, CD3 ; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Cell Line ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck) ; Lymphoma, T-Cell ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oncogene Proteins, Viral/*physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/*physiology ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*physiology ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology ; Signal Transduction/*physiology ; T-Lymphocytes/physiology
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    Tyrosine phosphorylation of the vav proto-oncogene product in activated B cells (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-22
    Description: Activation of B lymphocytes by engagement of their immunoglobulin M antigen receptors results in phosphorylation of a number of proteins on tyrosine residues. One such protein is p95vav, the product of the vav proto-oncogene. Tyrosine phosphorylation of p95vav occurred within seconds of immunoglobulin M cross-linking and was independent of other events induced during stimulation of B cells, such as protein kinase C activation, guanosine triphosphate-binding protein signaling, and calcium mobilization. Moreover, engagement of antigen receptors induced the rapid (approximately 5 seconds) and transient (approximately 60 seconds) association of p95vav with a 70-kilodalton tyrosine-phosphorylated protein, Vap-1, an interaction mediated by the Src homology 2 domain of p95vav. These results suggest that the vav proto-oncogene participates in the signaling processes that mediate the antigen-induced activation of B lymphocytes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bustelo, X R -- Barbacid, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 22;256(5060):1196-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1375396" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/analysis ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology/*physiology ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Line ; Kinetics ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav ; *Proto-Oncogenes ; Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives/analysis
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    Role of beta gamma subunits of G proteins in targeting the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase to membrane-bound receptors (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-28
    Description: The rate and extent of the agonist-dependent phosphorylation of beta 2-adrenergic receptors and rhodopsin by beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK) are markedly enhanced on addition of G protein beta gamma subunits. With a model peptide substrate it was demonstrated that direct activation of the kinase could not account for this effect. G protein beta gamma subunits were shown to interact directly with the COOH-terminal region of beta ARK, and formation of this beta ARK-beta gamma complex resulted in receptor-facilitated membrane localization of the enzyme. The beta gamma subunits of transducin were less effective at both enhancing the rate of receptor phosphorylation and binding to the COOH-terminus of beta ARK, suggesting that the enzyme preferentially binds specific beta gamma complexes. The beta gamma-mediated membrane localization of beta ARK serves to intimately link receptor activation to beta ARK-mediated desensitization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pitcher, J A -- Inglese, J -- Higgins, J B -- Arriza, J L -- Casey, P J -- Kim, C -- Benovic, J L -- Kwatra, M M -- Caron, M G -- Lefkowitz, R J -- 4R37-HL16039/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- GM 44944/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 28;257(5074):1264-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1325672" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cattle ; *Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Escherichia coli ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; In Vitro Techniques ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/*pharmacology ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*drug effects/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Rhodopsin/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology ; beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases
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  • 82
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    Lithium-sensitive production of inositol phosphates during amphibian embryonic mesoderm induction (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-10
    Description: Mesoderm induction and body axis determination in frog (Xenopus) embryos are thought to involve growth factor-mediated cell-cell signaling, but the signal transduction pathways are unknown. Li+, which inhibits the polyphosphoinositide (PI) cycle signal transduction pathway in many cells, also disrupts axis determination and mesoderm induction. Amounts of the PI cycle-derived second messenger, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, increased during mesoderm induction in normal embryos; addition of Li+ inhibited the embryonic inositol monophosphatase and reversed this increase. Embryonic PI cycle activity thus shows characteristics that indicate it may function in mesoderm induction and axis determination.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maslanski, J A -- Leshko, L -- Busa, W B -- HD22879/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD27546/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 10;256(5054):243-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1314424" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chlorides/*pharmacology ; Choline/pharmacology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology ; Female ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/metabolism ; Inositol Phosphates/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Lithium/*pharmacology ; Lithium Chloride ; Mesoderm/drug effects/*physiology ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Teratogens/*pharmacology ; Xenopus/*embryology
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  • 83
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    Miscarriage study (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-17
