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  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
  • 1985-1989  (90)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1988  (90)
  • 1
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    Fluoride salts as phase change materials for thermal energy storage in the temperature range 1000-1400 K (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Eutectic compositions and congruently melting intermediate compounds in binary and ternary fluoride salt systems were characterized for potential use as latent heat of fusion phase change materials to store thermal energy in the temperature range 1000-1400 K. The melting points and eutectic compositions for many systems with published phase diagrams were experimentally verified and new eutectic compositions having melting points between 1000 and 1400 K were identified. Heats of fusion of several binary and ternary eutectics and congruently melting compounds were experimentally measured by differential scanning calorimetry. For a few systems in which heats of mixing in the melts have been measured, heats of fusion of the eutectics were calculated from thermodynamic considerations and good agreement was obtained between the measured and calculated values. Several combinations of salts with high heats of fusion per unit mass (greater than 0.7 kJ/g) have been identified for possible use as phase change materials in advanced solar dynamic space power applications.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Electrochemical Society, Journal (ISSN 0013-4651); 135; 850-854
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  • 2
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    A review of test results on solar thermal power modules with dish-mounted Stirling and Brayton cycle engines (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper presents results of development tests of various solar thermal parabolic dish modules and assemblies that used dish-mounted Brayton or Stirling cycle engines for production of electric power. These tests indicate that early modules achieve net efficiencies up to 29 percent in converting sunlight to electricity, as delivered to the grid. Various equipment deficiencies were observed and a number of malfunctions occurred. The performance measurements, as well as the malfunctions and other test experience, provided information that should be of value in developing systems with improved performance and reduced maintenance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering (ISSN 0199-6231); 110; 268-274
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  • 3
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    A review of test results on parabolic dish solar thermal power modules with dish-mounted Rankine engines and for production of process steam (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper presents results of development testing of various solar thermal parabolic dish modules and assemblies. Most of the tests were at modules and assemblies that used a dish-mounted, organic Rankine cycle turbine for production of electric power. Some tests were also run on equipment for production of process steam or for production of electricity using dish-mounted reciprocating steam engines. These tests indicate that early modules achieve efficiencies of about 18 percent in converting sunlight to electricity (excluding the inverter but including parasitics). A number of malfunctions occurred. The performance measurements, as well as the malfunctions and other operating experience, provided information that should be of value in developing systems with improved performance and reduced maintenance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering (ISSN 0199-6231); 110; 275-281
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  • 4
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    Large-scale wind turbine structures (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The purpose of this presentation is to show how structural technology was applied in the design of modern wind turbines, which were recently brought to an advanced stage of development as sources of renewable power. Wind turbine structures present many difficult problems because they are relatively slender and flexible; subject to vibration and aeroelastic instabilities; acted upon by loads which are often nondeterministic; operated continuously with little maintenance in all weather; and dominated by life-cycle cost considerations. Progress in horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) development was paced by progress in the understanding of structural loads, modeling of structural dynamic response, and designing of innovative structural response. During the past 15 years a series of large HAWTs was developed. This has culminated in the recent completion of the world's largest operating wind turbine, the 3.2 MW Mod-5B power plane installed on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Some of the applications of structures technology to wind turbine will be illustrated by referring to the Mod-5B design. First, a video overview will be presented to provide familiarization with the Mod-5B project and the important components of the wind turbine system. Next, the structural requirements for large-scale wind turbines will be discussed, emphasizing the difficult fatigue-life requirements. Finally, the procedures used to design the structure will be presented, including the use of the fracture mechanics approach for determining allowable fatigue stresses.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Lewis Structures Technology, 1988. Volume 3: Structural Integrity Fatigue and Fracture Wind Turbines HOST; p 285-297
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  • 5
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    Effects of Na2MoO4 and Na2WO4 on molybdenum and tungsten electrodes for the alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC) (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of adding Na2MoO4 and Na2WO4 to porous Mo and W electrodes, respectively, on the performance and impedance characteristics of the electrodes in an alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC) were investigated. It was found that corrosion of the porous electrode by Na2MoO4 or Na2WO4 to form Na2MO3O6 and WO2, respectively, and recrystallization of the Mo or W as the salt evaporates, result in major morphological changes including a loss of columnar structure and a significant increase in porosity. This effect is more pronounced in Na2MoO4/Mo electrodes, due to the lower stability of Na2MoO4.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Electrochemical Society, Journal (ISSN 0013-4651); 135; 2736-274
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  • 6
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    Space Electrochemical Research and Technology Conference, Cleveland, OH, Apr. 14-16, 1987, Proceedings (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: The conference provided a forum to assess critical needs and technologies for the NASA electrochemical energy conversion and storage program. It was aimed at providing guidance to NASA on the appropriate direction and emphasis of that program. A series of related overviews were presented in the areas of NASA advanced mission models (space stations, low and geosynchronous Earth orbit missions, planetary missions, and space transportation). Papers were presented and workshops conducted in a variety of technical areas, including advanced rechargeables, advanced concepts, critical physical electrochemical issues, and modeling.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: (ISSN 0378-7753)
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  • 7
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    Improved GaP doped SiGe thermoelectric material (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: Work at TECO has independently confirmed the early results obtained at JPL that high-temperature heat-treatment of SiGe/GaP alloys can significantly increase the figure of merit Z of these alloys. Several possible reasons for this improvement are given. Experiments are in progress to test these various hypothesis.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: New Mexico Univ., Transactions of the Fifth Symposium on Space Nuclear Power Systems; p 629-632
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  • 8
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    Optimization of organic Rankine cycles for space station applications (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: The purpose of the current program is to investigate the tradeoffs between solar dynamic and nuclear powered systems for the space station. This research is based on a typical Rankine cycle using toluene as the working fluid. The first objective is to produce an adequate thermodynamic cycle model and calculate its efficiency. The next step is to implement a sizing algorithm that calculates the capacity of the various elements of the system, such as the radiator and regenerator, for a given electrical output. Then, the mass of each component must be calculated to give the overall total system mass. Likewise, the space for each component can be determined, giving an estimate of what volume must be available to place the system into orbit.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: New Mexico Univ., Transactions of the Fifth Symposium on Space Nuclear Power Systems; p 159-162
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  • 9
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    Megawatt Class Nuclear Space Power Systems (MCNSPS) conceptual design and evaluation report. Volume 2, technologies 1: Reactors, heat transport, integration issues (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The objectives of the Megawatt Class Nuclear Space Power System (MCNSPS) study are summarized and candidate systems and subsystems are described. Particular emphasis is given to the heat rejection system and the space reactor subsystem.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-179614-VOL-2 , NAS 1.26:179614-VOL-2 , SPI-25-1-VOL-2
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  • 10
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    Megawatt Class Nuclear Space Power Systems (MCNSPS) conceptual design and evaluation report. Volume 4: Concepts selection, conceptual designs, recommendations (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A study was conducted by NASA Lewis Research Center for the Triagency SP-100 program office. The objective was to determine which reactor, conversion and radiator technologies would best fulfill future Megawatt Class Nuclear Space Power System Requirements. The requirement was 10 megawatts for 5 years of full power operation and 10 years system life on orbit. A variety of liquid metal and gas cooled reactors, static and dynamic conversion systems, and passive and dynamic radiators were considered. Four concepts were selected for more detailed study: (1) a gas cooled reactor with closed cycle Brayton turbine-alternator conversion with heatpipe and pumped tube fin rejection, (2) a Lithium cooled reactor with a free piston Stirling engine-linear alternator and a pumped tube-fin radiator,(3) a Lithium cooled reactor with a Potassium Rankine turbine-alternator and heat pipe radiator, and (4) a Lithium cooled incore thermionic static conversion reactor with a heat pipe radiator. The systems recommended for further development to meet a 10 megawatt long life requirement are the Lithium cooled reactor with the K-Rankine conversion and heat pipe radiator, and the Lithium cooled incore thermionic reactor with heat pipe radiator.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-179614-VOL-4 , NAS 1.26:179614-VOL-4 , SPI-25-1-VOL-4
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  • 11
