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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (298)
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • SPACE SCIENCES
  • 1975-1979  (442)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964
  • 1978  (442)
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Keywords
Publisher
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  • 1975-1979  (442)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964
Year
  • 1
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    Interpretation of observed cosmic microwave background radiation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Alfven and Mendis (1977) conclusion that dust grains in galaxies render the universe opaque to cosmic microwave background at a red shift ratio equal to 40 is challenged by a calculation of the opacity of galactic dust grains to the microwave background radiation from the time of decoupling at emission red shift ratio equal to 1500 to the present in the standard big bang model. In the present calculation, evolutionary effects on grain opacity and abundance are estimated. At wavelengths used in studying the microwave background, the optical depth of the grains is found to be 0.18 when the deceleration parameter equals 0.03, and 0.05 when the deceleration parameter equals 0.5. The results indicate that microwave background can provide information on an early dense phase of the universe.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 271; Feb. 2
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  • 2
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    Background of a shielded Ge(Li) spectrometer at balloon altitudes (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The background data obtained from an actively shielded Ge(Li) spectrometer flown on a balloon were analyzed and a preliminary model was developed to explain background features including the intensity and time profile of line emission. These features can be explained by a combination of secondary radiation originating in the CsI shield and atmospheric secondary radiation leaking through it.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 462-472
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  • 3
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    Gamma-ray line emission above 8 MeV (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectra of energetic nuclei within astrophysical sources may be determined by studying gamma-ray line emissions above 8 MeV. Excited states which can be produced by inelastic scattering, charge exchange, and spallation reactions in the abundant nuclear species were considered in order to identify nuclear lines which may contribute to the gamma spectrum. The cross sections for production of most high-energy states are sparsely measured. Those which were determined are comparable to the cross section for production of the 15.11 MeV level in C-12 with few exceptions. The branching ratios for gamma-ray and particle emission are, however, better known. Of those states considered, 44 measured branching ratios greater than 40% for emission of a gamma-ray with energy above 8 MeV. For twelve more states the branching ratios, although not yet determined, are expected to be small. The gamma-ray emission from other individual nuclear states is not likely to be as great as that that for the 15.11 MeV state in C-12.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 323-329
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  • 4
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    Galactic center iron line emission (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Data from the Goddard Space Flight Center experiment on HEAO 1 were examined for galactic center iron line emission. Evidence for a 6.8 keV line from the summed flux within 10 deg longitude and 10 deg latitude of the galactic center was found; however, firm limits cannot be put on the intrinsic line width. If the line emission is diffuse and cosmic-ray-induced, the calculations of Bussard et al (1978) yield an upper limit to c-12 4.44 MeV line emission, which is not inconsistent with the results of Haymes et al (1975). Significant contributions to the iron line from discrete sources can not be ruled out.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 302-309
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  • 5
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    Planetary gamma-ray spectroscopy (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The measured intensities of certain gamma rays of specific energies escaping from a planetary surface can be used to determine the abundances of a number of elements. The fluxes of the more intense gamma-ray lines emitted from 32 elements were calculated using current nuclear data and existing models for the source processes. The source strengths for neutron-capture reactions were modified from those previously used. The fluxes emitted form a surface of average lunar composition are reported for 292 gamma-ray lines. These theoretical fluxes were used elsewhere to convert the data from the Apollo gamma-ray spectrometers to elemental abundances and can be used with measurements from future missions to map the concentrations of a number of elements over a planet's surface. Detection sensitivities for these elements are examined and applications of gamma-ray spectroscopy for future orbiters to Mars and other solar-system objects are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 98-148
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  • 6
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    Diffuse gamma radiation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are reported for an investigation of the intensity, energy spectrum, and spatial distribution of the diffuse gamma radiation detected by SAS 2 away from the galactic plane in the energy range above 35 MeV. The gamma-ray data are compared with relevant data obtained at other wavelengths, including 21-cm emission, radio continuum radiation, and the limited UV and radio information on local molecular hydrogen. It is found that there are two quite distinct components to the diffuse radiation, one of which shows a good correlation with the galactic matter distribution and continuum radiation, while the other has a much steeper energy spectrum and appears to be isotropic at least on a coarse scale. The galactic component is interpreted in terms of its implications for both local and more distant regions of the Galaxy. The apparently isotropic radiation is discussed partly with regard to the constraints placed on possible models by the steep energy spectrum, the observed intensity, and an upper limit on the anisotropy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 222
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  • 7
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    High resolution spectroscopy from low altitude satellites (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The P 78 1 satellite to be placed in a synchronous polar orbit at an altitude of 550-660 km will carry two identical high resolution spectrometers each consisting of a single (approximately 85 cc) intrinsic germanium IGE detector. The payload also includes a pair of phoswitch scintillators, an array of CdTe detectors and several particle detectors, all of which are mounted on the wheel of the satellite. The intrinsic high purity IGE detectors receive cooling from two Stirling cycle refrigerators and facilitate the assembly of large and complex detector arrays planned for the next generation of high sensitivity instruments such as those planned for the gamma ray observatory. The major subsystems of the spectrometer are discussed as well as its capabilities.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 529-540
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  • 8
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    Theory of the accretion column and cyclotron radiation in X ray pulsars (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The energetics of the decelerating matter in the accretion column of X-ray pulsars is considered, in particular the Coulomb process. A two zone model is presented to account for the continuum and cyclotron line emission, incorporating a fan-beam radiation scheme, which appears able to explain the observed properties.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 425-433
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  • 9
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    Cyclotron emission in neutron star magnetospheres (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Kinematic aspects of cyclotron emission in superstrong magnetic fields are reviewed to suggest characteristic features which might be useful in confirming the nature of the reported line feature near 50 keV in the spectrum of Her X-1. The role of the inverse process of cyclotron absorption is also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 394-403
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  • 10
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    Measurements of 15.11-MeV gamma-ray flux produced in the reactions C-12(p, p')-C-12*(15.11 MeV) and O-16(p, p' alpha)-C-12*(15.11 MeV) (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The flux of 15.11 MeV gamma rays relative to the flux of 4.44 MeV gamma rays which are emitted from the corresponding states of C-12 are a sensitive measure of the spectrum of exciting particles in solar flares and other cosmic sources. Emission of 15.11 MeV gamma rays may result not only from the direct excitation of C-12 but also from the interaction O-16 (p,p' alpha) C-12* sup 15.11 MeV. Although the cross sections for the direct reaction was studied extensively, the cross section for the spallation interaction with O-16 is not reported in the literature. Preliminary measurements demonstrated the feasibility of measuring the production of 15.11 MeV gamma rays by proton interactions with O-16 using the University of Maryland cyclotron facility. For both carbon and oxygen targets the flux of 15.11 MeV gamma rays is being measured relative to the flux of 4.44 MeV gamma rays. The gamma ray emission from de-excitation of the giant dipole resonances is being measured.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 502-511
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  • 11
