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  • Chemical Engineering  (726)
  • Organic Chemistry  (684)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (1,686)
  • 1987  (1,686)
Collection
Keywords
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  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989  (1,686)
Year
  • 1
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    AOIPS/2 - An interactive system to process, analyze, and display meteorological data sets for nowcasting (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A description of AOIPS/2, an interactive hardware and software system to process, integrate, and display meteorological data is presented. The AOIPS/2 objectives and functional specifications are given. The hardware system architecture and work stations and the software architecture and special features are described. A summary is given of the software system and its main menu.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 11, 1
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  • 2
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    Importance of a remote measurement of spectral thermal infrared emissivities - Presentation and validation of such a determination (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 11, 1; 121-127
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  • 3
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    Tropical-extratropical teleconnections during the northern hemisphere winter. II - Relationships between monthly mean northern hemisphere circulation patterns and proxies for tropical convection (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 3115-313
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  • 4
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    Development of a two-dimensional zonally averaged statistical-dynamical model. II - The role of eddy momentum fluxes in the general circulation and their parameterization (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The role of eddy momentum fluxes in the general circulation was investigated using a two-dimensional zonally averaged statistical-dynamical model described by Yao and Stone (1987), which is almost two orders of magnitude faster than the three-dimensional climate model of Hansen et al. (1983). Results show that the vertical structure of the meridional eddy flux has relatively little impact on the general circulation, presumably because the vertical structure is strongly constrained by the thermal wind relation and surface friction. On the other hand, it was found that, in order to simulate accurately the general circulation and its response to climate changes, parameterization of the vertically integrated meridional eddy flux of angular momentum is necessary. A new parameterization of this eddy momentum transport was carried out, which is intended to represent the transport due to large-scale transient eddies arising from baroclinic instability.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 3769-378
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  • 5
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    Characteristics of extreme rainfall events in northwestern Peru during the 1982-1983 El Nino period (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Histograms and contour maps describing the daily rainfall characteristics of a northwestern Peru area most severely affected by the 1982-1983 El Nino event were prepared from daily rainfall data obtained from 66 stations in this area during the El Nino event, and during the same 8-month intervals for the two years preceding and following the event. These data were analyzed, in conjunction with the anlysis of visible and IR satellite images, for cloud characteristics and structure. The results present a comparison of the rainfall characteristics as a function of elevation, geographic location, and the time of year for the El Nino and non-El Nino periods.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 14225-14
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  • 6
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    Remote sensing of water vapor convergence, deep convection, and precipitation over the tropical Pacific Ocean during the 1982-1983 El Nino (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Using data collected by SMMR on board the Nimbus 7 satellite, estimates of atmospheric water vapor were obtained over the tropical Pacific Ocean during the 1982-1983 El Nino. A parameterization that physically relates the synoptic and convective scales was employed, making it possible to explicitly resolve convective elements and rain cells for poorly resolvable measurements. The derived water vapor flux convergences were analyzed during the El Nino episode to map the inferred deep convection and estimated rainfall over regions impacted by the event, and the inferred monthly rainfall amounts were compared with observations for 14 island and coastal stations in the Pacific Ocean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 14204-14
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  • 7
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    Simulations of the HDO and H2O-18 atmospheric cycles using the NASA GISS general circulation model - The seasonal cycle for present-day conditions (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The cycles of the water isotopic species (HDO and H2O-18) have been incorporated into the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies atmospheric general circulation model (GCM). The results of a three-year simulation for present-day conditions are discussed, with special emphasis on the comparison between predicted and observed isotopic distributions for both the seasonal and annual time scales. The observed seasonal cycles are generally well simulated. For the annual scale the observed linear relationship between delta O-18 and the surface temperature at middle and high latitudes, as well as the absence of any correlation between these fields in tropical and equatorial regions, are properly obeyed by the GCM simulation. In the tropical and equatorial regions the delta O-18 patterns for both observations and the GCM are influenced by the amount of rainfall. There is excellent agreement between the simulated and observed delta D-delta O-18 relationship throughout the world.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 14739-14
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  • 8
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    Simulated sudden stratospheric warming - Synoptic evolution (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An analysis is presented of a sudden stratospheric warming event which occurred spontaneously during a general circulation model simulation of the global atmospheric circulation. Two separate warming pulses exhibit the same dynamical evolution with a 'cycle' of about two weeks. Two distinct phases of the warming cycle are apparent: (1) the generation of an intense localized warm cell in conjunction with significant adiabatic heating associated with cross-isobar flow which has been induced by vertically propagating long wave disturbances; and (2) the northward transport of that warm cell via advection by the essentially geostrophic windfield corresponding to an intense, offset polar cyclone, in conjunction with a strong Aleutian anticyclone. During the first warming pulse in January, a moderate Aleutian anticyclone was in place prior to the warming cycle and was intensified by interaction with an eastward traveling anticyclone induced by the differential advection of the warm cell. The second warming pulse occurred in early February with a strong Aleutian anticyclone already established. In contrast to the January event, the warming in February culminated with reversal of the zonal westerlies to easterlies over a significant depth of the stratosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Royal Meteorological Society, Quarterly Journal (ISSN 0035-9009); 113; 815-846
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  • 9
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    A space-time stochastic model of rainfall for satellite remote-sensing studies (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A model of the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is described that produces random spatial rainfall patterns with these characteristics: (1) the model is defined on a grid with each grid point representing the average rain rate over the surrounding grid box, (2) rain occurs at any one grid point, on average, a specified percentage of the time and has a lognormal probability distribution, (3) spatial correlation of the rainfall can be arbitrarily prescribed, and (4) time stepping is carried out so that large-scale features persist longer than small-scale features. Rain is generated in the model from the portion of a correlated Gaussian random field that exceeds a threshold. The portion of the field above the threshold is rescaled to have a lognormal probability distribution. Sample output of the model designed to mimic radar observations of rainfall during the Global Atmospheric Research Program Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE), is shown. The model is intended for use in evaluating sampling strategies for satellite remote-sensing of rainfall and for development of algorithms for converting radiant intensity received by an instrument from its field of view into rainfall amount.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 9631-964
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  • 10
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    Sampling errors in satellite estimates of tropical rain (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The GATE rainfall data set is used in a statistical study to estimate the sampling errors that might be expected for the type of snapshot sampling that a low earth-orbiting satellite makes. For averages over the entire 400-km square and for the duration of several weeks, strong evidence is found that sampling errors less than 10 percent can be expected in contributions from each of four rain rate categories which individually account for about one quarter of the total rain.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 9567-957
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  • 11
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    Effect of ship-stack effluents on cloud reflectivity (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Under stable meteorological conditions the effect of ship-stack exhaust on overlying clouds was detected in daytime satellite images as an enhancement in cloud reflectivity at 3.7 micrometers. The exhaust is a source of cloud-condensation nuclei that increases the number of cloud droplets while reducing droplet size. This reduction in droplet size causes the reflectivity at 3.7 micrometers to be greater than the levels for nearby noncontaminated clouds of similar physical characteristics. The increase in droplet number causes the reflectivity at 0.63 micrometer to be significantly higher for the contaminated clouds despite the likelihood that the exhaust is a source of particles that absorb at visible wavelengths. The effect of aerosols on cloud reflectivity is expected to have a larger influence on the earth's albedo than that due to the direct scattering and absorption of sunlight by the aerosols alone.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 237; 1020-102
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  • 12
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    Wind measurements for non-uniform wind fields from spaceborne scatterometers (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Radar backscattering coefficient measurements by spaceborne scatterometers are presently simulated for the case of nonuniform wind fields, by means of a detailed numerical integration of the radar equation. The winds thus estimated are then compared with a nominal field which is defined as the average wind vector over the wind cell. The simulation results obtained for the NASA scatterometer are presented for cases of random wind fields whose spectra are consistent with the Seasat scatterometer sea surface wind spectrum. When the nonuniformity is small, system noise dominates the wind error; wind error degradation is therefore small for both perfect and imperfect coregistration cases. When it is relatively large, however, the wind error degradation persistently increases for both perfect and imperfect coregistrations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 13
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    Mapping global winds with satellite borne Doppler lidar - A plan (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The application of the Laser Atmospheric Wind Sounder to the EOS and Space Station is proposed. The use of pulsed, CO2 Doppler lidar to measure wind is described. The design requirements for a Doppler lidar operating in space, and the need to study the global distribution of naturally occurring atmospheric aerosols are discussed. The space-based Doppler lidar wind data will be useful for improving the skill of numerical weather predictions, for studying large-scale atmospheric circulation and climate dynamics, and for analyzing global biogeochemical and hydrological cycles.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 14