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    Conceptual design of a lunar base solar power plant lunar base systems study task 3.3 (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The best available concepts for a 100 kW Solar Lunar Power Plant based on static and dynamic conversion concepts have been examined. The two concepts which emerged for direct comparison yielded a difference in delivered mass of 35 MT, the mass equivalent of 1.4 lander payloads, in favor of the static concept. The technologies considered for the various elements are either state-of-the-art or near-term. Two photovoltaic cell concepts should receive high priority for development: i.e., amorphous silicon and indium phosphide cells. The amorphous silicon, because it can be made so light weight and rugged; and the indium phosphide, because it shows very high efficiency potential and is reportedly not degraded by radiation. Also the amorphous silicon cells may be mounted on flexible backing that may roll up much like a carpet for compact storage, delivery, and ease of deployment at the base. The fuel cell and electrolysis cell technology is quite well along for lunar base applications, and because both the Shuttle and the forthcoming Space Station incorporate these devices, the status quo will be maintained. Early development of emerging improvements should be implemented so that essential life verification test programs may commence.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-172086 , NAS 1.26:172086 , EEI-88-199
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  • 12
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    Regenerative fuel cell energy storage system for a low earth orbit space station (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A study was conducted to define characteristics of a Regenerative Fuel Cell System (RFCS) for low earth orbit Space Station missions. The RFCS's were defined and characterized based on both an alkaline electrolyte fuel cell integrated with an alkaline electrolyte water electrolyzer and an alkaline electrolyte fuel cell integrated with an acid solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) water electrolyzer. The study defined the operating characteristics of the systems including system weight, volume, and efficiency. A maintenance philosophy was defined and the implications of system reliability requirements and modularization were determined. Finally, an Engineering Model System was defined and a program to develop and demonstrate the EMS and pacing technology items that should be developed in parallel with the EMS were identified. The specific weight of an optimized RFCS operating at 140 F was defined as a function of system efficiency for a range of module sizes. An EMS operating at a nominal temperature of 180 F and capable of delivery of 10 kW at an overall efficiency of 55.4 percent is described. A program to develop the EMS is described including a technology development effort for pacing technology items.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-174802 , FCR-6128 , NAS 1.26:174802
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  • 13
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    A comparison of the radiation tolerance characteristics of multijunction solar cells with series and voltage-matched configurations (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effect of series and voltage-matched configurations on the performance of multijunction solar cells in a radiation environment was investigated. It was found that the configuration of the multijunction solar cell can have a significant impact on its radiation tolerence characteristics.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-101177 , NAS 1.15:101177 , DE88-009468 , SAND-88-0865C , CONF-8804122-1
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  • 14
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    Solar energy conversion through the interaction of plasmons with tunnel junctions. Part A: Solar cell analysis. Part B: Photoconductor analysis (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A solar cell utilizing guided optical waves and tunnel junctions was analyzed to determine its feasibility. From this analysis, it appears that the limits imposed upon conventional multiple cell systems also limit this solar cell. Due to this limitation, it appears that the relative simplicity of the conventional multiple cell systems over the solar cell make the conventional multiple cell systems the more promising candidate for improvement. It was discovered that some superlattice structures studied could be incorporated into an infrared photodetector. This photoconductor appears to be promising as a high speed, sensitive (high D sup star sub BLIP) detector in the wavelength range from 15 to over 100 micrometers.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183044 , NAS 1.26:183044 , TR-EE-88-37
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  • 15
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    Analytical determination of critical crack size in solar cells (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Although solar cells usually have chips and cracks, no material specifications concerning the allowable crack size on solar cells are available for quality assurance and engineering design usage. Any material specifications that the cell manufacturers use were developed for cosmetic reasons that have no technical basis. Therefore, the Applied Solar Energy Corporation (ASEC) has sponsored a continuing program for the fracture mechanics evaluation of GaAs. Fracture mechanics concepts were utilized to develop an analytical model that can predict the critical crack size of solar cells. This model indicates that the edge cracks of a solar cell are more critical than its surface cracks. In addition, the model suggests that the material specifications on the allowable crack size used for Si solar cells should not be applied to GaAs solar cells. The analytical model was applied to Si and GaAs solar cells, but it would also be applicable to the semiconductor wafers of other materials, such as a GaAs thin film on a Ge substrate, using appropriate input data.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183128 , JPL-PUBL-88-10 , NAS 1.26:183128
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  • 16
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    The design and fabrication of a Stirling engine heat exchanger module with an integral heat pipe (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The conceptual design of a free-piston Stirling Space Engine (SSE) intended for space power applications has been generated. The engine was designed to produce 25 kW of electric power with heat supplied by a nuclear reactor. A novel heat exchanger module was designed to reduce the number of critical joints in the heat exchanger assembly while also incorporating a heat pipe as the link between the engine and the heat source. Two inexpensive verification tests are proposed. The SSE heat exchanger module is described and the operating conditions for the module are outlined. The design process of the heat exchanger modules, including the sodium heat pipe, is briefly described. Similarities between the proposed SSE heat exchanger modules and the LeRC test modules for two test engines are presented. The benefits and weaknesses of using a sodium heat pipe to transport heat to a Stirling engine are discussed. Similarly, the problems encountered when using a true heat pipe, as opposed to a more simple reflux boiler, are described. The instruments incorporated into the modules and the test program are also outlined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-101296 , E-4101 , NAS 1.15:101296
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  • 17
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    Study of Staebler-Wronsky degradation effect in a Si:H based P-I-N solar cells (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The objective of this study is to improve the stability and efficiency of thin solar cells with emphasis on a-Si:H devices. The research project was broken down into three main phases. The first involves designing and building a UHV glow discharge system; the second involves making good quality films and eventually efficient cells; the final phase will be analytical.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-182564 , NAS 1.26:182564
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  • 18
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    Effect of LEO cycling at shallow depths of discharge on MANTECH IPV nickel-hydrogen cells (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An individual pressure vessel nickel-hydrogen battery is being considered as an alternate for a nickel-cadmium battery on the Hubble Space Telescope. The space telescope battery will primarily be operating at a shallow depth of discharge (10 percent DOD) with an occasional 40 percent DOD. This shallow DOD raises several issues: (1) What is the cycle life. It is projected to be acceptable; however, there is no reported real time data base for validation. (2) The state of charge of the nickel electrode at the beginning of charge is 90 percent. Will this cause an acceleration of divergence in the battery individual cell voltages. (3) After prolonged cycling at 10 percent DOD, will there be enough capacity remaining to support the 40 percent DOD. (4) Is the state of charge really 90 percent during cycling. There is no reported real time data base at shallow depths of discharge. A data base to address the above issues was initiated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-101300 , E-4122 , NAS 1.15:101300
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  • 19
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    Small scale bipolar nickel-hydrogen testing (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Bipolar nickel-hydrogen batteries, ranging in capacity from 6 to 40 A-hr, have been tested at the NASA Lewis Research Center over the past six years. Small scale tests of 1 A-hr nickel-hydrogen stacks have been initiated as a means of screening design and component variations for bipolar nickel-hydrogen cells and batteries. Four small-scale batteries have been built and tested. Characterization and limited cycle testing were performed to establish the validity of test results in the scaled down hardware. The results show characterization test results to be valid. LEO test results in the small scale hardware have limited value.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-100936 , E-4216 , NAS 1.15:100936
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  • 20
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    Megawatt Class Nuclear Space Power Systems (MCNSPS) conceptual design and evaluation report. Volume 1: Objectives, summary results and introduction (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The objective was to determine which reactor, conversion, and radiator technologies would best fulfill future Megawatt Class Nuclear Space Power System Requirements. Specifically, the requirement was 10 megawatts for 5 years of full power operation and 10 years systems life on orbit. A variety of liquid metal and gas cooled reactors, static and dynamic conversion systems, and passive and dynamic radiators were considered. Four concepts were selected for more detailed study. The concepts are: a gas cooled reactor with closed cycle Brayton turbine-alternator conversion with heat pipe and pumped tube-fin heat rejection; a lithium cooled reactor with a free piston Stirling engine-linear alternator and a pumped tube-fin radiator; a lithium cooled reactor with potassium Rankine turbine-alternator and heat pipe radiator; and a lithium cooled incore thermionic static conversion reactor with a heat pipe radiator. The systems recommended for further development to meet a 10 megawatt long life requirement are the lithium cooled reactor with the K-Rankine conversion and heat pipe radiator, and the lithium cooled incore thermionic reactor with heat pipe radiator.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-179614-VOL-1 , NAS 1.26:179614-VOL-1 , SPI-25-1