    Description: In the letter of 19 June 1992 (p. 1613) by Ellen C. Weaver and Stephanie J. Bird of the Association for Women in Science (AWIS), an incorrect phone number was given for the AWIS mentoring program. The correct number is 800-886-AWIS.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Byrne, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 17;257(5068):310.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1631547" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abortion, Spontaneous/*etiology ; Bacterial Infections/complications ; Female ; *Fetal Tissue Transplantation ; Fetus/*microbiology ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Virus Diseases/complications
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  • 84
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    A protein kinase substrate identified by the two-hybrid system (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-31
    Description: A genetic method, the two-hybrid system, was used to identify four genes encoding proteins that interact with the SNF1 protein kinase from yeast. One of the genes, SIP1, was independently isolated as a multicopy suppressor of defects caused by reduced SNF1 kinase activity, and genetic evidence supports its function in the SNF1 pathway. The SIP1 protein co-immunoprecipitated with SNF1 and was phosphorylated in vitro. Thus, the two-hybrid system, which is applicable to any cloned gene, can be used to detect physical interactions between protein kinases and functionally related substrate proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, X -- Hubbard, E J -- Carlson, M -- CA09503/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM34095/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 31;257(5070):680-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics and Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1496382" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Genes, Fungal ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis ; Phosphorylation ; Plasmids ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; *Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/*metabolism ; Restriction Mapping ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*enzymology ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Substrate Specificity ; *Transcription Factors
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  • 85
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    Mammography trial comes under fire (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allison, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 22;256(5060):1128-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1589786" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Breast Neoplasms/*etiology/mortality ; Canada/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Mammography/*adverse effects ; United States/epidemiology
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  • 86
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    The search for Eve (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cann, R L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 3;256(5053):79.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566059" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA/*genetics ; Female ; Fossils ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans
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  • 87
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    Requirements for phosphorylation of MAP kinase during meiosis in Xenopus oocytes (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-10
    Description: Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are activated in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli by phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine residues. Xp42 is a Xenopus laevis MAP kinase that is activated during oocyte maturation. Modified forms of Xp42 that lacked enzymatic activity or either of the phosphorylation sites were expressed in Xenopus oocytes. When meiotic maturation was induced with progesterone, each mutant Xp42 was phosphorylated, indicating that at least one kinase was activated that can phosphorylate Xp42 on tyrosine and threonine. Phosphorylation of one residue is not strictly dependent on phosphorylation of the other.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Posada, J -- Cooper, J A -- CA-08860/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA-28151/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 10;255(5041):212-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98104.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1313186" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Enzyme Activation ; Female ; Glutathione Transferase/genetics/metabolism ; Meiosis/*physiology ; Methionine/metabolism ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oocytes/cytology/drug effects/*enzymology ; Peptides/chemical synthesis/metabolism ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Progesterone/pharmacology ; Protein Kinases/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Xenopus laevis
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  • 88
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    Assignment of a locus for familial melanoma, MLM, to chromosome 9p13-p22 (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-13
    Description: Linkage analysis of ten Utah kindreds and one Texas kindred with multiple cases of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) provided evidence that a locus for familial melanoma susceptibility is in the chromosomal region 9p13-p22. The genetic markers analyzed reside in a candidate region on chromosome 9p21, previously implicated by the presence of homozygous deletions in melanoma tumors and by the presence of a germline deletion in an individual with eight independent melanomas. Multipoint linkage analysis was performed between the familial melanoma susceptibility locus (MLM) and two short tandem repeat markers, D9S126 and the interferon-alpha (IFNA) gene, which reside in the region of somatic loss in melanoma tumors. An analysis incorporating a partially penetrant dominant melanoma susceptibility locus places MLM near IFNA and D9S126 with a maximum location score of 12.71. Therefore, the region frequently deleted in melanoma tumors on 9p21 presumably contains a locus that plays a critical role in predisposition to familial melanoma.