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  • General Chemistry  (886)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (702)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (594)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (555)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (500)
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 1980-1984  (3,369)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1983  (3,369)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984  (3,369)
  • 1970-1974
Year
  • 101
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    Asymmetries of the upper stratospheric ozone distribution between two hemispheres (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In connection with the eccentricity of the earth's orbit, conditions of solar radiation are not strictly symmetrical for the two hemispheres. The intensity of solar irradiation is approximately 6.6 percent higher near perihelion than near aphelion. As the ozone densities in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere are mainly controlled by photochemical processes, the asymmetry of irradiation conditions for both hemispheres could result in corresponding asymmetries regarding the ozone content. The present investigation is concerned with this possibility. The investigation takes into account Nimbus-7 and Nimbus-4 satellite data. It is found that the hemispheric asymmetries of the ozone distribution in the summer mesosphere and upper stratosphere are fully ascribable to the hemispheric temperature differences due to the combined effects of the earth's orbital ellipticity and its tilted spin axis from the ecliptic plane. The wintertime hemispheric asymmetries imply the presence of additional effects.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; May 1983
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  • 102
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    A mechanistic model of Eulerian, Lagrangian mean, and Lagrangian ozone transport by steady planetary waves (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Ozone transport is calculated for steady, dissipative planetary waves using the Eulerian, Lagrangian mean, and residual circulation. A Lagrangian model of parcel dynamics is used to interpret planetary wave-photochemistry interaction. In chemically active regions the mean field ozone changes are found to be significant only where there are large gradients in chemical sources and sinks along parcel trajectories. The largest changes in the mean field are found in the lower stratosphere and are due to the Lagrangian mean advection. When the Lagrangian mean advection is approximated by the residual circulation, errors in the transport velocities as large as 30 pct may occur.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; June 20
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  • 103
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    Sighting of El Chichon sulfur dioxide clouds with the Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The eruptions of El Chichon volcano on March 28 and April 3 and 4, 1982 were observed by the Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer due to strong absorption by volcanic gases at the shortest wavelengths of the spectrometer (312.5 and 317.5 nm). These ultraviolet pictures permit a measurement of the volume, dispersion, and drift of volcanic gas clouds. The tropospheric clouds were rapidly dispersed in westerly winds while persistent stratospheric clouds drifted in easterly winds at speeds up to 13 m/sec. The spectral reflectance is consistent with sulfur dioxide absorption and rules out carbon disulfide as a major constituent. A preliminary estimate of the mass of sulfur dioxide deposited in the stratosphere by the large eruptions on April 3 and 4 is 3.3 million tons. Prior estimates of volcanic cloud volume were based on extrapolation of locally measured sulfur dioxide concentrations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 220; June 24
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  • 104
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    Ionospheric and Birkeland current distributions inferred from the MAGSAT magnetometer data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Ionospheric and field-aligned sheet current density distributions are presently inferred by means of MAGSAT vector magnetometer data, together with an accurate magnetic field model. By comparing Hall current densities inferred from the MAGSAT data and those inferred from simultaneously recorded ground based data acquired by the Scandinavian magnetometer array, it is determined that the former have previously been underestimated due to high damping of magnetic variations with high spatial wave numbers between the ionosphere and the MAGSAT orbit. Among important results of this study is noted the fact that the Birkeland and electrojet current systems are colocated. The analyses have shown a tendency for triangular rather than constant electrojet current distributions as a function of latitude, consistent with the statistical, uniform regions 1 and 2 Birkeland current patterns.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; June 1
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  • 105
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    Remote sensing of row crop structure and component temperatures using directional radiometric temperatures and inversion techniques (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A physically based sensor response model of a row crop was used as the mathematical framework from which several inversion strategies were tested for extracting row structure information and component temperatures using a series of sensor view angles. The technique was evaluated on ground-based radiometric thermal infrared data of a cotton row crop that covered 48 percent of the ground in the vertical projection. The results showed that the accuracies of the predicted row heights and widths, vegetation temperatures, and soil temperatures of the cotton row crop were on the order of 5 cm, 1 deg, and 2 deg C, respectively. The inversion techniques can be applied to directional sensor data from aircraft platforms and even space platforms if the effects of atmospheric absorption and emission can be corrected. In theory, such inversion techniques can be applied to a wide variety of vegetation types and thus can have significant implications for remote sensing research and applications in disciplines that deal with incomplete vegetation canopies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 13; Mar. 198
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  • 106
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    Controlled stimulation of magnetospheric electrons by radio waves Experimental model for lightning effects (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Magnetospheric electrons precipitated by ground-based coded very low frequency radio transmissions have been detected by rocket measurement of bremsstrahlung X-rays, caused by impact of the electrons with the upper atmosphere. The direct correlations obtained between the very low frequency signals and the X-rays demonstrate the limits of sensitivity required and indicate that this remote sensing technique would be useful for future study of very low frequency effects induced by single lightning strokes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 219; Mar. 18
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  • 107
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    Carbon monoxide mixing ratio inference from gas filter radiometer data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A new algorithm has been developed which permits, for the first time, real time data reduction of nadir measurements taken with a gas filter correlation radiometer to determine tropospheric carbon monoxide concentrations. The algorithm significantly reduces the complexity of the equations to be solved while providing accuracy comparable to line-by-line calculations. The method is based on a regression analysis technique using a truncated power series representation of the primary instrument output signals to infer directly a weighted average of trace gas concentration. The results produced by a microcomputer-based implementation of this technique are compared with those produced by the more rigorous line-by-line methods. This algorithm has been used in the reduction of Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites, Shuttle, and aircraft data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 22; Mar. 1
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  • 108
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    Existence of a persistent background of turbulence (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A plausible scenario for the existence of a persistent back-ground of turbulence in the free atmosphere is described. The MST radar technique is the only existing technique that can be used to describe the morphology of occurrence of turbulence as a function of altitude, wind speed, shear, weather conditions, geographical location, etc. This technique was used also to assess the degree of universality of shape and amplitude of the buoyancy wave spectrum and the relation between the buoyancy wave spectrum and turbulence.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol.
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  • 109
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    Techniques for studying gravity waves and turbulence (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Gravity waves and their associated breaking into turbulence are very important in producing the overall picture of middle atmosphere global dynamics and associated transport. It is shown in this research that MST radars represent a most powerful technique for obtaining the needed parameters for gravity-wave-induced drag and diffusion effects as well as measuring wave accelerations and diffusion directly. A mathematical solution to this problem is that of radiative equilibrium with a balanced thermal wind.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 241-246
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  • 110
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    Solar control of winter mesospheric echo occurrence at Poker Flat, Alaska (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Winter mesospheric echoes are observed between about 55 and 80 km when auroral absorption is present during daylight hours. Relatively steady auroral absorption during sunrise and sunset periods causes a distinct onset and decay signature in mesospheric echo occurrence. The echo onset and disappearance time are shown versus height by the inclined lines for four different dates. The more vertical lines give the visible sunlight height/time curves for both sunrise (SR) and sunset (SS). The data is combined and replotted to give the morning onset height and the afternoon disappearance height as a function of solar zenith angle. Echoes are not observed at the lowest heights in the morning until the solar zenith angle is less than 90 deg. The afternoon echoes at the lowest heights also start to disappear as soon as the solar zenith angle exceeds 90 deg, implying that the solar component which sustains the mesospheric echo is screened by a layer extending up to about 60 km. The morning echo at 73 km onsets near the time of visible sunrise, but in the afternoon the 73 km echo lasts well past visible sunset.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 145-146
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  • 111
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    A review of tropospheric refraction effects on Earth-to-satellite systems (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Abnormal refractivity gradients may cause radio waves to be trapped within tropospheric layers, thus producing regions through which the waves do not pass called radio holes. For some locations and for many applications, refractive corrections based on the surface refractivity are adequate for elevation angles above a few degrees. However, new systems which operate at elevation angles near the horizon often require improved accuracies. Techniques for obtaining these improved corrections are reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 16th Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Appl. and Planning Meeting; p 247-248
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  • 112