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  • 21
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    Results of the 1988 NASA/JPL balloon flight solar cell calibration program (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The 1988 solar cell calibration balloon flight was successfully completed on August 7, 1988, meeting all objectives of the program. Forty-eight modules were carried to an altitude of 118,000 ft (36.0 km). The calibrated cells can now be used as reference standards in simulator testing of cells and arrays.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-182998 , JPL-PUBL-88-36 , NAS 1.26:182998
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  • 22
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    Mathematical modeling of solid oxide fuel cells (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Development of predictive techniques, with regard to cell behavior, under various operating conditions is needed to improve cell performance, increase energy density, reduce manufacturing cost, and to broaden utilization of various fuels. Such technology would be especially beneficial for the solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) at it early demonstration stage. The development of computer models to calculate the temperature, CD, reactant distributions in the tubular and monolithic SOFCs. Results indicate that problems of nonuniform heat generation and fuel gas depletion in the tubular cell module, and of size limitions in the monolithic (MOD 0) design may be encountered during FC operation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-182188 , E-4319 , DOE/NASA/0017-5 , NAS 1.26:182188
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  • 23
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    Oxygen electrode bifunctional electrocatalyst NiCo2O4 spinel (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A significant increase in energy density may be possible if a two-unit alkaline regenerative H2-O2 fuel cell is replaced with a single-unit system that uses passive means for H2O transfer and thermal control. For this single-unit system, new electrocatalysts for the O2 electrode will be required which are not only bifunctionally active but also chemically and electrochemically stable between the voltage range of about 0.7 and 1.5 V. NiCo2O4 spinel is reported to have certain characteristics that make it useful for a study of electrode fabrication techniques. High surface area NiCo2O4 powder was fabricated into unsupported, bifunctional, PTFE-bonded, porous gas fuel cell electrodes by commercial sources using varying PTFE contents and sintering temperatures. The object of this study is to measure the bifunctional activities of these electrodes and to observe what performance differences might result from different commercial electrode fabricators. O2 evolution and O2 reduction data were obtained at 80 C (31 percent KOH). An irreversible reaction (i.e., aging) occurred during O2 evolution at potentials greater than about 1.5 V. Anodic Tafel slopes of 0.06 and 0.12 V/decade were obtained for the aged electrodes. Within the range of 15 to 25 percent, the PTFE content was not a critical parameter for optimizing the electrode for O2 evolution activity. Sintering temperatures between 300 and 340 C may be adequate but heating at 275 C may not be sufficient to properly sinter the PTFE-NiCo2O4 mixture. Electrode disintegration was observed during O2 reduction. Transport of O2 to the NiCo2O4 surface became prohibitive at greater than about -0.02 A/sq cm. Cathodic Tafel slopes of -0.6 and -0.12 V/decade were assumed for the O2 reduction process. A PTFE content of 25 percent (or greater) appears to be preferable for sintering the PTFE-NiCo2O4 mixture.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-100947 , E-4238 , NAS 1.15:100947
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  • 24
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    Characterization of production GaAs solar cells for space (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The electrical performance of GaAs solar cells was characterized as a function of irradiation with protons and electrons with the underlying goal of producing solar cells suitable for use in space. Proton energies used varied between 50 keV and 10 MeV, and damage coefficients were derived for liquid phase epitaxy GaAs solar cells. Electron energies varied between 0.7 and 2.4 MeV. Cells from recent production runs were characterized as a function of electron and proton irradiation. These same cells were also characterized as a function of solar intensity and operating temperature, both before and after the electron irradiations. The long term stability of GaAs cells during photon exposure was examined. Some cells were found to degrade with photon exposure and some did not. Calibration standards were made for GaAs/Ge solar cells by flight on a high altitude balloon.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-184863 , JPL-PUBL-88-39 , NAS 1.26:184863
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  • 25
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    The effect of different module configurations on the radiation tolerance of multijunction solar cells (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effect of different module configurations on the performance of multijunction (MJ) solar cells in a radiation environment was investigated. Module configuration refers to the electrical circuit in which the subcells of the multijunction cell are wired. Experimental data for AlCaAs, GaAs, InGaAs, and silicon single-junction concentrator cells subjected to 1 MeV electron irradiation was used to calculate the expected performance of AlGaAs/InGaAs, AlGa/silicon, GaAs/InGaAs, and GaAs/silicon Mj concentrator cells. These calculations included independent, series, and voltage-matched configurations. The module configuration was found to have a significant impact on the radiation tolerance characteristic of the MJ cells.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-101251 , NAS 1.15:101251 , DE89-000304 , SAND-88-0628C , CONF-880965-2
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  • 26
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    Comparison of pressure distributions on model and full-scale NACA 64-621 airfoils with ailerons for wind turbine application (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The aerodynamic similarity between a small (4-inch chord) wind tunnel model and a full-scale wind turbine blade (24-foot tip section with a 36-inch chord) was evaluated by comparing selected pressure distributions around the geometrically similar cross sections. The airfoils were NACA 64-621 sections, including trailing-edge ailerons with a width equal to 38 percent of the airfoil chord. The model airfoil was tested in the OSU 6- by 12-inch High Reynolds Number Wind Tunnel; the full-scale blade section was tested in the NASA Langley Research Center 30- by 60-foot Subsonic Wind Tunnel. The model airfoil contained 61 pressure taps connected by embedded tubes to pressure transducers. A belt containing 29 pressure taps was fixed to the full-scale section at midspan to obtain surface pressure data. Lift coefficients were obtained by integrating pressures, and corrections were made for the 3-D effects of blade twist and downwash in the blade tip section. The results of the two different experimental methods correlated well for angles of attack from minus 4 to 36 degrees and aileron reflections from 0 to 90 degrees.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-100802 , DOE/NASA/20320-75 , E-3982 , NAS 1.15:100802
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    Test results of a 40-kW Stirling engine and comparison with the NASA Lewis computer code predictions (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A Stirling engine was tested without auxiliaries at Nasa-Lewis. Three different regenerator configurations were tested with hydrogen. The test objectives were: (1) to obtain steady-state and dynamic engine data, including indicated power, for validation of an existing computer model for this engine; and (2) to evaluate structurally the use of silicon carbide regenerators. This paper presents comparisons of the measured brake performance, indicated mean effective pressure, and cyclic pressure variations from those predicted by the code. The silicon carbide foam generators appear to be structurally suitable, but the foam matrix showed severely reduced performance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-87050 , DOE/NASA/50112-74 , E-2593 , NAS 1.15:87050
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  • 28
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    Testing of a one-bladed 30-meter-diameter rotor on the DOE/NASA Mod-O wind turbine (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Tests were conducted on the DOE/NASA Mod-O 200-kW horizontal-axis wind turbine in a one-bladed rotor configuration. The objectives of the test were to evaluate the performance, loads, and dynamic characteristics of a one-bladed rotor, and then to compare these parameters with those of an aerodynamically similar two-bladed rotor configuration. Test operations showed that this intermediate-size (15.2-m radius) one-bladed rotor configuration can be operated successfully. Test results show that the one-bladed rotor had cyclic blade loads comparable to those of a two-bladed rotor. A moderate power penalty equivalent to a reduction in windspeed of 1 m/sec occurred with the one-bladed rotor when operated at a rotor speed 50 percent higher than that of the two-bladed rotor.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-100274 , E-3916 , DOE/NASA/20320-74 , NAS 1.15:100274
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  • 29
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    Electrical isolation design and electrochemical corrosion in thin-film photovoltaic modules (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The development of a proposed wet insulation-resistance qualification test specification for production-line modules is presented. Laboratory research directed toward understanding and eliminating problems associated with electrical isolation of thin-film photovoltaic module circuitry is presented. Test results serve to measure module field life as limited by electrochemical corrosion degradation mechanisms. Current module-level research covering encapsulant voltage withstand capability is also described, and suggestions for improving module electrical isolation are offered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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    Proposed acceptance, qualification, and characterization tests for thin-film PV modules (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Details of a proposed test program for PV thin-film modules which the Department of Energy has directed the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) to prepare are presented. Results of one of the characterization tests that SERI has performed are also presented. The objective is to establish a common approach to testing modules that will be acceptable to both users and manufacturers. The tests include acceptance, qualification, and characterization tests. Acceptance tests verify that randomly selected modules have similar characteristics. Qualification tests are based on accelerated test methods designed to simulate adverse conditions. Characterization tests provide data on performance in a predefined environment.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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  • 31