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    Retrieval of total precipitable water using radiometric measurements near 183.3 GHz and 90 GHz frequencies (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Data collected with the Advanced Microwave Moisture Sounder (AMMS), which operates in the 183.3 GHz range, are compared to measurements collected at 22 GHz in order to show that the 183 GHz measurements are more sensitive to total precipitable water (W) values than the 22 GHz measurements. Radiative transfer calculations for the upwelling microwave emission from the ocean surface were performed at the AMMS frequencies with a variety of atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles. The derived brightness temperatures at these frequencies are compared with W values derived from the humidity profiles. It is observed that the sensitivity between the brightness temperatures and W values at the AMMS channel is greater than 130 K/g per sq cm and 12 K/g per sq cm for the 22 GHz frequency.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 15
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    Conceptual design of a spaceborne radar for global rain mapping (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The conceptual design of a spaceborne rain mapping radar is described. This system has dual frequency channels operating at 14 and 35 GHz. It is capable of measuring precepitation profiles for rainfall rates from 0.3 mm/hr and up to 60 mm/hr. The rain reflectivity measurements obtained by this system are expected to have accuracies better than 10 percent.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 16
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    Determination of the scaled optical thickness of clouds from reflected solar radiation measurements (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A method for determination of scaled optical thickness from reflected solar radiation measurements is described in which measurements of the reflected function are compared with asymptotic expressions for the reflection function of optically thick layers. Analytic formulas are derived which show the dependence of the reflection and transmission functions of nonabsorbing atmospheres on cloud optical thickness, ground albedo, and the asymmetry factor. An expression is derived which shows that the ground albedo produces a constant bias in the derived optical thickness, regardless of the value of the measured reflection function. Results from an analysis of high-resolution images, obtained in Oklahoma, of the reflection function of clouds shows the impact of details of the single scattering phase function on the derived optical thickness.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 1734-175
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  • 17
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    Classification, seasonality and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The seasonality and persistence of the major modes of interannual variability in the low-frequency atmospheric circulation were studied using orthogonally rotated principle component analysis (RPCA) of Northern Hemisphere 1-month mean 700 mb heights. The twice-daily data for the 1950-1984 period were used. Winter results are similar to those of other recent RPCA and teleconnection studies. The strongest summer pattern is the North Atlantic Oscillation, which is also the strongest winter pattern; it systematically contracts northward in summer and expands southward in winter, being the only pattern found for every month of the year. The robustness of the RPCA results was examined through consistency with results of other studies and of adjacent month solutions within this study, as well as by replicating the results using 3-month and 10-day means of 700-mb height. It is concluded that the RPCA method provides a physically meaningful and statistically stable product with the simplicity of teleconnection patterns but with superior pattern choice and depiction.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 1083-112
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  • 18
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    A GCM study on the maintenance of the June 1982 blocking in the Southern Hemisphere (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: GCM experiments are used to study several possible mechanisms associated with the maintenance of the June 1982 blocking in the Southern Hemisphere. The mechanisms considered include changed orography, sea surface temperature anomalies, tropical heating, regional heating in the Pacific area, land-sea contrast, and sensible heating in the Antarctic area. It is concluded that asymmetric heating due to land-sea contrast was the most important boundary forcing associated with maintenance of the block. A 'no Australia' experiment confirms this result and suggests that local land-sea contrast kept the block stationary. High-latitude sensible heating associated with cold air outbreaks from Antarctica was also important in maintaining the block.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 1123-114
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  • 19
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    A VAS-numerical model impact study using the Gal-Chen variational approach (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A numerical study based on the use of a variational assimilation technique of Gal-Chen (1983, 1986) was conducted to assess the impact of incorporating temperature data from the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) into a regional-scale numerical model. A comparison with the results of a control forecast using only conventional data indicated that the assimilation technique successfully combines actual VAS temperature observations with the dynamically balanced model fields without destabilizing the model during the assimilation cycle. Moreover, increasing the temporal frequency of VAS temperature insertions during the assimilation cycle was shown to enhance the impact on the model forecast through successively longer forecast periods. The incorporation of a nudging technique, whereby the model temperature field is constrained toward the VAS 'updated' values during the assimilation cycle, further enhances the impact of the VAS temperature data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 1009-103
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  • 20
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    Atmospheric lateral and longitudinal turbulent length scales (measured at 600 to 800 meters above grade level) (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: NASA's Airborne Doppler Lidar System has been used to obtain a detailed 'instantaneous' mapping of horizontal spatial wind fields at 600-800 m elevations on the east side of the San Gorgonio Pass in California, in the form of checkerboard-fashion horizontal wind vectors spaced at 300 m intervals along and normal to the flight path. Spatial autocorrelations for the lateral and longitudinal components are ensemble-averaged, and integral turbulent length scales are computed for the wind fields' longitudinal and lateral directions. The flow in the region studied does not appear to be isotropic.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 21
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    The characteristic Rossby frequency (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The characteristic Rossby frequency is defined for a fixed zonal wavenumber perturbation as the variational integral of the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It is a measure of the time scale of the disturbance. For a disturbance which locally has the shape of an eigenfunction but is not global in extent, the characteristic Rossby frequency is very close to the true eigenvalue, and additionally remains unchanged under linear inviscid dynamics. Results are presented for the shallow water equations, both with and without a mean zonal wind. The characteristic Rossby frequency of a wavenumber 1 perturbation having the shape of the second symmetric Rossby mode but confined to the Northern Hemisphere is close to the corresponding Rossby frequency. This finding is helpful in understanding the behavior of the observed wavenumber 1 pattern of January 1979, which propagated westward with nearly the pure Rossby frequency but was discernible only in the Northern Hemisphere (as discussed by Daley and Williamson).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 1100-110
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  • 22
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    The stratosphere - Climatologies of the radiative heating and cooling rates and the diabatically diagnosed net circulation fields (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Stratospheric solar, IR, and net radiative heating are calculated on a monthly basis using solar and IR radiative codes and satellite derived distributions of ozone, water vapor, and temperature. Divergence-free, zonally averaged, advective fields are diagnosed using the calculated diabatic heating; associated stream functions are derived. The stratospheric transport of inert tracers is studied. Analysis of the diagnosed advective fields reveal that: (1) entry into the mid- to upper stratosphere of tropospheric air is mainly from altitude regions of + or - 10 deg at the equatorial tropopause; (2) at latitudes poleward of + or - 15 deg, tracers transported from the troposphere into the stratosphere are transported toward the pole and then downward and out of the stratosphere; and (3) the presence of net cooling cells in the lower stratospheric polar regions is important. The interannual variability of the diabatic circulation is estimated using heating and advection fields derived from LIMS data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 5585-560
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  • 23
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    Climate warming due to increasing atmospheric CO2 - Simulations with a multilayer coupled atmosphere-ocean seasonal energy balance model (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The transient response of the climate to increasing CO2 is studied using a modified version of the multilayer energy balance model of Peng et al. (1982). The main characteristics of the model are described. Latitudinal and seasonal distributions of planetary albedo, latitude-time distributions of zonal mean temperatures, and latitudinal distributions of evaporation, water vapor transport, and snow cover generated from the model and derived from actual observations are analyzed and compared. It is observed that in response to an atmospheric doubling of CO2, the model reaches within 1/e of the equilibrium response of global mean surface temperature in 9-35 years for the probable range of vertical heat diffusivity in the ocean. For CO2 increases projected by the National Research Council (1983), the model's transient response in annually and globally averaged surface temperatures is 60-75 percent of the corresponding equilibrium response, and the disequilibrium increases with increasing heat diffusivity of the ocean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 5505-552
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  • 24
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    A study of frontal dynamics with application to the Australian summertime 'cool change' (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The dynamics of frontal evolution is examined in terms of the Australian summertime cool change using a two-dimensional numerical model. The model is synthesized from observational data on surface cold fronts obtained during the Australian Cold Fronts Research Program, and the model develops a quasi-steady surface cold front during the 24 hours of integration. The characteristics of this model are compared with those of a kinematic model; it is observed that the features of the two models correspond. The two-dimensional and kinematic models are also compared with a 24-hour prediction of the cold front of February 1983 using the three-dimensional nested-grid model of the Australian Numerical Meteorology Research Center, developed by Gauntlett et al. (1984). Good correlation between these models is detected.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 687-705
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  • 25
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    Turbulent fluxes of liquid water and buoyancy in partly cloudy layers (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A simple convective mass flux model is used to derive expressions for the fluxes of liquid water and buoyancy in partly cloudy turbulent layers. The results differ radically from those suggested in some previous studies. Physical interpretation is given, and examples are presented. Implications for the dynamics of partly cloudy boundary layers are discussed, and the aftermath of cloud-top entrainment instability is analyzed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 850-858
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  • 26
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    Modeling clear-air turbulence with vortices using parameter-identification techniques (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics (ISSN 0731-5090); 10; 27-31
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  • 27
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    Satellite observation of atmosphere and surface interaction parameters (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Atmosphere and ocean surface parameters are being derived from weather satellite data acquired by the High Resolution Infrared Sounder and the Microwave Sounding Unit. In this paper, the global distribution and accuracy of the derived parameters are described, and the satellite-derived skin surface temperature is compared with available shelter temperature. Seasonal and interannual changes are examined to study the response time of large-scale atmospheric changes to changes in surface conditions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 11, 1; 111-117
