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  • Protein synthesis  (20)
  • DNA  (19)
  • Springer  (39)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 1980-1984  (39)
  • 1980  (39)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (39)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Years
  • 1980-1984  (39)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Axenomycin ; Ribosome genetics ; Yeast ; Protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Axenomycin inhibits protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The antibiotic acts by binding to ribosomes, most probably to the large ribosomal subunit. Mutant strains resistant to axenomycin appear to contain ribosomes that are not inhibited by the antibiotic. The responsible gene has been mapped on the VII chromosome between the centromere and the leu1 gene.
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  • 2
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    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 79-85 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Meiosis ; Recombination ; DNA ; Saccharomyces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In meiotic cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, reduction in molecular weights of DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients is observed concomittantly with premeiotic DNA replication and with commitment to recombination. Following the completion of the latter processes, higher molecular weights are obtained. These single-stranded breaks are found in both old and newly synthesised strands. Similar scissions in DNA are also found in a temperature-sensitive mutant (cdc40/cdc40), which does not undergo commitment to recombination at the restrictive temperature, and in vegetative wild type cells that were previously exposed to sporulation medium. The suggestion that these scissions are the physical manifestation of commitment to recombination is therefore rejected.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas ; Chloroplast ; DNA ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The density, molecular weight, and cellular repetition of DNA molecules associated with the β-DNA satellite of the interfertile algae Chlamydomonas eugametos and C. moewusii are reported. The similarities between these values and those for the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) in the related alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii indicate that these satellites represent cpDNA. The buoyant densities of C. eugametos and C. moewusii cpDNAs are indistinguishable from one another, as are those of their respective nuclear DNAs. These densities differ slightly from the densities of the homologous components of C. reinhardtii whole cell DNA. All three species differ with respect to additional minor satellite DNAs and low molecular weight DNAs of unknown cellular location. Differences in the Aval and Smal restriction endonuclease fragmentation patterns of C. eugametos and C. moewusii cpDNAs were employed to study the inheritance of cpDNA in an F1 hybrid which had inherited a non-Mendelian streptomycin resistance marker (sr-2) from the C. eugametos mating-type plus (mt +) parent and in two homoplasmic mitotic segregants from a B 1 hybrid (F1 × C. moewusii) which had been initially heteroplasmic for the resistance marker. Although the cpDNA patterns in the F1 hybrid were similar to those of the C. eugametos ml 1 parent, important differences were noted which suggest that recombination between C. eugametos and C. moewusii cpDNA had occurred. Homoplasmic streptomycin resistant and sensitive mitotic segregants recovered from the B1 hybrid product reveal Aval restriction patterns similar to those of the respective resistant and sensitive parents. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the sr-2 marker is located in cpDNA and that C. eugametos and C. moewusii cpDNA sequences can coexist in the same chloroplast and, at least sometimes, segregate without extensive recombination. The transmission of low molecular weight DNAs characteristic of C. moewusii but of unknown cellular origin shows no direct correlation with the transmission of the sr-2 marker.
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  • 4
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    Journal of molecular evolution 16 (1980), S. 95-110 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Evolutionary Divergence ; DNA ; Single copy ; Thermal Stability ; S1 Nuclease ; Hydroxyapatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary New methods have been applied to the determination of single copy DNA sequence differences between the sea urchin speciesStrongylocentrotus purpuratus, S. franciscanus, S. drobachiensis, andLytechinus pictus. The thermal stability of interspecies DNA duplexes was measured in a solvent (2.4 M tetraethylammonium chloride) that suppresses the effect of base composition on melting temperature. The lengths of duplexes were measured after digestion with S1 nuclease and correction made for the effect of length on thermal stability. The degree of base substitution that has occurred in the single copy DNA during sea urchin evolution is significantly larger than indicated by earlier measurements. We estimate that 19% of the nucleotides of the single copy DNA are different in the genomes of the two sea urchin congeners,S. purpuratus, andS. franciscanus, which apparently diverged only 15 to 20 million years ago.