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    Geochemistry of volcanic rocks from the Wawa greenstone belt (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Wawa greenstone belt is located in the District of Algoma and extends east-northeast from Lake Superior to the western part of the Sudbury District in Ontario, Canada. Recent mapping by Attoh has shown that an unconformity at the base of the Dore' Formation and equivalent sedimentary rocks marks a significant stratigraphic break which can be traced throughout the volcanic belt. This break has been used to subdivide the volcanic-sedimentary into pre- and post-Dore' sequences. The pre-Dore' sequence includes at least two cycles of mafic-to-felsic volcanism, each capped by an iron-formation unit. The post-Dore' sequence includes an older mafic-to-felsic unit, which directly overlies sedimentary rocks correlated with the Dore' Formation, and a younger felsic breccia unit interpreted to have formed as debris flows from a felsic volcanic center. In the present study, samples of both the pre-and post-Dore' volcanic sequences were analyzed for major and trace elements, incuding rare earths (REE). This preliminary study is part of an ongoing program to assess the petrogenesis of the volcanic rocks of the Wawa greenstone belt.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Workshop on a Cross Section of Archean Crust; p 81-82
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  • 113
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    A multi-element study of ISUA iron-formation, W-Greenland (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Meta-sediments from Isua, West Greenland were analyzed by instrumental thermal neutron activation analysis (ITNAA). These sediments are chemical precipitates having some layers of remarkably high Cr content. The latter were compared to Cr poor layers. It turned out that the Cr enriched layers had higher Ir and Ni contents than the samples from the Cr poor layers. Compared to phanerozoic samples the highest Ir contents are not extraordinarily higher than in a modern sediment, and the Cr poor layers, representing more or less phanerozoic shale. From the cratering record of the Moon one can assume a similar cratering of the Earth at about the time when the Isua rocks were formed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Workshop on a Cross Section of Archean Crust; p 71-75
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  • 114
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    Geophysical consequences of phanerozoic and Archean crustal evolution: Evidence from crustal cross-sections (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Geophysical properties of continental crust depend on the nature of crustal evolution. This is well illustrated by examination of two crustal cross-sections (1), the combined Ivrea-Verbano zone (IVZ) and Strona-Ceneri zone (SCZ) of northern Italy and the Pikwitonei granulite belt (PGB) and Cross Lake subprovince (CLS) of Manitoba. These two cross-sections are of particular interest because the IVZ and SCZ developed during Phanerozoic time whereas the PGB-CLS is an example of Archean crustal evolution. Consequently, each cross-section is geologically distinctive and, thus, exhibits very different geophysical properties such as density, seismic velocity, heat production, and magnetism. Results of geological investigations of each area are given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Workshop on a Cross Section of Archean Crust; p 47-50
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  • 115
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    The transition from an Archean granite-greenstone terrain into a charnockite terrain in southern India (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In southern India, it is possible to study the transition from an Archean granite-greenstone terrain (the Karnataka province) into high grade charnockites. The transition occurs over an outcrop width of 20-35 km and appears to represent burial depths ranging from 15 to 20 km. Field and geochemical studies indicate that the charnockites developed at the expense of tonalites, granites, and greenstones. South of the transition zone, geobarometer studies indicate burial depths of 7-9 kb.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Workshop on a Cross Section of Archean Crust; p 34-37
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  • 116
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    Is the Kapuskasing structure the site of a cryptic suture (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The demonstration that the Kapuskasing structure involves substantial thrusting of deep continental crustal rocks over shallower continental rocks calls into question an earlier suggestion (by Wilson) that the Circum-Ungaua suture zone continued through the Kapuskasing to join the Penokean fold belt (implying that the Kapuskasing marked the site of what has since come to be called a cryptic suture). Problems are discussed which arose in attempting to reconcile Wilson's idea with data from more recent studies: whether the Kapuskasing and the Thompson belt both mark sutures of about 1700 Ma age; why there is no age difference across the Kapuskasing if it does mark the site of continental collision, and why there is no offset of Superior subprovinces across the Kapuskasing.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Workshop on a Cross Section of Archean Crust; p 20-23
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  • 117
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    Thermal contraints on high-pressure granulite metamorphism of supracrustal rocks (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The circumstances leading to the formation and exposure at the Earth's surface of supracrustal granulites are examined. These are defined as sediments, volcanics, and other rock units which originally formed at the surface of the Earth, were metamorphosed to high-pressure granulite facies (T = 700-900 C, P = 5-10 kbar), and reexposed at the Earth's surface, in many cases underlain by normal thicknesses of continental crust (30-40 km). Five possible heating mechanisms to account for granulite metamorphism of supracrustal rocks are discussed: magnetic heating, thermal relaxation of perturbed temperature profiles following underthrusting of the continental crust, thermal relaxation after underthrusting of thin slivers of supracrustal rocks below continental crust of normal thickness, major preheating of the upper plate, and shear heating caused by frictional stress along the thrust plane.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Workshop on a Cross Section of Archean Crust; p 13-19
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  • 118
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    Techniques for studying gravity waves and turbulence: Vertical wind speed power spectra from the troposphere and stratosphere obtained under light wind conditions (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A joint France/U.S. experiment was conducted near the mouth of the Rhone river in southern France as part of the ALPEX program. This experiment used 3 vertically directed 50 MHz radars separated by 4 to 6 km. The main purpose of this experiment was to study the spatial characteristics of gravity waves. The good height resolution (750 meters) and time resolution (1 minute) and the continuous operation over many weeks have yielded high resolution vertical wind speed power spectra under a variety of synoptic conditions. Vertical spectra obtained during very quiet (low wind) conditions in the troposphere and lower stratosphere from a single site are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program, Vol. 9; p 269
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  • 119
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    Image Matching Using Generalized Hough Transforms (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: An image matching system specifically designed to match dissimilar images is described. A set of blobs and ribbons is first extracted from each image, and then generalized Hough transform techniques are used to match these sets and compute the transformation that best registers the image. An example of the application of the approach to one pair of remotely sensed images is presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis; p 311-326
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  • 120
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    Quantile Data Analysis of Image Data (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: Quantile data analysis and functional statistical inference methods are introduced and applied to provide representations of spectral data which may lead to simple statistical discriminators effective for the estimation of ground truth from satellite spectral measurements. To estimate the ground truth of a pixel, the probability of each possible ground truth is estimated, given observed (estimated) quantile theoretic statistical characteristics of the multispectral image data corresponding to the pixel and its neighboring pixels. A strategy for determining which statistical characteristics discriminate best is described. Results are reported of quantile data analysis of an extensive collection of training files of image data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of the NASA Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis; p 191-242
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  • 121
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    Mixture Models for Dependent Observations (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: Parametric mixture models appropriate for data presented in homogeneous blocks of varying sizes from several unidentified source populations are considered. For most applications, the data elements within each block are dependent. Models are proposed for multivariate normal data incorporating two types of dependence, exchangeability of elements within blocks, and a Markov structure for blocks. The consequences of assuming exchangeability, when in fact the Markov structure holds, are explored. Computational problems for each model are considered, and results of a simple test of the exchangeability hypothesis for LANDSAT data are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis; p 123-142
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  • 122
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    The Spectral Properties of Gamma-ray Bursts: a Review of Recent Development (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: Developments in the spectroscopy of gamma ray bursts (GRB) are reviewed. The general question of the validity of the spectral results, particularly with regard to features in the spectrum, is discussed. Confirmations of these spectral features are summarized. Results from the KONUS experiments on Venera 13 and 14 are reviewed. The status of models of the continuum spectrum is summarized. A number of different radiation mechanisms appear capable of fitting the data. These include thermal bremsstrahlung, thermal synchrotron and inverse Compton. Rapid variability of the spectra shape on time scales 76] 0.25 sec. was reported. The characteristic energy of the spectrum was observed to vary over nearly an order of magnitude during individual events. A strong correlation between spectral hardness and luminosity was found. Low-energy (50 keV) absorption features and high-energy (400 keV) emission features continue to appear in GRB spectra. Understanding the origin of these lines in the context of the existing continuum models remains a difficult problem.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Goddard Space Flight Center Contrib. to the Univ. of Calif., Santa Cruz Summer Workshop on High Energy Transients; 15 p
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  • 123
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    Analysis of Subpixel Registration Accuracy (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-11
    Description: Geometric and probabilistic models for subpixel accuracy are developed. The geometric models bound the error in offset estimation using the pixels in an observed digital straight line. One probabilistic model bounds the estimate of error offset for continuous images. The other model bounds the error for discrete images given that one is in the correct pixel.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis; p 327-412
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  • 124
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    Relative Elevation Determination from LANDSAT Imagery (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-11
    Description: In LANDSAT imagery, spectral and spatial information can be used to detect the drainage network as well as the relative elevation model in mountainous terrain. To do this, the mixed information of material reflectance and topographic modulation in the original LANDSAT imagery must be first separated. From the material reflectance information, big visible rivers can be detected. From the topographic modulation information, ridges and valleys can be detected and assigned relative elevations. Finally, a relative elevation model can be generated by interpolating values for nonridge and nonvalley pixels.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis; p 3-51
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  • 125