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cannon-Albright, L A -- Goldgar, D E -- Meyer, L J -- Lewis, C M -- Anderson, D E -- Fountain, J W -- Hegi, M E -- Wiseman, R W -- Petty, E M -- Bale, A E -- CA 42014/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 48711/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- RR 00064/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 13;258(5085):1148-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1439824" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Base Sequence ; Child ; Chromosome Aberrations ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 ; Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome/genetics ; Female ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Genetic Markers ; Humans ; Lod Score ; Male ; Melanoma/*genetics ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pedigree ; Skin Neoplasms/*genetics ; Texas ; Utah
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  • 89
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    NIH fends off critics of tamoxifen study (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 30;258(5083):734.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1439776" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Breast Neoplasms/*prevention & control ; Female ; *Financing, Government ; Humans ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Tamoxifen/*therapeutic use ; United States
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  • 90
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    CDC seeks a sex policy (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 10;256(5054):167.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1314420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Female ; HIV Infections/*prevention & control/transmission ; *Health Policy ; Humans ; Male ; *Sex Education ; *Sexual Behavior ; United States
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  • 91
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    Calmodulin trapping by calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-05-22
    Description: Multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) transduces transient elevations in intracellular calcium into changes in the phosphorylation state and activity of target proteins. By fluorescence emission anisotropy, the affinity of CaM kinase for dansylated calmodulin was measured and found to increase 1000 times after autophosphorylation of the threonine at position 286 of the protein. Autophosphorylation markedly slowed the release of bound calcium-calmodulin; the release time increased from less than a second to several hundred seconds. In essence, calmodulin is trapped by autophosphorylation. The shift in affinity does not occur in a site-directed mutant in which threonine at position 286 has been replaced by a non-phosphorylatable amino acid. These experiments demonstrate the existence of a new state in which calmodulin is bound to CaM kinase even though the concentration of calcium is basal. Calmodulin trapping provides for molecular potentiation of calcium transients and may enable detection of their frequency.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meyer, T -- Hanson, P I -- Stryer, L -- Schulman, H -- GM 40600/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM24032/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- MH45324/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 22;256(5060):1199-202.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1317063" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Binding, Competitive ; Calcium/pharmacology ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Calmodulin/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Egtazic Acid/pharmacology ; Kinetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Threonine ; Time Factors ; Transfection
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  • 92
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    Biosynthesis of human papillomavirus from a continuous cell line upon epithelial differentiation (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-08-14
    Description: The study of the human pathogen papillomaviruses (HPVs) has been hampered by the inability to propagate the virus in tissue culture. The addition of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate to the media of organotypic (raft) cultures increased expression of physiological markers of keratinocyte differentiation and concomitantly induced production of virions. Capsid production was detected in differentiated suprabasal cells. Virions approximately 54 nanometers in size were observed by electron microscopy in raft tissue cross sections in the suprabasal layers. Virions purified through isopycnic gradients were found to contain type 31b DNA and exhibited an icosahedral shape similar to that of papillomaviruses found in clinical samples.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meyers, C -- Frattini, M G -- Hudson, J B -- Laimins, L A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 14;257(5072):971-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, IL 60637.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1323879" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Capsid/biosynthesis ; *Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium/drug effects/microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; Microscopy, Electron ; Papillomaviridae/drug effects/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Virion/drug effects/physiology/ultrastructure ; *Virus Replication/drug effects
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  • 93
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    Malignant transformation by a mutant of the IFN-inducible dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-09-18