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  • 28
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    An interim reference model for the middle atmosphere water vapor distribution (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nimbus 7 LIMS data are used to determine monthly and seasonal zonal mean reference stratospheric profiles over selected latitude bands, and other ground and airborne microwave data are combined with the LIMS data to construct an interim reference profile from the tropopause to 80 km for the midlatitude region averaged over the winter and spring periods. The present profiles indicate the presence of a hygropause near 50 mb pressure in the tropics, a relatively constant mixing ratio distribution with a height of 4.7-5 ppmv in the midlatitude and high latitude stratosphere, and a decrease in the midlatitude mesosphere to 1 ppmv at about 80 km.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 9, 19
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  • 29
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    The doubled CO2 climate - Impact of the sea surface temperature gradient (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) GCM of Hansen et al. (1983) was run, with 4 deg x 5 deg resolution, with doubled CO2 and two sets of sea surface temperature gradient distributions. One set was derived from the equilibrium doubled CO2 run of the 8 deg x 10 deg GISS GCM, with minimal high latitude amplification. The other set resembled closely the GFDL model results, with greater amplification. Both experiments had the same global mean surface air temperature change. The two experiments were often found to produce substantially different climate characteristics. With reduced high latitude amplification (set one), and thus, more equatorial warming, there was a greater increase in specific humidity and the greenhouse capacity of the atmosphere, resulting in a warmer atmosphere in general. Features such as the low-latitude precipitation, Hadley cell intensity, jet stream magnitude, and atmospheric energy transports all increased in comparison with the control run. In contrast, these features all decreased in the experiment with greater high latitude amplification (set two).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 3235-326
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    Comparison of Southern Hemisphere radiosonde and LIMS temperatures at 100 mb (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Radiosonde (RS)and satellite-derived (Nimbus-7 LIMS) 100-mb temperatures over New Zealand at 12 GMT are compared for the 1978-79 summer. The colocated LIMS temperature information consists of synoptically mapped values (for 12 GMT), as well as the primary nighttime orbital retrievals valid at about 1030 GMT. The RS time series of temperature is dominated by temporal fluctuations associated mainly with the eastward passage of waves which have characteristic periods of 4-5 and 11-12 days and peak-to-peak amplitudes of 10-15 K. The LIMS temperatures and the corresponding temperature time series are also found to exhibit quite close agreement (in terms of temporal phase for the latter) with the RS data. However, the LIMS-mapped temperature fluctuations suffer from a noticeable attenuation in amplitude (approaching 50 percent for higher-frequency fluctuations), which will affect the accuracy of LIMS-derived estimates of dynamical quantities such as wind velocity and relative vorticity in the lower stratosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Royal Meteorological Society, Quarterly Journal (ISSN 0035-9009); 113; 1382-138
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  • 31
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    Infrared and visible satellite rain estimation. I - A grid cell approach. II - A cloud definition approach (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This study explores the relationships between satellite-viewed cloudy grid cells and the variability of the precipitation contained therein, together with the relationships between the satellite-IR clouds and rainfall and the IR-thresholded visible clouds and rainfall. In the grid cell approach, IR, visible, and radar data for five days of the Florida Area Cumulus Experiment were examined using a 32-km grid and 30-min interval; the results of this experiment indicated that useful, accurate rainfall estimates beyond rain/no rain discrimination are unlikely. In the cloud definition approach, it was found that the cloud IR area was highly correlated with the rain area and with the volume rain rate across the entire spectrum of cloud sizes. It was poorly correlated with mean cloud rain rate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 26; 1553-157
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  • 32
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    Evolution of the Southern Oscillation as observed by the Nimbus-7 ERB experiment (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Nimbus-7 satellite has been in a 955-km, sun-synchronous orbit since October 1978. The Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiment has taken approximately 8 years of high-quality data during this time, of which seven complete years have been archived at the National Space Science Data Center. A final reprocessing of the wide-field-of-view channel dataset is underway. Error analyses indicate a long-term stability of 1 percent better over the length of the data record. As part of the validation of the ERB measurements, the archived 7-year Nimbus-7 ERB dataset is examined for the presence and accuracy of interannual variations including the Southern Oscillation signal. Zonal averages of broadband outgoing longwave radiation indicate a terrestrial response of more than 2 years to the oceanic and atmospheric manifestations of the 1982-83 El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event, especially in the tropics. This signal is present in monthly and seasonal averages and is shown here to derive primarily from atmospheric responses to adjustments in the Pacific Ocean. The calibration stability of this dataset thus provides a powerful new tool to examine the physics of the ENSO phenomena.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 2615-262
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  • 33
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    Synergistic interactions between an upper-level jet streak and diabatic processes that influence the development of a low-level jet and a secondary coastal cyclone (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A series of numerical simulations of the February 1979 Presidents Day cyclone is presented. The development of the low-level jet (LLJ) associated with the cyclone is described, and the mesoscale numerical model, initial analyses, and experimental design used in the study are discussed. Four numerical simulations are discussed and compared, including an adiabatic simulation that isolates the development of upper-level divergence along the axis of a subtropical jet streak and three other simulations that reveal the contributions of sensible and latent heat release in modifying lower-tropospheric wind fields and reducing the sea-level pressure. The formation of the LLJ is described through an evaluation of trajectories derived from the various model simulations. The effect of the LLJ on secondary cyclogenesis along the East Coast is described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 2227-226
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  • 34
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    Time-cumulated visible and infrared histograms used as descriptor of cloud cover (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: To study the statistical behavior of clouds for different climate regimes, the spatial and temporal stability of VIS-IR bidimensional histograms is tested. Also, the effect of data sampling and averaging on the histogram shapes is considered; in particular the sampling strategy used by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project is tested.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 3, 19
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  • 35
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    Comment on "The effect of inaccuracies in weather-ship data on bulk-derived estimates of flux, stability and sea-surface roughness" (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 4; 527-529
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  • 36
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    Objective method for analysis and tracking of convective cells as seen by radar (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A special method has been developed for the study of cells that are embedded in convective rain systems. This method consists of a package of computer programs that use pattern recognition techniques on three-dimensional digital radar data to identify the rain cells, track them with time, and calculate their properties. The product of the computations is a comprehensive database of physically meaningful properties of rain cells, which can be used to infer the internal structure and the dynamics of convective rain systems. The cell-tracking method has been applied to the summer convective clouds of south Florida for the following purposes: (1) derivation of the relationship between the echo top height and the precipitation characteristics (e.g., area, water yield, rain intensity and duration of the rain cells); (2) study of the microphysical behaviorof cumulus clouds in relation to their cell properties; (3) evaluation of the effect of seeding on cumulus clouds on the cell scale; and (4) examination of cloud-to-ground lightning discharges in relation to convective cell intensity. The cell-tracking method is also currently being used in rain enhancement projects in Texas, Israel, and South Africa. The cell-tracking method, its products and their use in meteorological research are described in this paper.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 4; 422-434
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  • 37
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    Review of measurements of the RF spectrum of radiation from lightning (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A review is presented of measurements of the spectrum of radiation from lightning in the frequency range from 1 kHz to 1 GHz, made either (1) by monitoring the power received at individual frequencies using a narrow-bandwidth recording device or (2) by recording the transient (time-dependent) radiation with a wide-bandwidth device and then Fourier transforming the waveform to obtain a spectrum. Measurements of type (1) were made extensively in the 1950s and 1960s, and several composite spectra have been deduced by normalizing the data of different investigators to common units of bandwidth and distance. The composite spectra tend to peak near 5 kHz and then decrease roughly as 1/(frequency) up to nearly 100 MHz, where scatter in the data makes the behavior uncertain. The spectrum obtained with measurements of type (2) is similar.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics (ISSN 0177-7971); 37; 3, 19
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  • 38
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    An evaluation of various forms of VAS retrievals in the analysis of a preconvective environment (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) radiance data obtained over the continental United States on July 20, 1981 are used to evaluate a variety of VAS retrieval procedures and parameters in the qualitative analysis and forecasting of severe weather events. The particular case analyzed contains two significantly different mesoscale convective events in the central plains. Retrievals of temperature, dewpoint temperature, equivalent potential temperature, total column precipitable water, and lifted index are shown to be physically consistent in space and time and to compare well with available radiosonde data. The analysis of the VAS retrievals identified significant spatial gradients and temporal changes in the thermal and moisture fields, including times and locations between radiosonde observations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics (ISSN 0177-7971); 37; 2, 19
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  • 39
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    Comparison of moored wind measurements from a spar and toroidal buoy in the eastern equatorial Pacific during February-March 1981 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Wind measurements at 3.8 m from a surface-following toroid and at 4.0 m from a vertically stable spar were compared to estimate the influence of mooring motion. Buoys were separated by 9 km. Data were obtained at 15-min intervals for 41 days in the equatorial Pacific, where the maximum 15-min averaged wind speed was 9.0 m/s and wind speeds averaged 4.5 m/s. Toroid wind speeds were 3.5 percent greater than the spar data, and the correlation coefficient between 15-min toroid and spar data was 0.92. The frequency of the 50-percent noise level was 0.125 cph, and the correlation coefficient between 8-hour averaged toroid and spar data was 0.98. Toroid 8-hour averaged wind speeds referenced to 10-m height were 2 percent larger thancorresponding spar data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 8303-830