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    Frequency of Fast, Narrow Gamma-ray Bursts and Burst Classification (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: Evidence from the Vela satellites that very brief, approximately 0.1 s, gamma-ray bursts constitute a class distinct from the longer, highly structured bursts has been strengthened by the results of the Venera 11 and 12 KKONUS experiments. The Goodard ISEE-3 gamma-ray burst spectrometer, utilizing a trigger criterion which is more likely to be independent of duration than previous experiments, detected a sample of events which enhances this bimodal distribution. The ISEE-3 result is corroborated by an increase in the frequency of detection of short bursts in the KONUS 13/14 database over KONUS 11/12, an effect attributable to the use of a shorter trigger integration time in the later experiments. Considerations such as repeating bursters complicate a simple dichotomous classification of gamma-ray bursts.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Goddard Space Flight Center Contrib. to the Univ. of Calif., Santa Cruz Summer Workshop on High Energy Transients; 6 p
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  • 126
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    Estimating Location Parameters in a Mixture Model (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: Mixture models of the form h = sum to M terms, one for each positive integer from 1 to N lambda sub j f (j) sub theta sub j where theta sub j is a translation parameter are considered. An approach is discussed which makes use of a Caratheodory theorem on the trigonometric moment problem to determine M and theta sub j j = 1,2,...,M. This theorem is also applied to show that translates of many common distributions lead to identifiable mixtures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the NASA Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis; p 55-76
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  • 127
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    Spectral radiance errors in remote sensing ground studies due to nearby objects (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Attention is given to the error that can occur in all radiometric measurements owing to the presence of nearby objects. When a researcher positions himself on the side of a target point opposite the sun, his body gives rise to two erroneous effects. First, it blocks a portion of the incoming diffuse sky radiance to the target point, and second, it reflects incoming diffuse and direct solar irradiance and ground exitance onto the target point. It is noted that the same phenomenon occurs for any nearby object, whether it be a field truck, a building structure, or a row of trees. This error deriving from nearby objects is often not recognized by researchers or is considered insignificant with no knowledge of its magnitude. The approach taken here is to mathematically model the radiant transfers that take place between the global irradiance, panel, or scene and the object and to report the magnitude of this error for various solar zenith angles, wavelengths, size and distances of objects (steradian blockage), and spectral reflectances of the scene and object. The scene, object, and panel are assumed to be Lambertian, and the object is always located on the side of the target point opposite the sun.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 22; Jan. 1
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  • 128
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    High-energy tail distributions and resonant wave particle interaction (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: High-energy tail distributions (k distributions) are used as an alternative to a bi-Lorentzian distribution to study the influence of energetic protons on the right- and left-hand cyclotron modes in a hot two-temperature plasma. Although the parameters are chosen to be in a range appropriate to solar wind or magnetospheric configurations, the results apply not only to specific space plasmas. The presence of energetic particles significantly alters the behavior of the electromagnetic ion cyclotron modes, leading to a wide range of unstable frequencies and increased growth rates. From the strongly enhanced growth rates it can be concluded that high-energy tail distributions should not show major temperature anisotropies, which is consistent with observations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 88; Jan. 1
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    Shuttle Imaging Radar-A information and data availability (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The performance characteristics of the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A), carried aloft on the STS-2 flight, are described and the results of its initial use are evaluated. The SIR-A is an SAR system operated at 1278 MHz (L-band), i.e., a wavelength of 23 cm. A seven panel antenna 9.4 m long was used, and scans were performed at a 50 deg angle of incidence to the center of a 50 km swath. Resolution is 40 m, and imagery is generated on a scale of 1:500,000. Sample images of a Brasilian island and the California coast are provided. Comparisons of the SIR-A imagery with Seasat SAR composite imagery demonstrate that the SIR-A is more sensitive to local roughness and only slightly dependent on terrain slope.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 49; Jan. 198
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  • 130
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    Temperature effects on the stratosphere of the April 4, 1982 eruption of El Chichon, Mexico (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Aerosol evaluation was found to be necessary to explain the 30 mb temperature increases observed in July-Oct. 1982 in comparison with averages for the period 1964-1981. An average difference of 1-1.5 C was determined at 30 mb, coinciding with 1 C deviations at the 50 mb level, for the first half of 1982. The 30 mb differences increased to 4.5-5 C, compared to the 18 yr average, during the July-Oct. period. GOES satellite imagery indicated that material from the El Chichon volcano eruptions had entered the stratosphere. Lidar backscattering ratios indicated the preponderance of the material resided in the 22-28 km interval. Airborne lidar measurements on two occasions confirmed the anomalies' presence south of 30 deg N latitude. Further monitoring of the aerosol evolution is indicated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 10; Jan. 198
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  • 131
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    The SIR-A atlas (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The scientific payload on the Space Shuttle Columbia carried into Earth orbit is discussed. Part of the payload was the Shuttle Imaging Radar system (SIR-A). The objectives of the SIR-A experiment were to acquire radar images of a wide variety of different geologic terrains around the Earth, to demonstrate the capability of the Shuttle as a platform for conducting spaceborne scientific investigations, and to analyze and interpret the data in the radar images. The SIR-A sensor imaged about 10 million sq km of the Earth's surface. High resolution images were acquired over portions of every continent and some of the oceans between latitudes 41 N and 35 S. The SIR-A incidence angle ranges from 47 deg to 53 across an image swath of approximately 50 km.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symp.; p 83-85
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  • 132
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    Creating unstable velocity-space distributions with barium injections (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Ion velocity-space distributions resulting from barium injections from orbiting spacecraft and shaped charges are discussed. Active experiments confirm that anomalous ionization processes may operate, but photoionization accounts for the production of the bulk of the barium ions. Pitch-angle diffusion and/or velocity-space diffusion may occur, but observations of barium ions moving upwards against gravity suggests that the ions retain a significant enough fraction of their initial perpendicular velocity to provide a mirror force. The barium ion plasmas should have a range of Alfven Mach numbers and plasma betas. Because the initial conditions can be predicted these active experiments should permit testing plasma instability hypotheses.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: ESA Active Expts. in Space; p 305-310
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  • 133
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    Ozone transport by diabatic and planetary wave circulations on a beta plane (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A beta plane model is used to study the transport of ozone and a tracer distributed like ozone. In the first experiment, ozone is transported with a time dependent diabatic circulation in a beta channel. Increase in the ozone column density occurs principally through downward advection from the high altitude source region into the lower stratosphere. Compared with observations, the maximum in the total ozone field occurs too late and is too large. Transient planetary waves produce large temporary increases in total ozone near the pole during sudden warming events, but permanent increases are much smaller. Warmings which penetrate below the chemical transition region (major warmings) are most effective in changing the zonal mean ozone distribution. Combining the sudden warming and diabatic circulations simulates many of the observed features of the seasonal changes in total ozone at high latitudes. The diabatic circulation provides the major enhancement of the ozone column density while the transient planetary waves move ozone to high latitudes. This result suggests sudden warmings can play an important role in our understanding of the fluctuations in total ozone, and the final warming may be the key event which determines the date and magnitude of the spring maximum.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Oct. 20
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  • 134
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    The atmospheric lifetime experiment. III - Lifetime methodology and application to three years of CFCL3 data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations of the chlorofluorocarbon CFCl3 obtained several times daily over the period July 1978 to June 1981 at Adrigole, Ireland; Ragged Point, Barbados; Point Matatula, American Samoa; and Cape Grim, Tasmania are reported. In addition, observations at Cape Meares, Oregon are given for the period January 1980 to June 1981. On January 1, 1980, the average mixing ratio of CFCl3 in the lower troposphere is esimated to have been 168 pptv, and this is calculated to have been increasing 5.7 percent annually. Assuming that the only destruction of CFCl3 occurs in the stratosphere, the lifetime, on January 1, 1980, estimated by a trend technique is 83 + 73, or -27 years; the lifetime estimated from the global inventory of CFCl3 is to + 89 or -25 years. The maximum likelihood current lifetime estimate obtained by combining the estimates from both analysis techniques is 78 years.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Oct. 20
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  • 135
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    The atmospheric lifetime experiment. I - Introduction, instrumentation, and overview (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment is designed to determine accurately the atmospheric concentrations of the four halocarbons CFCl3, CF2Cl2, CCl4, and CH3CCl3, and also of N2O with emphasis on measurement of their long-term trends in the atmosphere. Comparison of these concentrations and trends for the four halocarbons with estimates of their industrial emission rates then enables calculations of their global circulation rates and globally averaged atmospheric lifetimes. The experiment utilizes automated dual-column electron-capture gas chromatographs which sample the background air about 4 times daily at the following globally distributed sites: Adrigole, Ireland, Cape Meares, Oregon; Ragged Point, Barbados; Point Matatula, American Samoa, and Cape Grim, Tasmania. The climatology of these 'clean air' sites and their ability to describe the global air mass are reviewed. The instrumentation and methods for data acquisition and processing are then described. An overview of the data obtained and the trends derived during the 3-year period from July 1978 through June 1981 for each of the five species being measured is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Oct. 20
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  • 136