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    Confidence about line features in Her X-1 spectrum (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A balloon borne X-ray telescope was flown Aire-surl'Adour, France to search for pulsation of the X-ray source HER X1. The source was measured for about 3500 s relative exposure larger than 0.75 and features were detected at 57.5 plus or minus 7.5 keV and 135 plus or minus 10 keV in the spectrum. Data were reanalyzed in terms of possibility of gain shift encoder. The very strong dependence of the line features on such a shift is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 346-370
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  • 12
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    Gamma-ray lines from neutron stars as probes of fundamental physics (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The detection of gamma-ray lines produced at the surface of neutron stars will serve to test both the strong and gravitational interactions under conditions unavailable in terrestrial laboratories. Observation of a single redshifted gamma-ray line, combined with an estimate of the mass of the star will serve as a strong constraint on allowable equations of state of matter at supernuclear densities. Detection of two redshifted lines arising from different physical processes at the neutron star surface can provide a test of the strong principle of equivalence. Expected fluxes of nuclear gamma-ray lines from accreting neutron stars were calculated, including threshold, radiative transfer and redshift effects. The most promising probes of neutron star structure are the deuterium formation line and the positron annihilation line. Detection of sharp redshifted gamma-ray lines from X-ray sources such as Cyg X-1 would argue strongly in favor of a neutron star rather than black hole identification for the object.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 275-282
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  • 13
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    Relative abundance of antiprotons and antihelium in the primary cosmic radiation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reports measurement of the antiproton-to-proton and antihelium-to-helium ratios in the 4-100 GeV/c range. A superconducting magnet spectrophotometer obtained the data during a balloon flight in May 1976. The upper limit value for the antiproton ratio is 0.0005 in the 4.2-12.5 GeV/c range. This value is only slightly higher than the expected value for a leaky box-model and nearly equal to the value expected in the Peter-Westergard model. It is suggested that this upper limit value rules out the closed galaxy model. Upper limit values for the antihelium ratio are 0.000058 in the 4-10 GeV/c range; less than 0.0001 in the 4-33 GeV/c range; and less than 0.01 in the 33-100 GeV/c range. The interpretation of the raw data is explained.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 274; July 13
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  • 14
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    The ISEE-C gamma ray burst spectrometer (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The technical properties, operation, and expected sensitivity are discussed for an experiment intended to search for narrow lines in the spectra of gamma ray bursts during the ISEE-C mission. At the heart of the experiment is a radiatively cooled germanium solid state photon detector. The instrumentation is capable of storing the entire spectrum of all but the largest bursts in the energy range 0.05-6.5 MeV. In addition, it analyzes the signals from two CsI detectors in two other experiments on the spacecraft and records event time histories from these to a few millisecond accuracy. A background mode permits spectral analysis during quiet times and will allow the determination of physically interesting upper limits for narrow lines in the diffuse gamma ray background radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 516-528
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  • 15
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    The excitation of electronic transverse energy levels in an intense magnetic field (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observations of the X-ray pulsar Hercules X-1 show a line emission feature at about 60 keV, which has been interpreted as the fundamental electron cyclotron line in a magnetic field of around six trillion gauss. In this interpretation, the line radiation results from transitions between transverse energy levels, which are quantized by the field. The expected line luminosity from the excitation of these levels by protons which are falling into the polar cap of a neutron star are calculated. They are assumed to attain kinetic energies up to around 200 MeV, the gravitational potential energy at the surface. The cross sections for high energy Coulomb encounters between small pitch angle protons and electrons in a strong field are measured and used to calculate the energy loss rate of the infalling protons. This rate, together with the rate of elastic nuclear proton collisions, is then used to calculate the number of line photons an infalling proton can be expected to produce, directly or indirectly. The results are applied to Hercules X-1.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ma Ray Spectry. In Astrophys.; p 404-417
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  • 16
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    Cyclotron lines from Her X-1 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Data obtained during four balloon flight observations of hard X-ray emission from Her X-1 provide strong support for the existence of a spectral line feature at 54 keV to 58 keV, while the existence of a second harmonic is uncomfirmed. Because it is difficult to explain the observed feature by a second continuum spectrum or by atomic or nuclear processes, an interpretation in terms of a cyclotron line seems likely. There are two possibilities. There may be a cyclotron absorption feature at approximately 42 keV, and a possible second one at approximately 80 keV. In particular there may be a rather broad absorption feature between the spectral break (25 keV) and approximately 40 keV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 331-345
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  • 17
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    Gamma ray spectroscopy in astrophysics: Solar gamma ray astronomy on solar maximum mission (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The SMM gamma ray experiment and the important scientific capabilities of the instrument are discussed. The flare size detectable as a function of spectrum integration time was studied. A preliminary estimate indicates that a solar gamma ray line at 4.4 MeV one-fifth the intensity of that believed to have been emitted on 4 August 1972 can be detected in approximately 1000 sec with a confidence level of 99%.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 558-574
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  • 18
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    Search for broad gamma ray lines with the UCR double Compton scatter telescope (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The operation of a double scatter telescope and the evaluation of data obtained during a 24 hour balloon flight are discussed. An increase in gamma rays was observed as the galactic anti-center crossed the aperature of the telescope. Searches for lines from p(n,gamma)d at 2.2 MeV, C-12* at 4.4 MeV and on -16* at 6.1 MeV and for other lines broadened or redshifted are being conducted to identify the processes responsible for the production of celestial gamma rays. Two upper limits for lines in the angalactic anti-center direction at 4.4 MeV and 6.1 MeV are 6 and 4 x 10 to the minus 4 power gamma/sq cm-s.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 217-222
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  • 19
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    Nuclear gamma rays from stellar flares (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Solar flare observations are consistent with the phenomenological description that a loop of magnetic flux is convected to the surface of the star and twisted. The resulting inductive current parallel to the field is dissipated at an enhanced rate throughout the field volume by current limiting instabilities. The steady state balance between joule heating and thermal conduction along the field lines of force to the denser, cooler surface establishes a temperature distribution. The expansion of heated and ionized surface layers leads to a pressure balance and hence predictable density and X-ray emission measure. The current limitation instabilities result observationally in the parallel current being transferred to run-away ions that reach a kinetic energy of some finite fraction of the inductive potential drop. The nuclear excitation gamma rays produced by such a run-away ion current are calculated for a white dwarf flare.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 149-167
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  • 20
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    Mechanisms and sites for astrophysical gamma ray line production (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The production of gamma ray lines and estimates of line fluxes resulting from nuclear deexcitations, positron annihilation, and electron capture at various astrophysical sites are discussed. Supernova and nova explosions synthesize long-lived radioactive isotopes and eject them into space where they produce observable gamma ray lines by decaying into excited levels of daughter nuclei or by emitting positrons. Energetic charged particles in the interstellar medium, in supernova remants, in solar or stellar flares, and possibly in the vicinity of compact objects, produce gamma-ray lines by inelastic collisions which either excite nuclear levels or produce positrons and neutrons. Energetic particles can result from acceleration in time-varying magnetic fields (solar flares) or from gravitational accretion onto neutron stars and black holes. Electromagnetic processes in the strong magnetic fields of pulsars can produce positron-electron pairs, with line emission resulting from positron annihilation. Deexcitations of quantized states in strong magnetic fields can also produce lines.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 7-41
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  • 21