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  • 40
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    Sampling theory applied to measurement and analysis of temperature for climate studies (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Of all the errors discussed in climatology literature, aliasing errors caused by undersampling of unsmoothed or improperly smoothed temperature data seem to be completely overlooked. This is a serious oversight in view of long-term trends of 1 K or less. Adequate sampling of properly smoothed data is demonstrated with a Hamming digital filter. It is also demonstrated that hourly temperatures, daily averages, and annual averages free of aliasing errors can be obtained by use of a microprocessor added to standard weather sensors and recorders.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 26; 731-736
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  • 41
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    Cold air outbreak during MASEX - Lidar observations and boundary-layer model test (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Lidar observations of boundary-layer development during a cold air outbreak over the Atlantic Ocean were examined. Very rapid rise rates were measured in the first 20 km off the coast. A large region of partial cloudiness was found to exist between the totally clear region near shore and the overcast region far from the coast. As the layer became overcast, rise rate of the boundary layer tripled, suggesting a direct relation between cloudiness and entrainment. Boundary-layer evolution was reasonably well simulated by a simple slab model. The model was not capable of predicting the area of partial cloudiness, nor the region of rapid entrainment near the coast.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology (ISSN 0006-8314); 39; 1-2,
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  • 42
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    A computation of the stratospheric diabatic circulation using an accurate radiative transfer model (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The global diabatic circulation is computed for the months of January, April, July and October over the altitude region 100 to 0.1 mb using an accurate troposphere-stratosphere radiative transfer model, SBUV and SME ozone data, and NMC temperatures. There is high correlation between the level of wave activity and the local departure of the atmosphere from radiative equilibrium. An excess in the globally averaged net stratospheric heating from 40 to 50 km is computed for all months, and a deficit from 50 to 60 km is computed during solstice. A 20 percent uniform reduction in ozone from 40 to 50 km, or a temperature perturbation with an increase of 5 K at 1 mb, will bring the atmosphere into global radiative equilibrium without significant impact on the diabatic circulation. In the transitional months of April and October, the net heating in the fall hemispheres are very similar, while substantial differences exist between the spring hemispheres.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 859-876
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    The synoptic setting and possible energy sources for mesoscale wave disturbances (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Published data on 13 cases of mesoscale wave disturbances and their environment were examined to isolate common features for these cases and to determine possible energy sources for the waves. These events are characterized by either a singular wave of depression or wave packets with periods of 1-4 h, horizontal wavelengths of 50-500 km, and surface-pressure perturbation amplitudes of 0.2-7.0 mb. These wave events are shown to be associated with a distinct synoptic pattern (including the existence of a strong inversion in the lower troposphere and the propagation of a jet streak toward a ridge axis in the upper troposphere) while displaying little correlation with the presence of convective storm cells. The observed development of the waves is consistent with the hypothesis that the energy source needed to initiate and sustain the wave disturbances may be related to a geostrophic adjustment process associated with upper-tropospheric jet streaks.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 721-729
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  • 44
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    Components of the ice age circulation (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of ice age boundary conditions on atmospheric dynamics and regional climate patterns are investigated using four GCM simulations. Particular consideration is given to sea surface temperature-sea ice distribution, the appearance of land ice, and the increased elevation of land ice. It is observed that the ice-age sea surface temperature stabilizes the atmosphere over the oceans, increases the frequency of storm tracking through central North America, and amplifies transient eddy energy without increasing baroclinic generation. It is detected that low-elevation ice generates low pressure over eastern North America and southern Europe in winter, while increasing cloud cover and cooling the land in summer. Elevation of the ice sheets cools the land in winter, further intensifies storms off northeastern North America, induces subsidence warming downstream of the European ice sheets in summer, and increases the transient and stationary eddy energy through increased baroclinicity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 4241-428
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  • 45
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    Reflectivity of earth's surface and clouds in ultraviolet from satellite observations (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer on board Nimbus 7 is used to infer the UV surface and cloud reflectance at 370 nm. Cloudless surface reflectivity was analyzed on a global basis for all surface types for several months. The UV surface reflectivity varies from 2 percent for some forest and grassland regions to 14 percent for some sandy desert areas. A notable exception is the large salt flats of Bolivia, which have a reflectivity of about 60 percent. Cloud reflectivity was also analyzed for clouds located at three levels in the atmosphere, as determined by the 11.5 micron channel of the Temperature Humidity Infrared Radiometer. Average cloud reflectivity at 370 nm ranges from 52 percent for low clouds (tops less than 2 km) to 76 percent for high clouds (tops greater than 7 km at the equator, decreasing to greater than 4 km at poles).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 4287-429
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  • 46
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    Nimbus 7 earth radiation budget wide field of view climate data set improvement. I - The earth albedo from deconvolution of shortwave measurements (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A deconvolution method for extracting the top of the atmosphere (TOA) mean, daily albedo field from a set of wide-FOV (WFOV) shortwave radiometer measurements is proposed. The method is based on constructing a synthetic measurement for each satellite observation. The albedo field is represented as a truncated series of spherical harmonic functions, and these linear equations are presented. Simulation studies were conducted to determine the sensitivity of the method. It is observed that a maximum of about 289 pieces of data can be extracted from a set of Nimbus 7 WFOV satellite measurements. The albedos derived using the deconvolution method are compared with albedos derived using the WFOV archival method; the developed albedo field achieved a 20 percent reduction in the global rms regional reflected flux density errors. The deconvolution method is applied to estimate the mean, daily average TOA albedo field for January 1983. A strong and extensive albedo maximum (0.42), which corresponds to the El Nino/Southern Oscillation event of 1982-1983, is detected over the south central Pacific Ocean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 4107-412
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    Cloud fields retrieved from analysis of HIRS2/MSU sounding data (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The methods used to determine effective cloud fraction (cloud fraction times cloud emissivity at 11-14 microns) and cloud top pressure from analysis of HIRS2/MSU sounding data are described. Identical procedures are used day and night so as to allow for meaningful day-night difference fields. Results are shown for June 1979. The monthly mean effective cloud fraction is 43.4 percent, resulting from a 45.2 percent value at 0300 LT and 41.6 percent at 1500 LT. The retrieved single-day cloud field for June 11 shows good agreement with high spatial resolution visible and infrared imagery.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 4035-405
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  • 48
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    Development of a two-dimensional zonally averaged statistical-dynamical model. I - The parameterization of moist convection and its role in the general circulation (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The moist convection parameterization used in the GISS 3-D GCM is adapted for use in a two-dimensional (2-D) zonally averaged statistical-dynamical model. Experiments with different versions of the parameterization show that its impact on the general circulation in the 2-D model does not parallel its impact in the 3-D model unless the effect of zonal variations is parameterized in the moist convection calculations. A parameterization of the variations in moist static energy is introduced in which the temperature variations are calculated from baroclinic stability theory, and the relative humidity is assumed to be constant. Inclusion of the zonal variations of moist static energy in the 2-D moist convection parameterization allows just a fraction of a latitude circle to be unstable and enhances the amount of deep convection. This leads to a 2-D simulation of the general circulation very similar to that in the 3-D model. The experiments show that the general circulation is sensitive to the parameterized amount of deep convection in the subsident branch of the Hadley cell. The more there is, the weaker are the Hadley cell circulations and the westerly jets. The experiments also confirm the effects of momentum mixing associated with moist convection found by earlier investigators and, in addition, show that the momentum mixing weakens the Ferrel cell. An experiment in which the moist convection was removed while the hydrological cycle was retained and the eddy forcing was held fixed shows that moist convection by itself stabilizes the tropics, reduces the Hadley circulation, and reduces the maximum speeds in the westerly jets.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 65-82
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    Experiments with a three-dimensional statistical objective analysis scheme using FGGE data (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A three-dimensional (3D), multivariate, statistical objective analysis scheme (referred to as optimum interpolation or OI) has been developed for use in numerical weather prediction studies with the FGGE data. Some novel aspects of the present scheme include: (1) a multivariate surface analysis over the oceans, which employs an Ekman balance instead of the usual geostrophic relationship, to model the pressure-wind error cross correlations, and (2) the capability to use an error correlation function which is geographically dependent. A series of 4-day data assimilation experiments are conducted to examine the importance of some of the key features of the OI in terms of their effects on forecast skill, as well as to compare the forecast skill using the OI with that utilizing a successive correction method (SCM) of analysis developed earlier. For the three cases examined, the forecast skill is found to be rather insensitive to varying the error correlation function geographically. However, significant differences are noted between forecasts from a two-dimensional (2D) version of the OI and those from the 3D OI, with the 3D OI forecasts exhibiting better forecast skill. The 3D OI forecasts are also more accurate than those from the SCM initial conditions. The 3D OI with the multivariate oceanic surface analysis was found to produce forecasts which were slightly more accurate, on the average, than a univariate version.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 272-296
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  • 50
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    Cloud cover over the equatorial eastern Pacific derived from July 1983 International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project data using a hybrid bispectral threshold method (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A set of visible and IR data obtained with GOES from July 17-31, 1983 is analyzed using a modified version of the hybrid bispectral threshold method developed by Minnis and Harrison (1984). This methodology can be divided into a set of procedures or optional techniques to determine the proper contaminate clear-sky temperature or IR threshold. The various optional techniques are described; the options are: standard, low-temperature limit, high-reflectance limit, low-reflectance limit, coldest pixel and thermal adjustment limit, IR-only low-cloud temperature limit, IR clear-sky limit, and IR overcast limit. Variations in the cloud parameters and the characteristics and diurnal cycles of trade cumulus and stratocumulus clouds over the eastern equatorial Pacific are examined. It is noted that the new method produces substantial changes in about one third of the cloud amount retrieval; and low cloud retrievals are affected most by the new constraints.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 4051-407