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    An accurate radiative transfer model for use in the direct physical inversion of HIRS2 and MSU temperature sounding data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The direct computation of atmospheric transmittance and clear column radiances for the channels of HIRS2 and MSU as a function of atmospheric and surface conditions is described in detail. A comparison is made between the observations and the calculated radiances derived from colocated oceanic radiosondes. It is found that under clear conditions, calculated brightness temperatures for the HIRS2 have a standard deviation of the order of 0.7 C compared with observations, whereas MSU channels have a standard deviation of approximately 1 C. In some channels, small biases are found that can be removed by an empirical 'tuning' with coefficients that can be successfully transferred from one season to another. Less satisfactory agreement is obtained from a comparison of calculations with 'reconstructed' clear radiances, which are used in analyzing sounding data under partially cloudy conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Oct. 20
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  • 137
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    Nonlinear theory of type I irregularities in the equatorial electrojet (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: By allowing for the effect of wave electric fields on electron orbits, a nonlinear dispersion relation for type I irregularities is obtained. This relation predicts (1) isotropy of the Doppler shift with elevation, (2) a limiting phase velocity equal to the ion acoustic speed, and (3) a saturation amplitude which is maximum for horizontally propagating waves and decreases with elevation. With the theory presented here, the in situ electric field measurements of Pfaff et al. (1980) in the electrojet environment could provide a quantitative check for the theory of orbit diffusion by stochastic electric fields.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; Oct. 198
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  • 138
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    Spatial changes in the stratospheric aerosol associated with the north polar vortex (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In late January and early February 1983, observations made by the Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement (SAM II) satellite system showed that aerosol extinction profiles measured within the northern polar vortex differed significantly above 18 km from those measured outside the vortex. Values of the calculated optical depths above 18 km for February 1, 1983, are lower by approximately one order of magnitude within the polar vortex than those outside. Similar differences were found in the aerosol back-scattering profiles obtained using an airborne lidar system when crossing the polar vortex. Since potential vorticity at a constant altitude is not conserved across the polar vortex, horizontal adiabatic transport does not occur.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; Oct. 198
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  • 139
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    Balloon borne LIDAR measurements of stratospheric hydroxyl radical (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A balloon-borne laser radar (LIDAR) system for determining the stratospheric hydroxyl radical concentration constructed and flown by the Goddard Space Flight Center is discussed. The system measured hydroxyl in the altitude range of 34-37 km during an afternoon and early evening, producing the first post-sunset hydroxyl determination ever obtained. Daytime values (approximately 5 x 10 to the 6th/cu cm) are somewhat lower than previous measurements using in situ resonance fluorescence. Nighttime values (approximately 7 x 10 to the 5th/cu cm at 2100 CDT) are found to be higher than predicted by current one-dimensional models. Possible sources of these discrepancies, together with improvements possible in future systems, are outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; June 20
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  • 140
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    Chlorine nitrate - The sole product of the ClO + NO2 + M recombination (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A laser operating at 266 nm is used to photolyze the product of the ClO + NO2 + M reaction, and the yield of Cl atoms, measured by resonance fluorescence, is found to be identical with that from equivalent concentrations of ClONO2. This is interpreted as a strong indication that no other isomers are formed in the recombination reaction. Evidence for isomers is surveyed, and the apparent forward-and-reverse-rate constant discrepancy is explained as a probable uncertainty in the thermochemistry.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; June 20
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  • 141
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    Accuracy and resolution of Earth Radiation Budget Estimates (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A numerical filter inversion technique that reduces wide-angle satellite measurements to top-of-the-atmosphere radiant exitances has been proposed for the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE). The matrix formulation of this technique is presented, and the design of the numerical filter is discussed. The filter is smoothed with a singular value decomposition. The inversion process is simulated by generating synthetic measurements from a 24 degree spherical harmonic radiation field derived from Nimbus 6 ERB data. The numerical filter is applied to these measurements after they are corrupted with instrument error. The results are curves of expected error versus resolution area.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; April 19
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  • 142
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    Directional radiometric measurements of row-crop temperatures (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The variability of directional sensor response for a cotton row crop in Phoenix, Arizona was measured for various solar zenith angles. The geometric structure of the canopy was described with regard to height, width, spacing, and shape of rows. In addition, radiometric temperature data were collected on four scene components: sunlit and shaded vegetation and sunlit and shaded soil. These data were used to test the predictions and assumptions of a modified version of the row crop model of Jackson et al. (1979), which predicts the thermal infrared response of a sensor as a function of sensor view angle, component temperature, and geometrical structure of the canopy. The field data showed sensor response differentials as great as 16.2 C when going from a zenith view angle of 0 deg to one of 80 deg normal to the row direction. The rms deviation between the predicted and measured sensor response for all measurement periods and view angles was 0.96 C.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 4; Apr
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  • 143
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    Diurnal variations of vegetation canopy structure (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The significance and magnitude of diurnal variations of vegetation canopy structure are reviewed. Diurnal leaf inclination-azimuth angle distributions of a soybean and cotton canopy were documented using a simple measurement technique. The precision of the measurements was on the order of + or -5 deg for the inclination and + or -14 deg for the azimuth. The experimental results and a review of the literature showed that this distribution can vary significantly on a diurnal basis due to vegetation type, heliotropic leaf movement, environmental conditions, and vegetation stress. The study also showed that it is erroneous to treat two separate distributions of azimuth and inclination angles rather than one three-dimensional distribution of leaf orientation. The latter distribution needs to be routinely collected in studies which document variations of diurnal spectral reflectance with changes in solar zenith angle.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 4; Apr
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  • 144
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    N2 broadening parameters of ozone at 9.6 microns (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Pressure-broadening coefficients were determined for 156 O3 absorption lines made with the Fourier-transform spectrometer at the McMath Solar Telescope of the Kitt Peak National Observatory in the 9-micron region, with a resolution of 0.005/cm. O3 prepared from O2 by silent arc discharge and collected on cold silica gel was held at stable concentrations over 50 percent in a glass or stainless-steel cell with a rock-salt window, and broadened with dry N2. Interferograms were made in several scans of the interferometer during 30 min. The pressure-broadening coefficients were calculated by an iterative least-squares approach, a synthetic spectrum was constructed and compared to the actual spectrum, and the parameters were varied to achieve the best fit. It is shown that the estimated precision of the values reported is about 7 percent, and that the deviation from the theoretical calculations of Tejwani and Yeung (1975) averaged 7.6 percent (a small number of large discrepancies having been excluded).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer (ISSN 0022-4073); 29; June 198
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  • 145
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    In situ aircraft measurements of enhanced levels of N2O associated with thunderstorm lightning (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A series of measurements of enhanced levels of atmospheric N2O associated with thunderstorm lightning are reported. The data were gathered by instrumentation on-board an aircraft operated as part of the NASA Storm Hazards Project. Air samples were taken both during storms and in clear conditions to have a basis for comparisons; sample bottles were filled at altitudes from 11,000-40,000 ft. Gas chromatography was employed for sample composition analyses, revealing clear air N2O concentrations of about 310 ppbv, while storm concentrations reached, for example, 490, 729, and 393 ppbv. Although the measurements did not precisely characterize the actual lightning contributions, the enhancements being present during electrically active storms did confirm that trace gases are produced by lightning. Calculations are presented to demonstrate that the 3 to greater than 12 keV X rays detected in storm clouds are of sufficient energy to drive the production of N2O from the reaction of metastable nitrogen with molecular oxygen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 303; May 26
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  • 146
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    Interannual variability and climatic noise in satellite-observed outgoing longwave radiation (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Upwelling-IR observations of the North Pacific by polar orbiters NOAA 3, 4, 5, and 6 and TIROS-N from 1974 to 1981 are analyzed statistically in terms of interannual variability (IAV) in monthly averages and climatic noise due to short-term weather fluctuations. It is found that although the daily variance in the observations is the same in summer and winter months, and although IAV in winter is smaller than that in summer, the climatic noise in winter is so much smaller that a greater fraction of winter anomalies are statistically significant. The smaller winter climatic noise level is shown to be due to shorter autocorrelation times. It is demonstrated that increasing averaging area does not reduce the climatic noise level, suggesting that continuing collection of high-resolution satellite IR data on a global basis is necessary if better models of short-term variability are to be constructed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; March 19
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  • 147
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    Methane flux across the air-water interface - Air velocity effects (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Methane loss to the atmosphere from flooded wetlands is influenced by the degree of supersaturation and wind stress at the water surface. Measurements in freshwater ponds in the St. Marks Wildlife Refuge, Florida, demonstrated that for the combined variability of CH4 concentrations in surface water and air velocity over the water surface, CH4 flux varied from 0.01 to 1.22 g/sq m/day. The liquid exchange coefficient for a two-layer model of the gas-liquid interface was calculated as 1.7 cm/h for CH4 at air velocity of zero and as 1.1 + 1.2 v to the 1.96th power cm/h for air velocities from 1.4 to 3.5 m/s and water temperatures of 20 C.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Tellus; vol. 35B
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  • 148