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    The transfer of cyclotron lines through the magnetospheric shell of Hercules X-1 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Cyclotron emission from a strong magnetic field, has been proposed to identify line feature observed in the hard X-ray spectrum of the neutron star Hercules X-1. If this interpretation is indeed correct, and if the model wherein the 1.24 second hard X-ray pulse is due to the occultation of a more isotropic X-ray flux by an opaque magnetospheric shell is accepted then these observations can be used to place strict limits on the total source luminosity of the cyclotron emission. The observational fate of cyclotron line photons that have emerged from the region near the neutron star surface, but have yet to encounter an opaque shell at the magnetosphere is discussed. It is shown that if a narrow line is incident on such a shell, then a residual narrow feature can emerge from the shell.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 418-424
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  • 22
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    Low energy gamma ray observations with the MPI-Compton telescope (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Although the evaluation of data from the first balloon-flight of a large area Compton telescope is incomplete, two preliminary results are discussed. From the measured background spectrum at float altitude, the sensitivity of the telescope for the detection of cosmic gamma ray lines is estimated. The energy spectra is determined for an enhanced gamma ray flux observed from the direction of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151. A schematic drawing of the telescope is presented and discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 207-216
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  • 23
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    Detection of 511 keV positron annihilation radiation from the galactic center direction (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A balloon-borne gamma ray telescope with an approximately 130 cu cm high purity germanium detector was flown over Australia to detect sharp spectral features from the galactic center direction. A 511 keV positron annihilation line was observed at a flux level of (1.21 plus or minus 0.22) x (10/cu cm) photons/sec/sp cm. Suggestive evidence for the detection of the three-photon positronium continuum is presented. The possible origin of the positrons is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 169-189
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  • 24
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    Computer simulation of the velocity diffusion of cosmic rays (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Monte Carlo simulation experiments have been performed in order to study the velocity diffusion of charged particles in a static turbulent magnetic field. By following orbits of particles moving in a large ensemble of random magnetic field realizations with suitably chosen statistical properties, a pitch-angle diffusion coefficient is derived. Results are presented for a variety of particle rigidities and rms random field strengths and compared with the predictions of standard quasi-linear theory and the nonlinear partially averaged field theory.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 21; Mar. 197
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  • 25
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    Acceleration of protons at 32 Jovian radii in the outer magnetosphere of Jupiter (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A rapid ten-fold increase of proton flux was observed at 32 Jovian radii in Jupiter's outer magnetosphere. The total event lasted about 30 minutes and was composed of many individual events. Both before and after the event, proton flux was similar to the low-flux level found between crossings of the magnetic equator. Measurements of angular distributions and the time histories of proton and alpha particle channels at different energies indicate that the flux increase is caused by local acceleration. It is suggested that the average particle population in the outer magnetosphere is caused by a state of dynamic equilibrium between acceleration and loss processes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Mar. 1
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  • 26
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    Partially averaged field approach to cosmic ray diffusion (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A new nonlinear technique is used to derive the kinetic equation for particles interacting with turbulent fluctuations. Difficulties associated with quasi-linear theory are avoided. The new method evaluates the effects of the fluctuations along particle orbits which themselves include the effects of a statistically averaged subset of the possible configuration of the turbulence. As an illustration, the pitch-angle diffusion coefficient is calculated for particles interacting with 'slab model' magnetic turbulence, i.e., magnetic fluctuations linearly polarized transverse to a mean magnetic field. The pitch-angle diffusion coefficient is determined in the vicinity of 90-deg pitch angles where quasi-linear theory breaks down. The spatial diffusion coefficient parallel to a mean magnetic field is evaluated by use of the calculated pitch-angle diffusion coefficient. It is suggested that the partially averaged field method is not limited to small amplitude fluctuating fields and hence is not a perturbation theory.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 21; Mar. 197
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  • 27
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    Effect of the Mott cross section on the determination of the charge of ultraheavy cosmic rays from emulsion tracks (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Energy deposition due to secondary electrons is calculated as a function of distance from the axis of the track of a heavy ion. The calculation incorporates the empirical formulas of Kobetich and Katz (1968) for delta-ray energy dissipation. Both the Mott and Born-approximation expressions for the delta-ray energy distributions are used, and the results are compared. The energy deposition projected along a line perpendicular to the track is also calculated. These results are used to estimate the effect that the use of the Mott cross section would have in the interpretation of photometric measurements on emulsion tracks of trans-iron cosmic-ray particles. It is shown that the use of 50 keV as a characteristic track-formation electron energy to estimate the effect of the Mott cross section systematically overestimates charge as derived from emulsions for Z greater than 20.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 18
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  • 28
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    Gamma-ray astronomy and the origin of cosmic rays (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Recent observations of cosmic gamma radiation are reviewed. It is shown that this radiation consists of an extragalactic background as well as a bright band of galactic radiation lying in the plane of the Milky Way and produced primarily by cosmic-ray collisions with interstellar gas atoms. The galactic gamma radiation is divided into a near component apparently associated with Gould's belt and a far component originating about 15,000 light years away and narrowly confined to the galactic plane. A Great Galactic Ring is identified which is 35,000 light years in diameter and in which most galactic cosmic rays are produced and supernovae and pulsars are concentrated. The physical mechanisms responsible for the production of most of the cosmic gamma rays in the Galaxy are examined, and the origin of galactic cosmic rays is considered. It is concluded that the cosmic rays are produced either in supernova explosions or in the pulsars they leave behind
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: American Scientist; 66; Sept-Oct
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  • 29
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    The cosmic gamma-ray background from the annihilation of primordial stable neutral heavy leptons (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectra and intensities of gamma radiation from (1) a homogeneous cosmic lepton background (2) a possible lepton halo around the Galaxy, and (3) integrated background radiation from possible lepton halos around other galaxies and from rich galaxy clusters are examined. Heavy-lepton annihilation radiation from the halos of other galaxies accounts for at most 0.005 of the background intensity, and the radiation from rich clusters account for at most 0.00005 of the background intensity. It is suggested that lepton annihilation fluxes from a galactic halo would be confused with cosmic-ray produced radiation and would therefore be difficult to observe. Radiation from a homogeneous cosmological lepton background might account for approximately 0.0001 of the observed cosmic gamma ray background. Energy spectrum and isotropy are considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 223
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  • 30
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    Observations of medium-energy gamma-ray emission from the galactic center region (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of the gamma-ray emission in the medium-energy range between 15 and 100 MeV, obtained during two balloon flights from Brazil, are presented. The importance of this energy region in determining whether neutral-pion decay or electron bremsstrahlung is the most likely dominant source mechanism is discussed, along with the implications of such observations. Specifically, the data from this experiment suggest that emission from the galactic plane is similar to the theoretical spectrum calculated by Fichtel et al. (1976), including both source mechanisms but with the bremsstrahlung component enhanced by a factor of about 2. A spectral distribution of gamma-rays produced in the residual atmosphere above the instrument is also presented and compared with other data. A rather smooth spectral variation from high to low energies is found for the atmospheric spectrum.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 225
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  • 31