    Description: The double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (dsRNA-PK) is thought to be a key mediator of the antiviral and antiproliferative effects of interferons (IFNs). Studies examining the physiological function of the kinase suggest that it participates in cell growth and differentiation by regulating protein synthesis. Autophosphorylation and consequent activation of dsRNA-PK in vitro and in vivo result in phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2) and inhibition of protein synthesis. Expression of a functionally defective mutant of human dsRNA-PK in NIH 3T3 cells resulted in malignant transformation, suggesting that dsRNA-PK may function as a suppressor of cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koromilas, A E -- Roy, S -- Barber, G N -- Katze, M G -- Sonenberg, N -- AI22646/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR00166/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Sep 18;257(5077):1685-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1382315" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA/genetics ; Enzyme Induction ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Immunoblotting ; Interferons/*pharmacology ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Transfection ; eIF-2 Kinase
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  • 94
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    Swallows and scorpionflies find symmetry is beautiful (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ridley, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 17;257(5068):327-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1631552" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds ; Body Constitution ; Computer Simulation ; Diptera ; Face/anatomy & histology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Odors ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Tail/anatomy & histology
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  • 95
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    Cell cycle-regulated binding of c-Abl tyrosine kinase to DNA (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-17
    Description: The proto-oncogene c-abl encodes a protein tyrosine kinase that is localized in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The large carboxyl-terminal segment of c-Abl was found to contain a DNA-binding domain that was necessary for the association of c-Abl with chromatin. The DNA-binding activity of c-Abl was lost during mitosis when the carboxyl-terminal segment became phosphorylated. In vitro phosphorylation of the DNA-binding domain by cdc2 kinase abolished DNA binding. Homozygous mutant mice expressing a c-Abl tyrosine kinase without the DNA-binding domain have been reported to die of multiple defects at birth. Thus, binding of the c-Abl tyrosine kinase to DNA may be essential to its biological function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kipreos, E T -- Wang, J Y -- CA 43054/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 17;256(5055):382-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0116.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566087" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Cell Cycle/*physiology ; Chromatography, Affinity ; DNA/*metabolism ; *Genes, abl ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; Phosphothreonine/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Maternal-effect selfish genes in flour beetles (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-03
    Description: A previously unknown class of dominant, maternal-effect lethal M factors was found to be widespread in natural populations of the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, collected on several continents. Such factors are integrated into the host chromosomes at variable locations and show the remarkable property of self-selection by maternal-effect lethality to all hatchlings that do not inherit a copy of the factor itself. Offspring are rescued by either paternally or maternally inherited copies. The M-bearing chromosome is thereby perpetuated at the expense of its non-M homolog. M factors that map to different regions of the genome do not rescue one another's maternal-effect lethality. Factors expressing these properties are predicted to spread in a population, even in the absence of any additional selective advantage. Similar factors also occur in the related species T. confusum.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beeman, R W -- Friesen, K S -- Denell, R E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 3;256(5053):89-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566060" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beetles/*genetics ; Crosses, Genetic ; Female ; Fertility/genetics ; *Genes, Dominant ; *Genes, Lethal ; Genotype ; In Vitro Techniques ; Phenotype ; *Sex Differentiation ; Zygote/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    Primary structure and functional expression of the beta 1 subunit of the rat brain sodium channel (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-08
    Description: Voltage-sensitive sodium channels are responsible for the initiation and propagation of the action potential and therefore are important for neuronal excitability. Complementary DNA clones encoding the beta 1 subunit of the rat brain sodium channel were isolated by a combination of polymerase chain reaction and library screening techniques. The deduced primary structure indicates that the beta 1 subunit is a 22,851-dalton protein that contains a single putative transmembrane domain and four potential extracellular N-linked glycosylation sites, consistent with biochemical data. Northern blot analysis reveals a 1,400-nucleotide messenger RNA in rat brain, heart, skeletal muscle, and spinal cord. Coexpression of beta 1 subunits with alpha subunits increases the size of the peak sodium current, accelerates its inactivation, and shifts the voltage dependence of inactivation to more negative membrane potentials. These results indicate that the beta 1 subunit is crucial in the assembly, expression, and functional modulation of the heterotrimeric complex of the rat brain sodium channel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Isom, L L -- De Jongh, K S -- Patton, D E -- Reber, B F -- Offord, J -- Charbonneau, H -- Walsh, K -- Goldin, A L -- Catterall, W A -- NS15751/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS25704/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS26729/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 8;256(5058):839-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1375395" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Blotting, Northern ; Brain/*physiology ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA/genetics/isolation & purification ; Female ; Kinetics ; Macromolecular Substances ; Membrane Potentials ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oocytes/physiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Protein Conformation ; RNA/genetics/isolation & purification ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Rats ; Sodium Channels/*genetics/*physiology ; Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel beta-1 Subunit ; Xenopus