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    Electric currents and voltage drops along auroral field lines (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An assessment is presented of the current state of knowledge concerning Birkeland currents and the parallel electric field, with discussions focusing on the Birkeland primary region 1 sheets, the region 2 sheets which parallel them and appear to close in the partial ring current, the cusp currents (which may be correlated with the interplanetary B(y) component), and the Harang filament. The energy required by the parallel electric field and the associated particle acceleration processes appears to be derived from the Birkeland currents, for which evidence is adduced from particles, inverted V spectra, rising ion beams and expanded loss cones. Conics may on the other hand signify acceleration by electrostatic ion cyclotron waves associated with beams accelerated by the parallel electric field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 149
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    A comparison of wind observations of the upper thermosphere from the Dynamics Explorer satellite with the predictions of a global time-dependent model (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experimental and theoretical investigations of high-latitude circulation in the upper thermosphere are reported. Vector-wind plots constructed by combining remotely sensed meridional-wind and in situ zonal-wind data obtained during four south-polar and three north-polar passes of the NASA Dynamics Explorer satellite in October and December, 1981, are presented and analyzed, taking the geomagnetic activity level and local solar time into account. The results are then compared with the predictions of 3D time-dependent global models of thermospheric neutral winds (Fuller-Rowell and Rees, 1980, 1981, 1983) adjusted to account for both solar-UV/EUV heating and ionization effects and quiet (Kp from 1 to 2) or moderately disturbed (Kp from 3 to 4) geomagnetic conditions (models Q and MD). An MD model incorporating a self-consistent description of the high-latitude ionosphere and a Q model excluding high-latitude effects are found to give the most accurate predictions for the respective geomagnetic conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 31; 1299-131
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  • 150
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    Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of S(IV) by ozone in aqueous solution with particular reference to SO2 conversion in nonurban tropospheric clouds (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Results are presented from a laboratory study of the kinetics of the S(IV)-O3 reaction in aqueous solution, including measurements of the effects of UV radiation, dissolved transition metals, and an antioxidant (hydroquinone) on the rate. On the basis of the results, relative rates of S(IV) conversion by O3 in tropospheric cloud water are compared with those predicted for H2O2 and for O2. The reaction mechanism is discussed, with an outline given of the elements of a possible reaction scheme. Application of the rate constants obtained to SO2 conversion in cloud water predicts conversion rates by ozone to be competitive with those by H2O2 at pH above about 4.5 and to dominate at pH above about 5.5. It is pointed out that since these pH's are typical for nonurban tropospheric cloud water, ozone is a potentially important contributor to the overall oxidative conversion of SO2 to sulfate in the nonurban troposphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10721-10
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    Satellite remote sensing of total dry matter production in the Senegalese Sahel (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Nine predominantly cloud-free NOAA-7 advanced very high resolution radiometer images were obtained during a three-month period during the 1981 rainy season in the Sahel of Senegal. The 0.55-0.68- and 0.725-1.10-micron channels were used to form the normalized difference green leaf density vegetation index and the 11.5-12.5-micron channel was used as a cloud mask for each of the nine images. Changes in the normalized difference values among the various dates were closely associated with precipitation events. Six of the images spanning an 8-week period were used to generate a cumulative integrated index. Ground biomas samplings in the 30,000 sq km study area were used to assign total dry biomass classes to the cumulative index.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 13; 461-474
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  • 152
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    Cosmic-ray antimatter - A primary origin hypothesis (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present investigation is concerned with the possibility that the observed cosmic-ray protons are of primary extragalactic origin, taking into account the significance of the current antiproton data. Attention is given to questions regarding primary antiprotons, antihelium fluxes, and the propagation of extragalactic cosmic rays. It is concluded that the primary origin hypothesis should be considered as a serious alternative explanation for the cosmic-ray antiproton fluxes. Such extragalactic primary origin can be considered in the context of a baryon symmetric domain cosmology. The fluxes and propagation characteristics suggested are found to be in rough agreement with the present antiproton data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X); 96; 1, Oc
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  • 153
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    The role of spatial, spectral and radiometric resolution on information content (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The results of a factorial experiment to evaluate the effects of spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution on training-data spectral separability and classification accuracy are reported. Aircraft scanner data from five flightlines at 19.8 km over California including croplands, rangeland, forest, water, and urban areas were systematically degraded over a range approximately from Landsat MSS to Thematic Mapper specifications. Reference data were collected on the ground and from aerial photography. The degradations, training-site delineation, data-analysis procedures, and accuracy-assessment techniques are described; the results are presented in tables and graphs and discussed. It is found that while accuracy was increased by higher spectral resolution in 70 percent of the cases and uniformly by increased radiometric resolution, it was decreased by higher spatial resolution. This phenomenon is attributed to classification methods.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 154
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    Three-way partitioning of sea surface temperature measurement error (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Given any set of three 2 degree binned anomaly sea surface temperature (SST) data sets by three different sensors, estimates of the mean square error of each sensor estimate is made. The above formalism performed on every possible triplet of sensors. A separate table of error estimates is then constructed for each sensor.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 2 p
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  • 155
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    Pilot Ocean Data System (PODS) file format specifications (1983)
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    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Sea surface temperature data are contained in the following categories: tapefile format, raw file format, bin format, GRD format, MFM file format, SZM format, MRG file format, and DIF file format.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 9 p
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  • 156
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    Measurement of sea surface temperature from HIRS2/MSU (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The High-Resolution Infrared Sounder (HIRS), a 20-channel infrared sounder, and the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU), a 4-channel microwave sounder, were first launched on the TIROS-N Satellite in November 1978 as an upgraded operational temperature sounding system. Essentially identical instruments have flown on NOAA-6 and NOAA-7 and are scheduled to fly on future operational satellites through the eighties. While HIRS2 and MSU were designed primarily for the purpose of measuring atmospheric temperature profiles, the observed radiances are also sensitive to other meteorological parameters such as sea surface temperature, ground temperature, cloud height and cloud amount, ice extent over ocean, snow cover over land, etc. A physically based processing system for analysis of HIRS2/MSU data was developed to determine the above atmospheric and surface parameters, which when substituted in the radiative transfer equation, match the satellite observations to a given noise level. All parameters are retrieved in a mutually interacting fashion.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 11 p
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  • 157
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    Sea surface temperatures from the Nimbus-7 scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The algorithm was developed to determine sea surface temperature (SST) from the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) data. The SST algorithm has evolved over the last several years. The final version that will be applied to the 1979 SMMR data (more tuning may be needed for later data) is described. Four different stages in the development are reported: Versions I to IV; each version has evolved out of its predecessor either because newly processed data became available or because significant problems were uncovered in earlier versions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 20 p
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  • 158
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    Satellite data (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Three satellite SST data sets were analyzed, all derived from the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on the Nimbus-7 satellite. The SMMR is a ten-channel instrument flown also on the SEASAT satellite (now defunct) and was designed to measure SST in addition to other oceanographic and meteorological parameters. The three SMMR data sets were referred to as SMMR-I, -II, and -III. SMMR-I and -II were produced by T. Wilheit and A. Milman, SMMR-II being an updated and refined version of SMMR-I. A description of the algorithms used is provided. SMMR-III was provided by C. Prabhakara and was obtained by a different retrieval approach from the others. For consistency with the file code conventions and to avoid confusion, SMMRs I, II, and III were renamed SMMR-A, SMMR-D, and SMMR-C, respectively.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 9 p
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  • 159
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    Analysis techniques (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Analysis techniques for the sea surface temperature (SST) intercomparison were discussed. Systematic differences between various measurement techniques were identified and examined. This in turn might reveal areas for needed improvement in the SST retrieval algorithms or, at the very least, a clearer understanding of the limitations of each sensor.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 6 p
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  • 160
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    A statistical method to sense sea surface temperature from the Nimbus-7 scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Among the five channels in the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), the brightness temperature measured at 6.6 GHz vertical polarization is least affected by the atmospheric water vapor and liquid water in clouds or rain. Furthermore, as the undisturbed sea surface emissivity at 6.6 GHz is nearly constant over the temperature range 275 to 300 K, this channel has the best sensitivity to sea surface temperature (SST). The 6.6 GHz channel on SMMR is specifically chosen for these reasons to measure SST.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 8 p
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  • 161
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    Conclusions and recommendations (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: From the analyses performed thus far, it is clear that the ship data must be treated with great care in any satellite comparisons because of their high noise level. At the very least, the ship data should be screened to eliminate observations deviating unreasonably from climatology. In fact, a two pass screening is better, with the second pass screening out data deviating unreasonably from the first pass mapping attempt. Even with screening, the noise level is comparable with that of the satellite data and, particularly in spot comparisons, should not be used to evaluate the accuracy of the satellite data. Consideration also should be given to more sophisticated mapping procedures than simple binning averaging. Procedures that attempt local least squares fitting to individual observations would give better results because they would then be less sensitive to the spatial distribution of the data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 8 p