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  • 51
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    Forecasting forecast skill (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is shown that it is possible to predict the skill of numerical weather forecasts - a quantity which is variable from day to day and region to region. This has been accomplished using as predictor the dispersion (measured by the average correlation) between members of an ensemble of forecasts started from five different analyses. The analyses had been previously derived for satellite-data-impact studies and included, in the Northern Hemisphere, moderate perturbations associated with the use of different observing systems. When the Northern Hemisphere was used as a verification region, the prediction of skill was rather poor. This is due to the fact that such a large area usually contains regions with excellent forecasts as well as regions with poor forecasts, and does not allow for discrimination between them. However, when regional verifications were used, the ensemble forecast dispersion provided a very good prediction of the quality of the individual forecasts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 349-356
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    An evaluation of observations from satellites for the study and prediction of mesoscale events and cyclone events (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Quantitative observational guidelines have been developed for the study and forecasting of mesoscale events and cyclone events; many of these guidelines have resulted from major meteorological field programs. Increasingly sophisticated satellite-borne instruments in low and geosynchronous orbits have provided valuable measurements of these events. The major deficiencies in the measurements taken from geosynchronous orbit today, relative to guidelines, are (1) the lack of temperature profiles and moisture profiles below clouds, and the poor vertical resolution of these profiles; (2) the insufficient combination of spatial resolution and temporal resolution and spectral intervals available in generating images (imaging); and (3) the lack of accurate precipitation mapping. Considerably more-powerful instrumentation is possible on geosynchronous satellites that can substantially reduce these deficiencies. The capability of advanced geosynchronous observations and those expected with future instrumentation in low-orbit are evaluated with respect to tropical cyclone and severe local-storm observational guidelines. A high percentage of the guidelines are expected to be fulfilled with geosynchronous measurements: (1) using microwave instruments for imaging and for obtaining temperature profiles and moisture profiles, (2) very high spectral-resolution infrared profiling, (3) very high spatial-resolution and very high temporal-resolution imaging, and (4) ozone mapping.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 68; 21-35
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    Turbulence structure in microburst phenomena (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The efect on turbulence of a variable mean wind along the flight path of an aircraft is modeled and analyzed. It is found that the effect of a variable head or tail wind alters the magnitude of the length-scale of sensed microburst turbulence, rendering turbulence more random than usually encountered in the upper atmosphere. This, coupled with accompanying aerodynamic lift loss experienced during the headwind-to-tailwind swing, is what collectively creates the hazardous environment for a microburst-encountering aircraft attempting to land during a thunderstorm.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 24; 283-285
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    Nimbus 7 earth radiation budget wide field of view climate data set improvement. II - Deconvolution of earth radiation budget products and consideration of 1982-1983 El Nino event (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A deconvolution technique is employed that permits recovery of daily averaged earth radiation budget (ERB) parameters at the top of the atmosphere from a set of the Nimbus 7 ERB wide field of view (WFOV) measurements. Improvements in both the spatial resolution of the resultant fields and in the fidelity of the time averages is obtained. The algorithm is evaluated on a set of months during the period 1980-1983. The albedo, outgoing long-wave radiation, and net radiation parameters are analyzed. The amplitude and phase of the quasi-stationary patterns that appear in the spatially deconvolved fields describe the radiation budget components for 'normal' as well as the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episode years. They delineate the seasonal development of large-scale features inherent in the earth's radiation budget as well as the natural variability of interannual differences. These features are underscored by the powerful emergence of the 1982-1983 ENSO event in the fields displayed. The conclusion is that with this type of resolution enhancement, WFOV radiometers provide a useful tool for the observation of the contemporary climate and its variability.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 4125-414
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    A dynamic threshold method for obtaining cloud cover from satellite imagery data (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Errors in cloud cover derived by using a fixed threshold applied to imagery data depend not only on the fractional cover but also on cloud size. As a result, a fixed threshold applied to two scenes having the same cloud cover will produce different estimates of the cover when the clouds in the two scenes have different sizes. To allow for this influence due to cloud size, a dynamic threshold method is presented. In this method an infrared threshold is adjusted to achieve the highest correlation between the threshold-derived cloud cover and the mean emitted radiance for mesoscale-sized subregions within the scene. For single-layered cloud systems this threshold achieves a cancellation of errors in the cloud cover for the subregions so that the resulting cloud cover for the region and the associated estimates of cloud properties are in fair agreement with estimates obtained using the spatial coherence method. The agreement illustrates the validity of the layered cloud model used in different ways by the two methods. The performance of the dynamic threshold method is contrasted with that of a fixed threshold applied to the same data in order to illustrate the merits of applying a scene-dependent threshold.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 3985-399
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    Albedos of homogeneous semi-infinite canopies - Comparison of two-stream analytic and numerical solutions (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The albedo of plant canopies is treated as a problem in radiative transfer. Albedos calcualted from an iterative multistream numerical model are compared with those calculated with an analytic two-stream solution. With the assumption of a randomly homogeneous distribution of leaf positions and orientations and isotropic scattering by individual leaves, the single-scattering albedo of the canopy can be found analytically. This single-scattering solution is incorporated into the two-stream solution and used to benchmark the multistream numerical model in the single-scattering limit. Relative errors so established in the multistream model are O(0.3 percent) or less. The two-stream model is also found to be remarkably accurate, with the error in multiply scattered radiation O(5 percent) or less, corresponding to absolute errors in visible albedo of less than 0.001 and near-infrared albedo of less than or equal to 0.01. Thus the two-stream model should be adequate for many purposes, such as climate modeling, provided the assumptions of homogeneous canopy and isotropic scattering are not too unrealistic.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 4282-428
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    Optimized retrievals of precipitable water from the VAS 'split window' (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Precipitable water fields have been retrieved from the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) using a radiation transfer model for the differential water vapor absorption between the 11- and 12-micron 'split window' channels. Previous moisture retrievals using only the split window channels provided very good space-time continuity but poor absolute accuracy. This note describes how retrieval errors can be significantly reduced from plus or minus 0.9 to plus or minus 0.6 gm/sq cm by empirically optimizing the effective air temperature and absorption coefficients used in the two-channel model. The differential absorption between the VAS 11- and 12-micron channels, empirically estimated from 135 colocated VAS-RAOB observations, is found to be approximately 50 percent smaller than the theoretical estimates. Similar discrepancies have been noted previously between theoretical and empirical absorption coefficients applied to the retrieval of sea surface temperatures using radiances observed by VAS and polar-orbiting satellites. These discrepancies indicate that radiation transfer models for the 11-micron window appear to be less accurate than the satellite observations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 26; 1059-106
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    Numerical experiments related to the summer 1980 U.S. heat wave (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The NASA Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres fourth-order GCM was used in a series of medium-range numerical forecast experiments in order to improve understanding of the severe summer 1980 heat wave over the U.S. The results show that the derived soil moisture anomalies in the summer of 1980 contributed positively to the model's simulation of the heat wave maintenance, and suggest that once a region of reduced soil moisture is established, it tends to persist and maintain warmer and drier conditions. The lower soil moisture values resulted in reduced evaporation, higher ground temperatures, increased sensible heat flux from ground to air, higher surface air temperature, lower sea-level pressure, and higher 500-mb height. The effects of North Pacific sea-surface-temperature anomalies were mostly opposite to those of the soil-moisture anomalies: enhanced northerly flow of cooler drier air, increased evaporation, lower ground and air temperature, higher sea level pressure, and lower 500 mb heights over the Great Plains.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 1345-135
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    Ozone, jet streaks and severe weather (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Data from three independent observing platforms are synthesized to study the role of jet streaks in severe weather. The three data types are: conventional radiosondes; 6.7 micron water vapor imagery from the GOES satellite; and total ozone imagery from Nimbus 7. Diagnoses are then made of potential vorticity, mid-tropospheric moisture, and total ozone at and below the level of jet streaks. Potential vorticity and total ozone distributions are both tracers of stratospheric air. Theoretically, both should respond to the transverse, vertical circulations expected in the vicinity of jet streaks. Both should increase due to the sinking above the left front quadrant of the streaks. Moisture, on the other hand, increases in the ascent under the left front quadrant. This study shows striking agreement between the three parameters independently observed from three different observing platforms. Moreover, the three severe weather case studies suggest a unique distribution of ozone, potential vorticity, and mid-tropospheric moisture relative to a jet streak. This, in turn, led to the creation of a new ozone/jet streak model which shows that the total ozone distribution provides a signature in the vicinity of jet streaks and permits identification of areas most likely to experience severe weather at a later time. The value of such observations to operational forecasting is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Scientific and Operational Requirements for TOMS Data; p 20
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    Measurements of atmospheric turbulence (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Various types of atmospheric turbulence measurements are addressed for the purpose of stimulating discussion relative to available data. An outline of these various types of measurements are discussed. Some specific results of detailed characterization studies made at NASA Langley are emphasized. The most recent reports on statistics of turbulence encounters for various types of aircraft operations are summarized. Special severe encounter studies and reference to remote sensing are also included. Wind shear is considered to be a special topic and is not covered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Atmospheric Turbulence Relative to Aviation, Missile and Space Programs; p 73-92