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  • 5
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    Journal of molecular evolution 16 (1980), S. 211-267 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Nucleic acids ; Proteins ; Natural selection ; Genetics ; Nonrandom molecular divergence ; Nonrandom REH theory ; Evolution ; mRNA ; DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary REH theory is extended by deriving the theoretical equations that permit one to analyze the nonrandom molecular divergence of homologous genes and proteins. The nonrandomicities considered are amino acid and base composition, the frequencies with which each of the four nucleotides is replaced by one of the other three, unequal usage of degenerate codons, distribution of fixed base replacements at the three nucleotide positions within codons, and distributions of fixed base replacements among codons. The latter two distributions turn out to dominate the accuracy of genetic distance estimates. The negative binomial density is used to allow for the unequal mutability of different codon sites, and the implications of its two limiting forms, the Poisson and geometric distributions, are considered. It is shown that the fixation intensity — the average number of base replacements per variable codon - is expressible as the simple product of two factors, the first describing the asymmetry of the distribution of base replacements over the gene and the second defining the ratio of the average probability that a codon will fix a mutation to the probability that it will not. Tables are given relating these features to experimentally observable quantities inα hemoglobin,β hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromec, and the parvalbumin group of proteins and to the structure of their corre-sponding genes or mRNAs. The principal results are (1) more accurate methods of estimating parameters of evolutionary interest from experimental gene and protein sequence data, and (2) the fact that change in gene and protein structure has been a much less efficient process than previously believed in the sense of requiring many more base replacements to effect a given structural change than earlier estimation procedures had indicated. This inefficiency is directly traceable to Darwinian selection for the nonrandom gene or protein structures necessary for biological function. The application of these methods is illustrated by detailed consideration of the rabbitα -andβ hemoglobin mRNAs and the proteins for which they code. It is found that these two genes are separated by about 425 fixed base replacements, which is a factor of two greater than earlier estimates. The replacements are distributed over approximately 114 codon sites that were free to accept base mutations during the divergence of these two genes.
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  • 6
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    Journal of molecular evolution 15 (1980), S. 339-345 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Protein synthesis ; Origin ; Activation ; Initiation ; pKa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The data presented in this paper show that the ease of non-enzymatic activation of carboxylic acids by ATP at pH 5 varies directly with the pKa of the carboxyl group, and is consistent with the idea that it is the protonated form of the carboxyl group which participates in the activation reaction. Consequently, since most N-blocked amino acids have higher pKa's than do their unblocked forms, they are activated more readily, and we have demonstrated that this principle applies to peptides as well,which are activated more rapidly than single amino acids. We propose that this fact may be partly responsible for the origin of two important features still observed in contemporary protein synthesis: (1) initiation in prokaryotes is accomplished with an N-blocked amino acid, and (2) elongation in all living systems occurs at the carboxyl end of the growing peptide.
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  • 7
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    Development genes and evolution 189 (1980), S. 215-219 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Mouse eggs ; Microsurgical enucleation ; Maternal mRNA ; Protein synthesis ; 2-Dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fertilized and unfertilized C57BL/6J eggs were microsurgically enucleated and then analyzed for their capacity to synthesize proteins using 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In both types of enucleated eggs (cytoplasts), protein synthesis continued and was still detected up to three days in culture. Shortly after enucleation, the pattern of polypeptides remained similar to the respective non-operated control eggs but it later became gradually reduced in intensity and complexity. After two days of culture the appearance of some new proteins typical for 2-cell embryos was observed in enucleated fertilized eggs only. Our findings suggest that maternal mRNA stored during oogenesis is utilized during the preimplantation period.
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  • 8
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    Planta 148 (1980), S. 429-436 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Auxin action ; Avena ; Coleoptile ; Protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Synthesis of growth-limiting proteins (GLP) is required for continued auxin-induced elongation of oat (Avena sativa L.) coleoptiles. In order to determine whether GLP synthesis is dependent or independent of auxin, a double-labeling ratio technique, coupled with disc-gel electrophoresis, has been used to assess the effect of auxin on the pattern of protein synthesis. Sections were peeled to enhance amino-acid uptake; proteins were labeled with [14C]- or [3H] leucine in the presence or absence of indole-3-acetic acid for 40 min to 6 h, and were separated into soluble, membrane-associated, and wall-associated fractions. Regardless of the conditions used, or the protein fraction examined, no changes in response to auxin were detected in the pattern of protein synthesis. In order to escape detection by this technique an auxin-induced protein would have to comprise less than 0.75% of the total newly synthesized protein. Thus the synthesis of GLP appears to be independent of auxin. The same technique has been used to follow protein turnover. During the chase, proteins are initially degraded at an average rate of 8% h−1, and some protein bands showed as much as 14% h−1 degradation. No protein was detected which had a turnover rate as rapid as the GLP.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: mRNA ; Protein synthesis ; Protoplasts ; Nicotiana ; Translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies of proteins synthesized in vitro by messenger RNA (mRNA) extracted from tobacco protoplasts showed that the changes in protein synthesis and especially the lack of certain proteins observed previously in isolated protoplasts did not result from a failure of translation.