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  • 162
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    In situ data (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The evidence indicates that November 1979 was a very climatological month, certainly in the Atlantic. This must make us particularly wary of deviations from climatology anywhere in the globe during this period. The McLain and Pazan SST analyses are identical to within a degree. The Pazan ship data need to be edited against climatology in order to remove bad ship data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 16 p
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  • 163
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    Satellite-derived sea surface temperature: Introduction (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Satellites now play an increasing role in systematic monitoring of the global oceans. Measurements of sea surface temperature (SST) are of primary importance in understanding heat storage and transport within the ocean and cross the ocean-atmosphere boundary. In some regions, local changes in SST of only 1 to 2 C have major effects on global climate and weather patterns. The satellite measurements provide a data base complementary to the (sometimes) accurate but sparsely-distributed point measurements available from ships and buoys. The demands placed on satellite sensors are stringent. Accuracies of better than 1 C are required and are often desired to a few tenths of a degree. Furthermore, measurement accuracies must be stable spatially and temporally in order for satellite data to be used with confidence in models of air-sea interaction and climate. There now exists a need to evaluate objectively the performance of the latest generation of sensors under a sufficient variety of environmental conditions to indicate present accuracies, deficiencies, and potential for improvement.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 8 p
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  • 164
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    Use of VAS multispectral data for sea surface temperature determination (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Visible Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) is a radiometer possessing eight visible channel detectors and six thermal detectors that sense infrared radiation in 12 spectral bands. Housed in the GOES satellite, VAS spins in a west to east direction at 100 rpm and achieves spatial coverage at resolutions of 1 km in the visible and 7 or 14 km in the infrared by stepping a scan mirror in a north to south direction. Designed for multipurpose applications, the VAS can be operated in two different modes: (1) a multi-spectral imaging (MSI) mode, and (2) a dwell sounding (DS) mode. The MSI mode of operation is used for sea surface temperature (SST) determination. Currently, a full-disk MSI image for SST determination is received every hour, 18 hours a day during weekdays. This MSI mode of operation for SST consists of data obtained from wavelengths centered at 3.9 microns (channel 12), 11.6 microns (channel 8), and 12.6 microns (channel 7) as well as visible data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 7 p
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  • 165
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    NOAA satellite-derived operational sea surface temperature products (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) began processing global measurements of emitted radiation in the 10.5 to 12.5 micron atmospheric window for purposes of deriving weekly composite and mean monthly sea surface temperature fields in the early 1970s. Atmospheric attenuation corrections, begun with empirical means, were accomplished chiefly with the aid of coarser resolution measurements from atmospheric sounders aboard the same polar orbiting spacecraft. Cloud filtering depended heavily upon the use of histogram techniques applied to 11 x 11 arrays of 8 km resolution Scanning Radiometer Infrared (SRIR) data. Details of the SRIR processing for SST are found in a NOAA Technical Memorandum.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 17 p
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  • 166
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    Comparison of satellite and in situ data (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A variety of data sets were available and analyzed. The data sets discussed here are: (1) SMMR-A: The Nimbus Project data release; (2) SMMR-D: The revised SMMR version produced by Wilheit and Milman; (3) SMMR-C: The SMMR version produced by Prabhakara; (4) Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center (PNOC): The individual ship reports; and (5) Reynolds Climatology. Data from SMMR and PNOC ships were compared in three different ways: (1) The difference between individual ship and SMMR observations which were close in space and time. (2) The difference between the 20 degree lat-lon one month averages for SMMR and ship, respectively. (3) The difference between the 20 degree averages and climatology, for both SMMR and ship.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 11 p
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  • 167
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    Processing system (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: To implement the analysis techniques and to provide end-to-end processing, a system was designed with the following capabilities: receive and catalog data from many sources; organize the data on mass storage for rapid access; edit for reasonableness; create new data sets by sorting on parameter, averaging and merging; provide statistical analysis and display tools; and distribute data on demand. Consideration was given to developing a flexible system that could meet immediate workshop needs and respond to future requirements. System architecture and data set details implemented are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temp.; 8 p
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  • 168
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    ISEE observations of magnetopause reconnection: The energy balance (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The total energy balance for two events with the objective of obtaining check on the interpretation in terms of reconnection is examined. To within experimental uncertainties, the plasma and magnetic field data are consistent with reconnection. An enthalpy increase comparable to the kinetic energy increase occurs in the magnetopause. Thus substantial dissipation is present in the rotational discontinuity. An ion heat flow associated with a beam of reflected magnetosheath particles carried away some 20% of the total converted electromagnetic energy.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Magnetopause Studies Using Data from the ISEE Mission; 25 p
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  • 169
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    SIR-A aids regional geology: Comparisons of SIR-A imagery with SLAR and LANDSAT over Guyana, Venezuela, Nicarargua and Mali (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Shuttle Imaging Radar-A (SIR-A) data from contrasted regions of rain forest and desert and the results of experiments in the combination of SIR-A with SLAR and with LANDSAT imagery are considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symp.; p 56-72
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  • 170
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    Use of radar image texture in geologic mapping (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Large slope angle radar and small slope angle radar techniques are discussed. The techniques are developed to aid in the geologic interpretation of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The application presented is for heavy vegetation and where very little other data can be obtained directly from remote sensing images. To understand the relationships between image texture, topography, lithology, geomorphology, and climate improves, textural information from SAR images are used for the identification of rock types to discriminate units. An active program is to integrate textural information from radar images directly with backscatter data from the same images, and with compositional information derived from visible near infrared sensors such as LANDSAT is explored. The role of quantitative textural information in this type of multisensor analysis which promises to be significant is outlined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symp.; p 73-75
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  • 171
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    Magnetic field reconnection at the magnetopause: An overview (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The basic qualitative and quantitative aspects of reconnection in its magnetopause setting are summarized. First, the basic morphological and dynamic features of asymmetric reconnection are examined with emphasis on the important role played by the rotational discontinuity in these geometries. Second, the structure and other properties of rotational discontinuities are discussed. Third, the manner in which individual particles are energized or de-energized during their interaction with current layers in general, and rotational discontinuities in particular, is examined. Finally, the question of nonsteady, localized reconnection and its relation to flux transfer events is discussed and a qualitative model is proposed to describe these phenomena.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Magnetopause Studies Using Data from the ISEE Mission; 31 p
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  • 172
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    Mapping and monitoring renewable resources with space SAR (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The SEASAT-A SAR and SIR-A imagery was examined to evaluate the quality and type of information that can be extracted and used to monitor renewable resources on Earth. Two tasks were carried out: (1) a land cover classification study which utilized two sets of imagery acquired by the SEASAT-A SAR, one set by SIR-A, and one LANDSAT set (4 bands); and (2) a change detection to examine differences between pairs of SEASAT-A SAR images and relates them to hydrologic and/or agronomic variations in the scene.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Spaceborne Imaging Radar Symp.; p 76-78
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  • 173
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    Comment on the article 'Estimation of sugar beet productivity from reflection in the red and infrared spectral bands' (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 4; 837
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  • 174
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    Night-time observations of snow using visible imagery (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Consideration is given to the possibility of increasing the frequency of satellite snow cover observations in the visible range by using the light reflected off the moon as an illumination source for nighttime observations. Images obtained at night by DMSP satellites orbiting in the noon-midnight plane are presented which were obtained at various phases of the moon. It is concluded that DMSP visible imagery can be used to detect snow cover during those periods when the moon is over the local horizon and is between the first quarter phase and the last quarter phase, which amounts to around five additional days a month allowing for cloud cover. The high frequency of observation of a given area provided by a light-sensitivity imager would be an important feature of a dedicated water-resources satellite.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 4; 785-791
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  • 175
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    The high latitude circulation and temperature structure of the thermosphere near solstice (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: NCAR thermospheric-general-circulation-model (TGCM) computations of solar-maximum thermospheric neutral-gas temperature and circulation around the December solstice are presented and discussed. The TGCM uses a 5 x 5-deg grid and 24 constant-pressure layers, corresponding to altitudes of about 97-500 km. The results are mapped as electron-density contours, polar plots, cylindrical equidistant projections, meridional cross sections, and F-region polar plots comparing the TGCM predictions with DE-2 satellite observations. The significant differences between summer and winter high-latitude F-region winds are attributed to the ion drag momentum associated with magnetospheric convection. The TGCM wind predictions follow the same pattern as the satellite measurements but are too small; possible model corrections are considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 31; 1479-149