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    Ames collaborative study of cosmic ray neutrons - Mid-latitude flights (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Three aircraft flights at 12.5 km have yielded data on cosmic-ray neutron-flux densities, neutron dose equivalent rates, and exposure rates for ionizing radiation. The data, collected at 45, 38, and 48 degrees N, indicate: (1) neutron dose equivalent rates of 0.20, 0.14, and 0.22 mrem/hour, (2) exposure rates from the ionizing component of 0.37, 0.31, and 0.41 mR/hour, (3) that the dose equivalent from 3-13-MeV neutrons is 30% of the total for all neutrons, (4) that exposure rates decrease exponentially with decreasing pressure altitude with a 140 g/sq cm attenuation length at 43 degrees N geomagnetic latitude, and (5) that the ionizing component of cosmic ray secondaries is less sensitive to latitude changes than the neutron component.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Health Physics; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 32
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    New limits on gamma-ray bursts (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two balloon flights of large-area scintillation crystal detector arrays indicate that the rate of weak gamma-ray bursts is significantly below that expected from a uniform distribution of burst sources. This result, combined with the data from stronger bursts, gives strong evidence for a galactic confinement of burst sources. Reasonable models of confinement limit the intrinsic radiated energy per burst to the order of 10 to the (39th to 41st power) ergs.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 223
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  • 33
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    Data analysis for the hard X-ray experiment on board the ANS spacecraft (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An analysis of X ray bursts form globular clusters gathered by the Astronomical Netherlands Satellite is presented. Publications were prepared on the cosmic ray induced environment, and maps of these radiations as functions of latitude and longitude were generated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-166682
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  • 34
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    The dynamical halo and the variation of cosmic-ray path length with energy (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It is shown that the dynamical halo model offers a natural explanation for the form of the variation of the cosmic-ray path length with energy. The variation above approximately 1 GeV/nucleon can be understood as due to the variation of the diffusion coefficient, and hence the resident time, with energy. The flattening of the curve below 1 GeV/nucleon is seen to mark a transition to a convection dominated regime where coefficient is no longer the determining parameter. A fit to the observations yields a halo outflow velocity of 8 km sec/1. An attempt is made to determine the overall scale of the halo and the diffusion coefficient using recent Be-10 flux measurements but the data do not agree well enough to pin down these variables to within less than four or five orders of magnitude.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79647
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  • 35
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    Upper limits on the cyclotron lines from Her X-1 as observed with OSO-8 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations of Her X-1 were obtained during its ON-state in September, 1977, with the high-energy X-ray detector on board OSO-8. Upper limits on the line fluxes at 60 and 135 keV based on these observations are above, and hence consistent with, the positive results reported by Trumper, et al from a balloon flight during the same time interval. A detailed analysis of the time-variable et al background spectrum suggests that the line emission, especially in the time-averaged spectrum of Her X-1 previously reported by other workers at 25, 60, and 135 keV, is due to instrumental effects. The spectrum obtained with OSO-8 in September, 1977, is considerably steeper than that observed in pre-1976 balloon flights. These results are consistent with the results obtained by Trumper showing a decrease in the effective temperature of Her X-1 between May, 1976, and September, 1977.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ma Ray Spectry. In Astrophys.; p 371-385
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  • 36
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    The galactic gamma-ray flux in the 0.06 to 5 MeV range (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Gamma ray emission from the longitude range -50 deg less than or equal to lambda less than or equal to 22 deg recorded by the Apollo gamma-ray spectrometer and by individual observers is discussed. Agreement of the galactic emission spectra near 1 MeV with hard X-ray observations of the galactic central regions suggests that an ensemble of point sources is responsible for the emissions. Apollo 16 upper limits to the cosmic 4.4 MeV line flux imply that the ratio of line strength to continuum emission for the region observed by Haymes et al is higher than the galactic average.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 190-206
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  • 37
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    HEAO-1 observations of Her X-1 at energies above 13 keV (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results from preliminary analysis of HEAO-1 pointing observations of Her X-1 on three days in February 1978 are presented. Pulsed flux is detected up to approximately 70 keV with a clear indication of emission at approximately 60 deV which is above the continuum spectrum extrapolated from lower energies. If this excess emission is interpreted as a spectral line, its intensity varies from (1.2 plus or minus 0.2) x (10 to the minus 3 power) to (0.2 plus or minus 0.2) x (10 to the minus 3 power) ph/sq cm-sec with a time scale of one day. A factor 2 decrease in the low energy continuum is associated with the decrease in the excess emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 386-393
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  • 38
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    The annihilation of galactic positrons (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The probabilities of various channels of galactic positron annihilation were evaluated and the spectrum of the resulting radiation was calculated. The narrow width (FWHM less than 3.2 keV) of the 0.511 MeV line observed from the galactic center implies that a large fraction of positrons should annihilate in a medium of temperature less than 100,000 K and ionization fraction greater than 0.05. HII regions at the galactic center could be possible sites of annihilation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79600
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  • 39
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    Observability of the neutrino flux from the inner region of the galactic disk (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The observability of galactic neutrinos in a detector of 10 billion tons of water with an observing time of a few years is explored. Although the atmospheric flux exceeds the galactic flux considerably at energies greater than or equal to 1 TeV, the latter may still provide a marginally observable signal owing to its directionality. Galactic muon neutrinos with energy greater than or equal to 1 TeV will produce a signal approximately 2 sigma above the atmospheric background over a four year period. If electron neutrinos can also be studied with the deep underwater muon and neutrino detector, then galactic electron neutrinos above 1 TeV would give an approximate 4 to 5 sigma signal above the electron neutrino background over a four year integration time.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79658
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  • 40
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    The composition of corotating energetic particle streams (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The relative abundances of 1.5 to 23 MeV/nucleon ions in corotating nucleon streams were compared with ion abundances in particle events associated with solar flares and with solar and solar wind abundances. He/O and C/O ratios were found to be a factor of the order two to three times greater in corotating streams than in flare associated events. The distribution of H/He ratios in corotating streams was found to be much narrower and of lower average value than in flare associated events. H/He in corotating energetic particle streams compared favorably both in lack of variability and numerical value to H/He in high speed solar wind plasma streams. This comparison suggested that the source population for the corotating energetic particles was the solar wind.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-78105
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  • 41
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    The charge and energy spectra of heavy cosmic ray nuclei (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A charged particle detector array flown in a high altitude balloon detected and measured some 30,000 cosmic ray nuclei with Z greater than or equal to 12. The charge spectrum at the top of the atmosphere for nuclei with E greater than 650 MeV/n and the energy spectrum for 650 less than or equal to E less than 1800 MeV/n are reported and compared with previously published results. The charge spectrum at the source of cosmic rays is deduced from these data and compared with a recent compilation of galactic abundances.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-157345 , CPTR-177
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  • 42