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  • 10
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    Planta 148 (1980), S. 491-497 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Leaves (polysomes) ; Nicotiana ; Polysomes ; Poly(A)+ RNA ; Protein synthesis ; RNA (polysomal, polyA+)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The isolation of intact polysomes from leaves of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is dependent on the age and state of development of leaves. Undegraded polysomes from young leaves in the early stages of expansion can be isolated easily by extracting the leaves in ice-cold extraction buffer (200 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethylmethane(Tris)-HCl, pH 9.0; 400 mM KCl; 200 mM sucrose; 35 mM MgCl2). Medium-size leaves give best yields of undegraded polysomes when extractions are carried out in the above buffer and in the presence of ethyleneglycol-bis-(β-amino-ethyl ether)-N,N′-tetracetic acid (EGTA) and mercaptoethanol. Isolation of polysomes from large, nearly fully expanded (mature) leaves requires all of the above plus diethyldithiocarbamate (DIECA) in the extraction medium. An extraction medium consisting of 25 mM EGTA, 0.01 M mercaptoethanol, 25 mM DIECA and 0.5% of the nonionic detergent, Nonidet-P40 (NP 40) was found to be very suitable for extraction of polysomes from all developmental stages of leaves. The polysomes extracted in the above medium showed active translation of protein in the wheat-germ in-vitro protein-synthesizing system. The translational products were similar when translations were carried out directly with polysomes or polysomal RNA, or polysomal poly(A)+ RNA from tobacco leaves. Poly(A)− polysomal RNA was a poor template in the in-vitro wheat-germ system.
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  • 11
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    Planta 149 (1980), S. 69-77 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chromatin ; DNA ; Hordeum Nucleus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method for isolation and purification of intact nuclei from barley leaves was developed and several properties of the chromatin were studied. The dense structure of the main part of the chromatin does not alter the accessibility of the DNA to nucleases. 60% of the nuclear DNA can be degraded by micrococcal endonuclease. Nevertheless the solubility of the chromatin fragments depends on the extent of nuclease digestion; solubilisation occurring only when the major part of the internucleosomal DNA was degraded (≃30% of digestion). Electron microscopic observations suggest that this was due to particularly dense organization of the chromatin “in situ”. The possible physiological meaning of some of these properties are discussed.
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  • 12
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    Planta 149 (1980), S. 262-268 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Hordeum ; Polyribosomes ; Protein synthesis ; RNA ; Seeds ; Storage proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Membrane-bound polysomes were isolated from developing endosperms of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and shown to support the synthesis of trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material by an in vitro wheat germ protein synthesis system. The mRNA associated with the polysomes was separated from the ribosomes by affinity chromatography on oligo-dT cellulose and was also shown to support in vitro protein synthesis. The poly-A+ RNA isolated contained material of between 0.55 and 2.55 kilobases in length with about 6% poly A. The products of in vitro protein synthesis resembled hordeins (the prolamin storage proteins of the barley endosperm) in that they were predominantly soluble in 55% propan-2-ol, contained a low proportion of lysine as compared with leucine and had similar, but not identical, electrophoretic properties. The differences in the electrophoretic behaviour between the products of poly-A+ RNA translation and authentic hordeins is suggested to be due to the presence of an extra (leader?) sequence on the former.