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    Performance of GaAs concentrator cells under electron irradiations from 0.4 to 2.3 MeV (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Gallium arsenide concentrator cells were irradiated with electrons with energies varying from 0.4 to 2.3 MeV, and their electrical performance was measured. The cells are 5 x 5 mm square with a 4-mm diameter illuminated area. At each of four different electron energy levels (0.4, 0.7, 1.0, and 2.3 MeV), three n/p and two p/n cells were irradiated. I-V performance measurements were made prior to irradiation and at several intermediate fluence levels. The final fluence level was 3 X 10 to the 15th e/sq cm. It is concluded that the power degradation is independent of the temperature at which it is measured.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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  • 32
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    Water-module interaction studies (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Mechanisms by which moisture enters photovoltaic modules and techniques for reducing such interactions are reported. Results from a study of the effectiveness of various module sealants are given. Techniques for measuring the rate and quantity of moisture ingress are discussed. It is shown that scribe lines and porous frit bridging conductors provide preferential paths for moisture ingress and that moisture diffusion by surface/interfacial paths is considerably more rapid than diffusion by bulk paths, which implies that thin-film substrate and supersubstrate modules are much more vulnerable to moist environments than are bulk-encapsulated crystalline-silicon modules. Design approaches that reduce moisture entry are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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  • 33
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    Photon degradation of AlGaAs/GaAs solar cells (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The behavior of GaAs solar cells after photon illumination for a prolonged exposure time is presented. More than 55 OMCVD AlGaAs/GaAs solar cells were exposed for over 400 h to AM0 photons at 28 C in three separate, well-controlled runs. Significant degradation of solar cell efficiency was observed in two out of three runs. Although noticeable losses in the open-circuit voltage, fill factor, and maximum power were observed, no change in the short-circuit current was found. In one of the runs, no change was seen in either the test cells or the control cells. Each cell in this run was protected with a coverglass. The cells in this run had thicker buffer layers and thinner window layers than the cells in the other two runs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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  • 34
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    Radiation resistance studies of amorphous silicon films (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A study of hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin films irradiated with 2.00 MeV helium ions using fluences ranging from 1E11 to 1E15/sq cm is presented. The films were characterized using photothermal deflection spectroscopy, transmission and reflection spectroscopy, and photoconductivity and annealing measurements. Large changes were observed in the subband-gap optical absorption for energies between 0.9 and 1.7 eV. The steady-state photoconductivity showed decreases of almost five orders of magnitude for a fluence of 1E15/sq cm, but the slope of the intensity dependence of the photoconductivity remained almost constant for all fluences. Substantial annealing occurs even at room temperature, and for temperatures greater than 448 K the damage is completely annealed. The data are analyzed to describe the defects and the density of states function.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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    Radiation resistance and comparative performance of ITO/InP and n/p InP homojunction solar cells (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The radiation resistance of ITO/InP cells processed by dc magnetron sputtering is compared to that of standard n/p InP and GaAs homojunction cells. After 20 MeV proton irradiations, it is found that the radiation resistance of the present ITO/InP cell is comparable to that of the n/p homojunction InP cell and that both InP cell types have radiation resistances significantly greater than GaAs. The relatively lower radiation resistance, observed at higher fluence, for the InP cell with the deepest junction depth, is attributed to losses in the cells emitter region. Diode parameters obtained from I sub sc - V sub oc plots, data from surface Raman spectrosocpy, and determinations of surface conductivity type are used to investigate the configuration of the ITO/InP cells. It is concluded that these latter cells are n/p homojunctions, the n-region consisting of a disordered layer at the oxide semiconductor.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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  • 36
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    Lunar production of space photovoltaic arrays (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The advantages of manufacturing solar cells for use in space on the moon rather than on Earth are discussed. It is shown how solar cells manufactured on the moon could significantly reduce the cost of transportation of power systems to space destinations, including the moon, Mars, earth orbit, and transfer orbits. Silicon is abundant on the moon, and refining processes are demonstrated which do not depend on extensive use of reactants imported from Earth. Because of the lower requirements for refined silicon, the amorphous silicon process is preferred, despite lower efficiencies. Calculations show that the specific power of amorphous silicon cells can be adequate for most uses.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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    InP homojunction solar cell performance on the LIPS III flight experiment (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Performance data for the NASA Lewis Research Center indium phosphide n+p homojunction solar cell module on the LIPS 3 flight experiment is presented. The objective of the experiment is to measure the performance of InP cells in the natural radiation environment of the 1100 km altitude, 60+ deg inclination orbit. Analysis of flight data indicates that the performance of the four cells throughout the first year is near expected values. No degradation in short-circuit current was seen, as was expected from radiation tolerance studies of similar cells. Details of the cell structure and flight module design are discussed. The results of the temperature dependency and radiation tolerance studies necessary for normalization and analysis of the data are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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    High altitude current-voltage measurement of GaAs/Ge solar cells (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Measurements of high-voltage (Voc of 1.2 V) gallium arsenide on germanium tandem junction solar cells at air mass 0.22 showed that the insolation in the red portion of the solar spectrum is insufficient to obtain high fill factor. On the basis of measurements in the LeRC X-25L solar simulator, these cells were believed to be as efficient as 21.68 percent AM0. Solar simulator spectrum errors in the red end allowed the fill factor to be as high as 78.7 percent. When a similar cell's current-voltage characteristic was measured at high altitude in the NASA Lear Jet Facility, a loss of 15 percentage points in fill factor was observed. This decrease was caused by insufficient current in the germanium bottom cell of the tandem stack.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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    Thin, light-trapping silicon solar cells for space (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Ultrathin silicon solar cells with high efficiency and radiation tolerance can be made by incorporating light-trapping and heterojunction surface passivation. Calculations show that a 2-micron-thick light-trapping cell remains over 18 percent efficient after the equivalent of 20 years in geosynchronous orbit. Including a 50-micron coverglass, the thin cells had, after irradiation, a specific power over ten times higher than that of the baseline design.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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  • 40
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    Predicted performance of near-optimally designed indium phosphide space solar cells at high intensities and temperatures (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The authors calculated the expected performance dependence of near-optimally designed shallow homojunction n+pp+ InP solar cells on incident intensities up to 200 AM0 and temperatures up to 100 deg C (373 K). Both circular and rectangular cells were considered, the former for use in a Cassegrainian concentrator array at 100 AM0, 80-100 deg C and the latter for use in a Slats concentrator array at 20 AM0, 80-100 deg C. With efficiencies near 22 percent at 80 deg C, both the circular and rectangular InP shallow homojunction solar cells compare very favorably to GaAs cells of the same design and may be preferable to the GaAs cells for space applications because of the superior radiation tolerance of the InP cells.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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  • 41
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    Modeling and simulation of InP homojunction solar cells (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Modeling and simulation of single-crystal InP homojunction solar cells has been performed using the PC-1D code. Cell design and performance have been optimized using the best available estimates of the various materials parameters. A comparison has been made of the predictions of the PC-1D model to those of other models. The optimum performance is predicted to give an efficiency approaching 21 percent at AM0. It is shown that in order to describe the performance of actual cells it is necessary to use larger values of the intrinsic carrier concentration and the surface recombination velocity (SRV) than have been reported in the literature. However, even with a near-maximum value of SRV (e.g., 10 to the 7th cm/s) it is necessary to reduce the minority carrier diffusion length in the emitter to only 0.01 micron in order to account for the relatively low quantum efficiency in the blue part of the spectrum. This indicates that improvement in the emitter bulk properties could be much more important than the SRV. Other loss mechanisms are also discussed; in particular, it is shown that recombination in the base, for good quality material, is relatively insignificant.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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  • 42
