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  • Other Sources  (501)
  • ASTRONOMY  (258)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (243)
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  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • 1980-1984  (501)
  • 1983  (501)
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  • 1980-1984  (501)
Year
  • 1
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    Sheet silicon cell/module technology (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The cost involved in the performance of the standard operations for the manufacture of silicon wafers is insignificant in the case of space photovoltaics applications. It is, however, a decisive factor with respect to terrestrial applications of silicon photovoltaic devices. In 1975, a program was, therefore, begun to develop low cost silicon solar arrays for terrestrial applications. The goal was silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) modules ready for installation at a selling price of $0.50/watt (1975 dollars). Sheet and ribbon silicon growth held out the promise of reduced cost through continuous operation, high material throughput, high material utilization efficiency, and a product whose shape lent itself to the assembly of high packing density modules. Attention is given to ribbon growth technologies, sheet technology generic problems, and ribbon cell and module technology status. It is concluded that the potential for crystalline ribbon silicon appears to be better today than ever before.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 2
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    Investigation of energy management strategies for photovoltaic systems - A predictive control algorithm (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present investigation is concerned with the formulation of energy management strategies for stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems, taking into account a basic control algorithm for a possible predictive, (and adaptive) controller. The control system controls the flow of energy in the system according to the amount of energy available, and predicts the appropriate control set-points based on the energy (insolation) available by using an appropriate system model. Aspects of adaptation to the conditions of the system are also considered. Attention is given to a statistical analysis technique, the analysis inputs, the analysis procedure, and details regarding the basic control algorithm.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 3
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    Discharge characteristics of a simulated solar cell array (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of the transient characteristics associated with the discharge of a simulated solar array are presented. A capacitively coupled probe is used to measure the discharge current, and antennas are used to measure the electromagnetic radiation. Discharges were observed at low surface voltages and several modes of discharge were observed. The maximum discharge current is found to be 0.2 A. This value is several orders of magnitude higher than that reported by previous measurements. Experimental evidence suggests that the inverted voltage gradient is a very likely triggering mechanism for solar array discharges.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science (ISSN 0018-9499); NS-30; 4311-431
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  • 4
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    Detection of silicate emission features in the 8- to 13-micron spectra of main belt asteroids (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A presentation is given of 8.0-13.0 micron spectra (Delta lambda/lambda = 0.02-0.03) for six main belt asteroids, which range from 58 to 220 km in diameter and sample the five principal taxonomic classes (C, S, M, R and E). Narrow, well-defined silicate emission features are present on two of the asteroids, the C-type 19 Fortuna and the M-type 21 Lutetia. No comparable emission features are observed on the S-types 11 Parthenope and 14 Irene, the R-type 349 Dembowska or the E-type 64 Angelina.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 56; 393-397
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  • 5
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    The evolution of the infrared emission from the Type II supernova 1980k in NGC 6946 - The dust formation model (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The paper presents 1-4 micron photometry of supernova 1980 k in NGC 6946 obtained over a period of 1 year following the outburst. During the period between 1980 November 1 and December 19, the infrared emission probably originated from the extended atmosphere of the expanding star. The JHKL colors and a 1.3-2.6-micron spectrum observed during this period correspond to those of a blackbody with an average temperature of about 5000 K. Observations around 1981 May 31 showed that the supernova developed an infrared excess after 1980 December. This infrared excess persisted through 1981 October and is consistent with the appearance of thermal emission from about 700 to 900 K dust in addition to a hotter photosphere. The similarity of this behavior to that of the infrared evolution of some novae suggests that dust formation may be occurring in the supernova ejecta. The hypothesis, that the emission arises from preexisting grains in a circumstellar shell which are heated by the supernova outburst, is also consistent with the data.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 274; 168-174
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  • 6
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    Ultraviolet and optical studies of binaries with luminous cool primaries and hot companions. III - Reticon radial velocities (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Radial velocities for 72 stars, most of them known or suspected binaries with F - K giant-supergiant primaries, are derived from Reticon spectra in the region 6005-6235 A at a scale of 7 km/s per diode. Cross-correlation of the spectra normally produces results accurate to better than 1.0 km/s. Eight new radial velocity variables are found (HR 2786, R Pup, HR 3291, HR 4451, HD 114520, HR 5667, HR 7014, and Nu1 Sgr). Improved orbits are determined for 15 known spectroscopic binaries, and provisional orbits are obtained for seven new spectroscopic binaries.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (ISSN 0067-0049); 53; 553-571
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  • 7
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    Infrared observations of RS CVn stars (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The paper presents infrared photometry of the RS CVn binary stars AR Lac (1.2-10 microns) and MM Her (1.2-3.5 microns) as they egressed from their primary and secondary eclipses; of the eclipsing systems RS CVn and Z Her at maximum light (1.2-10 microns) and of the non-eclipsing systems UX Ari and HR 1099 (1.2-10 microns). An analysis of these and published V data based on flux ratio diagrams (linear analogues of color-color diagrams) shows that G and K stars supply the infrared light of these systems. In AR Lac, the combined light of a G5-K0 subgiant and either a late F dwarf or an early F subgiant can account for the observed visual and infrared light curves. None of these systems shows infrared emission from circumstellar matter. This result is simply understood: dust grains would not be expected to form in the physical conditions surrounding the subgiant, and the corona and chromosphere (whose properties have been deduced from spectroscopic X-ray observations) should not produce appreciable infrared emission.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711); 205; 859-873
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  • 8
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    Ultraviolet high-resolution spectroscopy from the Space Telescope (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The High Resolution Spectrograph is one of five scientific instruments which will be part of the Space Telescope observatory. The spectrograph was designed to take advantage of the imaging and pointing capabilities of the telescope to obtain ultraviolet spectra with spectral resolution comparable to large, ground-based coudeinstruments. Some of the results of the ground-based testing program will be described, along with applications of these properties to future science programs.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Publications (ISSN 0004-6280); 95; 543-549
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  • 9
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    Theoretical studies of the effects of grain noise on photographic stellar astrometry and photometry (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A method of incorporating the effects of photographic emulsion grain noise into digital image centering algorithms is presented which improves the accuracy of the derived stellar positions and magnitudes. Theoretical formulae are then derived for the limiting error of the center, and the photometric parameters. For IIIa-J, this error is 0.2-0.3 mu for bright unsaturated images, which agrees quite well with measurements made with the Yale PDS microdensitometer. It is expected that, with further improvements in the positional accuracy of the PDS, it should be possible to reach the emulsion grain noise limit, providing that emulsion shifts or other large scale errors do not dominate. It is also shown that, with appropriate trimming, marginal distribution image centering algorithms can yield an accuracy only slightly poorer than that obtained with two-dimensional distributions.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 88; 1683-168
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  • 10
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    An improved celestial radio reference frame: JPL 1982-4 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In the development of a celestial radio reference frame, there are now over 100 sources whose relative positions are known with an average uncertainty less than 5 milliarcseconds. These sources are fairly uniformly distributed over the celestial sphere north of -40 deg declination. Their positions are expressed in the new IAU system. This presentation describes the analysis involved in obtaining these results, as well as future plans for linking this system to the JPL planetary ephemerides.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 11
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    An overview of the Goldstone Energy Systems study (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A systems planning methodology was developed for analyzing and synthesizing Deep Space Network (DSN) energy systems. The resultant product, the Deep Space Network Planning and Analysis Methodology supports DSN energy planning evaluations. It addresses a broad spectrum of tradeoff and dispatching scenarios. It evaluates a variety of energy generation configurations and also includes a capability to evaluate conservation measures.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 135-141
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  • 12
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    Efficient computerized model for dynamic analysis of energy conversion systems (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In searching for the optimum parameters that minimize the total life cycle cost of an energy conversion system, various combinations of components are examined and the resulting system performance and associated economics are studied. The systems performance and economics simulation computer program (SPECS) was developed to fill this need. The program simulates the fluid flow, thermal, and electrical characteristics of a system of components on a quasi-steady state basis for a variety of energy conversion systems. A unique approach is used in which the set of characteristic equations is solved by the Newton-Raphson technique. This approach eliminates the tedious iterative loops which are found in comparable programs such as TRNSYS or SOLTES-1. Several efficient features were also incorporated such as the centralized control and energy management scheme, and analogous treatment of energy flow in electrical and mechanical components, and the modeling of components of similar fundamental characteristics using generic subroutines. Initial tests indicate that this model can be used effectively with a relatively small number of time steps and low computer cost.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 161-176