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  • 13
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    Planta 147 (1980), S. 307-311 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Embryo ; Protein synthesis ; Scutellum ; Secale ; Translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Some botanical aspects of cell-free protein synthesizing systems from cereal embryos have been investigated. The composition of the starting material determines both the stability and translation fidelity of the cell-free extracts. The active components of the extracts originate exclusively from the primary axes. Contamination with scutellum fragments does not affect the initial activity but results in a reduced stability. The presence of endosperm particles in the starting material leads to a strong decrease of the overall activity of the extracts and a loss of the capacity to synthesize large polypeptides.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Pisum ; Polyribosomes ; Post translational modifications ; Protein synthesis ; Storage proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polypeptide material has been immunoprecipitated by antivicilin antibodies from translation products of polyribosomes and poly(A)-rich RNA isolated from developing seeds of Pisum sativum in the wheat germ and reticulocyte lysate cell-free synthesis systems. Analysis of this material by SDS-PAGE shows it to consist of three bands, of molecular weights 70,000, 50,000 and 47,000. The in vitro vicilin polypeptides of 70,000 and 50,000 mol. wt. have been shown to be very similar to the 70,000 and 50,000 mol. wt. subunits of vicilin by specific immunoprecipitation, and behaviour on treatment with cyanogen bromide and trypsin. The 50,000 mol. wt. in vitro vicilin polypeptide contains no significant extra sequence compared to the 50,000 mol. wt. vicilin subunit. The 47,000 mol. wt. in vitro vicilin polypeptide has no corresponding subunit in vicilin from mature seeds, but a 47,000 mol. wt. subunit is present in vicilin isolated from developing seeds. Comparison of translation products from polysomes isolated from seeds at middle and late stages of development shows that synthesis of the 50,000 and 47,000 mol. wt., but not 70,000 mol. wt. polypeptides is very much reduced at late stages of development. These results are discussed with reference to the nature of the vicilin fraction.
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  • 15
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    Planta 148 (1980), S. 346-353 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chromatin ; DNA ; Germination (embryos) ; Nucleosomes ; Pisum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Micrococcal nuclease digestion of chromatin from ungerminated and 48 h-germinated pea embryos yields DNA fragments which are multiples of basic units of 194–195 base pairs. Extensive digestion produces a core particle of 145 base pairs. Deoxyribonuclease I gives rise to fragments which are multiples of 10 bases upon analysis on denaturing gels. These values are comparable with those found for other plant materials. These results indicate that gross changes in nucleosomal organization do not accompany the onset of germination.
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  • 16
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    Planta 148 (1980), S. 491-497 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Leaves (polysomes) ; Nicotiana ; Polysomes ; Poly(A)+ RNA ; Protein synthesis ; RNA (polysomal, polyA+)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The isolation of intact polysomes from leaves of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is dependent on the age and state of development of leaves. Undegraded polysomes from young leaves in the early stages of expansion can be isolated easily by extracting the leaves in ice-cold extraction buffer (200 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethylmethane(Tris)-HCl, pH 9.0; 400 mM KCl; 200 mM sucrose; 35 mM MgCl2). Medium-size leaves give best yields of undegraded polysomes when extractions are carried out in the above buffer and in the presence of ethyleneglycol-bis-(β-amino-ethyl ether)-N,N′-tetracetic acid (EGTA) and mercaptoethanol. Isolation of polysomes from large, nearly fully expanded (mature) leaves requires all of the above plus diethyldithiocarbamate (DIECA) in the extraction medium. An extraction medium consisting of 25 mM EGTA, 0.01 M mercaptoethanol, 25 mM DIECA and 0.5% of the nonionic detergent, Nonidet-P40 (NP 40) was found to be very suitable for extraction of polysomes from all developmental stages of leaves. The polysomes extracted in the above medium showed active translation of protein in the wheat-germ in-vitro protein-synthesizing system. The translational products were similar when translations were carried out directly with polysomes or polysomal RNA, or polysomal poly(A)+ RNA from tobacco leaves. Poly(A)− polysomal RNA was a poor template in the in-vitro wheat-germ system.