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    Hybrid solar cells based on dc magnetron sputtered films of n-ITO on APMOVPE grown p-InP (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Hybrid indium-tin-oxide (ITO)/InP solar cells are discussed. The cells are constructed by dc magnetron sputter deposition of ITO onto high-quality InP films grown by atmospheric pressure metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy (APMOVPE). A record efficiency of 18.9 percent, measured under standard Solar Energy Research Institute reporting conditions, has been obtained. The p-InP surface is shown to be type converted, principally by the ITO, but with the extent of conversion being modified by the nature of the sputtering gas. The deposition process, in itself, is not responsible for the type conversion. Dark currents have been suppressed by more than three orders of magnitude by the addition of hydrogen to the sputtering gas during deposition of a thin (5 nm) interface layer. Without this layer, and using only the more usual argon/oxygen mixture, the devices had poorer efficiencies and were unstable. A discussion of associated quantum efficiencies and capacitance/voltage measurements is also presented from which it is concluded that further improvements in efficiency will result from better control over the type-conversion process.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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    Improvements in InP solar cells (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Indium phosphide solar cells with very thin n-type emitters have been made by both ion implantation and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Air mass zero efficiencies as high as 18.8 percent (NASA measurement) have been achieved. The best cells, which were those made by ion implantation, show an open-circuit voltage of 873 mV, short-circuit current of 35.7 mA/sq cm, and fill factor of 0.829. Improvements are anticipated in all three of these parameters. Internal quantum efficiency peaks at over 90 percent in the red end of the spectrum, but drops to 54 percent in the blue end. Other cells have achieved 74 percent in the blue end. A preliminary investigation of InP solar cells on foreign substrates has been carried out. Although problems have been encountered with doping of the InP by the substrate, cells of 7.1 percent efficiency on silicon and cells of 9.4 percent, efficiency on GaAs have been made.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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    Contact formation in gallium arsenide solar cells (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Gold and gold-based alloys, commonly used as solar cell contact materials, are known to react readily with gallium arsenide. Experiments were performed to identify the mechanisms involved in these GaAs-metal interactions. It is shown that the reaction of GaAs with gold takes place via a dissociative diffusion process. It is shown further that the GaAs-metal reaction rate is controlled to a very great extent by the condition of the free surface of the contact metal, an interesting example of which is the previously unexplained increase in the reaction rate that has been observed for samples annealed in a vacuum environment as compared to those annealed in a gaseous ambient. A number of other hard-to-explain observations, such as the low-temperature formation of voids in the gold lattice and crystallite growth on the gold surface, are explained by invoking this mechanism.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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    A V-grooved GaAs solar cell (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: V-grooved GaAs solar cells promise the benefits of improved optical coupling, higher short-circuit current, and incrased tolerance to particle radiation compared to planar cells. A GaAs homojunction cell was fabricated by etching a V-groove pattern into an n-epilayer (2.1 x 10 to the 17th power per cu cm) grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on an n+ substrate (2.8 x 10 to the 18th power per cu cm) and then depositing an MOCVD p epilayer (4.2 x 10 to the 18th power per cu cm). Reflectivity measurements on cells with and without an antireflective coating confirm the expected decrease in reflectance of the microgrooved cell compared to the planar structure. The short-circuit current of the V-grooved solar cell was 13 percent higher than that of the planar control.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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  • 46
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    An empirical investigation of the InP shallow-homojunction solar cell (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: An experimental study of the performance of epitaxially grown InP shallow-homojunction solar cells as a function of the thickness and carrier concentration in the base and emitter layers is presented. Identification of improvements to cell design leading to higher performance is emphasized. As a result, using a near-optimum set of design parameters, cells with conversion efficiencies of 20.3 percent (global) and 17.6 percent (AM0) have been achieved. For such cells, it is shown that the internal response of the base layer is essentially perfect, whereas the emitter-layer properties can be improved substantially and warrant further investigation. Discrepancies between the results of the present study and those of earlier modeling efforts are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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    28 percent efficient GaAs concentrator solar cells (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: AlGaAs/GaAs heteroface solar concentrator cells which exhibit efficiencies in excess of 27 percent at high solar concentrations (over 400 suns, AM1.5D, 100 mW/sq cm) have been fabricated with both n/p and p/n configurations. The best n/p cell achieved an efficiency of 28.1 percent around 400 suns, and the best p/n cell achieved an efficiency of 27.5 percent around 1000 suns. The high performance of these GaAs concentrator cells compared to earlier high-efficiency cells was due to improved control of the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition growth conditions and improved cell fabrication procedures (gridline definition and edge passivation). The design parameters of the solar cell structures and optimized grid pattern were determined with a realistic computer modeling program. An evaluation of the device characteristics and a discussion of future GaAs concentrator cell development are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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    High efficiency GaAs/Ge monolithic tandem solar cells (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Two-terminal monolithic tandem cells consisting of a GaAs solar cell grown epitaxially on a Ge solar cell substrate are very attractive for space applications. Tandem cells of GaAs grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on thin Ge were investigated to address both higher efficiency and reduced weight. Two materials growth issues associated with this heteroepitaxial system, autodoping of the GaAs layers by Ge and diffusion of Ga and As into the Ge substrate, were addressed. The latter appears to result in information of an unintentional p-n junction in the Ge. Early simulator measurements gave efficiencies as high as 21.7 percent for 4 cm2 GaAs/Ge cells, but recent high-altitude testing has given efficiencies of 18 percent. Sources of errors in simulator measurements of two-terminal tandem cells are discussed. A limiting efficiency of about 36 percent for the tandem cell at AMO was calculated. Ways to improve the performance of present cells, primarily by increasing the Isc and Voc of the Ge cell, are proposed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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    Silane and germane plasma diagnostics for depositing photosensitive a-SiGe:H films (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Highly photosensitive a-SiGe:H films with a light-to-dark conductivity ratio of 8 x 103 and an optical bandgap of 1.40 eV have been produced by RF glow discharge using hydrogen dilution of SiH4 and GeH4 mixed gas plasma. The critical role of hydrogen dilution in GeH4 containing plasmas is to suppress the gas-phase polymerization and promote the incorporation of Ge into the film. It is observed that inelastic laser light scattering of the RF plasma is a sensitive method for monitoring the onset of the gas-phase polymerization. In situ coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy measurements have shown that the dissociation rate of GeH4 is a factor of three larger than that of SiH4.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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    Electromigration in thin-film photovoltaic module metallization systems (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Electromigration as a possible thin-film module failure mechanism was investigated using several specially made, fully aluminized thin-film photovoltaic (TF-PV) modules. The effect of electromigration, as determined experimentally by measuring increases in electrical resistance across scribe lines, can be expressed as the product of a damage function, which correlates degradation rate with operating conditions such as current density and temperature, and a susceptibility function, which is defined by module design parameters, particularly aluminum purity and the configuration of the intercell region. Experimental measurements and derived acceleration factors suggest that open-circuit failure resulting from electromigration should not be a serious problem in present state-of-the-art TF-PV modules. Nevertheless, significant intercell resistance increases can result from long-term electromigration exposure, especially in future high-efficiency modules. The problem can be alleviated, however, by appropriate metallization applications and/or proper design of the intercell region.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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    Electrochemical and galvanic corrosion effects in thin-film photovoltaic modules (1988)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The electrochemical and galvanic corrosion properties of thin-film photovoltaic (TF-PV) modules and module subcomponents are determined and interpreted in the light of established corrosion science. Results of a detailed study of thin-film aluminum metallization corrosion are presented. Bar-graph corrosion, observed in fielded modules, has been induced experimentally and found to be electrochemical in nature. Corrosion rates and passivation techniques for TF-PV modules are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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    Optical emission diagnostics of electron cyclotron resonance and glow discharge plasmas for a-Si:H and a-SiC:H film depositions (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: It is demonstrated that the steady-state and kinetic characteristics of ECR (electron cyclotron resonance) and RF glow discharge plasmas can be readily monitored by OES (optical emission spectroscopy) in real time during a-Si:H and a-SiC:H film depositions using an OMA detection system. The ECR and RF glow discharge plasmas used for a-Si:H and a-SiC:H film depositions were studied by monitoring the emission of SiH(asterisk), H(asterisk), H(asterisk)2, and CH(asterisk) excited states. The OES of the ECR plasma shows a strong emission at 434 nm from H(asterisk), which is not detectable in the glow discharge plasma. Steady-state OES studies have established preliminary correlations between SiH(asterisk) and CH(asterisk) emission intensities and the film deposition rate. Transient OES spectra of SiH4 and CH4 plasmas have shown different kinetics in SiH(asterisk) and CH(asterisk) emission intensities. Transient studies of the SiH(asterisk) emission intensity have indicated that additional mechanisms for producing the SiH(asterisk) species become evident in hydrogen-diluted silane plasmas.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sept. 26-30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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    Megawatt Class Nuclear Space Power Systems (MCNSPS) conceptual design and evaluation report. Volume 3, technologies 2: Power conversion (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The major power conversion concepts considered for the Megawatt Class Nuclear Space Power System (MCNSPS) are discussed. These concepts include: (1) Rankine alkali-metal-vapor turbine alternators; (2) in-core thermionic conversion; (3) Brayton gas turbine alternators; and (4) free piston Stirling engine linear alternators. Considerations important to the coupling of these four conversion alternatives to an appropriate nuclear reactor heat source are examined along with the comparative performance characteristics of the combined systems meeting MCNSPS requirements.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-179614-VOL-3 , NAS 1.26:179614-VOL-3 , SPI-25-1-VOL-3