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    Gamma ray polarimetry (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Spectroscopic instruments currently being proposed may possess polarimetric capabilities which sould be nurtured and enhanced to permit characterization of basic emission mechanisms which are impossible using other techniques. Compton scattering and pair production detected the polarization of high energy (E is greater than 50 keV) protons in laboratory experiments. The polarization properties of a detection system consisting of 19 germanium crystals in a closed packed array are examined and the advantages of such a detector over Thompson scattering are discussed. The possiblity of using pair production to detect polarization of high energy gamma rays, and the associated modulation factors are discussed. The central difficulty involved in using pair production polarimeters in astrophysical applications is that the typical opening of the electron or positron direction with respect to the incident photon aircitron is small, of order E/sq mc. Multiple scattering in the material used to convert the photons to an electron positron pair causes deviations in the direction of the electron and positron.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: CONTRIB-156 , NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 484-491
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  • 43
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    Gamma ray lines from novae (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Activities identify the mechanisms responsible for the eruptions characterizing cataclysmic variables are concerned with close binary systems, the properties of which are dominated by the presence of mass transfer from a late-type star onto a white dwarf via an accretion disk. Theories for the outbursts vary in their identification of the eruption mechanism with either gravitational or nuclear energy sources. Existing models for the dwarf novae invoke a dynamical instability in the envelope of the red star which triggers episodic Roche lobe overflow and a concomitant increase in the rate of mass transfer and the outbursts are associated with an increase in the accretion luminosity liberated in the disk. The most successful theoretical models for common nova events involve thermonuclear runaways proceeding in accreted hydrogen envelopes on the white dwarf components of these systems. The characteristics of such runaway events, which can give rise to detectable gamma ray fluxes are discussed. Salient features of existing runaway models are reviewed. Gamma fluxes from Na-22 decay, positron annihilation, and shock induction are predicted.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 315-322
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  • 44
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    Magnetic fields, plasmas, and coronal holes: The inner solar system (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In situ magnetic field and plasma observations within 1 AU which describe MDH stream flows and Alfvenic fluctuations, the latest theories of those phenomena are discussed. Understanding of streams and fluctuations was enhanced by the acquisition of nearly complete sets of high resolution plasma and magnetic data simultaneously at two or more points by IMPs 6, 7, and 8, Mariner-Venus-Mercury, HELIOS 1, and HELIOS 2. Observations demonstrate that streams can have very thin boundaries in latitude and longitude near the sun. This has necessitated a revision of earlier views of stream dynamics, for it is now clear that magnetic pressure is a major factor in the dynamics of stream in the inner solar system and that nonlinear phenomena are significant much closer to the sun than previously believed. Simultaneous IMP 6, 7, and 8 observations of Alfvenic fluctuations indicate that they are probably not simply transverse Alfven waves and suggest that Alfvenic fluctuations are better described as nonplanar, large-amplitude, general Alfven waves moving through an inhomogeneous and discontinuous medium, and coupled to a compressive mode.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79598
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  • 45
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    Diffuse fluxes of cosmic high energy neutrinos (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Production spectra of high-energy neutrinos from galactic cosmic ray interactions with interstellar gas and extragalactic ultrahigh energy cosmic-ray interactions with microwave black-body photons are presented and discussed. These production processes involve the decay of charged pions and are thus related to the production of cosmic gamma-rays from the decay of neutral pions. Estimates of the neutrino fluxes from various diffuse cosmic sources are then made and the reasons fro significant differences with previous estimates are discussed. Predicted event rates for a DUMAND type detection system are significantly lower than early estimates indicated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79609
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  • 46
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    Discovery of iron line emission in the Hercules X-1 low state spectrum with HEAO-1 (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The line energy, equivalent width, binary phase dependence, and intrinsic width of the iron line emission feature observed in the low state sepctrum of Hercules X-1 are examined. Deductions are made concerning secondary X-ray emission from this binary system.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79591
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  • 47
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    The cosmic X-ray experiment aboard HEAO-1 (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The HEAO-1 A-2 experiment, designed to study the large scale structure of the galaxy and the universe at X-ray energies is described. The instrument consists of six gas proportional counters of three types nominally covering the energy ranges of 0.15-3 keV, 1.2-20 keV, and 2.5-60 keV. The two low energy detectors have about 400 sq cm open area each while the four others have about 800 sq cm each. Dual field of view collimators allow the unambiguous determination of instrument internal background and diffuse X-ray brightness. Instrument characteristics and early performance are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79574
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  • 48
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    Consequences of narrow cyclotron emission from Hercules X-1 (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The implications of the recent observations of a narrow cyclotron line in the hard X-ray spectrum of Hercules X-1 are studied. A Monte Carlo code is used to simulate the X-ray transfer of an intrinsically narrow feature at approximately 56 keV through an opaque, cold magnetospheric shell. The results of this study indicate that if a narrow line can be emitted by the source region, then only about 10% of the photons remain in a narrow feature after scattering through the shell. The remaining photons are scattered into a broad feature (FWHM approximately 30 keV) that peaks near 20 keV. Thus, these calculations indicate that the intrinsic source luminosity of the cyclotron line is at least an order of magnitude greater than the observed luminosity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-78115
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  • 49
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    Observations of medium energy gamma ray emission from the galactic center region (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Measurements of the gamma-ray emission in the medium energy range between 15 and 100 MeV, obtained during two ballon flights from Brazil are presented. The importance of this energy region in determining whether pi deg - decay of electron bremsstrahlung is the most likely dominant source mechanism is discussed along with the implications of such observations. Specifically, the data from this experiment suggest that emission from the galactic plane is similar to theoretical spectrum calculations including both sources mechanisms, but with the bremsstrahlung component enhanced by a factor of about 2. A spectral distribution of gamma-rays produced in the residual atmosphere above the instrument is also presented and compared with other data. A rather smooth spectral variation from high to low energies is found for the atmospheric spectrum.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79543
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  • 50
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    Gamma-ray astronomy and the origin of cosmic rays (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: New surveys of galactic gamma ray emission together with millimeter wave radio surveys indicated that cosmic rays were produced as the result of supernova explosions in our galaxy with the most intense production occurring in a Great Galactic Ring about 35,000 light years in diameter where supernova remnants and pulsars were concentrated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79535
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  • 51
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    The ST environment: Expected charged particle radiation levels (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The external (surface incident) charged particle radiation, predicted for the ST satellite at the three different mission altitudes, was determined in two ways: (1) by orbital flux-integration and (2) by geographical instantaneous flux-mapping. The latest standard models of the environment were used in this effort. Magnetic field definitions for three nominal circular trajectories and for the geographic mapping positions were obtained from a current field model. Spatial and temporal variations or conditions affecting the static environment models were considered and accounted for, wherever possible. Limited shielding and dose evaluations were performed for a simple geometry. Results, given in tabular and graphical form, are analyzed, explained, and discussed. Conclusions are included.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80274 , X-601-78-30
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  • 52
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    Operational modes for a wave injection facility aboard spacelab and a sub-satellite (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Various modes of operation are described for an orbiting wave injection facility planned to measure the properties of waves propagating in space plasma. Such a facility would cover a wide frequency range including MF and HF. Phase shift and Doppler shift measurements will yield more accurate measurements of echo time delay and the angle of arrival. Because Spacelab will involve some sub-satellites, some consideration is given to propagation between two vehicles both at HF and VHF.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79657