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Embryo (germination) ; Germination (embryos) ; Protein synthesis ; RNA ; Triticum ; Vigour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study has been made of the RNA and protein synthesising systems of wheat embryos isolated from seed lots having high viability but differing in vigour. The rate of RNA and protein synthesis in wheat embryos during the early hours of germination is related to the vigour of the seed lot. The imposition of a stress factor, in the nature of a sub-optimal germination temperature, during germination of isolated wheat embryos magnifies the differences in rates of protein and RNA synthesis between high and low vigour seed. Using cell-free protein synthesising systems it has been demonstrated that an important difference between high and low vigour embryos lies in the relative levels of messenger RNA in the embryo. High vigour embryos contain relatively higher levels of poly A+-RNA (i.e. potential mRNA species) than lower vigour embryos and furthermore the level of poly A+-RNA in high vigour embryos increases during early germination whilst in lower vigour embryos the level decreases. The difference in poly A+-RNA levels accounts, at least partially, for the differences in rates of protein synthesis observed between embryos from high and low vigour wheat seed during early germination at both optimal and sub-optimal germination temperatures.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: mRNA ; Nicotiana ; Protein synthesis ; Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase ; RNA (messenger) ; Translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The products synthesized in vitro by messenger RNA (mRNA) extracted from Nicotiana sylvestris were analyzed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide slab gels. Only three of the major polypeptides synthesized are considered here: P55, P32, and P20. P55 and P32 were translated from chloroplast mRNA. P55 corresponds to the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuP2) carboxylase; P32 is probably a chloroplast membrane protein. P20, the polypeptide synthesized from cytoplasmic poly(A)+ RNA, is the precursor of the small subunit of RuP2 carboxylase. The balance between P20 and P32, in which their relative proportions varied inversely, was regulated by the age of the leaves and the time of illumination; we took advantage of this phenomenon to isolate the mRNA from the small subunit in relatively large amounts. This mRNA has a molecular weight of 350,000.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: mRNA ; Protein synthesis ; Pisum ; Seeds (translation) ; Translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts from the primary axes of dry pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds are able to perform an initiation-dependent translation of exogenous mRNA. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the products synthesized under direction of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA (AMV-RNA) and tobacco mosaic virus RNA (TMV-RNA) shows that the fidelity of translation in this pea system is at least as high as in a wheat embryo cell-free protein synthesizing system. The endogenous messengers are also efficiently translated in extracts from the primary axes of pea seeds. The direct translation of these messengers in a homologous cell-free system may be of interest for a study of the products coded for by the long-lived messengers present in this plant.
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  • 20
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    Planta 148 (1980), S. 429-436 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Auxin action ; Avena ; Coleoptile ; Protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Synthesis of growth-limiting proteins (GLP) is required for continued auxin-induced elongation of oat (Avena sativa L.) coleoptiles. In order to determine whether GLP synthesis is dependent or independent of auxin, a double-labeling ratio technique, coupled with disc-gel electrophoresis, has been used to assess the effect of auxin on the pattern of protein synthesis. Sections were peeled to enhance amino-acid uptake; proteins were labeled with [14C]- or [3H] leucine in the presence or absence of indole-3-acetic acid for 40 min to 6 h, and were separated into soluble, membrane-associated, and wall-associated fractions. Regardless of the conditions used, or the protein fraction examined, no changes in response to auxin were detected in the pattern of protein synthesis. In order to escape detection by this technique an auxin-induced protein would have to comprise less than 0.75% of the total newly synthesized protein. Thus the synthesis of GLP appears to be independent of auxin. The same technique has been used to follow protein turnover. During the chase, proteins are initially degraded at an average rate of 8% h−1, and some protein bands showed as much as 14% h−1 degradation. No protein was detected which had a turnover rate as rapid as the GLP.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: mRNA ; Protein synthesis ; Protoplasts ; Nicotiana ; Translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies of proteins synthesized in vitro by messenger RNA (mRNA) extracted from tobacco protoplasts showed that the changes in protein synthesis and especially the lack of certain proteins observed previously in isolated protoplasts did not result from a failure of translation.