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  • 13
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    Performance simulation of the JPL solar-powered distiller. Part 1: Quasi-steady-state conditions (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A 37.85 cu m (10,000 gallons) per year (nominal) passive solar powered water distillation system was installed and is operational in the Venus Deep Space Station. The system replaced an old, electrically powered water distiller. The distilled water produced with its high electrical resistivity is used to cool the sensitive microwave equipment. A detailed thermal model was developed to simulate the performance of the distiller and study its sensitivity under varying environment and load conditions. The quasi-steady state portion of the model is presented together with the formulas for heat and mass transfer coefficients used. Initial results indicated that a daily water evaporation efficiency of 30% can be achieved. A comparison made between a full day performance simulation and the actual field measurements gave good agreement between theory and experiment, which verified the model.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 142-160
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  • 14
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    Comet Halley ephemeris uncertainties in 1985-1986 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: For the planned flyby missions to Comet Halley in March 1986, the comet's ephemeris uncertainties completely dominate the spacecraft-comet miss distance. In an effort to determine realistic Comet Halley ephemeris uncertainties, a statistical covariance analysis was conducted using the actual data in 1909-1910-1911 and simulated data in 1984-1985-1986. In 1985-1986, Comet Halley's ephemeris uncertainties are very sensitive to the comet's orbital position, the optical data noise, data schedule, and whether or not the old data is included in the orbital solutions. The comet's ephemeris uncertainties in March 1986 are relatively insensitive to reasonable center of light/center of mass offsets and also to possible radar data taken in late November 1985. Accurate Space Telescope observations made in early March 1986 might significantly improve upon the comet's position uncertainties for the various intercepting spacecraft.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 15
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    Dust particles in the anomalous tail of Comet Kohoutek (1973 XII) (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Intermediate results from theoretical models of the anomalous spikelike dust distribution observed in the tail of Comet Kohoutek using the Skylab white-light coronograph on December 28.996, 1973, are reported. The time evolution is studied using the model of Finson and Probstein (1968) and assuming power-law variation of the dust-production rate and the particle-size distribution. Brightness profiles are calculated and presented graphically for comparison with those derived from the observation photograph: the model predicts a longer duration of the spike phenomenon than was observed. It is shown qualitatively that this discrepancy can be removed by introducing a finite dust-emission velocity (e.g., 1 m/s) into the model.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 16
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    Cometary nucleus and active regions (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: On the basis of the icy-conglomerate model of cometary nuclei, various observations demonstrate the 'spotted' nature of many or most nuclei; i.e., regions of unusual activity, either high or low. Rotation periods, spin axes, and even precession of the axes have been determined. Narrow dust jets near the nuclei of some bright comets require that small sources be embedded in larger active areas. Certain evidence suggests that very dusty areas and very dusty comets may be less active, respectively, than surrounding areas or other comets.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 17
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    Regions of stability of asteroids (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Using Hill's modified stability criterion, regions of orbital elements are established for conditions of stability. The model of the three-dimensional restricted problem of three bodies is used with the sun and Jupiter as the primaries. Four different cases are studied: direct and retrograde, outside and inside asteroidal orbits. The directions of the asteroidal orbits refer to the synodical reference frame and the positions refer to Jupiter's orbit. The orbital parameters of the asteroids are the semi-major axis (a), the eccentricity (e), and the inclination from Jupiter's orbital plane (i). The argument of the perihelion and the longitude of the ascending node are fixed at Omega = omega = 90 deg and the time of perihelion passage is T = 0 for all orbits.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 18
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    The JPL 'long ephemeris', DE102/LE51 (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A number of applications exist in astronomical research for planetary and lunar ephemerides covering an extended length of time. This paper discusses such a set of ephemerides, DE102/LE51, produced at JPL, covering the time 1411 B.C. to 3001 A.D. The ephemerides are dynamically self-consistent, in that the equations of motion were integrated simultaneously. They also represent the most accurately known positions covering such a time span. They have already been used by a number of different users in a variety of different applications.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 19
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    Single cell performance studies on the FE/CR Redox Energy Storage System using mixed reactant solutions at elevated temperature (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experimental studies in a 14.5 sq cm single cell system using mixed reactant solutions at 65 C are described. Systems were tested under isothermal conditions, i.e., reactants and the cell were at the same temperature. Charging and discharging performance were evaluated by measuring watt-hour and coulombic efficiencies, voltage-current relationships, hydrogen evolution and membrane resistivity. Watt-hour efficiencies ranged from 86 percent at 43 ma/sq cm to 75 percent at 129 ma/sq cm with corresponding coulombic efficiencies of 92 percent and 97 percent, respectively. Hydrogen evolution was less than 1 percent of the charge coulumbic capacity during charge-discharge cycling. Bismuth amd bismuth-lead catalyzed chromium electrodes maintained reversible performance and low hydrogen evolution under normal and adverse cycling conditions. Reblending of the anode and cathode solutions was successfully demonstrated to compensate for osmotic volume changes. Improved performance was obtained with mixed reactant systems in comparison to the unmixed reactant systems. Previously announced in STAR as N83-25042
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 20
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    The DOE photovoltaics program (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The considered program of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has the objective to provide federal support for research and development work related to photovoltaics. According to definitions of policy in 1981, a strong emphasis is to be placed on long-term, high-risk research and development that industry could not reasonably be expected to perform using their own funds. Attention is given to the program structure, the photovoltaics program management organization, the advanced research and development subprogram, the collector research and development subprogram, flat-plate collectors, concentrator collectors, and the systems research and technology subprogram.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 21
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    Silicon material technology status (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Silicon has been the basic element for the electronic and photovoltaic industries. The use of silicon as the primary element for terrestrial photovoltaic solar arrays is projected to continue. The reasons for this projection are related to the maturity of silicon technology, the ready availability of extremely pure silicon, the performance of silicon solar cells, and the considerable present investment in technology and manufacturing facilities. The technologies for producing semiconductor grade silicon and, to a lesser extent, refined metallurgical grade silicon are considered. It is pointed out that nearly all of the semiconductor grade silicon is produced by processes based on the Siemens deposition reactor, a technology developed 26 years ago. The state-of-the-art for producing silicon by this process is discussed. It is expected that efforts to reduce polysilicon process costs will continue.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 22
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    Systems approach to walk-off problems for dish-type solar thermal power systems (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: 'Walk-off' in a dish-type solar thermal power system is a failure situation in which the concentrator remains fixed while the spot of concentrated sunlight slowly moves across the face of the receiver. The intense local heating may damage the receiver and nearby equipment. Passive protection has advantages in minimizing damage, but in a fully passive design the receiver must be able to withstand full solar input with no forced fluid circulation during the walk-off. An active walk-off emergency subsystem may include an emergency detrack or defocus mechanism or sun-blocking device, emergency power, sensors and logic to detect the emergency and initiate protective action, and cooling or passive protection of emergency and non-emergency components. Each of these elements is discussed and evaluated in the paper.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 23
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    Dynamical evolution of the Oort cometary cloud (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The dynamical evolution of comets in the Oort cloud under the influence of stellar perturbations has been modeled using Monte Carlo techniques. It is shown that the cloud has been depleted over the history of the solar system. Comets are lost from the cloud by direct ejection due to close stellar encounters, diffusion of aphelia to distances beyond the sun's sphere of influence, or diffusion of perihelia into the planetary region where Jupiter and Saturn perturbations either eject them on hyperbolic trajectories or capture them to short-period orbits. The population of the cloud is estimated to be 1.0 - 1.5 x 10 to the 12th comets and the total mass is on the order of 1.9 earth masses. In addition to random passing stars, less frequent encounters with giant molecular clouds may play a significant role in randomizing the orbits of comets in the cloud and reducing the effective radius of the sun's sphere of influence.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 24
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    Properties of young clusters near reflection nebulae (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Near infrared observations in the reflection nebulae NGC 703, 2023, and 2068 are used to study clusters of young stars found associated with these nebulae. At least 30 percent to 60 percent of these stars are pre-main sequence objects, as indicated by their infrared excesses, hydrogen line emission, or irregular variability. The spatial distributions and observed luminosity functions of these young open clusters are derived, and the inferred mass function and star formation efficiencies are discussed. Previously announced in STAR as N83-25628