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    Tyrosine phosphorylation of CD22 during B cell activation (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-06
    Description: Ligation of the antigen receptor on B cells induces the rapid phosphorylation of tyrosine on a number of cellular proteins. A monoclonal antibody that recognized a tyrosine-phosphorylated cell surface protein that was present in activated B cells was generated. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that this 140-kilodalton protein was CD22, a B cell-specific cell surface glycoprotein and putative extracellular ligand of the protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45. Tyrosine phosphorylation of CD22 may be important in B cell signal transduction, possibly through regulation of the adhesiveness of activated B cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schulte, R J -- Campbell, M A -- Fischer, W H -- Sefton, B M -- CA 14195/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA17289/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 6;258(5084):1001-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, Salk Institute, San Diego, CA 92186.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1279802" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigens, CD/*metabolism ; Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/*metabolism ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Burkitt Lymphoma ; *Cell Adhesion Molecules ; Chymotrypsin/metabolism ; Humans ; Immunoblotting ; Immunosorbent Techniques ; *Lectins ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Peptide Mapping ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine ; Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2 ; Signal Transduction/physiology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tyrosine/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Phosphorylation-independent modulation of L-type calcium channels by magnesium-nucleotide complexes (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-10
    Description: Free magnesium ions and magnesium-nucleotide complexes can exert opposite effects on many fundamental cellular processes. Although increases in the intracellular concentration of magnesium ions inhibit the L-type calcium current in heart cells, magnesium-adenosine triphosphate complexes (MgATP) would be expected to increase the current by promoting channel phosphorylation. Rapid increases in the intracellular concentration of MgATP induced by flash photolysis of caged magnesium or caged ATP resulted in enhanced calcium current. The increase in calcium current was not prevented by blocking phosphorylation, revealing a previously unrecognized direct regulatory action of the magnesium-nucleotide complex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Rourke, B -- Backx, P H -- Marban, E -- HL 07227/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL 36957/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 10;257(5067):245-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1321495" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives/*pharmacology ; Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Barium/metabolism ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Channels/*drug effects ; *Carrier Proteins ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Isoproterenol/pharmacology ; Magnesium/*pharmacology ; Myocardium/metabolism ; Peptide Fragments/pharmacology ; Peptides/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A single amino acid that determines the sensitivity of progesterone receptors to RU486 (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-10
    Description: The progesterone analog RU486, an abortifacient, inhibits the action of progestins in humans but not in chickens or hamsters. Substitution of cysteine at position 575 by glycine in the hormone binding domain (HBD) of the chicken progesterone receptor (cPR) generated a cPR that binds RU486 and whose activity is antagonized by that compound. In fact, all receptors that bind RU486 have a glycine at the corresponding position. The hamster PR, like cPR, has a cysteine. Only glycine--not methionine or leucine--at position 575 allowed binding of RU486 to cPR. Substitution of this glycine by cysteine in the human PR (hPR) abrogated binding of RU486 but not that of an agonist. The corresponding mutation in the human glucocorticoid receptor resulted in a loss of binding of both dexamethasone and RU486. Examination of a series of 11 beta-substituted steroids showed that antagonism is not an intrinsic property of an antihormone, because one hPR antagonist acted as an agonist for a mutated hPR. The positioning of an aromatic 11 beta-substitution in the PR HBD appears to be critical for generating agonistic or antagonistic activity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Benhamou, B -- Garcia, T -- Lerouge, T -- Vergezac, A -- Gofflo, D -- Bigogne, C -- Chambon, P -- Gronemeyer, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 10;255(5041):206-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department Endocrinologie, Centre de Recherche Roussel-Uclaf, Romainville, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1372753" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cricetinae ; Female ; Humans ; Mifepristone/*pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Progesterone/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; RNA/genetics/isolation & purification ; Receptors, Mineralocorticoid ; Receptors, Progesterone/*drug effects/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Steroid/drug effects/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/drug effects/metabolism ; Restriction Mapping ; Uterus/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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