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    Meteorological context for fall experiments including distributions of water vapor, ozone, and carbon monoxide (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Meteorological contexts for the NASA GTE/CITE 1 fall 1983 flight series are presented and discussed. The large-scale wind, cold cloud, and moisture patterns are illustrated by composite diagrams based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 700-, 500-, and 250-mbar analyses and the GOES-West broadband and 6.7-micron (water vapor) infrared photographs. Detailed flight path diagrams are included for seven maritime flights and one continental flight in the free troposphere and boundary layer. For three flights from Hickam Field, in Honolulu, HI, to the Intertropical Convergence Zone, vertical profiles of temperature, dew/frost point departures, wind velocity, and ozone, and carbon monoxide mixing ratios are also presented and discussed. Excellent agreement is demonstrated between the in situ and remote measurements. In particular, the predictive and diagnostic value of the 6.7-micron water vapor photographs is demonstrated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 1986-199
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  • 62
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    Application of TOMS data to weather analysis models (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Recent studies of the errors of analysis reflected by numerical weather analysis models are reviewed. Despite the improvements in data coverage and data ingestion methods in the past decade, it is found that significant errors of analysis persist. A case study comparison of Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data and aircraft data with the NMC analysis over the North Atlantic is used to illustrate the size of local errors encountered. The possibility of using TOMS images to locate meteorologically significant features such as troughs and ridges near the tropopause is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Scientific and Operational Requirements for TOMS Data; p 32
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    Status of the JAWS Program (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Preliminary data description of the August 5, 1982, microburst case is available. Its use in simulation of microburst is discussed, excluding the turbulence part, since it is not available.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Shear(Turbulence Inputs to Flight Simulation and Systems Certification; p 43-47
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    History of wind shear turbulence models (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Office of Flight Operations, Flight Technical Programs Div., at the FAA Headquarters, interfaces with industry, R&D communities and air carriers during the introduction of new types of equipment into operational services. A brief highlight of the need which FAA operations sees for new wind shear and turbulence data sets from the viewpoint of equipment certification and simulation is presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Shear(Turbulence Inputs to Flight Simulation and Systems Certification; p 11-12
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    Turbulence forecasting (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In order to forecast turbulence, one needs to have an understanding of the cause of turbulence. Therefore, an attempt is made to show the atmospheric structure that often results when aircraft encounter moderate or greater turbulence. The analysis is based on thousands of hours of observations of flights over the past 39 years of aviation meteorology.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Turbulence Relative to Aviation, Missile and Space Programs; p 137-154
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    The climatic wind regime in the lower thermosphere from meteor radar observations (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The determination of climatic norms of wind regime parameters in the lower thermosphere requires some questions of a methodical and scientific character to be settled. Among those of methodical character is: how to properly construct climatic circulation models using limited experimental data obtained by various methods during different time periods and in different geographical regions. The most important questions of a scientific character are: what main dynamic structures characterize the wind regime and how are these structures related to various atmospheric parameters and to the dynamic structures in the overlying and underlying atmospheric layers. These questions are considered and discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions, Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Volume 25; p 31-44
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    Turbulence models (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The subject of modeling turbulence for use with the JAWS wind shear data sets is addressed. The present FAA AC 120-41 wind shear models are quasisteady wind models. FAA recommends superimposing upon these winds a Dryden spectrum model of turbulence. For the JAWS data, it must be decided whether this approach is adequate or whether turbulence must be analyzed and modeled differently. This question is discussed in detail.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Shear(Turbulence Inputs to Flight Simulation and Systems Certification; p 125-151
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    Wind shear and turbulence simulation (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The aviation community is increasing its reliance on flight simulators. This is true both in pilot training and in research and development. In moving research concepts through the development pipeline, there is a sequence of events which take place: analysis, ground based simulation, inflight simulation, and flight testing. Increasing fidelity as progress toward the flight testing arena is accompanied by increasing cost. The question that seems to be posed in relation to the meteorological aspects of flight simulation is, How much fidelity is enough and can it be quantified. As a part of the Langley Simulation Technology Program, there are three principal areas of focus, one being improved simulation of weather hazards. A close liaison with the JAWS project was established because of the Langley Simulation Technology interests regarding reliable simulation of severe convective weather phenomena and their impact on aviation systems. Simulation offers the only feasible approach for examining the utility of new technology and new procedures for coping with severe convective weather phenomena such as wind shear. These simulation concepts are discussed in detail.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Wind Shear(Turbulence Inputs to Flight Simulation and Systems Certification; p 67-95
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    Introduction to the JAWS Program (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The JAWS Project is the Joint Airport Weather Studies project conceived in 1980 jointly between the National Center for Atmospheric Research and the Univ. of Chicago. The objectives of the program are threefold: (1) Basic scientific characterization of the microbursts and the statistics of microbursts occurrence; (2) Detection and warning, using the Low Level Wind Shear Alert System (LLWSAS) operation and performance; and (3) Doppler radar and airborne systems. These goals and the operation of the JAWS system in general are discussed in detail.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Shear(Turbulence Inputs to Flight Simulation and Systems Certification; p 13-27
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    JAWS multiple Doppler derived winds (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An elementary working knowledge is given of the advantages and limitations of the multiple Doppler radar analyses that have recently become available from the Joint Airport Weather Studies (JAWS) project. What Doppler radar is and what it does is addressed and the way Doppler radars were used in the JAWS project to gather wind shear data is described. The working definition of wind shear used is winds that affect aircraft flight over a span of 15 to 45 seconds and turbulence is defined as air motion that cause abrupt aircraft motions. The JAWS data current available contain no turbulence data. The concept of multiple Doppler analysis and the geometry of how it works are described, followed by an explanation of how data gathered in radar space are interpolated to a common Cartesian coordinate system and the limitations involved. A discussion is also presented of the analysis grid and how it was constructed. What the user actually gets is discussed, followed by a discussion of the expected errors in the three orthogonal wind components. Finally, a discussion is presented of why JAWS data are significant.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Shear(Turbulence Inputs to Flight Simulation and Systems Certification; p 29-42
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    Case history of FAA/SRI wind shear models (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In order to understand the development of the FAA/SRI wind fields, it is important to understand the operating philosophy of the FAA's Wind Shear Program Office. The goal of the office was to ensure an integrated solution to the wind shear problem which addressed three area: ground based equipment and coordination; airborne systems and procedures; and weather prediction. This triply addressed goal was central to the development of the wind fields. The primary user of the wind shear modeling during the FAA's program was airborne simulation. The project requirement was to use wind shear models that resulted from accidents so that effective procedures and/or equipment could be found for hazardous wind shear encounters. The wind shear model development is discussed in detail.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Shear(Turbulence Inputs to Flight Simulation and Systems Certification; p 3-10
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    Example on how to model and simulate turbulence for flight simulators (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Analytical developments relative to gust response are discussed. Turbulence length scale, spectral functions, zero crossing values, gust loads analysis, power spectral techniques for analyzing the response of aircraft in turbulence, the spectrum of the rolling moment coefficient, and the spectrum correction factor are among the issues considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Atmospheric Turbulence Relative to Aviation, Missile and Space Programs; p 159-178
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  • 73
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    CAT-generating mechanisms (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The development of instability configurations; the transition from unstable growth of these configurations into turbulence; a description of the nature of that turbulence; the question of decay of turbulence; and the existence of what is called fossil turbulence are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Turbulence Relative to Aviation, Missile and Space Programs; p 111-126
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    Remote versus in situ turbulence measurements (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Comparisons of in situ wind and turbulence measurements made with the NASA B-57 instrumented aircraft and those remotely made with both radar and lidar systems are presented. Turbulence measurements with a lidar or radar system as compared with those from an aircraft are the principal themes. However, some discussion of mean wind speed and direction measurements is presented. First, the principle of measuring turbulence with Doppler lidar and radar is briefly and conceptually described. The comparisons with aircraft measurements are then discussed. Two studies in particular are addressed: one uses the JAWS Doppler radar data and the other uses data gathered both with the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and the the NOAA Wave Propagation Lab. gound based lidars. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations are made.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Turbulence Relative to Aviation, Missile and Space Programs; p 53-71
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    Nighttime atmospheric stability changes and their effects on the temporal intensity of a mesoscale convective complex (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A method of interpolating atmospheric soundings while reducing the errors associated with simple time interpolation was developed. The purpose of this was to provide a means to determine atmospheric stability at times between standard soundings and to relate changes in stability to intensity changes in an MCC. Four MCC cases were chosen for study with this method with four stability indices being included. The discussion centers on three aspects for each stability parameter examined: the stability field in the vicinity of the storm and its changes in structure and magnitude during the lifetime of the storm, the average stability within the storm boundary as a function of time and its relation to storm intensity, and the apparent flux of stability parameter into the storm as a consequence of low-level storm relative flow. It was found that the results differed among the four stability parameters, sometimes in a conflicting fashion. Thus, an interpolation of how the storm intensity is related to the changing environmental stability depends upon the particular index utilized. Some explanation for this problem is offered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Factors Leading to Arc Cloud Formation; 46 p