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 88; July 198
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  • 25
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    Cometary impacts with the sun - Physical and dynamical considerations (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Michels et al. (1982) observed the apparent impacting of the sun by a comet, and Sekanina (1982) showed that the comet, 1979XI, was probably a member of the Kreutz group of sun-grazing comets, although its perihelion of 0.35 solar radii was much smaller than the 1.2-1.9 solar radii common for this comet class. The perihelion change cannot be explained by planetary, stellar, or nongravitational perturbations. The most plausible explanation is collision with another body, probably a comet, at large heliocentric distance. The probability of such an event is, however, extremely small. The sublimation of the comet's nucleus before impact is discussed, and it is suggested that its ultimate destruction probably resulted from the shock of entry into the denser regions of the solar atmosphere, just above the photosphere.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 55; Sept
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  • 26
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    An infrared study of the eclipsing dwarf nova U Geminorum (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: One series of data comprising the present J, H, K broadband IR photometry of the cataclysmic binary system U Geminorum over the course of two orbital cycles was obtained several days before an outburst, while a second was gathered when the system had almost completely returned to quiescence from that outburst. In quiescence, the M4-M5.5 red dwarf star supplies most of the IR luminosity of the system, while the light curves at this time are tidally induced ellipsoidal variations of the red dwarf which exhibit an amplitude such that the red dwarf must fill, or nearly fill, its Roche lobe. This shows directly that Roche lobe overflow is important in cataclysmic variable stars. The range of the disk IR colors after outbursts suggest that cool and optically thick gas, together with optically thin gas, supply most of the IR light of the disk.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711); 204; Sept
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  • 27
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    Very large spiral galaxies (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: As a first step in the systematic study of large spirals, which may be useful in cosmological tests and studies of galaxy evolution, a catalog of the 107 largest known spiral galaxies is presented. Catalog galaxies have isophotal diameters greater than 90 kpc, assuming an H(zero) value of 50 km/sec per Mpc. UBVR photoelectric photometry is presented for 20 of these galaxies, and absolute magnitudes are derived for all galaxies in the catalog by transforming Zwicky magnitudes to the B(T) system.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711); 204; Sept
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  • 28
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    Further studies on criteria for the onset of dynamical instability in general three-body systems (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Numerical experiments designed for the elucidation of the conditions under which self-gravitating, three-body systems become dynamically unstable are examined of the cases of four orbital configuration types: circular, prograde, and coplanar; circular, retrograde, and coplanar; circular, direct, and inclined; and eccentric, direct, and coplanar. Results indicate that orbital inclination does not significantly affect stability in 'outer planet' configurations, while the stability of 'inner planet' configurations, where the tertiary is in close orbit about one member of the binary, is markedly less affected, once the relative orbital inclination is greater than 50 deg. It is found that the onset of dynamical instability is only weakly dependent on the eccentricity of either the binary or tertiary orbit, as long as the mass of the tertiary is comparable to the reduced mass of the binary.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 88; Sept
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  • 29
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    Plasma-enhanced CVD silicon nitride antireflection coatings for solar cells (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Multilayer plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) silicon nitride antireflection coatings were deposited on space quality silicon solar cells. Preliminary experiments indicated that multilayer coatings decreased the total reflectance of polished silicon from 35 percent to less than 3 percent over the spectral range 0.4-1.0 micron. The solar cell energy conversion efficiency was increased from an average of 8.84 percent to an average of 12.63 percent.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy (ISSN 0038-092X); 31; 4, 19; 1983
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    DE 102 - A numerically integrated ephemeris of the moon and planets spanning forty-four centuries (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is pointed out that the 1960's were the turning point for the generation of lunar and planetary ephemerides. All previous measurements of the positions of solar system bodies were optical angular measurements. New technological improvements leading to immense changes in observational accuracy are related to developments concerning radar, Viking landers on Mars, and laser ranges to lunar corner cube retroreflectors. Suitable numerical integration techniques and more comprehensive physical models were developed to match the accuracy of the modern data types. The present investigation is concerned with the first integrated ephemeris, DE 102, which covers the entire span of the historical astronomical observations of usable accuracy which are known. The fit is made to modern data. The integration spans the time period from 1411 BC to 3002 AD.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 125; 1, Au; Aug. 198
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  • 31
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    Whirl flutter analysis of a horizontal-axis wind turbine with a two-bladed teetering rotor (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Whirl flutter and the effect of pitch-flap coupling on teetering motion of a wind turbine were investigated. The equations of motion are derived for an idealized five-degree-of-freedom mathematical model of a horizontal-axis wind turbine with a two-bladed teetering rotor. The model accounts for the out-of-plane bending motion of each blade, the teetering motion of the rotor, and both the pitching and yawing motions of the rotor support. Results show that the design is free from whirl flutter. Selected results are presented indicating the effect of variations in rotor support damping, rotor support stiffness, and pitch-flap coupling on pitching, yawing, teetering, and blade bending motions. Previously announced in STAR as N82-23707
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy (ISSN 0038-092X); 31; 2, 19; 1983
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    Thermal behavior of laboratory models of honeycomb-covered solar ponds (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Laboratory experiments were conducted to provide insight into the technical feasibility of honeycomb-covered solar ponds. Cooling tests using honeycomb panels of various materials and geometries showed that a 5.7-cm-thick one-tier panel insulated as effectively as a 10-cm fiberglass slab. Heating tests demonstrated that a model pond covered with a polycarbonate panel boiled upon 16 hours of continuous exposure to a 150-W spotlight. Analysis of the experimental data indicates positively that honeycomb-covered solar ponds can be expected to perform satisfactorily, and that larger-scale outdoor tests should be conducted to provide a more realistic assessment and a more refined performance estimate.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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    The IRAS telescope (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The IRAS telescope is described in terms of its system configuration and physical characteristics, subsystem functions and descriptions, and performance characteristics. The mission and the configuration are reviewed briefly, and the major functional components of the telescope are described, including the focal plane assembly, the optics, the electronics, the cryogenics, and the thermal control. Exploded and cross-sectional views and block diagrams are presented for the telescope system configuration, focal plane assembly, infrared subarray module, optical subsystem, infrared channel data flow, and main cryogen dewar. The telescope physical characteristics are listed. The performance characteristics are listed and discussed, including the spectral response, sensitivity, optical quality, and photometric accuracy. Relative system spectral response curves for the infrared bands are shown.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: vol. 36; Jan. 198
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    Coordinate systems (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Jovian coordinate systems are different from those employed in the case of the earth. Latitude and longitude coordinates are usually established relative to some solid surface. Because Jupiter does not have a solid surface (at least none which is visible through the clouds), arbitrary, but convenient, coordinate grids have been prescribed. A spin equator is made out from observations of cloud motion, and the direction of the planetary spin axis is, therefore, determined with relatively good accuracy. The problem in establishing a Jupiter longitude system is that the mean rotation period of the clouds is a function of latitude. The solution selected was to define two separate longitude grids. A third longitude system became necessary with the detection of radio signals which gave evidence for a rotating planetary magnetic field. Attention is also given to orbital phase angle and longitude conventions for satellites, and two latitude systems for Jupiter
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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    Transformations of the perturbed two-body problem to unperturbed harmonic oscillators (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Singular, nonlinear, and Liapunov unstable equations are made regular and linear through transformations that change the perturbed planar problem of two bodies into unperturbed and undamped harmonic oscillators with constant coefficients, so that the stable solution may be immediately written in terms of the new variables. The use of arbitrary and special functions for the transformations allows the systematic discussion of previously introduced and novel anomalies. For the case of the unperturbed two-body problem, it is proved that if transformations are power functions of the radial variable, only the eccentric and the true anomalies (with the corresponding transformations of the radial variable) will result in harmonic oscillators. The present method significantly reduces computation requirements in autonomous space operations.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Celestial Mechanics (ISSN 0008-8714); 30; May 1983
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  • 36