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  • 53
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    An instrument to measure the spectrum of cosmic ray iron and other nuclei to above 100 GeV-nucleon (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A balloon-borne detector system for extending the study of cosmic ray composition to the energy region beyond 100 GeV/nucleon is described. The instrument incorporates an ionization calorimeter and a gas Cherenkov counter filled with freon for the determination of energies, and a charge module, consisting of scintillation and a lucite Cherenkov counter, for determining the charge of the incoming particle. The scintillators were utilized to determine the position of the incoming particle in addition to its charge. The characteristics of these detectors with respect to resolution, and the methods employed in laboratory calibration, cross-checks with flight data and actual performance in the flights are described in detail. Monte Carlo simulation of the ionization calorimeter and comparison of the response of the calorimeter and gas Cherenkov counter for complex nuclei was used to convert the observed calorimeter signal to absolute energy in a consistent manner.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79677
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  • 54
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    Ames collaborative study of cosmic-ray neutrons. 2: Low- and mid-latitude flights (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Progress of the study of cosmic ray neutrons is described. Data obtained aboard flights from Hawaii at altitudes of 41,000 and 45,000 feet, and in the range of geomagnetic latitude 17 N less than or equal to lambda less than or equal to 21 N are reported. Preliminary estimates of neutron spectra are made.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79881 , LBL-6738
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  • 55
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    A comment on the validity of fragmentation parameters measured in nuclear emulsions (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Evidence is reexamined which has been cited as suggesting serious errors in the use of fragmentation parameters appropriate to an airlike medium deduced from measurements made in nuclear emulsions to evaluate corrections for certain effects in balloon-borne observations of cosmic-ray nuclei. Fragmentation parameters for hydrogenlike interactions are calculated and shown to be in overall good agreement with those obtained previously for air. Experimentally measured fragmentation parameters in emulsion are compared with values computed semiempirically, and reasonable agreement is indicated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 56; 2, Ju; July 197
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  • 56
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    Simultaneous multispacecraft observations of energetic proton bursts inside and outside the magnetosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Energetic proton bursts were observed simultaneously on Imp 6, 7, and 8 both inside and outside the earth's magnetosphere during the period October 1972 through August 1974. It is found that proton bursts are present nearly simultaneously in the vicinity of the outer belt trapping boundary, in the low-latitude magnetotail, in the magnetosheath, and upstream from the bow shock. Large intensity differences, time delays, and differences in energy spectra recorded by the three spacecraft are described. It is suggested that energetic protons and electrons are probably accelerated inside the plasma sheet and propagate to various regions both inside and outside the magnetosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Sept. 1
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  • 57
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    Characteristics of sunward flowing proton and alpha particle fluxes of moderate intensity (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The diffusive streaming of low-energy protons has been found to be predominately toward the sun during periods between prompt solar particle events. This occurs for essentially all solar wind velocities and proton intensities. The average radial component of this anisotropy (14%) and its dependence on the solar wind velocity agree with values found by a steady-state propagation model. The average radial component (16%) of the diffusive flow of low-energy alpha particles is similar to that observed for protons, suggesting a common origin. The sunward diffusion of alpha particles and protons indicates that these slightly enhanced fluxes contain a positive radial gradient. The direction of the diffusive anisotropy is a function of the magnetic field direction.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; July 1
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  • 58
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    Ultraheavy cosmic rays - Theoretical implications of recent observations (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The recent extreme ultraheavy cosmic-ray observations (Z greater than or equal to 70) are compared with r-process models. A detailed cosmic ray propagation calculation is used to transform the calculated source distributions to those observed at the earth. The r-process production abundances are calculated using different mass formulae and beta-rate formulae; an empirical estimate based on the observed solar-system abundances is also used. There is the continued strong indication of an r-process dominance in the extreme ultraheavy cosmic rays. It is shown that the observed high actinide/Pt ratio in the cosmic rays cannot be fitted with the same r-process calculation which also fits the solar-system material. This result suggests that the cosmic rays probably undergo some preferential acceleration in addition to the apparent general enrichment in heavy (r-process) material. An estimate is also made of the expected relative abundance of superheavy elements in the cosmic rays if the anomalous heavy xenon in carbonaceous chondrites is due to a fissioning superheavy element.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 221
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  • 59
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    Energetic protons associated with interplanetary active regions 1-5 AU from the sun (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Pioneer 11 has yielded data on approximately 100 energetic proton events at heliocentric distances between 1 and 2 AU. Measurements of absolute intensities, anisotropies, and crude energy spectra are studied in connection with interplanetary active regions (IAR's). It is found that in close vicinity to IAR's, the number of events observed per unit time interval is 10 times greater than in other areas of interplanetary space, and that the frequency of events has a maximum at plus or minus 5 hours of the time IAR edges are crossed. It is also noted that events in IAR vicinity have greater particle densities, softer energy spectra, and smaller time widths than other events. For many events associated with IAR's, particle anisotropies correspond to the net flow of particles along the interplanetary magnetic field toward the sun. This suggests that a mechanism in MHD shocks is responsible for local acceleration in the interplanetary medium.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Feb. 1
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    The interplanetary modulation and transport of Jovian electrons (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Based on simultaneous measurements by Pioneer 11 of the 3-6 MeV Jovian electron flux, interplanetary magnetic field magnitude, and solar wind speed, the interplanetary transport of energetic particles is studied. It is found that corotating interaction regions (CIR's) greatly inhibit electron transport across the average field direction. Cross-field transport is also influenced by the degree of compression of the solar wind since CIR's are areas of compressed solar wind plasma. The propagation of Jovian electrons is studied by a model that includes the effects of CIR's. The model tests whether or not the three-dimensional convection-diffusion theory adequately describes the cross-field transport of electrons. The model is also valid for Jovian electron observations from earth-orbiting satellites. The model may be further applied to 1 AU from the sun where it is found that the cross-field diffusion of electrons explains why Jovian electrons are detected at the earth even during periods when the interplanetary magnetic field does not connect the earth directly to Jupiter.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Feb. 1
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  • 61
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    The charge and energy spectra of heavy cosmic-ray nuclei (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A charged-particle detector array flown on a high-altitude balloon has detected and measured some 30,000 cosmic-ray nuclei with Z of at least 12. The charge spectrum at the top of the atmosphere for nuclei with energies greater than 650 MeV/n and the energy spectrum for energies between 650 and 1800 MeV/n are reported and compared with previously published results. The charge spectrum at the 'source' of cosmic rays is deduced from these data and compared with a recent compilation of 'galactic' abundances.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 59; 2, De; Dec. 197
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  • 62
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    A measurement of cosmic-ray beryllium isotopes from 200 to 1500 MeV per nucleon (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A balloon-borne superconducting magnetic spectrometer was used in the measurement of cosmic-ray isotopic abundances from lithium through oxygen in the energy range 200-1500 MeV per nucleon. Except for Be-7 all isotopic composition is essentially energy-independent. Be-10 is nearly absent, indicating a mean cosmic-ray age of 6(-3, +10) x 10 to the 6th years. Above about 500 MeV per nucleon, Be-7 drops dramatically in abundance relative to Be-9 and C. By 1500 MeV per nucleon, the relative abundance of Be-7 has become one-half of its lower-energy value. Since Be-7 is the only isotope measured which decays by electron capture, this result is interpreted as indicating that higher-energy Be-7 had an appreciable probability of not being stripped of all its electrons before entering interstellar space where electron pickup is negligible.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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  • 63