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    Direct conversion technology (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The overall objective of the Direct Conversion Technology task is to develop an experimentally verified technology base for promising direct thermal-to-electric energy conversion systems that have potential application for energy conservation in the end-use sectors. This report contains progress of research on the Alkali Metal Thermal-to-Electric Converter (AMTEC), and on the Two-Phase Liquid-Metal MHD Electrical Generator (LMMHD) for the period January 1988 through December 1988. Research on these concepts was initiated during October 1987. In addition, status reviews and assessments are presented for thermomagnetic converter concepts and for thermoelastic converters (Nitinol heat engines). Reports prepared on previous occasions contain discussions on the following other direct conversion concepts: thermoelectric, pyroelectric, thermionic thermophotovoltaic and thermoacoustic; and also, more complete discussions of AMTEC and LMMHD systems. A tabulated summary of the various systems which have been reviewed thus far has been prepared. Some of the important technical research needs are listed and a schematic of each system is shown.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183285 , NAS 1.26:183285 , DE89-003911 , JPL-D-5698
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    Three-dimensional models of conventional and vertical junction laser-photovoltaic energy converters (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Three-dimensional models of both conventional planar junction and vertical junction photovoltaic energy converters have been constructed. The models are a set of linear partial differential equations and take into account many photoconverter design parameters. The model is applied to Si photoconverters; however, the model may be used with other semiconductors. When used with a Nd laser, the conversion efficiency of the Si vertical junction photoconverter is 47 percent, whereas the efficiency for the conventional planar Si photoconverter is only 17 percent. A parametric study of the Si vertical junction photoconverter is then done in order to describe the optimum converter for use with the 1.06-micron Nd laser. The efficiency of this optimized vertical junction converter is 44 percent at 1 kW/sq cm.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-4039 , L-16424 , NAS 1.15:4039
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    KOH concentration effect on cycle life of nickel-hydrogen cells. III - Cycle life test (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A cycle life test of Ni/H2 cells containing electrolytes of various KOH concentrations and a sintered type nickel electrode was carried out at 23 C using a 45 min accelerated low earth orbit (LEO) cycle regime at 80 percent depth of discharge. One of three cells containing 26 percent KOH has achieved over 28,000 cycles, and the other two 19,000 cycles, without a sign of failure. Two other cells containing 31 percent KOH electrolyte, which is the concentration presently used in aerospace cells, failed after 2,979 and 3,620 cycles. This result indicates that the cycle life of the present type of Ni/H2 cells may be extended by a factor of 5 to 10 simply by lowering the KOH concentration. Long cycle life of a Ni/H2 battery at high depth-of-discharge operation is desired, particularly for an LEO spacecraft application. Typically, battery life of about 30,000 cycles is required for a five year mission in an LEO. Such a cycle life with presently available cells can be assured only at a very low depth-of-discharge operation. Results of testing already show that the cycle life of an Ni/H2 cell is tremendously improved by simply using an electrolyte of low KOH concentration.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Power Sources (ISSN 0378-7753); 22; 213-220
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    Theoretical performance of hydrogen-bromine rechargeable SPE fuel cell (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A mathematical model was formulated to describe the performance of a hydrogen-bromine fuel cell. Porous electrode theory was applied to the carbon felt flow-by electrode and was coupled to theory describing the solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) system. Parametric studies using the numerical solution to this model were performed to determine the effect of kinetic, mass transfer, and design parameters on the performance of the fuel cell. The results indicate that the cell performance is most sensitive to the transport properties of the SPE membrane. The model was also shown to be a useful tool for scale-up studies.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Power Sources (ISSN 0378-7753); 22; 423-440
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    Development of ambient temperature secondary lithium cells (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: JPL is developing ambient temperature secondary lithium cells for future spacecraft applications. Prior studies on experimental laboratory type Li-TiS2 cells yielded promising results in terms of cycle life and rate capability. To further assess the performance of this cell, 5 Ah engineering model cells were developed. Initially baseline cells were designed and fabricated. Each cell had 15 cathodes and 16 anodes and the ratio of anode to cathode capacity is 6:1. A solution of 1.5 molar LiAsF6 in 2Me-THF was used as the electrolyte. Cells were evaluated for their cycle life at C/1 and C/5 discharge rates and 100 percent depth of discharge. The cells were cycled between voltage limits 1.7 and 2.8 volts. The rate of charge in all cases is C/10. The results obtained indicate that cells can operate at C/10 to C/2 discharge rates and have an initial energy density of 70 Wh/kg. Cells delivered more than 100 cycles at C/2 discharge rate. The details of cell design, the test program, and the results obtained are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Power Sources (ISSN 0378-7753); 22; 269-275
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    NASA specification for manufacturing and performance requirements of NASA standard aerospace nickel-cadmium cells (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: On November 25, 1985, the NASA Chief Engineer established a NASA-wide policy to maintain and to require the use of the NASA standard for aerospace nickel-cadmium cells and batteries. The Associate Administrator for Safety, Reliability, Maintainability, and Quality Assurance stated on December 29, 1986, the intent to retain the NASA standard cell usage policy established by the Office of the Chief Engineer. The current NASA policy is also to incorporate technological advances as they are tested and proven for spaceflight applications. This policy will be implemented by modifying the existing standard cells or by developing new NASA standards and their specifications in accordance with the NASA's Aerospace Battery Systems Program Plan. This NASA Specification for Manufacturing and Performance Requirements of NASA Standard Aerospace Nickel-Cadmium Cells is prepared to provide requirements for the NASA standard nickel-cadmium cell. It is an interim specification pending resolution of the separator material availability. This specification has evolved from over 15 years of nickel-cadmium cell experience by NASA. Consequently, considerable experience has been collected and cell performance has been well characterized from many years of ground testing and from in-flight operations in both geosynchronous (GEO) and low earth orbit (LEO) applications. NASA has developed and successfully used two standard flight qualified cell designs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NHB-8073.1 , NAS 1.18:8073.1
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    An expert system for cogeneration energy system selection (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A demonstration expert system has been developed which assists engineers in cogeneration energy system selection by asking them such applications-related questions as the desired electrical and thermal loads, fuel price, and electric rates. The answers given will be interfaced with the expert system's knowledge base to recommend candidate systems. Attention is given to expert system use results obtained for a sample site; their suitability is compared to that of the detailed results obtained by an earlier cogeneration system study.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 1988 IECEC; Jul 31, 1988 - Aug 05, 1988; Denver, CO; United States
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    The effect of different alkali metal hydroxides on nickel electrode life (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An accelerated cycle-life test (100-percent depth of discharge) of a sintered-type Ni electrode has been carried out in a flooded cell containing different alkali metal hydroxide electrolytes such as LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, and CsOH. Decrease in Ni electrode capacity with cycling was reduced as the radius of the alkali metal ions, with possible exception of CsOH.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 1988 IECEC; Jul 31, 1988 - Aug 05, 1988; Denver, CO; United States
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    Performance characteristics of ambient temperature secondary lithium cells (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: State of art ambient temperature secondary lithium cells were evaluated to determine their performance capability and limitations and to assess the present status of the technology of these cells. Li-MoS2, Li-NbSe3 and Li-TiS2 cells were evaluated for their charge/discharge characteristics, rate capability, and cycle life performance. The cells evaluated have a cycle life of 100-250 cycles at moderate discharge rates (C/5). The specific energy of these cells is between 50 and 100 Wh/Kg, depending upon the system. This paper describes the details of the cell designs, the test procedures, and the results of the evaluation studies.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 1988 IECEC; Jul 31, 1988 - Aug 05, 1988; Denver, CO; United States
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  • 63
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    Alkaline fuel cell performance investigation (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An exploratory experimental fuel cell test program was conducted to investigate the performance characteristics of alkaline laboratory research electrodes. The objective of this work was to establish the effect of temperature, pressure, and concentration upon performance and evaluate candidate cathode configurations having the potential for improved performance. The performance characterization tests provided data to empirically establish the effect of temperature, pressure, and concentration upon performance for cell temperatures up to 300 F and reactant pressures up to 200 psia. Evaluation of five gold alloy cathode catalysts revealed that three doped gold alloys had more than two times the surface areas of reference cathodes and therefore offered the best potential for improved performance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 1988 IECEC; Jul 31, 1988 - Aug 05, 1988; Denver, CO; United States
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  • 64
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    LEO life tests on a 75 Ah bipolar nickel-hydrogen battery (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The design, building, and testing of an actively cooled 10-cell 75-Ah bipolar nickel/hydrogen battery are discussed. During the last 1000 cycles, the battery has shown some evidence of elecrical performance degradation. In particular, EOC and EOD voltages have increased and decreased by several millivolts, respectively, and deep discharge capacities to a 1.0 V/cell average cutoff voltage have decreased.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 1988 IECEC; Jul 31, 1988 - Aug 05, 1988; Denver, CO; United States