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  • 176
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    The Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment. IV - Results for CF2Cl2 based on three years data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations of dichlorodifluoromethane obtained several times daily over the period July 1978 to June 1981 at Adrigole, Ireland (52 deg N, 10 deg W), Ragged Point, Barbados (13 deg N, 59 deg W), Point Matatula, American Samoa (14 deg S, 171 deg W), and Cape Grim, Tasmania (41 deg S, 145 deg E), are reported. Observations at Cape Meares, Oregon (45 deg N, 124 deg W), are also given for the period November 1980 to June 1981. On January 1, 1980, the average mixing ratio of dichlorodifluoromethane in the lower troposphere is estimated to have been 285 pptv and to have been increasing at 6.0 percent/year. The atmospheric lifetime of this compound is estimated from this data by adjusting its destruction rate in a two-dimensional model of the atmosphere so as to provide the best fit to the observations. Assuming destruction of CF2Cl2 in the stratosphere only, the lifetime estimate for January 1, 1980, by the inventory technique is 69 + 36 or - 18 years. The trend technique principally provides a lower limit to the lifetime of 81 years. The results suggest a need for further assessment of dichlorodifluoromethane release estimates, particularly those from the USSR and eastern Europe.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Oct. 20
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  • 177
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    Feasibility of airborne detection of laser-induced fluorescence emissions from green terrestrial plants (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present investigation provides a demonstration of the feasibility of the airborne detection of the laser-induced fluorescence spectral emissions from living terrestrial grasses, shrubs, and trees using existing levels of lidar technology. Airborne studies were performed to ascertain system requirements necessary to detect laser-induced fluorescence from living terrestrial plants, to assess the practical acquisition of useful single-shot laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) waveforms over vegetative canopies, and to determine the comparative suitability of laser system, airborne platform, and terrestrial environmental parameters. The field experiment was conducted on May 3, 1982, over the northern portion of Wallops Island, VA. Attention is given to airborne lidar results and the description of laboratory investigations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 22; Oct. 1
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  • 178
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    Volcanic eruptions in the Mediterranean before A.D. 630 from written and archaeological sources (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Aug. 10
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  • 179
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    Point spread functions in imaging a Lambert surface from zenith through a thin scattering layer (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Analytical techniques for good spatial resolution in remotely sensed images of renewable resources, such as crops, are discussed for satellite multispectral radiometry. A model is developed for an optically and geometrically thin scattering layer to account for atmospheric scattering above the object pixel of fluxes reflected from adjacent areas. The cross radiance is explored as a spread function of a point source and as a spurious component of measured radiance, and an integration over large source areas is formulated. The Henyey-Greenstein (HG) phase function is defined for an integral over a sphere and point-spread functions are presented for HG scattering. Cross radiance limited spatial resolution is also determined for the HG phase function and boundaries between reflecting and black half-planes are considered in terms of the cross radiance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 4; July-Sep
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  • 180
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    Ozone variations observed during the International Ozone Rocket Sonde Intercomparison (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The International Ozone Rocket Sonde Intercomparison (IORI) conducted at Wallops Island during October 1979 provided a unique opportunity to observe ozone variations in great detail from several observing systems. The measurement period lasted 15 days during which time ozone observations were taken by ground-based, balloon, rocket, and satellite instruments. These data provided a unique opportunity for diagnosing regional stratospheric variability over a 2 week period. Examination of NMC analyses indicated that during this period the stratospheric polar vortex moved southeastward bringing air form high latitudes to Wallops Island above 10 mb. A concurrent change was observed in the upper stratosphere ozone fields observed by Nimbus-7 SBUV and in the ozone vertical distribution measured by the rocket soundings. In this study the satellite and rocket measurements are compared. The agreement is good, certainly within the errors of the measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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  • 181
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    Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) data during the Gap, France, ozone intercomparisons of June 1981 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data over Europe have been processed for 2 days of the ozone sensor intercomparison balloon campaign in June 1981 at Gap, France. The June 19 TOMS map shows an elongated ozone maximum (about 400 D.U) extending in a NW-SE direction across central Europe and an ozone minimum (300 D.U.) in the central Atlantic. This pattern produces a 12 D.U. decrease along the balloon trajectory from the fist ascent to the second descent. On June 26 a much smaller ozone maximum (400 D.U.) is centered in northern France with its main axis running in a SW-NE direction. The total ozone contours tend to lie parallel to the balloon trajectory so that the total ozone during the flight is nearly constant.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 31; July 198
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  • 182
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    GSFC optical ozonesonde results during the Gap, France, intercomparisons, June 1981 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: O3 soundings made with balloon-borne optical sensors during the French Intercomparison Ozone Campaign in June, 1981, are reported. The GSFC four-channel UV-filter-photometer ozonesonde designed for the Super Loki rocket was attached to the gondola roof for redundant O3-density measurements at altitudes of 22-32 km, using the 300 and 303-nm filters. Sensor calibration, data processing, input constants, and vertical O3-distribution calculations are discussed. The density profiles for three legs of the flight, calculated using Bass or Vigroux cross sections, agreed within a standard error of 1.4 percent for each channel, but showed a consistent 4-5 percent (significant) difference between channels. Total average O3-column amounts determined by combining the GSFC data with ECC measurements for altitudes below 21 km were in good agreement with bias-corrected TOMS data from Nimbus-VII and with ground-based data from the Observatoire de Haute-Provence at Mt. Chiran, when the latter were computed using the pre-campaign calibration. A 9-percent discrepancy arose when the Chiran data were corrected for a post-campaign recalibration of the Dobson spectrophotometer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 31; July 198
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  • 183
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    NASA-JSC measurements during la campagne d'intercomparaison d'ozonometres, Gap, France, June 1981 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements made by the NASA-JSC ozone instrument during the ozone intercomparison campaign from Gap, France during June 1981 are reported. Two flights were made on board the large balloon platform with other instruments using different techniques. The NASA-JSC instrument employs UV absorption photometry to obtain in situ results. Concentration and mixing ratio profiles are given for altitudes from 16 km to float altitudes of 32 and 39 km, respectively, for the two flights. A measure of the total column content of ozone was obtained by integrating the NASA-JSC results from 16 km to float altitude and combining them with results from other techniques below 16 km and above float altitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 31; July 198
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  • 184
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    Direct determination of surface albedos from satellite imagery (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An empirical method to measure the spectral surface albedo of surfaces from Landsat imagery is presented and analyzed. The empiricism in the method is due only to the fact that three parameters of the solution must be determined for each spectral photograph of an image on the basis of independently known albedos at three points. The approach is otherwise based on exact solutions of the radiative transfer equation for upwelling intensity. Application of the method allows the routine construction of spectral albedo maps from satelite imagery, without requiring detailed knowledge of the atmospheric aerosol content, as long as the optical depth is less than 0.75, and of the calibration of the satellite sensor.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 22; April 19
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  • 185
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    Developments in high-precision gamma-ray burst source studies (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The source location data analyzed by the first and second interplanetary gamma ray burst spacecraft networks are reviewed. The possibilities of additional networks and of related studies in other disciplines, and the prospects for real time optical transient observations and for the definition of gamma ray burst sources by optical transient astronomy are also reviewed. Previously announced in STAR as N82-31290
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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  • 186
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    Status and future of high energy diffuse gamma-ray astronomy (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: There are two distinctly different high energy diffuse gamma-ray components, one well correlated with broad galactic features and the other apparently isotropic and presumably extragalactic. The observed diffuse galactic high energy gamma radiation is generally thought to be produced in interactions between the cosmic rays and the interstellar matter and photons. It should then ultimately be possible to obtain from the diffuse galactic emission a detailed picture of the galactic cosmic-ray distribution, a high contrast view of the general structure of the galaxy, and further insight into molecular clouds. Two of the candidates for the explanation of the extragalactic diffuse radiation are the sum of emission from active galaxies and matter-antimatter annihilation. A major advancement in the study of the properties of both galactic and extragalactic gamma radiation should occur over the next decade.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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  • 187
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    A dynamical basis for crustal deformation and seismotectonic block movements in central Europe (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The stress field in the earth's crust as inferred from satellite gravity data causes crustal deformation and seismotectonic block movements in central Europe. The satellite-determined stresses in the crust of central Europe are consistent with earthquake focal mechanisms, joint-orientation and in situ stress measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors (ISSN 0031-9201); 32; May 1983
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  • 188