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    Evidence for solar wind origin of energetic heavy ions in the earth's radiation belt (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Analysis of data from our energetic ion composition experiment on ISEE-1 has revealed the presence of substantial fluxes of carbon, oxygen, and heavier ions above 400 keV/nucleon at L values between approximately 2.5 and 4 earth radii. The measured C/O ratio varies systematically from 1.3 at 450 keV/nucleon to 4.1 at 1.3 MeV/nucleon, and no iron is observed above 200 keV/nucleon. These results provide strong evidence for a solar wind origin for energetic ions in the outer radiation belt. The absence of iron and the increase of the carbon-to-oxygen ratio with energy suggest that the condition for the validity of the first adiabatic invariant may have a strong influence on the trapping of these particles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Dec. 197
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  • 64
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    The charge composition and energy spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei from 3000 MeV per nucleon to 50 GeV per nucleon (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 223
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  • 65
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    A review and interpretation of recent cosmic ray beryllium isotope measurements (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Beryllium-10 is of interest for cosmic ray propagation, because its radioactive decay half-life is well matched to the expected cosmic ray age. Recent beryllium isotope measurements from satellites and balloon covered an energy range from about 30 to 300 MeV/nucleon. At the lowest energies, most of the Be-10 is absent, indicating a cosmic ray lifetime of order 2 x 10 to the 7th power years and the rather low average density of 0.2 atoms/cc traversed by the cosmic rays. At higher energies, a greater propagation of Be-10 is observed, indicating a somewhat shorter lifetime. These experiments will be reviewed and then compared with a new experiment covering from 100 to 1000 MeV/nucleon. Although improved experiments will be necessary to realize the full potential of cosmic ray beryllium isotope measurements, these first results are already disclosing interesting and unexpected facts about cosmic ray acceleration and propagation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-164967 , Apr 26, 1978; Washington, DC; United States
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  • 66
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    Experiment definition and integration study for the accommodation of giant, passive detector of Exotic Particles In the Cosmic Rays (EPIC) payload on shuttle/spacelab missions (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The feasibility of the design, construction, launch and retrieval of a hinged 15 ft by 110 ft the platform containing an array of interleaved CR-39 and Lexan track-recording detectors to be placed into circular orbit by space shuttle is assessed. The total weight of the detector assembly plus supporting structure and accessories is 32,000 pounds. The modular construction permits as little as one fourth of the payload to be exposed at one time. The CR-39 detector has sensitivity adequate to detect and study cosmic rays ranging from minimum ionizing iron-group nuclei to the heaviest elements. The detectors will survive a one year exposure to trapped protons without losing their high resolution. Advantages include low cost, huge collecting power (approximately 150 sq m) as well as the high resolution previously attainable only with electronic detectors.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-159895 , SSL-SER-19-ISSUE-37
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  • 67
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    The diffuse component of the cosmic X-radiation (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The A-2 experiment on HEAO-1 is specifically developed to study the diffuse radiation of the entire X-ray sky over a wide bandwidth, covering both the soft X-ray emission from nearby regions of the galaxy and the isotropic hard X-radiation indicative of remote extragalactic origins. A partial conclusion from the experiment is that a hot thermal plasma, on a scale comparable to that of the universe, may be the principal source of hard X-radiation characteristic of the extragalactic sky. Some key features of this background were defined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-78106 , Ann. Meeting of the Am. Assoc. for the Advan. of Sci.; Feb 13, 1978; Washington, DC; United States
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  • 68
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    The proton and helium rigidity spectra from 10 to 100 GV (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An airborne superconducting magnet spectrometer was used to obtain measurements on 700,000 protons and 50,000 helium nuclei of rigidity greater than about 4 GV. The rigidity spectra of protons and helium nuclei in the 9-100 GV range are determined. In the cited range, the proton and helium nuclei can be represented by a power law in rigidity, with an index of 2.78 + or - 0.03 and 2.80 + or - 0.03 respectively. An upper limit on H-2/p of 10% at 35 GeV/nucleon is established
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 69
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    Elemental composition of cosmic rays and cosmic ray electrons (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A summary of 40 papers on the elemental composition of cosmic rays and cosmic ray electrons is presented. Attention is given to experimental results concerning the 'anomalous component' of low energy cosmic radiation, the composition of ultraheavy cosmic rays, the energy dependence of cosmic ray composition at high energies (between 1 and 100 GeV/nucleon), and the energy spectrum of high-energy electrons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 70
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    The relationship between Jovian electrons and solar wind stream structure (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Near-earth observations of above-0.22-MeV Jovian electrons by the APL/JHU experiments on IMP-7 and 8 during 1972-1975, a period of stable recurrent solar wind, reveals 19 of 26 events in good association with solar wind streams. This pattern of positive correlation with solar wind streams is also observed in 3-6 MeV data from 1965-1972 during well-defined electron events. During their pre-encounter periods Pioneers 10 and 11 were nearly radially aligned with Jupiter and direct magnetic connection was highly unlikely. Jovian electrons above about 5 MeV in the UCSD experiments on Pioneers 10 and 11 were anticorrelated with solar wind velocity from about 3-4 AU until encounter. Reconstructions of the large-scale interplanetary magnetic field suggest that the near-earth events result from direct connection with the Jovian magnetotail and corotation of quasi-trapped populations while for Pioneer events electrons propagate out from the magnetosphere to a solar wind stream interaction, in along the interaction, then in to Pioneer on undisturbed field lines.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 71
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    Spectra and composition 2-40 MeV/nucleon of ions Z = 2-28 in solar cosmic ray events (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Solid-state detectors on IMP 7 and IMP 8 provide measurements in interplanetary space of ion energy spectra and relative composition from He through Ni in the energy range 2-40 MeV/nucleon. The large solar events of July 3-9, September 11-16, and September 20-26, 1974, are analyzed in detail. Spectra are fit by either power laws in energy or by momentum-dependent exponentials. Spectral slope is independent of ion charge for elements beyond C. Substantial time variations in the He/O and (Fe + Ni)/O ratios are noted. New limits are derived for the abundances of Li, Be, B, F, Na, Al, P, S, Ar, and Ca. Analysis of additional events from 1973 through 1976 suggests a systematic enhancement of the He/O and C/O ratios in low-energy corotating flux increases compared with flare-associated particle fluxes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 72
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    The location of the particle acceleration region in the 1 September 1971 solar cosmic ray event (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A numerical model of interplanetary propagation is used to reconstruct the shape of particle spectra near the sun shortly after release, from the proton and electron fluxes observed at 1 AU after the solar cosmic-ray event of September 1, 1971. A calculation of the spectral changes that would be produced by collisional energy losses is employed to estimate the amount of matter through which the particles passed, the height at which they were accelerated, and, for the proton, the temperature of the plasma. A temperature of about 2.4 million K in the proton acceleration region is obtained, along with a column density of material traversed equal to about 140 micrograms/sq cm for the protons and a column density of less than 4 micrograms/sq cm for the electrons. These results are shown to imply proton acceleration near the base of the corona and electron acceleration at a height greater than about 1 solar radius.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 73
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    Thermal X-rays and deuterium production in stellar flares (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The X-ray spectrum of flares is shown to be necessarily thermal up to at least 200 keV because the self-magnetic field of any electron stream required for a thick- or thin-target source is inconsistently large. The resulting flare model can then be related to stellar luminosity convection, and magnetic fields to result in a maximum possible gamma-burst and continuous X-ray flux. One of the most striking isotopic anomalies observed is the extreme enrichment of He-3 in some solar flares and the mysterious depletion of deuterium. The way in which deuterium may be produced and emitted in the largest flares associated with gamma-bursts but in amounts insufficient to support the tentative conclusion of Coleman and Worden (1976) is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 74