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  • 22
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    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 113-119 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Neurospora crassa ; DNA ; Synchrony ; 2′-Deoxyadenosine ; S period ; Duplication cycle ; Cell cycle ; Conidia ; Urografin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 2′-Deoxyadenosine (2 mM), a DNA inhibitor, was used to synchronize DNA synthesis in cultures of Neurospora crassa lys 3. The cultures recovered spontaneously from the inhibitor which had little or no effect on the synthesis of RNA, protein or carbohydrate or on the specific growth rate of the mould. The degree of ‘synchrony’ of DNA synthesis obtained with 2′-deoxyadenosine varied directly with the organism's specific growth rate when the latter was altered by temperature changes. A direct relationship was observed between the rate of synthesis of DNA during the S period and the organism's specific growth rate. Conidia of Neurospora crassa lys 3 were separated into different density classes using urografin gradients; the separation treatment did not have an appreciable effect on the subsequent germination or growth of conidia. Populations of large, less dense conidia produced germ tubes more rapidly and more synchronously than populations of small, dense conidia. Cultures inoculated with the large conidia displayed continuous synthesis of RNA and protein but discontinuous synthesis of DNA.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anacystis nidulans ; Cyanobacterium ; Chemostat culture ; RNA ; DNA ; Protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The DNA, RNA and protein content of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans was determined in light-limited and carbon dioxide-limited chemostat cultures over the dilution rate range, D=0.02 h-1 to 0.19 h-1. The macromolecular contents as a percentage of the dry weight and on a per cell basis varied significantly as a function of organism growth rate and the nature of the growth conditions. For both limitations the RNA content per cell increased [20–55 fg RNA (cell)-1] with increasing dilution rate and also showed an increase as a percentage of the dry weight. The DNA content as a percentage of the dry weight showed a 2-fold decrease with increasing dilution rate over the range examined. On a per cell basis DNA reached a peak at D=0.1 h-1 [4.5 fg DNA (cell)-1] for light-limited organisms and at D=0.08 h-1 [8.0 fg DNA (cell)-1] for carbon dioxide-limited organisms. The q RNA increased with increasing dilution rates over the complete growth rate range examined whilst q DNA reached a maximum at D=0.09 to 0.10 h-1. The protein content as a percentage of the dry weight was greater in CO2-limited organisms than light-limited organisms but in both cultures declined as the dilution rate was increased above D=0.10 h-1.
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  • 24
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    Biochemical genetics 18 (1980), S. 743-753 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: RNase-senitive DNA polymerase activity ; RNA ; DNA ; Neurospora crassa ; differential DNA polymerase activity ; cell fractions and mutants of N. crassa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract RNase-sensitive DNA polymerase activity (RSDP) was tested in different cell fractions of Neurospora crassa cell types and its morphological mutants. This RSDP was found localized in the microsomal pellet fraction and absent in the purified nuclear pellets isolated from different N. crassa cell types: conidia, germinated conidia, and mycelia. This enzyme is capable of synthesizing a DNA product only in the presence of all four deoxyribonucleoside-5′-triphosphates and Mg2+. Removal of RNA from the pellet fraction by RNase strongly inhibited the DNA synthesis. The endogenous synthesis of DNA in the microsomal pellet fraction was associated with the formation of an RNA:DNA hybrid as analyzed by Cs2SO4 equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. The DNA product after alkali hydrolysis hybridizes with the RNA isolated from the same pellet fraction, as analyzed by elution from hydroxylapatite column at 60 C. This DNA product did not hybridize with poly(A). A few mutants tested showed this RNase-sensitive DNA polymerase activity.
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  • 25
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 57 (1980), S. 97-100 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Male-sterility ; ‘S’-Cytoplasm ; Mitochondria ; DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A simple, rapid, and reproducible assay is described for determining unambiguously the presence of S-type cytoplasm in male-sterile and male-fertile (restored) maize lines. Because the assay requires only 0.5 g leaf segment per sample, it is a single plant assay and the plant is not destroyed. Plants at any developmental stage can be used. The assay involves a 30 sec homogenization, 20 min centrifugation, one hour lysis, overnight agarose electrophoresis, 30 min gel staining, and photography of the gel to produce a result in much less than 24 hr. Many samples can be assayed simultaneously. The various assay methods available for classifying maize cytoplasms are compared and discussed.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human heart ; Cardiac ultrastructure ; Sarcomerogenesis ; Protein synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The origin of cardiac myofibrils in cells from the atrial wall in human embryos was studied. Z-band substance appears throughout the cytoplasm as irregular electron dense patches in a network of thin filaments. The thin and thick filaments are synthesized as separate units in the sarcoplasm and are later aggregated into myofibrils. Complexes of Z substance and thin filaments occur numerously at different stages of myofibrillar organisation. Thick filaments are formed in close proximity to free ribosomes and are later incorporated in an hexagonal pattern into the Z-band/thin filament complex.