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    Convective cell development and propagation in a mesoscale convective complex (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A case study was made of the mesoscale convective complex (MCC) which occurred over southern Oklahoma and northern Texas on 27 May 1981. This storm moved in an eastsoutheasterly direction and during much of its lifetime was observable by radars at Oklahoma City, Ok. and Stephenville, Tx. It was found that the direction of cell (VIP level 3 or more reflectivity) propagation was somewhat erratic but approximately the same as the system (VIP level 1 reflectivity) movement and the ambient wind. New cells developed along and behind the gust front make it appear that once the MCC is initiated, a synergistic relationship exists between the gust front and the MCC. The relationship between rainfall patterns and amounts and the infrared (IR) temperature field in the satellite imagery were examined. The 210 K isotherm of GOES IR imagery was found to encompass the rain area of the storm. The heaviest rainfall was in the vicinity of the VIP level 3 cells and mostly contained within the 205 K isotherm of GOES IR imagery.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Factors Leading to Arc Cloud Formation; 63 p
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    Factors leading to the formation of arc cloud complexes (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A total of 12 mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) were investigated. The duration of the gust front, produced by each MCS, was used to classify the MCSs. Category 1 MCSs were defined as ones that produced a gust front and the gust front lasted for more than 6 h. There were 7 category 1 MCSs in the sample. Category 2 MCSs were defined as ones that produced a gust front and the gust front lasted for 6 h or less. There were 4 category 2 MCSs. The MCS of Case 12 was not categorized because the precipitation characteristics were similar to a squall line, rather than an MCS. All of the category 1 MCSs produced arc cloud complexes (ACCs), while only one of the category 2 MCSs produced an ACC. To determine if there were any differences in the characteristics between the MCSs of the two categories, composite analyses were accomplished. The analyses showed that there were significant differences in the characteristics of category 1 and 2 MCSs. Category 1 MCSs, on average, had higher thunderstorm heights, greater precipitation intensities, colder cloud top temperatures and produced larger magnitudes of surface divergence than category 2 MCSs.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Factors Leading to Arc Cloud Formation; 116 p
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    Airborne measurements of surface layer turbulence over the ocean during cold air outbreaks (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The spectral characteristics of surface layer turbulence for the near-shore cloud street regions over the Atlantic Ocean were examined using 50-m level data of airborne measurements of atmospheric turbulence spectra above the western Atlantic Ocean during cold air outbreaks. The present study, performed for the Mesoscale Air-Sea Exchange (MASEX) experiment, extends and completes the preliminary analyses of Chou and Yeh (1987). In the inertial subrange, a near 4/3 ratio was observed between velocity spectra normal to and those along the aircraft heading. A comparison of the turbulent kinetic energy budgets with those of Wyngaard and Cote (1971) and Caughey and Wyngaard (1979) data indicates that the turbulent kinetic energy in the surface layer is dissipated less in the MASEX data than in data obtained by the previous groups.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 3721-373
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    Latitude dependence of eddy variances (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The eddy variance of a meteorological field must tend to zero at high latitudes due solely to the nature of spherical polar coordinates. The zonal averaging operator defines a length scale: the circumference of the latitude circle. When the circumference of the latitude circle is greater than the correlation length of the field, the eddy variance from transient eddies is the result of differences between statistically independent regions. When the circumference is less than the correlation length, the eddy variance is computed from points that are well correlated with each other, and so is reduced. The expansion of a field into zonal Fourier components is also influenced by the use of spherical coordinates. As is well known, a phenomenon of fixed wavelength will have different zonal wavenumbers at different latitudes. Simple analytical examples of these effects are presented along with an observational example from satellite ozone data. It is found that geometrical effects can be important even in middle latitudes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 2395-240
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    Error growth and predictability in operational ECMWF forecasts (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The forecast error growth in the 100-day ECMWF data set of 10-day forecasts previously utilized by Lorenz (1982) is studied, separating the square of the error into systematic and random components. The nature of the errors is analyzed in the spherical harmonics wavenumber domain, and a new parametrization and its application to global errors are presented. The wavenumber dependence of the error growth is studied.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tellus, Series A - Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography (ISSN 0280-6495); 39A; 474-491
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    Mean state and long term variations of temperature in the winter middle atmosphere above northern Scandinavia (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics (ISSN 0021-9169); 49; 655-674
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  • 82
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    Determination of cloud ice water content and geometrical thickness using microwave and infrared radiometric measurements (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Cloud ice water content and cloud geometrical thickness have been determined using a combination of near-infrared, thermal infrared and thermal microwave radiometric measurements. The radiometric measurements are from a Multispectral Cloud Radiometer, which has seven channels ranging from visible to thermal infrared, and an Advanced Microwave Moisture Sounder, which has four channels ranging from 90 to 183 GHz. Studies indicate that the microwave brightness temperatures depend not only on the amount of ice water content but also on the vertical distribution of ice water content. Studies also show that the low brightness temperature at 92 GHz for large ice water content is due to cloud reflection which reflects most of the irradiance incident at the cloud base downward. Therefore the 92 GHz channel detects a low brightness temperature at the cloud top.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 26; 878-884
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  • 83
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    On the origin of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This study provides an explanation for the origin of the tropical intraseasonal (40-50 day) oscillation (TIO) based on a simple generalization of Gill's linear analytic model for tropical large-scale heat-induced circulation. The solution contains a convective region that excites an eastward-moving Kelvin wave and a westward-moving Rossby wave. The entire system moves eastward as a response to the circulation it excites at a speed at which the latent heat energy in the tropics is best extracted. The TIO speed is a weighted mean of the speed of the Kelvin wave and that of the Rossby wave.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 1940-194
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  • 84
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    A method for remote sensing the emissivity, fractional cloud cover and cloud top temperature of high-level, thin clouds (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A methodology for retrieving the emissivity, cloud cover and cloud top temperature of high-level, thin clouds is developed and described. In the thermal infrared windows, the outgoing radiances from the earth's atmosphere contain information about cloud emissivity and cloud top temperature. This information is clearly demonstrated in the brightness temperature difference curves of two window channels. For the purpose of illustration, two window channels centered at 810 and 930 cm are chosen to construct the brightness temperature difference curves for a range of cloud top temperatures. These curves vary for different cloud top temperatures, and along each of these curves the emissivity changes. The brightness temperature difference method is used in a simulation study to demonstrate the feasibility of retrieving the cloud top temperature and emissivity by the utilization of measurements in two window channels. As expected, a perfect retrieval is found if perfect measurements and ideal atmospheric conditions are assumed. If a random error, which has a normal distribution with a mean of zero and standard deviation of + or - 0.5 C, is imposed to the measurements, a reasonable retrieval is found for emissivity greater than 0.3. The algorithm has been applied to a limited amount of HIRS2 data, which has 3.7, 3.98 and 11 micron channels. The cloud top temperature, emissivity and cloud cover are determined by using these channels.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 26; 225-233
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  • 85
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    Comments on the challenge of using mesoscale data in mesoscale numerical models (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The dangers of addressing the initialization issues for limited-area mesoscale models by extending the lessons learned during the development of global analysis and prediction systems are discussed. Lack of impact with data inserts at one time suggests that the lateral boundary conditions imposed on the limited-area models might force the model simulation toward a preferred solution, work against the new data being inserted into the model and, therefore, limit the potential impact that this data can have on the model system. The second potential pitfall involves the imposition of balance constraints on the data that are being inserted into the model to compute winds from temperature data and/or temperature from wind data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: ESA, Mesoscale Analysis and Forecasting; p 659-661
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  • 86
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    A VAS-numerical model impact study using the Gal-Chen variational approach (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Numerical experiments to assess the impact of incorporating temperature data from the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) using the assimilation technique developed by Gal-Chen (1986) modified for use in the Mesoscale Atmospheric Simulation System (MASS) model were conducted. The scheme is designed to utilize the high temporal and horizontal resolution of satellite retrievals while maintaining the fine vertical structure generated by the model. This is accomplished by adjusting the model lapse rates to reflect thicknesses retrieved from VAS and applying a three-dimensional variational that preserves the distribution of the geopotential fields in the model. A nudging technique whereby the model temperature fields are gradually adjusted toward the updated temperature fields during model integration is also tested. An adiabatic version of MASS is used in all experiments to better isolate mass-momentum imbalances. The method has a sustained impact over an 18 hr model simulation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: ESA, Mesoscale Analysis and Forecasting; p 599-604
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  • 87
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    Short-term forecasting of lightning based on the surface wind field at Kennedy Space Center (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Cloud-to-ground lightning is related in time and space to surface convergence for 244 days during the summer over a 790 sqkm network. The method uses surface convergence, particularly the average over the area, to identify the potential for new, local thunderstorm growth, and can be used to specify the likely time and location of lightning during the life cycle of the convection. A threshold of 0.0000075/sec change in divergence is used to define a convergence event, and a separation of 30 min between flashes defines a lightning event. Time intervals are found to be on the order of 1 hr from beginning convergence to first flash, and (CH110) 2 hr from beginning convergence to the end of lightning. Major differences between the convergence-lightning relationships based on low-level mean onshore and offshore flow are noted.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: ESA, Mesoscale Analysis and Forecasting; p 401-406