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    A model to predict the removal of oxygen from air using a zirconia solid electrolyte membrane (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A finite difference mathematical model has been developed to predict the removal of oxygen from air using a zirconia separation cell. The model predicts the electrical and mass transfer processes in circular disk cells with either axial or radial current flow in the electrodes and in tubular cells with axial current flow in the electrodes. Representative results are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 1988 IECEC; Jul 31, 1988 - Aug 05, 1988; Denver, CO; United States
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    Oxygen separation from air using zirconia solid electrolyte membranes (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Air separation using a zirconia solid electrolyte membrane is a possible alternative source of oxygen. The process of zirconia oxygen separation is reviewed, and an oxygen plant concept using such separation is described. Potential cell designs, stack designs, and testing procedures are examined. Fabrication of the materials used in a zirconia module as well as distribution plate design and fabrication are examined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 1988 IECEC; Jul 31, 1988 - Aug 05, 1988; Denver, CO; United States
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    Improvements in magnetic bearing performance for flywheel energy storage (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper considers the development of a 500-Watt-hour magnetically suspended flywheel stack energy storage system. The work includes hardware testing results from a stack flywheel energy storage system, improvements in the area of noncontacting displacement transducers, and performance enhancements of magnetic bearings. Experimental results show that a stack flywheel energy storage system is feasible technology.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 1988 IECEC; Jul 31, 1988 - Aug 05, 1988; Denver, CO; United States
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    Effects of operating parameters on PAFC stack performance (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This work was performed to assess actual relationships of phosphoric acid fuel cell voltage responses obtained from subscale cells with air-cooled and full size cells in stacks as a function of operating parameters. Key relationships were verified and found to be in agreement with the Nerst equation. An empirical equation was developed to predict cell voltages as a function of the measureable parameters.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 1988 IECEC; Jul 31, 1988 - Aug 05, 1988; Denver, CO; United States
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    The effect of rotor dynamics on a flywheel stack energy storage system (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper presents a dynamic analysis of a magnetic-bearing stack system consisting of a single flywheel supported by two magnetic bearings. Real-time plots from a computer simulation are used to show the effect of dynamic coupling on the torque response, and the frequency response is used to determine the resonance frequencies of the stack system. It is found that system stability depends on the flywheel speed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 1988 IECEC; Jul 31, 1988 - Aug 05, 1988; Denver, CO; United States
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    Design of a motor-generator for an energy storage flywheel (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper examines motor/generator designs in which the rotor is integrated into the flywheel. Rotational loss considerations tend to dominate the design tradeoffs to maintain high system storage efficiency with a directly coupled unit. Some of the design alternatives are described as a guide to the experimental and analytical program needed to finalize a design.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 1988 IECEC; Jul 31, 1988 - Aug 05, 1988; Denver, CO; United States
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  • 71
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    Overview of a flywheel stack energy storage system (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The concept of storing electrical energy in rotating flywheels provides an attractive substitute to batteries. To realize these advantages the critical technologies of rotor design, composite materials, magnetic suspension, and high efficiency motor/generators are reviewed in this paper. The magnetically suspended flywheel energy storage system, currently under development at the University of Maryland, consisting of a family of interference assembled rings, is presented as an integrated solution for energy storage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 1988 IECEC; Jul 31, 1988 - Aug 05, 1988; Denver, CO; United States
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    Progress in AMTEC electrode experiments and modeling (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Four electrode compositions have demonstrated power densities high enough to make practical alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC) systems feasible. These electrode compositions are very thin molybdenum, platinum/tungsten trilayer, rhodium/tungsten bilayer, and titanium nitride. These electrodes have produced stable maximum power densities of 0.4 to 0.8 W/sq cm at 1100-1250 K for 90 to 160 hours.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: 1988 IECEC; Jul 31, 1988 - Aug 05, 1988; Denver, CO; United States
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    Studies on niobium triselenide cathode material for lithium rechargeable cells (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: NbSe3 exhibits superior characteristics such as high capacity, high volumetric and gravimetric energy densities, and high discharge rate capability, as compared to other intercalating cathodes. This paper reports the preparation, characterization, and performance of NbSe3. Several electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, constant-current/constant-potential discharges, dc potentiodynamic scans, ac impedance, and ac voltammetry, have been used to give insight to the mechanisms of intercalation of three lithiums with NbSe3 and also into the rate determining process in the reduction of NbSe3.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Symposium on Primary and Secondary Ambient Temperature Lithium Batteries; Oct 18, 1987 - Oct 23, 1987; Honolulu, HI; United States
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    Capacity decline of ambient temperature secondary lithium battery (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The use of ambient temperature secondary lithium cells is limited primarily because of the poor cycle life performance. Much of the cell capacity is irreversibly lost upon cycling. Studies have been undertaken to understand the problem of capacity decline. Experimental Li-TiS2 cells were fabricated and tested for their cycle life performance. Cells were disassembled at different stages of cycle life, and cell active components were analyzed by various analytical techniques. The results of this study indicate that all the cell's active components/materials are undergoing degradation. Details of the experiments carried out and the results obtained are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Symposium on Primary and Secondary Ambient Temperature Lithium Batteries; Oct 18, 1987 - Oct 23, 1987; Honolulu, HI; United States
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    The technology issues and the prospects for the use of lithium batteries in space (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Lithium Primary and Secondary Cells are being considered for applications in space to enhance energy storage capability. In this paper the authors describe the past, present and future application and program objectives as well as the technology issues that must be addressed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Symposium on Primary and Secondary Ambient Temperature Lithium Batteries; Oct 18, 1987 - Oct 23, 1987; Honolulu, HI; United States
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    Low temperature safety of lithium-thionyl chloride cells (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The use of lithium thionyl chloride cells for low-temperature applications is presently restricted because of their unsafe behavior. An attempt is made in the present investigation to identify the safe/unsafe low temperature operating conditions and to understand the low temperature cell chemistry responsible for the unsafe behavior. Cells subjected to extended reversal at low rate and -40 C were found to explode upon warm-up. Lithium was found to deposit on the carbon cathodes during reversal. Warming up to room temperature may be accelerating the lithium corrosion in the electrolyte. This may be one of the reasons for the cell thermal runaway.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Symposium on Primary and Secondary Ambient Temperature Lithium Batteries; Oct 18, 1987 - Oct 23, 1987; Honolulu, HI; United States
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    Advanced heat receiver conceptual design study (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Solar Dynamic space power systems are candidate electrical power generating systems for future NASA missions. One of the key components of the solar dynamic power system is the solar receiver/thermal energy storage (TES) subsystem. Receiver development was conducted by NASA in the late 1960's and since then a very limited amount of work has been done in this area. Consequently the state of the art (SOA) receivers designed for the IOC space station are large and massive. The objective of the Advanced Heat Receiver Conceptual Design Study is to conceive and analyze advanced high temperature solar dynamic Brayton and Stirling receivers. The goal is to generate innovative receiver concepts that are half of the mass, smaller, and more efficient than the SOA. It is also necessary that these innovative receivers offer ease of manufacturing, less structural complexity and fewer thermal stress problems. Advanced Brayton and Stirling receiver storage units are proposed and analyzed in this study which can potentially meet these goals.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-182177 , NAS 1.26:182177
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    Basic and applied research related to the technology of space energy conversion systems (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The first six months' research effort on the Liquid Droplet Radiator (LDR) focussed on experimental and theoretical studies of radiation by an LDR droplet cloud. Improvements in the diagnostics for the radiation facility have been made which have permitted an accurate experimental test of theoretical predictions of LDR radiation over a wide range of optical depths, using a cloud of Dow silicone oil droplets. In conjunction with these measurements an analysis was made of the evolution of the cylindrical droplet cloud generated by a 2300-hole orifice plate. This analysis indicates that a considerable degree of agglomeration of droplets occurs over the first meter of travel. Theoretical studies have centered on developments of an efficient means of computing the angular scattering distribution from droplets in an LDR droplet cloud, so that a parameter study can be carried out for LDR radiative performance vs fluid optical properties and cloud geometry.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-184644 , NAS 1.26:184644