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  • 27
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    Protoplasma 103 (1980), S. 189-200 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: ATP content ; ATP turnover ; DMSO ; Protein synthesis ; Tetrahymena
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The content of ATP in cells exposed for 1 hour to 2.5% and 7.5% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) was 90% and about 80%, respectively, of that in control cells. This difference of about 10% in the ATP content cannot explain the previously reported cessation of food vacuole formation in 7.5% DMSO and the uninhibited function in 2.5% DMSO (Nilsson 1974). However, DMSO had a dose-dependent effect on the rate of turnover of ATP in cell extracts, thus the amount of ATP expended per unit time in 7.5% DMSO is only 60% of that expended by extracts of control cells. The rate of protein synthesis was studied by electron microscope autoradiography which revealed considerably less labelled material in DMSO-treated cells than in control cells. Semi-quantitative estimates showed that cells in 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% DMSO had a rate of incorporation of the labelled amino acid corresponding to 38%, 31%, and 51%, respectively, of that of control cells; the seemingly high rate of incorporation in 7.5% DMSO may reflect a low internal pool of amino acids in these cells. An additional fine structural detail is the induction of intranuclear fibrous bundles in all concentrations of DMSO. The findings are in accord with a random interference of DMSO, presumably by inducing conformational changes in some macromolecules which affect their cellular function.
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  • 28
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 90 (1980), S. 1245-1247 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: host specificity system ; restriction ; modification ; DNA ; cross titration
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 29
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 90 (1980), S. 1424-1426 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: 5-Fluorouracil ; cyclophosphamide ; combined therapy ; DNA ; RNA
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 30
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 90 (1980), S. 1058-1060 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: histones ; DNA ; histone-DNA interaction
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 90 (1980), S. 1239-1242 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: cyclic AMP ; biosynthesis ; RNA ; DNA ; collagen
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  • 32
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 89 (1980), S. 774-776 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: DNA ; systemic lupus erythematosus ; pronase ; hydroxyapatite ; cryoprecipitins
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  • 33
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    Plant systematics and evolution 136 (1980), S. 267-273 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Daucus andPetroselinum (Apiaceae) ; Datura (Solanaceae) ; DNA ; reassociation kinetics ; DNA hybridization between varieties of the same species ; and genera of the same and of different families
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Reassociation kinetics ofDaucus carota andPetroselinum crispum (Apiaceae), andDatura innoxia (Solanaceae) are presented. Hybridization of3H-labelled DNA of two carrot cultivars indicate strong qualitative homologies of DNA sequences; nevertheless, certain quantitative differences in some Cotregions seem to exist. However, homologous sequences ofDaucus DNA with DNA ofDatura, and, suprisingly, even with DNA ofPetroselinum are very restricted: between 8% in the repeated regions and ca. 7–9% in the unique regions.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticale ; Staining ; Banding ; Chromosome ; DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fifteen lines of triticale were studied using the C-banding staining method. A typical, complete chromosomal complement was found in 11 lines, while the remaining lines demonstrated some variations. A slight modification in the technique is discussed.