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  • 88
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    Toward operational forecasting and detection of weather-producing gravity waves (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Detecting (or nowcasting) mesoscale gravity waves whose horizontal wavelengths are 200 km or more is discussed. Synthesis of bandpass-filtered synoptic barograph data with geostationary satellite imagery sequences can accomplish this goal in an operational environment, but only if changes to the operational data collection and transmission systems are made.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: ESA, Mesoscale Analysis and Forecasting; p 387-392
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  • 89
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    Use of simulated satellite radiances from a mesoscale numerical model to understand kinematic and dynamic processes (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Techniques by which mesoscale numerical weather prediction model output and radiative transfer codes are combined to simulate the radiance fields that a given passive temperature/moisture satellite sensor would see if viewing the evolving model atmosphere are introduced. The goals are to diagnose the dynamical atmospheric processes responsible for recurring patterns in observed satellite radiance fields, and to develop techniques to anticipate the ability of satellite sensor systems to depict atmospheric structures and provide information useful for numerical weather prediction (NWP). The concept of linking radiative transfer and dynamical NWP codes is demonstrated with time sequences of simulated radiance imagery in the 24 TIROS vertical sounder channels derived from model integrations for March 6, 1982.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: ESA, Mesoscale Analysis and Forecasting; p 129-134
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  • 90
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    Automated detection of severe thunderstorms using geosynchronous infrared data (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: A procedure to identify thunderstorms from short-interval (5 min) GOES infrared (IR) data and to estimate their intensity (updraft strength) in an automated fashion is described. Thunderstorms are identified in the IR field by a simple pattern-recognition approach. For mature thunderstorms, two key parameters are used to estimate intensity: the amount of penetration above the neutral point and the occurrence (or not) of a cold-warm couplet in the IR TB field. Based on cloud model results, the amount of penetration is related to the maximum updraft speed, which is converted to an index. Application of the algorithm to a case study is presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: ESA, Mesoscale Analysis and Forecasting; p 107-110
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  • 91
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    The combined use of diagnosed mesoscale frontogenesis and satellite imagery in forecasting squall line formation (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The appearance of a line of small cumulus congestus clouds along a cold front in conjunction with developing mesoscale clear zone immediately behind the front was used to infer the existence of a meso-Beta-scale frontogenetical circulation capable of squall line initiation. The very short-range forecasting (2 to 6 hr) capabilities of synthesizing GOES imagery with diagnostic frontogenesis analyses of conventional surface data to predict the precise location and time of formation of such convective activity is demonstrated. The observations support the frontogenesis hypothesis postulated by Koch (1984).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: ESA, Mesoscale Analysis and Forecasting; p 111-116
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  • 92
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    The status of military specifications with regard to atmospheric turbulence (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The features of atmospheric disturbances that are significant to aircraft flying qualities are discussed. Next follows a survey of proposed models. Lastly, there is a discussion of the content and application of the model contained in the current flying qualities specification and the forthcoming MIL-Standard.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Turbulence Relative to Aviation, Missile and Space Programs; p 181-199
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  • 93
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    Transport models for numerical forecast (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The explosive growth of computing power, coupled with scientific and technological emphasis on a national scale, has led to significant major advances in operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) during the last two decades. There are about half a dozen major centers around the world running global NWP models operationally. Many more countries have operational hemispheric or limited-area models which provide weather forecasts. The global models typically have several hundred kilometer resolution, while the limited-area models usually have horizontal spacing of 50 to 100 km. Given the pace of burgeoning growth in this area, it seems warranted to occasionally take an overview of aspects of the field common to all modelers. Here, a brief look is taken at the nature of subgrid scale turbulence transport parameterization, and some of the difficulties pertaining thereto, with particular emphasis on operational NWP models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Turbulence Relative to Aviation, Missile and Space Programs; p 155-158
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  • 94
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    Turbulence as observed by concurrent measurements made at NSSL using weather radar, Doppler radar, Doppler lidar and aircraft (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: As air traffic increases and aircraft capability increases in range and operating altitude, the exposure to weather hazards increases. Turbulence and wind shears are two of the most important of these hazards that must be taken into account if safe flight operations are to be accomplished. Beginning in the early 1960's, Project Rough Rider began thunderstorm investigations. Past and present efforts at the National Severe Storm Laboratory (NSSL) to measure these flight safety hazards and to describe the use of Doppler radar to detect and qualify these hazards are summarized. In particular, the evolution of the Doppler-measured radial velocity spectrum width and its applicability to the problem of safe flight is presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Turbulence Relative to Aviation, Missile and Space Programs; p 93-110
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  • 95
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    Automated mesoscale winds determined from satellite imagery (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A new automated technique for extracting mesoscale fields from GOES visible/infrared satellite imagery was developed. Quality control parameters were defined to allow objective editing of the wind fields. The system can produce equivalent or superior cloud wind estimates compared to the time consuming manual methods used on various interactive meteorological processing systems. Analysis of automated mesoscale cloud wind for a test case yields an estimated random error value one meter per second and produces both regional and mesoscale vector wind field structure and divergence patterns that are consistent in time and highly correlated with subsequent severe thunderstorm development.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-179150 , NAS 1.26:179150 , REPT-83HV002
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  • 96
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    Computation and analyses of averaged monthly zonal albedos at the top of the atmosphere using Nimbus-7 ERB observed data (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Nimbus-7 ERB experiment measures the Earth's albedo from a satellite in a fixed Sun synchronous orbit. The data is obtained at a fixed time of the day for each latitude observed. For Earth Radiation Budget studies it is normally assumed that the observed scene is invariant during the day and that the albedo varies only with the solar zenith angle. This paper presents a technique for computing mean zonal albedos as a function of the albedo (A sub s) of cloud free atmosphere, the albedo (A sub c) of cloudy atmosphere and of the cloud fractions. The values of A sub s and A sub c are obtained from radiation transfer theory and climatological values of the surface and cloud albedos. The albedos are a function of the solar zenith angle, latitude and solar declination. The cloud fractions are measured from the Nimbus-7 ERB albedos. The present study shows the importance of taking into account latitude variations in surface types and in cloud cover.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-87790 , REPT-86B0342 , NAS 1.15:87790
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    Calibration of the spin-scan ozone imager aboard the dynamics Explorer 1 satellite (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The calibration technique, which contains the calibrated backscattered radiance values necessary for performing the calibrations, is presented. The calibration constants for September to October 1981 to determine total columnar ozone from the Spin-Scan Ozone Imager (SOI), which is a part of the auroral imaging instrumentation aboard the Dynamics Explorer 1 Satellite, are provided. The precision of the SOI-derived total columnar ozone is estimated to be better than 2.4 percent. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate correlation coefficients between total columnar ozone obtained from Dobson ground stations and SOI which indicate that the SOI total columnar ozone determination is equally accurate for clear or cloudy weather conditions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TP-2723 , L-16150 , NAS 1.60:2723
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  • 98
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    Atlas of wide-field-of-view outgoing longwave radiation derived from Nimbus 6 Earth radiation budget data set, July 1975 to June 1978 (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An atlas of monthly mean outgoing longwave radiation global contour maps and associated spherical harmonic coefficients is presented. The atlas contains 36 months of continuous data from July 1975 to June 1978. The data were derived from the first Earth radiation budget experiment, which was flown on the Nimbus-6 Sun-synchronous satellite in 1975. Only the wide-field-of-view longwave measurements are cataloged in this atlas. The contour maps along with the associated sets of spherical harmonic coefficients form a valuable data set for studying different aspects of our changing climate over monthly, annual, and interannual scales in the time domain, and over regional, zonal, and global scales in the spatial domain.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-RP-1185 , L-16325 , NAS 1.61:1185
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  • 99
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    Rain volume estimation over areas using satellite and radar data (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The analysis of 18 convective clusters demonstrates that the extension of the Area-Time-Integral (ATI) technique to the use of satellite data is possible. The differences of the internal structures of the radar reflectivity features, and of the satellite features, give rise to differences in estimating rain volumes by delineating area; however, by focusing upon the area integrated over the lifetime of the storm, it is suggested that some of the errors produced by the differences in the cloud geometries as viewed by radar or satellite are minimized. The results are good and future developments should consider data from different climatic regions and should allow for implementation of the technique in a general circulation model.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-181115 , NAS 1.26:181115 , SDSMT/IAS/R-87/03
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  • 100
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    US tornadoes. Part 1: 70-year statistics (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: If tornadoes were counted as the Gross National Product, no other country on the surface of the earth could come even close to the United States. During the recent 70 year period, the United States produced 31,054 tornadoes which left behind a cumulative path of 132,005 miles (212,396 km) which would circle the world 5.3 times along the equator. In completing the book, staff members of the Satellite and Mesometeorlogy Research Project (1961 to the present) played an important role in collecting, evaluating, and archiving the historical tornado data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-181140 , NAS 1.26:181140 , PB87-127742 , SMRP-RP-218 , LC-86-51637
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