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    Expected cycle life vs. depth of discharge relationships of well-behaved single cells and cell strings (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present investigation is concerned with the factors which might influence the cycle life vs. depth of discharge relationship, taking into account the rate of loss of cell capacity, the amount of excess capacity built into the cells, and the penalty in capacity loss resulting from the use of deep depths of discharge. 'First principles' are used to develop a cell life model for somewhat arbitrary conditions. This model is then used to estimate the cycle life vs. depth of discharge relationships for 'well behaved' cells. The stochastic variations associated with groupings of single cells are then introduced to the battery pack cycle life model. The term 'well behaved' cell is used to describe a single cell which does not suffer any abrupt failure mode during the course of its operation. It gradually loses capacity for any number of the usual reasons at a rate which is the product of the fractional depth of discharge and a factor which is characteristic of the cell under consideration.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Electrochemical Society, Journal (ISSN 0013-4651); 130; May 1983
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    Revised orbits for 105 Herculis and Pi Cephei A and a model for the Pi Cephei system (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: New orbital elements for the giant primary components of 105 Herculis and Pi Cephei A are derived using radial velocities from Dominion Astrophysical Observatory coude plates. These data are combined with those of Harper (1925) in order to estimate the velocity amplitude of Pi Cephei A in the visual orbit of this triple system. Two models of this system are developed. In the first model, the unseen spectroscopic secondary component is a single main-sequence star, although this seems unlikely, while in the alternative model the unseen secondary component is itself double.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 203
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    Solar concentrator degradation in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of parabolically or spherically-shaped mirrors is being considered in order to increase the solar energy intensity on solar cells. Their use will significantly decrease the size and number of the cells needed for a particular application, hence the total array cost. Questions arise, however, regarding the long-term (five to ten years) efficiency of these devices. Performance degradation of the mirror surfaces might result from known hostile elements in the low earth orbit (LEO) environment (150-350 nautical miles). The degradation issue is addressed in light of present knowledge of this environment. The following characteristics of the LEO environment are identified for study: (1) the vacuum of space; (2) sputtering by the residual atoms and particles in space; (3) solar electromagnetic radiation; (4) contamination of the mirror surface; (5) atomic oxygen interactions with the surface; (6) bombardment of the surface by meteoroids; and (7) irradiation of the surface by ionizing particles (protons). Using the best available information for the magnitudes of the necessary quantities, a mathematical analysis was carried out, where possible, to determine the degradation in reflectance or other loss caused by each characteristic. Otherwise, reasonable estimates are made of corresponding losses, based on already published data.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Johnson (Lyndon B.) Space Center The 1983 NASA/ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Research Program Research Reports; NASA. Johnson (Lynd
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    Lunar luminescence measurements (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Spectra of lunar sites obtained in June 1983 have been analyzed for residual luminescence using the spectral line depth technique. The results or three sites each at three wavelengths are presented. The sites observed were Mare Crisium, Kepler, and Aristarchus. In each case, the value quoted was based not only on the strong Fraunhofer line in the spectral range covered but also on from 11 to 21 weaker lines within 80 A of the strongest feature. These data do not support previous observations. The values given do not indicate a greatly reddened spectrum, and the luminescence spectrum of the mare site is not significantly different from the two young crater sites. These observations cannot be adequately explained by thermal luminescence, theories of direct excitation are also unable to explain the strength of the flux.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Johnson (Lyndon B.) Space Center The 1983 NASA/ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Research Program Research Reports; NASA. Johnson (Lynd
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    Laser assisted deposition (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Applications of laser-based processing techniques to solar cell metallization are discussed. Laser-assisted thermal or photolytic maskless deposition from organometallic vapors or solutions may provide a viable alternative to photovoltaic metallization systems currently in use. High power, defocused excimer lasers may be used in conjunction with masks as an alternative to direct laser writing to provide higher throughput. Repeated pulsing with excimer lasers may eliminate the need for secondary plating techniques for metal film buildup. A comparison between the thermal and photochemical deposition processes is made.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 317-332
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    Metallization with generic metallo-organic inks (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use and fabrication of metallo-organic films are discussed. Metallo-organic compounds are ones in which a metal is linked to a long chain carbon ligand through a hetero atom such as O, S, N, P or As. Films formed by the thermal decomposition of these metallo-organics are called MOD films. In order that the products of decomposition contain only CO2, H2O, and in rare cases nitrogen compounds, and to avoid S containing products, the use of a set of metallo-organic compounds for ink fabrication where the linking hetero atom was oxygen was pioneered. These links were made from commercially available carboxylates, or synthesized from commonly available reagents. The processing is described and the molecular design criteria are given. The particular carboxylates or amine carboxylates selected were the octoates or neodecanoates, and they are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 277-300
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    Solar cell metallization: Historical perspective (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Solar cell metallization design requirements are discussed. Space applications and terrestrial applications are considered. Cost factors are discussed in relation to design analysis.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 9-18
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    Economic implications of current systems (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The primary goals of this study are to estimate the value of R&D to photovoltaic (PV) metallization systems cost, and to provide a method for selecting an optimal metallization method for any given PV system. The value-added cost and relative electrical performance of 25 state-of-the-art (SOA) and advanced metallization system techniques are compared.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 19-33
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    Radio Astronomy (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-12
    Description: Deep Space Network (DSN) 26- and 64-meter antenna stations were utilized in support of Radio Astronomy Experiment Selection Panel experiments. Within a time span of 10 days, in May 1983 (267.75 hours total), nine RAES experiments were supported. Most of these experiments involved multifacility interferometry using Mark 3 data recording terminals and as many as six non-DSN observatories. Investigations of black holes, quasars, galaxies, and radio sources are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 112-113
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    Upper Limits to the Annihilation Radiation Luminosity of Centaurus a (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: A high resolution observation of the active nucleus galaxy Centaurus A (NGC 5128) was made by the GSFC low energy gamma-ray spectrometer (LEGS) during a balloon flight on 1981 November 19. The measured spectrum between 70 and 500 keV is well represented by a power law of the form 1.05 x 10 (-4) (E/100 keV) (-1.59) ph/sq cm /s with no breaks or line features observed. The 98% confidence (2 sigma) flux upper limit for a narrow ( 3 keV) 511-keV positron annihilation line is 9.9 x 10 (-4) ph/ sq cm /s. Using this upper limit, the ratio of the narrow-line annihilation radiation luminosity to the integral or = 511 keV luminosity is estimated to be 0.09 (2 sigma upper limit). This is compared with the measured value for our galactic center in the Fall of 1979 of 0.10 to 0.13, indicating a difference in he emission regions in the nuclei of the two galaxies.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA(Goddard Space Flight Center Contrib. to the Workshop on Positron-Electron Pairs in Astrophys.; p 39-44
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    HD 207739 - A strange composite star (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This star, classified F8 IIe + B:, has a very unusual ultraviolet spectrum, with abnormally strong and numerous absorption features in the far-UV and exceptionally strong Mg II emission. There is some resemblance to shell and pre-main-sequence B stars, but it more closely matches the strange spectra of the eclipsing systems VV Cep and SX Cas, and it probably has considerable circumstellar material at fairly high temperature. HD 207739 is probably an interacting binary and needs to be monitored for light and velocity variations.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 264
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    U.S. data processing for the IRAS project (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The JPL's Scientific Data Analysis System (SDAS), which will process IRAS data and produce a catalogue of perhaps a million infrared sources in the sky, as well as other information for astronomical records, is described. The purposes of SDAS are discussed, and the major SDAS processors are shown in block diagram. The catalogue processing is addressed, mentioning the basic processing steps which will be applied to raw detector data. Signal reconstruction and conversion to astrophysical units, source detection, source confirmation, data management, and survey data products are considered in detail.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: vol. 36; Jan. 198
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    Experimental test of the variability of G using Viking lander ranging data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Results are presented from the analysis of solar-system astrometric data, notably the range data to the Viking landers on Mars. A least-squares fit of the parameters of the solar system model to these data limits a simple time variation in the effective Newtonian gravitational constant to (2 + or - 4) x 10 to the -12th/yr and a rate of drift of atomic clocks relative to the implicit clock of relativistic dynamics to (1 + or - 8) x 10 to the -12th/yr. The error limits quoted are the result of uncertainties in the masses of the asteroids.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 51; 1609-161
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    Astrometry (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Progress in astrometry is reviewed. Aspects of photographic astrometry are addressed, including the use and optimization of emulsions as detectors and the application of side-field and long-focus photographic astrometry to the determination of stellar positions, to proper motion surveys, the determination of more accurate parallaxes, the study of binaries, and the examination of the membership and internal motions of star clusters. The advantages and disadvantages of photoelectric astrometry are summarized, and the instruments used in this field is discussed, including scanners, detector arrays, stellar interferometers, space telescopes, and satellites. Promising observational methods for studying binary stars are addressed. Astrometry derived from meridian circle observations is considered, emphasizing the FK4 system. The use of radio astrometry is briefly discussed.