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  • 35
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    Environmental biology of fishes 5 (1980), S. 67-70 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Protein synthesis ; Physiology ; Temperature ; Primary production ; Reproduction ; Body weight ; Fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) were collected weekly from a natural lake during the period mid-April to mid-September. The fish were weighed, state of maturity determined and RNA-DNA ratio of white muscle was measured. Water temperature and primary production were measured in the lake. RNA-DNA ratio declined during the spawning season, reaching a low in mid-May, then increased steadily during the remainder of the year. RNA-DNA ratio was significantly correlated with body weight. The correlation was improved if RNA-DNA ratio was paired with weight for the following week. The correlation was further improved when the spawning season was removed from the data set. Both weight and RNA-DNA ratios were significantly correlated with water temperature, as expected. The correlations were again improved if water temperature was paired with weight and RNA-DNA values for the following week. Weight and RNA-DNA ratio were also correlated with primary production when the correlation was made with concurrent values, and the correlations were improved when RNA-DNA ratio or weight were paired with primary production values for the previous month. RNA-DNA ratio was determined to be a useful predictor of skeletal muscle growth in natural populations of fish over short (ca. one week) time intervals.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart(rat) ; Ultrastructural radioautography ; Protein synthesis ; Atrial specific granules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sections of atrial cardiocytes from young rats were subjected to radioautography after a single intravenous injection of L-leucine-4,5 3H to identify the sites of synthesis and to follow the migration of newly-formed proteins. As early as 2 min after injection of L-leucine 3H, the label was highest in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), suggesting that cisternal ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis. By 5 min, most of the label had migrated from the RER to the Golgi complex. Some label was already present over specific granules by 2 min but the peak was reached at 1 h. By 4 h, the label over the specific granules had diminished, possibly indicating a release of newly-synthetized secretory material outside the cell. The label over myofilaments and Z-bands was relatively high at most time intervals, suggesting an early and important incorporation of leucine into the contractile and structural proteins of these organelles. The label over the cytosol was initially high and increased even further at 5 and 20 min but decreased to a very low level at 4 h. In contrast, the label over the cell surface rose continuously and peaked at 4 h. The pattern of increment of the label over the cell surface suggests that the newly-formed proteins of these sites are also synthetized in the RER, pass through the Golgi complex and are transported in the cytosol before reaching their destination.
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 261-281 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Choroid plexus ; Ependyma ; Apocrine secretion ; Protein synthesis ; Electron microscope autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Licht- (LM-ARG) und elektronenmikroskopische (EMARG) Autoradiographien des Plexus chorioideus und des Ependyms von jungen Ratten wurden nach der Injektion von Tritium-markierten Aminosäuren angefertigt. Die Ratten wurden in Zeitabständen von 5, 10, 30, 60 min und 16 h getötet. Intracelluläre Proteinsynthese und Transport wurden im Plexus chorioideus der lateralen und des vierten Ventrikels mit quantitativer Autoradiographie bestimmt. Autoradiographische Experimente wurden auch an kultiviertem Plexus chorioideus-Gewebe durchgeführt. Diese Serie wurde nach eintägigem Wachstum in vitro für 1 h mit 3H-Phenylalanin markiert, anschließend gewaschen und für weitere Zeitperioden kultiviert. Hohe Inkorporation der markierten Substanzen wurde in gestielten und freien “blebs” des Plexus chorioideus und des Ependyms in vivo und des Plexus chorioideus in vitro gefunden. Dieses Ergebnis wurde als ein physiologisch bedeutender Mechanismus des Protein-Transportes (apokrine Sekretion) von den Epithelzellen in den Liquor cerebrospinalis gedeutet.
    Notes: Summary Light (LM-ARG) and electron microscope (EM-ARG) autoradiographs were prepared from immature rat choroid plexus and ependyma at 5, 10, 30, and 60 min and 16 h following intraperitoneal administration of [3H]- labeled amino acid mixtures. Intracellular protein synthesis and transport were ascertained in lateral and fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelium by quantitative EM-ARG at the several post-injection intervals. ARG were also prepared from choroid plexuses cultured for one day, pulse labeled for one hour and reincubated for various periods in nonradioactive media. Significant labeling of both attached and free apical protrusions (blebs) was observed in both choroid plexus and ependyma in vivo and in choroid plexus in vitro. This phenomenon was interpreted as a physiologically significant mechanism for protein transport (apocrine secretion) by epithelia into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 89 (1980), S. 327-329 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: phage ; adsorption ; DNA ; Escherichia coli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Investigation of adsorption of biologically active tritiated phage λ DNA onEscherichia coli cells treated with Ca++ ions in the cold and on frozenthawed bacteria revealed no correlation between the increase in adsorption and the efficiency of transfection. The level of adsorption of infectious DNA, for instance, was unchanged by freezing and thawing theE. coli cells, whereas after treatment with Ca++ ions in the cold it was increased tenfold; the level of transfection of phage λ DNA on both types of recipients was the same.
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 89 (1980), S. 849-850 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: DNA ; anionic groups ; ultrathin sections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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