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    Is there any chlorine monoxide in the stratosphere? (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A ground-based search for stratospheric 35-ClO was carried out using an infrared heterodyne spectrometer in the solar absorption mode. Lines due to stratospheric HNO3 and tropospheric OCS were detected at about 0.2 percent absorptance levels, but the expected 0.1 percent lines of ClO in this same region were not seen. We find that stratospheric ClO is at least a factor of seven less abundant than is indicated by in situ measurements, and we set an upper limit of 2.3 x 10 to the 13th molecules/sq cm at the 95 percent confidence level for the integrated vertical column density of ClO. Our results imply that the release of chlorofluorocarbons may be significantly less important for the destruction of stratospheric ozone (O3) than is currently thought. Previously announced in STAR as N83-27518
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 221; July 15
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  • 189
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    Petrological evolution of the crust and mantle (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An examination is undertaken of the sources of data for the study of terrestrial crust and mantle evolution. The two interrelated approaches to this task involve, on the one hand, the interpretation of data from available materials, and on the other the modeling of expected processes and their products from experimental and theoretical arguments. The former is presently considered in light of the evidence for additions to the crust noted in the study of igneous activity and, possibly, of metasomatism, in the evidence found for fractionation in the mantle through the study of igneous activity and mantle xenoliths, in the evidence for recycling of material both within the crust and through return of crust to the mantle, and in the evidence provided by other planetary bodies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics (ISSN 0034-6853); 21; July 198
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  • 190
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    Magnetic anomalies (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The implications and accuracy of anomaly maps produced using Magsat data on the scalar and vector magnetic field of the earth are discussed. Comparisons have been made between the satellite maps and aeromagnetic survey maps, showing smoother data from the satellite maps and larger anomalies in the aircraft data. The maps are being applied to characterize the structure and tectonics of the underlying regions. Investigations are still needed regarding the directions of magnetization within the crust and to generate further correlations between anomaly features and large scale geological structures. Furthermore, an increased data base is recommended for the Pacific Ocean basin in order to develop a better starting model for Pacific tectonic movements. The Pacific basin was large farther backwards in time and subduction zones surround the basin, thereby causing difficulties for describing the complex break-up scenario for Gondwanaland.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics (ISSN 0034-6853); 21; April 19
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  • 191
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    Status of the geopotential (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Satellite laser ranging, satellite altimetry, and improved measurements of surface gravitational anomalies have broadened the data base on intermediate and short wavelength regions of the earth gravity field. The global data set served to develop new geopotential models with a resolution in spherical harmonics out to degree 180. The resolution was made possible using Seasat altimetry data containing 56,761 values of 1 x 1 deg gravity anomalies. Satellite-to-satellite tracking techniques involving the Geos-3 and Apollo spacecraft data for the sea surface temperature have yielded accurate intermediate wavelength gravity variations which correlate well with residual depth anomalies. Oceanic gravity anomalies have been computed directly from satellite altimetry or through statistical estimation using oceanic geoid heights. The data sets for gravimetric geoids have been compared with altimetric surfaces to identify areas which were of interest for geophysical investigation. Future data sets could become available from a proposed satellite-to-satellite Doppler tracking system (Gravsat) launched by NASA.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics (ISSN 0034-6853); 21; April 19
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  • 192
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    Cosmic-ray modulation and the anomalous component (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experimental and theoretical studies of cosmic-ray-modulation phenomena reported in the open literature by US researchers during the 1979-1982 period are reviewed. Areas covered include microscopic diffusion theory, gradient and curvature drift, global modulation theory, the anomalous component, and general modulation observations (such as the Pioneer-10 Forbush-decrease-propagation observations and studies on the time variation of the electron-to-proton ratio). An impressionistic overview of current and future trends in this area of study is also provided.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: (ISSN 0034-6853)
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  • 193
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    Sensor data for forest policy information (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: NASA-Ames Research Center has investigated the role and performance capabilities of the Landsat Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) for forest policy analysis for the past four years in cooperation with the California Department of Forestry. A thorough series of studies, from a statewide land cover map to smaller, highly detailed studies including collateral data, have been conducted with a view to comprehensive forest policy needs. The strengths and limitations of MSS data have been evaluated. Some observations about the information needed from new satellite sensors such as the Thematic Mapper are discussed against this background.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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  • 194
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    Enhanced crop discrimination using the mid-IR (1.55-1.75 microns) (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Improvements in crop discrimination can be realized by using mid-IR bands (1.55 -1.75 and 2.08 -2.35 microns) which are sensitive to canopy moisture content. Analyses of data from two growing seasons in Webster County, Iowa clearly indicate that corn and soybeans are highly separable in the mid-IR from early season through harvest. This contrasts sharply with visible and near-IR bands where corn and soybeans are confused throughout much of the growing season. The mid-IR temporal reflectance behavior appears to result from differences between C4 monocot and C3 dicot internal leaf structure. If this hypothesis holds, mid-IR observations should improve discrimination in other instances where similar differences in internal leaf structure are present.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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  • 195
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    A prospectus on airborne laser mapping systems (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Airborne laser systems have demonstrated enormous potential for topographic and bathymetric mapping. Both profiling and scanning systems have been evaluated for terrain elevation mapping, stream valley cross-section determination, and nearshore bottom profiling. Performance of the laser systems has been impressive and for some applications matches current operational accuracy requirements. Determining the position of individual laser measurements remains a constraint for most applications. Laser technology constrains some terrain and bathymetric applications, particularly for water penetration and frequency of measurements for high-spatial resolution over large areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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  • 196
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    Remote-sensing technology applied to forest assessment in California (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Remote-sensing technology has been thoroughly evaluated for the analysis of California forest policy. A statewide, 1.6-acre-resolution, digital land-cover data base of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) classification has been produced. Three major resource regions have been analyzed in detail and one of them geographically integrated with 12 other physical and socioeconomic data layers to model fire and reforestation problems, using a geographic information system (GIS). A study of GIS design criteria has been conducted and the California Department of Forestry, the cooperator in all of these studies, is presently evaluating the alternatives and implementing certain aspects of them.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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  • 197
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    Preliminary analysis of Shuttle multispectral radiometer data for southern Egypt (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Shuttle Multispectral Infrared Radiometer (SMIRR) is a spectroradiometer covering the region from 0.5 to 2.5 microns in 10 channels that acquired data from spots 100 m in diameter along the subspacecraft ground track. It was flown aboard the second flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia, November 12-14, 1981. Data collected during orbit 16 over southern Egypt show that carbonate rocks, kaolinite, and possibly montmorillonite can be identified by their SMIRR spectral signatures and limited knowledge of the lithologic units present. Detailed analysis of SMIRR data for this area indicates that calcite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite rocks give rise to absorption features that result in characteristic 10 channel spectra.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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  • 198
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    Measurements of galactic plane gamma-ray emission in the energy range 10-80 MeV (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A spark chamber gamma ray telescope was developed and flown to observe diffuse gamma ray emission from the central region of the galaxy. The extension of observations down to 10 MeV provides important new data indicating that the galactic diffuse gamma ray spectrum continues as a power law down to about 10 MeV, an observation in good agreement with recent theoretical predictions. Data from other experiments in the range from 100 keV to 10 MeV show a significant departure from the extension of the power-law fit to the medium energy observations reported here, possibly indicating that a different mechanism may be responsible for the emissions below and above a few MeV. The intensity of the spectrum above 10 MeV implies a galactic electron spectrum which is also very intense down to about 10 MeV. Electrons in this energy range cannot be observed in the solar cavity because of solar modulation effects. The galactic gamma ray data are compared with recent theoretical predictions. Previously announced in STAR as N83-17444
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 270; July 1
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  • 199
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    Submillimeter detection of stratospheric OH and further line assignments in the stratospheric emission spectrum (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Hydroxyl radical has been identified in submillimeter stratospheric emission spectra measured with an unapodized resolution of 0.0033 per cm. Many features due to vibrationally excited ozone have also been detected. The contribution to the submillimeter atmospheric spectrum of NO, NO2, and HBr is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves (ISSN 0195-9271); 4; May 1983
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  • 200
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    Extremely high multiplicities in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Two unusually-high-multiplicity interactions of high-energy heavy nuclei were observed in a balloon-borne emulsion chamber: an Si(+)AgBr event (4 TeV/nucleon) and a Ca(+)C event (100 TeV/nucleon), with 1015 and 760 charged particles, respectively. The multiplicities and rapidity distributions favor the multichain model but not the wounded-nucleon superposition model. The high average transverse momentum (550-700 MeV/c) and the rapid fluctuations of the events are not readily understood in terms of any superposition models.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 50; June 27
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