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    Photoelectric photometry of selected SAO stars. III (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Photometric observations of 131 SAO stars for use in calibrating data obtained from the Near Infrared Photographic Sky Survey (NIPSS) are reported. The serial numbers of the primary NIPSS program fields in which the photometry was done are shown along with the approximate position of each field and the number of stars observed in each field. The observations are listed, showing the SAO numbers of the program stars, their 1950 equatorial coordinates, the V magnitudes, and the (V-R) and (V-I) color indices. The mean errors in magnitudes and color indices obtained by averaging deviations from the mean for each star are on the order of 0.02 mag.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Publications (ISSN 0004-6280); 95; 876
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    Photovoltaic power - An important new energy option (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A review of photovoltaic (PV) power technology is presented with an emphasis of PV as an economical and technically feasible alternative source of energy. The successful completion of the development and transfer of emerging low-cost technologies into a fully commercialized status are identified as the means to the realization of this option's full potential. The DOE National Photovoltaics Program, a significant sponsor of PV R&D, expects both flat-plate and concentrator collectors to meet established cost targets. Citing the DOE large flat-plate grid-connected system project of the Sacramento Municipal Utility District, current technology modules priced at near $5/Wp (1983 dollars) are steadily reducing costs. A recent DOE study suggests that PV-generated electricity produced at a 30-year levelized cost of 15 cents per kWh would represent a viable energy supply alternative for the nation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Mechanical Engineering (ISSN 0025-6501); 105; 16-23
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    The unique cometary nebula Parsamian 13 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Parsamian 13 is found to be a cometary nebula, with a deeply embedded star suffering strong absorption by silicate grains. A feature near 2.7 microns, attributed to absorption by terminal OH groups, may represent the first detection in an astrophysical environment of water ice grains diluted by another molecule, for example by CO. The bolometric luminosity suggests that this star is either an extremely young T Tauri star or an evolved low-mass star, now a red giant, high on its convective track. Most unusual is the presence of cold (50 K) TiO gas in sufficient abundance to show in absorption in the optical and very near-infrared regions; this material probably represents very recently expelled photospheric layers.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 273; 624-632
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    The future of VLBI observatories in space (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The angular resolution of radio maps made by earth-based VLBI observations can be exceeded by placing at least one element of a VLBI array into earth orbit. A VLBI observatory in space can offer the additional advantages of increased sky coverage, higher density sampling of Fourier components, and rapid mapping of objects whose structure changes in less than a day. This paper explores the future of this technique.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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    Radio stars - A possible link between the Hipparcos optical reference frame and an extra-galactic very long baseline interferometry reference frame (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The concept of typing the Hipparcos optical and the JPL VLBI frames of reference by means of VLBI measurements of the positions and proper motions of the radio components of some bright stars is considered. The properties of the thermal and non-thermal radio-stars are discussed and 22 candidate stars are selected to achieve this tie. A description is given of the first VLBI attempt to detect these stars on the intercontinental baselines of the Deep Space Network with the Mark II recording system.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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    Earth rotation from lunar laser ranging (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The rotational orientation (Universal Time and the variation of latitude at McDonald Observatory, Texas) of the earth has been determined between mid 1970 and mid 1982 from McDonald Observatory lunar laser ranging (LLR) data. Universal Time, UT1, is calculated and supplied in three forms, the raw daily decomposition values, the Gaussian filtered values and the Fourier smoothed values. Formal error estimates are available for all three types. LLR can calculate corrections to one component of polar motion, the variation of latitude at McDonald Observatory. Modelling improvements have been applied here and a significant drop is seen in the residuals. The rms weighted residual for the entire thirteen year data span (3,326 'normal' points acquired between August 1969 and May 1982) is 18.7 cm.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series (ISSN 0365-0138); 54; 519-540
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    Harnessing surface plasmons for solar energy conversion (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: NASA research on the feasibility of solar-energy conversion using surface plasmons is reviewed, with a focus on inelastic-tunnel-diode techniques for power extraction. The need for more efficient solar converters for planned space missions is indicated, and it is shown that a device with 50-percent efficiency could cost up to 40 times as much per sq cm as current Si cells and still be competitive. The parallel-processing approach using broadband carriers and tunable diodes is explained, and the physics of surface plasmons on metal surfaces is outlined. Technical problems being addressed include phase-matching sunlight to surface plasmons, minimizing ohmic losses and reradiation in energy transport, coupling into the tunnels by mode conversion, and gaining an understanding of the tunnel-diode energy-conversion process. Diagrams illustrating the design concepts are provided.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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    Thermoelectric energy conversion with solid electrolytes (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC) is a device for the direct conversion of heat to electrical energy. The sodium ion conductor beta-double prime-alumina is used to form a high-temperature regenerative concentration cell for elemental sodium. An AMTEC of mature design should have an efficiency of 20 to 40 percent, a power density of 0.5 kilowatt per kilogram or more, no moving parts, low maintenance requirements, high durability, and efficiency independent of size. It should be usable with high-temperature combustion, nuclear, or solar heat sources. Experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of the AMTEC and confirmed the theoretical analysis of the device. A wide range of applications from aerospace power to utility power plants appears possible.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 221; Sept. 2
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    A large aperture balloon-borne telescope for a submillimeter wavelength survey of the galactic plane (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A balloon-borne, 1.2 meter Cassegrain telescope with a servo-controlled chopping secondary mirror has been developed and used to survey the Galactic Plane at submillimeter wavelengths. The telescope pointing system uses a gyroscope as the primary stabilization reference and makes use of microprocessors for pointing control, on-board data collection, and telemetry formatting. A description of the telescope, multi-channel liquid-helium-cooled focal plane and the aspect and orientation subsystems are presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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    Experimental limits of the extreme ultraviolet background (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Photometric observations of the diffuse extreme ultraviolet background with two photometers having bandpasses of 750-940 A and 1040-1080 A are reported. The payload, which was flown aboard an ARIES sounding rocket in June 1982, is described, including the electron detectors, filters, and calibration. The operation of the probe during the experiment, including its motions, are described. The primary experiment involved spectroscopic observation of the hot white dwarf HZ43. The photometer count rate is shown and the measurements of the diffuse background are compared with theoretical predictions. Despite the lower limits obtained using a narrowband detector, the measurements are not sensitive enough to draw any relevant astrophysical conclusions.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: (ISSN 0374-1958)
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    Five years of photometry of Sigma Geminorum (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Thirteen observatories have collaborated in obtaining five years of photoelectric photometry for the bright, K1 III RS CVn binary Sigma Geminorum. Except for one year, the light curve has exhibited two minima which are separated by approximately half a cycle. At the 1977.2 epoch of discovery one minimum was shallower, but as of 1982.2 they have become comparable in depth. During the 1979-80 season, the light curve changed shape rapidly, with the shallower minimum becoming as deep as the other within a period of no more than 80 days. The overall brightness range during the five years in V has been 4.13-4.29 mag, and it is found that the times of both minima can be fit with a photometric period of 19.423 days.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X); 93; 2, Ju; June 198
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  • 61
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    Infrared (JHK) photometry of asteroids. II (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: JHK (1.2, 1.6, and 2.2 micron) photometry for 38 asteroids of various spectral classifications is reported. M asteroids tend to have infrared colors intermediate between the color domains of E and P asteroids. A few D asteroids have redder J - H colors than most C asteroids. The unusually red J - H color of 246 Asporina indicates it is a member of the A class.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 88; July 198