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    Assessment and comparison of 100-MW coal gasification phosphoric acid fuel cell power plants (1988)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: One of the advantages of fuel cell (FC) power plants is fuel versatility. With changes only in the fuel processor, the power plant will be able to accept a variety of fuels. This study was performed to design process diagrams, evaluate performance, and to estimate cost of 100 MW coal gasifier (CG)/phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) power plant systems utilizing coal, which is the largest single potential source of alternate hydrocarbon liquids and gases in the United States, as the fuel. Results of this study will identify the most promising integrated CG/PAFC design and its near-optimal operating conditions. The comparison is based on the performance and cost of electricity which is calculated under consistent financial assumptions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-182189 , E-4320 , DOE/NASA/0017-7 , NAS 1.26:182189 , 1988 Fuel Cell Seminar; Oct 23, 1988 - Oct 26, 1988; Long Beach, CA; United States
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    InP homojunction solar cell performance on the LIPS 3 flight experiment (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Performance data for the NASA Lewis Research Center indium phosphide n+p homojunction solar cell module on the LIPS 3 Flight Experiment is presented. The objective of the experiment is to measure the performance of InP cells in the natural radiation environment of the 1100 km altitude, 60+ deg inclination orbit. Analysis of flight data indicates that the performance of the four cells throughout the first year is near expected values. No degradation in short-circuit current was seen, as was expected from radiation tolerance studies of similar cells. Details of the cell structure and flight module design are discussed. The results of the temperature dependency and radiation tolerance studies necessary for normalization and analysis of the data are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-101390 , E-4454 , NAS 1.15:101390 , Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sep 26, 1988 - Sep 30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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    Hydrogen-bromine fuel cell advance component development (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Advanced cell component development is performed by NASA Lewis to achieve improved performance and longer life for the hydrogen-bromine fuel cells system. The state-of-the-art hydrogen-bromine system utilizes the solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) technology, similar to the SPE technology developed for the hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell system. These studies are directed at exploring the potential for this system by assessing and evaluating various types of materials for cell parts and electrode materials for Bromine-hydrogen bromine environment and fabricating experimental membrane/electrode-catalysts by chemical deposition.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-101345 , E-4368 , NAS 1.15:101345 , National Technical Association Conference; Jul 13, 1988 - Jul 16, 1988; Chicago, IL; United States
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    A V-grooved GaAs solar cell (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: V-grooved GaAs solar cells promise the benefits of improved optical coupling, higher short-circuit current, and increased tolerance to particle radiation compared to planar cells. A GaAs homojunction cell was fabricated by etching a V-groove pattern into an n epilayer (2.1 x 10 to the 17th power per cu cm) grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on an n+ substrate (2.8 x 10 to the 18th power per cu cm) and then depositing and MOCVD p epilayer (4.2 x 10 to the 18th power per cu cm). Reflectivity measurements on cells with and without an antireflective coating confirm the expected decrease in reluctance of the microgrooved cell compared to the planar structure. The short circuit current of the V-grooved solar cell was 13 percent higher than that of the planar control.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-101970 , E-4668 , NAS 1.15:101970 , Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Sep 26, 1988 - Sep 30, 1988; Las Vegas, NV; United States
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    Computer-aided modeling and prediction of performance of the modified Lundell class of alternators in space station solar dynamic power systems (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The main purpose of this project is the development of computer-aided models for purposes of studying the effects of various design changes on the parameters and performance characteristics of the modified Lundell class of alternators (MLA) as components of a solar dynamic power system supplying electric energy needs in the forthcoming space station. Key to this modeling effort is the computation of magnetic field distribution in MLAs. Since the nature of the magnetic field is three-dimensional, the first step in the investigation was to apply the finite element method to discretize volume, using the tetrahedron as the basic 3-D element. Details of the stator 3-D finite element grid are given. A preliminary look at the early stage of a 3-D rotor grid is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-182538 , NAS 1.26:182538
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    Evaluation of heat sink materials for thermal management of lithium batteries (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Aluminum, neopentyl glycol (NPG), and resins FT and KT are evaluated theoretically and experimentally as heat sink materials for lithium battery packs. The thermal performances of the two resins are compared in a thermal vacuum experiment. As solutions to the sublimation property were not immediately apparent, a theoretical comparison of the thermal performance of NPG versus KT, Al, and no material, is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: International Power Sources Symposium; Jun 13, 1988 - Jun 16, 1988; Cherry Hill, NJ; United States
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    Direct-current magnetron fabrication of indium tin oxide/InP solar cells (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Efficient solar cells of indium tin oxide (ITO)/InP have been fabricated using dc magnetron deposition of the ITO into single-crystal InP substrates. Efficiencies of over 16.5 percent have been achieved, the highest ever recorded for devices of this construction. The results of studies of the annealing behavior of the cells and observations of interfacial changes using Raman spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy, together with measurements of light and dark current/voltage and quantum efficiency characteristics, are used to model the behavior of the cells and explain their lack of sensitivity to fabrication conditions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A (ISSN 0734-2101); 6; 1722-172
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  • 86
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    Small scale bipolar nickel-hydrogen testing (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Bipolar nickel-hydrogen batteries, ranging in capacity from 6 to 40 A-hr, have been tested at the NASA Lewis Research Center over the past six years. Small scale tests of 1 A-hr nickel-hydrogen stacks have been initiated as a means of screening design and component variations for bipolar nickel-hydrogen cells and batteries. Four small-scale batteries have been built and tested. Characterization and limited cycle testing were performed to establish the validity of test results in the scaled down hardware. The results show characterization test results to be valid. LEO test results in the small scale hardware have limited value.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: International Power Sources Symposium; Jun 13, 1988 - Jun 16, 1988; Cherry Hill, NJ; United States
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    ECUT (Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies) program: Biocatalysis Project (1988)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Fiscal year 1987 research activities and accomplishments for the Biocatalysis Project of the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies (ECUT) Division are presented. The project's technical activities were organized into three work elements. The Molecular Modeling and Applied Genetics work element includes modeling and simulation studies to verify a dynamic model of the enzyme carboxypeptidase; plasmid stabilization by chromosomal integration; growth and stability characteristics of plasmid-containing cells; and determination of optional production parameters for hyper-production of polyphenol oxidase. The Bioprocess Engineering work element supports efforts in novel bioreactor concepts that are likely to lead to substantially higher levels of reactor productivity, product yields, and lower separation energetics. The Bioprocess Design and Assessment work element attempts to develop procedures (via user-friendly computer software) for assessing the economics and energetics of a given biocatalyst process.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-182917 , JPL-PUBL-88-8 , NAS 1.26:182917 , DOE/CS-66001/11
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  • 88
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    Evaluation of alternative phase change materials for energy storage in solar dynamic applications (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The performance of fluoride salt and metallic thermal energy storage materials are compared in terms of basic performance as applied to solar dynamic power generation. Specific performance considerations include uniformity of cycle inlet temperature, peak cavity temperature, TES utilization, and system weights. Also investigated were means of enhancing the thermal conductivity of the salts and its effect on the system performance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Annual ASME Solar Energy Conference; Apr 10, 1988 - Apr 14, 1988; Denver, CO; United States
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    The development of a new sealed bipolar lead-acid battery (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: New light weight composite bipolar plates which can withstand the corrosive environment of the lead acid battery have made possible the construction of a sealed bipolar lead acid battery that promises to achieve very high specific power levels and substantially higher energy densities than conventional lead acid batteries. Performance projections based on preliminary experimental results show that the peak specific power of the battery can be as high as 90 kW/kg, and that a specific power of 5 kW/kg can be sustained over several thousand pulses.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: International Power Sources Symposium; Jun 13, 1988 - Jun 16, 1988; Cherry Hill, NJ; United States
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    The development of an advanced generic solar dynamic heat receiver thermal model (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An advanced generic solar dynamic heat receiver thermal model under development which can analyze both orbital transient and orbital average conditions is discussed. This model can be used to study advanced receiver concepts, evaluate receiver concepts under development, analyze receiver thermal characteristics under various operational conditions, and evaluate solar dynamic system thermal performances in various orbit conditions. The model and the basic considerations that led to its creation are described, and results based on a set of baseline orbit, configuration, and operational conditions are presented to demonstrate the working of the receiver model.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Annual ASME Solar Energy Conference; Apr 10, 1988 - Apr 14, 1988; Denver, CO; United States
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