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    Analysis of the interaction of an electron beam with back surface field solar cells (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In this paper the short circuit current Isc induced by the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope in a back surface field solar cell will be determined theoretically. It will be shown that, in a configuration used previously for solar cells with an ohmic back surface, the Isc gives a convenient means for estimating the back surface recombination velocities and thus the quality of back surface field cells. Numerical data will be presented applicable to a point source model for the electron-hole pair generation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics (ISSN 0021-8979); 54; July 198
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  • 63
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    Dish concentrators for solar thermal energy (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Previously cited in issue 03, p. 397, Accession no. A82-14001
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: (ISSN 0146-0412)
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    Solar thermal technologies - Potential benefits to U.S. utilities and industry (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Solar energy systems were investigated which complement nuclear and coal technologies as a means of reducing the U.S. dependence on imported petroleum. Solar Thermal Energy Systems (STES) represents an important category of solar energy technologies. STES can be utilized in a broad range of applications servicing a variety of economic sectors, and they can be deployed in both near-term and long-term markets. The net present value of the energy cost savings attributable to electric utility and IPH applications of STES were estimated for a variety of future energy cost scenarios and levels of R&D success. This analysis indicated that the expected net benefits of developing an STES option are significantly greater than the expected costs of completing the required R&D. In addition, transportable fuels and chemical feedstocks represent a substantial future potential market for STES. Due to the basic nature of this R&D activity, however, it is currently impossible to estimate the value of STES in these markets. Despite this fact, private investment in STES R&D is not anticipated due to the high level of uncertainty characterizing the expected payoffs. Previously announced in STAR as N83-10547
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Energy (ISSN 0146-0412); 7; July-Aug
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  • 65
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    Correlation of solar cell electrical properties with material characteristics of silicon cast by the ubiquitous crystallization process (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Solar cells were fabricated using a conservative 'baseline' process on 1-3 Omega-cm p-type silicon from ingots cast by the ubiquitous crystallization process. Conversion efficiencies of the cells were measured, as well as spectral response and minority carrier diffusion length. Adjacent slices from the same ingot were studied for their grain size, dislocation distribution, and impurity distribution. Cell performance was related to the observed structural features, as well as to the chemical structure of the ingot.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Electrochemical Society, Journal (ISSN 0013-4651); 130; June 198
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  • 66
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    Massive eclipsing binary candidates (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: New UBV data are provided for 63 southern OB stars which are either identified in the survey by Garrison, Hiltner, and Schild as having double lines or are known from Wood et al. to be eclipsing binaries. Twenty of the stars are known eclipsing variables. Four stars, not previously known as eclipsing, have both spectroscopic evidence of duplicity and significant photometric variations. Several additional stars have a marginally significant spread in V magnitude.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (ISSN 0067-0049); 52; May 1983
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  • 67
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    Worldwide photometry and lightcurve observations of 16 Psyche during the 1975-1976 apparition (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Twenty-six lightcurves of Psyche are presented together with UBV photometry and phase functions from 1975 and 1976. Combining photometric data from this opposition with those from previous apparitions resulted in a mean phase coefficient in V of 0.026 + or - 0.002 mag/deg. No significant phase-dependent variation in the U-B color could be determined from the data; the B-V color, however, displayed a reddening with phase of 0.0010 + or - 0.0004 mag/deg. It is concluded that compositional variations over Psyche's surface are minor, and that Psyche's opposition effect is typical of that for other well-observed asteroids. Psyche's behavior is accounted for if, to the first order, its shape is that of a triaxial ellipsoid with axial ratios near 5:4:3.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 54; April 19
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  • 68
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    Worldwide photometry and lightcurve observations of 1 Ceres during the 1975-1976 apparition (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Lightcurves and UBV photometry of Ceres from the 1975-1976 apparition are presented. The synodic period is 0.37812 + or 0.00004 day, the mean absolute V magnitude is 3.61 + or 0.03, and the phase coefficient is 0.040 + or - 0.001 mag/deg. The U-B and B-V phase coefficients are +0.0015 + or - 0.0007 and +0.0006 + or - 0.0003 mag/deg, respectively. The colors at zero phase are B-V = +0.70 + or - 0.01 and U-B = +0.41 + or 0.01.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 54; April 19
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  • 69
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    Pole orientation of asteroid 44 Nysa via photometric astrometry, including a discussion of the method's application and its limitations (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The results of photometric astrometry, a method of determining the orientation of a rotation axis, as applied to asteroid 44 Nysa, are presented. The pole orientation of Nysa was found to be lambda(zero) = 100 deg, beta(zero) = +60 deg with an uncertainty of 10 deg. The sidereal period is 0.26755902 days + or - 0.00000006, and the rotation prograde. Refinements to, and limitations of, the application of the method of photometric astrometry are discussed. In light of the results presented herein, it is believed that all photometric astrometry pole determinations of the past should be redone.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 54; April 19
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  • 70
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    Lightcurves and phase function of asteroid 44 Nysa during its 1979 apparition (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Lightcurves of asteroid 44 Nysa obtained during 20 nights in 1979 as part of a global compaign are presented. The synodic period was 6 hours and 25.3 minutes. The phase coefficient of the primary maximum was 0.026 mag/deg and the absolute V magnitude 7.05. The phase function is linear from 2 to 25 deg, no opposition effect is present.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 54; April 19
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  • 71
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    Aperture synthesis observations of Orion B at 2.695 and 8.085 GHz (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Interferometer observations of Orion B at 2.695 and 8.085 GHz are presented. Orion B appears to be a double source: one H II region associated with the star NGC 2024 No. 2 and an extended H II region surrounding the star NGC 2024 No. 1. This structure gives support to the model that the stars NGC 2024 No. 2 and No. 1 (of spectral type O 9.5 and B 0.5, respectively) ionize the nebula.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 120; 2, Ap; April 19
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  • 72
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    Speckle imaging for planetary research (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present study of speckle imaging technique effectiveness encompasses image reconstruction by means of a division algorithm for Fourier amplitudes, and the Knox-Thompson (1974) algorithm for Fourier phases. Results which have been obtained for Io, Titan, Pallas, Jupiter and Uranus indicate that spatial resolutions lower than the seeing limit by a factor of four are obtainable for objects brighter than Uranus. The resolutions obtained are well above the diffraction limit, due to inadequacies of the video camera employed. A photon-counting camera has been developed to overcome these difficulties, making possible the diffraction-limited resolution of objects as faint as Charon.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 53; March 19
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  • 73
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    Theory of motion of Saturn's coorbiting satellites (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simple analytic theory describing the 1:1 orbital resonance is presented and applied to Saturn's coorbiting pair, 1980S1 and 1980S3. These satellites are very small and can approach to within 15,000 km, but are prevented from passing each other by their mutual gravitational interaction. The long-term stability of the S1-S3 orbital configuration is discussed in this paper, and a tie between the 1966 and 1980 observations is established.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 53; March 19
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    Report of the IAU working group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements of the planets and satellites - 1982 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Celestial Mechanics (ISSN 0008-8714); 29; April 19
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  • 75
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    Two-dimensional photometry of planetary nebulae (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In connection with the study of planetary nebulae, problems still exist in understanding such basic properties as three-dimensional structure, optical opacity to the central star's ionizing flux, and electron temperature and electron density variations within the nebular gas. To study these properties, two-dimensional images taken in many spectral lines are required. However, such a study presents a formidable problem in data analysis. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to overcome the difficulties by using an imaging system which encodes the data digitally. Calibrated intensity maps could be constructed to test models of ionization structure and to produce two-dimensional maps of electron temperature and density. Both the results of a uniform-shell test and the nature of the solutions for the volume emissivity were found to support a nebular model in which the bright ring is part of a closed shell of variable density that resembles the torus proposed by Minkowski and Osterbrock (1960).
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 266
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  • 76
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    Local circumstances in Java during the total solar eclipse of 1983 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A total solar eclipse of unusually long duration will occur on 11 June 1983. The path of totality begins in the Indian Ocean, passes over many of the islands of Indonesia and ends in the Coral Sea. The duration of totality is maximum near Java where weather prospects are also quite favourable. Local circumstances are examined in detail, presenting predictions for 34 cities on the island. A consideration of lunar-shadow geometry is given to clarify some of the confusion concerning the advantages of observing from the centre line. A comparison of the present predictions with those of the U.S. Naval Observatory reveals some differences which could have important implications for observers.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society of Canada; vol. 77
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  • 77
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    Configuration selection study for isolated loads (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously cited in issue 06, p. 900, Accession no. A82-18223)
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 78
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    Optimization of dish solar collectors (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Methods for optimizing parabolic dish solar collectors and the consequent effects of various optical, thermal, mechanical, and cost variables are examined. The most important performance optimization is adjusting the receiver aperture to maximize collector efficiency. Other parameters that can be adjusted to optimize efficiency include focal length, and, if a heat engine is used, the receiver temperature. The efficiency maxima associated with focal length and receiver temperature are relatively broad; it may, accordingly, be desirable to design somewhat away from the maxima. Performance optimization is sensitive to the slope and specularity errors of the concentrator. Other optical and thermal variables affecting optimization are the reflectance and blocking factor of the concentrator, the absorptance and losses of the receiver, and, if a heat engine is used, the shape of the engine efficiency versus temperature curve. Performance may sometimes be improved by use of an additional optical element (a secondary concentrator) or a receiver window if the errors of the primary concentrator are large or the receiver temperature is high. Previously announced in STAR as N83-19224
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Energy (ISSN 0146-0412); 7; 684-694
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  • 79
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    Limits to solar power conversion efficiency with applications to quantum and thermal systems (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An analytical framework is presented that permits examination of the limit to the efficiency of various solar power conversion devices. Thermodynamic limits to solar power efficiency are determined for both quantum and thermal systems, and the results are applied to a variety of devices currently considered for use in space systems. The power conversion efficiency for single-threshold energy quantum systems receiving unconcentrated air mass zero solar radiation is limited to 31 percent. This limit applies to photovoltaic cells directly converting solar radiation, or indirectly, as in the case of a thermophotovoltaic system. Photoelectrochemical cells rely on an additional chemical reaction at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface, which introduces additional second-law demands and a reduction of the solar conversion efficiency. Photochemical systems exhibit even lower possible efficiencies because of their relatively narrow absorption bands. Solar-powered thermal engines in contact with an ambient reservoir at 300 K and operating at maximum power have a peak conversion efficiency of 64 percent, and this occurs for a thermal reservoir at a temperature of 2900 K. The power conversion efficiency of a solar-powered liquid metal magnetohydrodydnamic generator, a solar-powered steam turbine electric generator, and an alkali metal thermoelectric converter is discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Energy (ISSN 0146-0412); 7; 581-588
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  • 80
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    10 micron polarimetry of Ceres (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Linear polarimetry of Ceres at 10 micron is presented. These data represent the first published polarization measurements of an asteroid in the thermal infrared. It is found that Ceres is polarized at the 0.2-0.6 percent level. This data set is compared with theoretical models of the linear polarization of emitted radiation from a spherical plane. These models are used to derive the pole position and thermal inertia of Ceres. Ceres is best fit with a thermal inertia of 0.0010 + or 0.0003 cal (sq cm K) per square root of second and a pole orientation of beta(p) = 36 deg + or - 5 deg + or -5, lambda(p) = 270 deg + or - 3. It is concluded that 10 micron polarimetry is a potentially powerful technique for remotely sensing the pole orientation and thermal inertia of asteroids.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 56; 381-392
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  • 81
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    Celestial mechanics with geometric algebra (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Geometric algebra is introduced as a general tool for Celestial Mechanics. A general method for handling finite rotations and rotational kinematics is presented. The constants of Kepler motion are derived and manipulated in a new way. A new spinor formulation of perturbation theory is developed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Celestial Mechanics (ISSN 0008-8714); 30; 151-170
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  • 82
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    High resolution X-ray images of Puppis A and IC 443 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Soft X-ray photomosaic images of two supernova remnants, Puppis A and IC 443, constructed from a series of exposures by the Einstein imaging instruments, are presented. The complex morphologies displayed in these images reflect the interaction between 'middle-aged' supernova remnants and various components of the interstellar medium. Surface brightness variations across Puppis A suggest that inhomogeneities on scales from 0.2 to 30 pc are present in the interstellar medium, while the structure of IC 443 is apparently dominated by the interaction between the remnant and a giant molecular cloud.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 83
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    Pore size engineering applied to the design of separators for nickel-hydrogen cells and batteries (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Pore size engineering in starved alkaline multiplate cells involves adopting techniques to widen the volume tolerance of individual cells. Separators with appropriate pore size distributions and wettability characteristics (capillary pressure considerations) to have wider volume tolerances and an ability to resist dimensional changes in the electrodes were designed. The separators studied for potential use in nickel-hydrogen cells consist of polymeric membranes as well as inorganic microporous mats. In addition to standard measurements, the resistance and distribution of electrolyte as a function of total cell electrolyte content were determined. New composite separators consisting of fibers, particles and/or binders deposited on Zircar cloth were developed in order to engineer the proper capillary pressure characteristics in the separator. These asymmetric separators were prepared from a variety of fibers, particles and binders. Previously announced in STAR as N83-24571
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 84
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    Test results of a ten cell bipolar nickel-hydrogen battery (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A ten cell bipolar nickel hydrogen 6.5 ampere-hour battery demonstrated over 2000 low earth orbit cycles at an 80 percent depth-of-discharge. Charge/discharge cyclic ampere-hour and watt-hour efficiencies of 88 and 76 percent, respectively, observed. Peak power capability was determined at 1.1 kW. A 10C discharge rate yields 83 percent of the nominal stark capacity to the 1.0 volt cut off in just under 6 minutes. Previously announced in STAR as N83-26253
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 85
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    Cycle life test and failure model of nickel-hydrogen cells (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Six ampere hour individual pressure vessel nickel hydrogen cells were charge/discharge cycled to failure. Failure as used here is defined to occur when the end of discharge voltage degraded to 0.9 volts. They were cycled under a low earth orbit cycle regime to a deep depth of discharge (80 percent of rated ampere hour capacity). Both cell designs were fabricated by the same manufacturer and represent current state of the art. A failure model was advanced which suggests both cell designs have inadequate volume tolerance characteristics. The limited existing data base at a deep depth of discharge (DOD) was expanded. Two cells of each design were cycled. One COMSAT cell failed at cycle 1712 and the other failed at cycle 1875. For the Air Force/Hughes cells, one cell failed at cycle 2250 and the other failed at cycle 2638. All cells, of both designs, failed due to low end of discharge voltage (0.9 volts). No cell failed due to electrical shorts. After cell failure, three different reconditioning tests (deep discharge, physical reorientation, and open circuit voltage stand) were conducted on all cells of each design. A fourth reconditioning test (electrolyte addition) was conducted on one cell of each design. In addition post cycle cell teardown and failure analysis were performed on the one cell of each design which did not have electrolyte added after failure. Previously announced in STAR as N83-25038
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    Investigation of indigenous water, salt and soil for solar ponds (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The existence of salt-gradient solar ponds in nature is a strong indication that the successful exploitation of this phenomenon must account adequately for the influences of the local setting. Sun, weather and other general factors are treated elsewhere. This paper deals with water, salt, and soil. A general methodology for evaluating and, where feasible, adjusting the effects of these elements is under development. Eight essential solar pond characteristics have been identified, along with a variety of their dependencies upon properties of water, salt and soil. The comprehensive methodology, when fully developed, will include laboratory investigation in such diverse areas as brine physical chemistry, light transmission, water treatment, brine-soil interactions, sealants, and others. With the Salton Sea solar pond investigation as an example, some methods under development will be described.
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    Observations of spectroscopic binaries at ultraviolet and red wavelengths (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of IUE-satellite and ground-based-Reticon observations for the study of spectroscopic binaries is examined, and sample data from the Reticon are presented. IUE radial-velocity determinations with uncertainties as low as 2-5 km/sec should be possible for binaries with early-type secondary components, using UV spectral lines where contamination by the later-type primary is reduced. The Reticon solid-state photodiode-array detector has been used at the coudefocus of the 2.7-m telescope at McDonald Observatory for observation of complex multiple systems in the 400-950-nm range with a quantum efficiency of 40-80 percent and resolution of 20-30 pm at 440 pm/mm. The fundamental parameters of 15 systems observed with this apparatus are listed in a table, and two sample spectra are shown.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Lowell Observatory Bulletin (ISSN 0024-7057); 167,
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  • 88
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    A system study of the solar power satellite concept (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The paper summarizes a system study of the solar power satellite (SPS) concept which was conducted in the 1977-1980 time period. The system study was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration as part of an SPS Concept Development and Evaluation Program. A reference system, developed during the study is described. The reference system was subsequently used as a basis for environmental, economic, and societal assessments. The reference system was recognized as probably not being an optimized approach. A number of alternate approaches which were studied in less depth are also described. The paper concludes with a number of observations regarding the SPS concept, and the pertinence of ongoing space technology, development, and flight programs to various aspects of the concept.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Space Solar Power Review (ISSN 0191-9067); 4; 1-2,
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  • 89
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    Non-noble metal based metallization systems (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The results of efforts to produce a nonsilver metallization system for silicon photovoltaic cells are given. The system uses a metallization system based on molybdenum, tin, and titanium hydride. The initial work in this system was done using the MIDFILM process. The MIDFILM process attains a line resolution comparable to photoresist methods with a process related to screen printing. The surface to be processed is first coated with a thin layer of photopolymer material. Upon exposure to ultraviolet light through a suitable mask, the polymer in the non-pattern area crosslinks and becomes hard. The unexposed pattern areas remain tacky. The conductor material is then applied in the form of a dry mixture of metal which adheres to the tacky pattern area. The assemblage is then fired to ash the photopolymer and sinter the conductor powder.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 215-240
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    Dry etching of metallization (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The production dry etch processes are reviewed from the perspective of microelectronic fabrication applications. The major dry etch processes used in the fabrication of microelectronic devices can be divided into two categories - plasma processes in which samples are directly exposed to an electrical discharge, and ion beam processes in which samples are etched by a beam of ions extracted from a discharge. The plasma etch processes can be distinguished by the degree to which ion bombardment contributes to the etch process. This, in turn is related to capability for anisotropic etching. Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) and Ion Beam Etching are of most interest for etching of thin film metals. RIE is generally considered the best process for large volume, anisotropic aluminum etching.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 301-316
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    Particle size effects on viscosity of silver pastes: A manufacturer's view (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Particles from a variety of silver powders were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and particle size analyses. Particle size distribution curves and volume population graphs were prepared for these silver powders and for glass powders with optimum, extra fine and coarse particle sizes. The viscosity at a given shear rate and slope of viscosity over a range of shear rates were determined for thick film pastes made with these powders. Because of particle anomalies and variations, the need for flexibility to achieve the best printing qualities for silver pastes was evident. It was established that print quality, dried and fired film density and optimum contact of silver particles with silicon, important for cell electrical output, could be achieved by adjusting the slope of viscosity that fell outside of the range, -0.550 to -0.650. This was accomplished through organic vehicle technology that permitted a change in the slope of viscosity, up or down, while maintaining a constant silver and total solids content.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 195-214
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    Module degradation catalyzed by metal-encapsulation reactions (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Four major properties are considered to be relevant in determining service life of a photovoltaic module: (1) Mechanical: creep resistance, modulus, tensile strength; (2) Optical: integrated transmission at 0.4 to 1.1 m wavelength; (3) Chemical: inertness with respect to metals and other components, retention of stabilizers, etc. and (4) Electrical; maintaining effective isolation of conductive components. These properties were measured after exposing polymer specimens to three types of accelerated stress: thermal, ultraviolet radiation and metal catalysts. These conditions give rise to a large number of complex interrelated free-radical reactions that result in the deterioration of polymeric materials.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 147-157
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    Getting the current out (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Progress of a photovoltaic (PV) device from a research concept to a competitive power-generation source requires an increasing concern with current collection. The initial metallization focus is usually on contact resistance, since a good ohmic contact is desirable for accurate device characterization measurements. As the device grows in size, sheet resistance losses become important and a metal grid is usually added to reduce the effective sheet resistance. Later, as size and conversion efficiency continue to increase, grid-line resistance and cell shadowing must be considered simultaneously, because grid-line resistance is inversely related to total grid-line area and cell shadowing is directly related. A PV cell grid design must consider the five power-loss phenomena mentioned above: sheet resistance, contact resistance, grid resistance, bus-bar resistance and cell shadowing. Although cost, reliability and usage are important factors in deciding upon the best metallization system, this paper will focus only upon grid-line design and substrate material problems for flat-plate solar arrays.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 95
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    Diffusion barriers (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The choice of the metallic film for the contact to a semiconductor device is discussed. One way to try to stabilize a contact is by interposing a thin film of a material that has low diffusivity for the atoms in question. This thin film application is known as a diffusion barrier. Three types of barriers can be distinguished. The stuffed barrier derives its low atomic diffusivity to impurities that concentrate along the extended defects of a polycrystalline layer. Sacrificial barriers exploit the fact that some (elemental) thin films react in a laterally uniform and reproducible fashion. Sacrificial barriers have the advantage that the point of their failure is predictable. Passive barriers are those most closely approximating an ideal barrier. The most-studied case is that of sputtered TiN films. Stuffed barriers may be viewed as passive barriers whose low diffusivity material extends along the defects of the polycrystalline host.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 113-136
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  • 95
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    Silicon solar cell characterization at low temperatures and low illumination as a function of particulate irradiation (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: Various configurations of back surface reflector silicon solar cells including small (2 x 2) cm and large (approx. 6 x 6) cm cells with conventional and wraparound contacts were subjected to 1 MeV electron irradiation and characterized under both Earth orbital and deep space conditions of temperatures and illuminations. Current-Voltage (I-V) data were generated from +65 C to -150 C and at incident illuminations from 135.3 mW/sq cm to 5.4 mW/sq cm for these cells. Degradation in cell performance which is manifested only under deep space conditions is emphasized. In addition, the effect of particle irradiation on the high temperature and high intensity and low temperature and low intensity performance of the cells is described. The cells with wraparound contacts were found to have lower efficiencies at Earth orbital conditions than the cells with conventional contacts.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: AGARD Environ. Effects on Mater. for Space Appl.; 9 p
    Format: text
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  • 96
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    Iron-copper metallization for flexible solar/cell arrays (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The feasibility of a copper-base metallization for shallow-junction cells applied in flexible solar arrays in space is discussed. This type of metallization will reduce usage of precious metals (such as silver), increase case of bonding (by welding or by soldering) and eliminate heavy high Z interconnects (such as molybdenum). The main points of concern are stability against thermally induced diffusion of copper into silicon which causes degradation of shallow cell junctions, and low series resistance of the contact with semiconductor which promotes cell efficiency.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 375-394
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    Transparent conductive coatings (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Thin film transparent conductors are discussed. Materials with electrical conductivity and optical transparency are highly desirable in many optoelectronic applications including photovoltaics. Certain binary oxide semiconductors such as tin oxide (SnO2) and indium oxide (In2O3) offer much better performance tradeoff in optoelectronics as well as better mechanical and chemical stability than thin semitransparent films. These thin-film transparent conductors (TC) are essentially wide-bandgap degenerate semiconductors - invariably n-type - and hence are transparent to sub-bandgap (visible) radiation while affording high electrical conductivity due to the large free electron concentration. The principal performance characteristics of TC's are, of course, electrical conductivity and optical transmission. The TC's have a refractive index of around 2.0 and hence act as very efficient antireflection coatings. For using TC's in surface barrier solar cells, the photovoltaic barrier is of utmost importance and so the work function or electron affinity of the TC is also a very important material parameter. Fabrication processes are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 335-363
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    Ionized cluster beam deposition (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Ionized Cluster Beam (ICB) deposition, a new technique originated by Takagi of Kyoto University in Japan, offers a number of unique capabilities for thin film metallization as well as for deposition of active semiconductor materials. ICB allows average energy per deposited atom to be controlled and involves impact kinetics which result in high diffusion energies of atoms on the growth surface. To a greater degree than in other techniques, ICB involves quantitative process parameters which can be utilized to strongly control the characteristics of films being deposited. In the ICB deposition process, material to be deposited is vaporized into a vacuum chamber from a confinement crucible at high temperature. Crucible nozzle configuration and operating temperature are such that emerging vapor undergoes supercondensation following adiabatic expansion through the nozzle.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 265-276
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    Polymer thick-film conductors and dielectrics for membrane switches and flexible circuitry (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The fabrication and operation of membrane switches are discussed. The membrane switch functions as a normally open, momentary contact, low-voltage pressure-sensitive device. Its design is a three-layer sandwich usually constructed of polyester film. Conductive patterns are deposited onto the inner side of top and bottom sheets by silk screening. The center spacer is then placed between the two circuit layers to form a sandwich, generally held together by an adhesive. When pressure is applied to the top layer, it flexes through the punched openings of the spacer to establish electrical contact between conductive pads of the upper and lower sheets, momentarily closing the circuit. Upon release of force the top sheet springs back to its normal open position. The membrane touch switch is being used in a rapidly expanding range of applications, including instrumentation, appliances, electronic games and keyboards. Its board acceptance results from its low cost, durability, ease of manufacture, cosmetic appeal and design flexibility. The principal electronic components in the membrane switch are the conductor and dielectric.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 241-261
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    Metallization problems with concentrator cells (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Cells used with concentrators have similar contact requirements to other cells, but operation at high intensity imposes more than the usual demands on the metallization. Overall contact requirements are listed and concentrator cell requirements are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 159-169
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