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    Cosmic ray scintillations in the frequency range from 0.00001 to 0.01 Hz (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Power spectra of the flux variations in cosmic rays of energy greater than a few GeV are presented. The data were obtained at balloon altitudes (40-45 km) from two scintillation-type detectors flown for six hours from Palestine, Texas, on November 4, 1972. The large area detectors had effective count rates up to 2000 cps setting the Poisson noise level in the power spectra of the relative fluctuations at 0.001/Hz. The analysis was made on the singles rate of each of the counters as well as on the coincidence rates between them. In all cases, the spectra between 0.0001 and 0.002 Hz are power laws in frequency of the form f to the exponent negative gamma, where gamma is between 1.5 and 2.0. No significant peaks in the range 0.0001 to 0.01 Hz are observed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 75
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    The appearance of super fluxes of quiet time cosmic rays (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: By 1975, it was found that the low-energy H and He fluxes had continued to rise to a point where they exceeded significantly the 1965 levels reported by Garcia-Munoz at al. (1977). In the present paper, it is shown that this trend continued into 1976, and that at least some of the phenomena observed during the 1972-1976 period were not present in 1965.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 76
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    A measurement of the interplanetary radial gradient of low-energy oxygen nuclei from 1-10 AU and implications of this measurement (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Cosmic-ray telescopes on the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft has been used to measure the interplanetary radial gradients of oxygen nuclei between 7.1 and 26.6 MeV/nuc between 1 and 10 AU, in 1972-1976. Between 1 and 5 AU the average gradient for 10.6-26.6-MeV/nuc particles is 25 + or - 5%/AU, while between 5 and 10 AU this gradient is 12 + or - 4%/AU. Conventional cosmic-ray transport theory can be used to determine an average diffusion mean free path from these data. The value of lambda sub r for both energy ranges is deduced to be 0.19 + or - 0.04 AU between 1 and 5 AU and 0.40 + or - 0.13 AU between 5 and 10 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 77
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    Cosmic ray intensity gradients in the outer solar system measured by Pioneer 10 and 11 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Earlier results are extended to include data from Pioneer 10 to a radial range of 11.3 AU, and from Pioneer 11 inward from 5 AU to 3.75 AU after Jupiter encounter, and to a maximum heliographic latitude of 17 deg. The data include the period from March 1972 through October 1976, during which time the neutron monitor cosmic ray intensity was, except for a few significant excursions, near solar minimum level. It is shown that the radial gradients of all particle species considered are small and positive throughout the period of study. On a shorter time scale, the data indicate transient decreases in the value of the differential gradient associated with major decreases in the cosmic ray intensity in the inner solar system. The observations are consistent with a modulating region whose radius is large compared to 11 AU. The 'anomalous' helium component, present since 1972 at earth orbit, is observed continuously at all radial distances.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 78
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    Propagation of cosmic rays in extragalactic radio sources (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A model of extragalactic radio sources is considered which assumes that relativistic electrons carry energy from the central galaxy to the radio lobes and also emit the radio waves. It is suggested that the radio emission is confined to an axis because electrons propagate parallel to the magnetic field more readily than perpendicular to it and that symmetric radio lobes appear on this axis because electrons are deposited at supercoherent transitions far from the central galaxy, where they propagate diffusively. The slow drift velocities that characterize this propagation are shown to explain the secondary structure between the main lobes and to establish a relationship between double sources and galactic radio trails.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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    Cosmic electrons, galactic radio background and cosmic ray confinement (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Cosmic ray electron measurements and radio background data are analyzed to obtain bounds on the galactic magnetic fields. It is shown that the magnetic field required to explain the radio flux must be greater than 2 micro Gauss. The difference in the steepening of the radio spectra towards the Anticenter and the Halo Minimum provides evidence that the magnetic field decreases with the height above the galactic plane. The calculations of Bulanov and Dogiel (1975) are applied to the radio and electron observations. It is shown that the most plausible interpretation of these results requires that the electron injection spectrum has an intrinsic flattening below a few GeV. The observed steepening of radio and electron data is apparently a combined effect of the injection spectrum and the first break due to continuous energy loss of electrons in space.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 80
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    Cosmic ray electrons - A discussion of recent observations (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A recent measurement of the spectrum of cosmic-ray electrons has provided statistically significant evidence for a spectral shape that is much steeper than that of protons. The electron spectrum does not fit well to a single power law, and the abundance of electrons relative to that of protons decreases from approximately 1% at 10 GeV to approximately 0.1% at 300 GeV. This result is consistent with a galactic escape lifetime for electrons exceeding 10 million years. The data are discussed in light of current models for the propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy, and conclusions are drawn concerning the consistency of various models with the observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 81
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    Secondary positrons and electrons in the cosmic radiation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An improved calculation of the secondary production and equilibrium spectrum of positrons and electrons in the Galaxy in the energy range from 1 MeV to 100 GeV has been performed. This has been done by obtaining an analytic representation of the accelerator data which describes accurately the invariant cross-section of pions, kaons, and their antiparticles from threshold energy to about 1500 GeV. This calculation takes into account the correct angular distribution of electrons in the decay of muons and the effect of nuclei-nuclei collisions. The contributions of beta-decay positrons and knock-on electrons have been included. A comparison of the present calculations with earlier calculations and experiment is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 82
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    HEAO C-1 gamma-ray spectrometer (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The gamma-ray spectroscopy experiment to be launched on the third High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO C) will perform a complete sky search for narrow gamma-ray line emission to the level of about 00001 photons/sq cm -sec for steady point sources. The design of this experiment and its performance based on testing and calibration to date are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 541-557
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  • 83
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    Gamma line radiation from supernovae (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Recent calculations of core collapse or massive stars result in explosive ejection of the mantle by a reflected shock. These hydrodynamic results are important for predictions of explosive nucleosynthesis and gamma-ray line emission from supernovae. Previous estimates, based on simple parameterized models or the nucleosynthesis in an average supernova, are compared with these latest results.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 310-314
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  • 84
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    Nuclear gamma rays from compact objects (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Accreting compact objects may be important gamma ray line sources and may explain recent observations of celestial gamma-ray line emission from a transient source in the direction of the galactic anti-center, from the galactic center, and possibly from the radio galaxy Centaurus A. The identification of the lines from the transient source requires a strong redshift. Such a redshift permits the identification of these lines with the most intense nuclear emission lines expected in nature, positron annihilation, and neutron capture on hydrogen and iron. Their production as a result of nuclear interactions in accreting gas around a neutron star is proposed. The gamma-ray line emission from the galactic center and possibly Centaurus A appears to have a surprisingly high luminosity, amounting to perhaps as much as 10% of the total luminosity of these sources. Such high gamma-ray line emission efficiencies could result from nuclear interactions in accreting gas around a massive black hole.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 252-274
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  • 85
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    Observational evidence for extraterrestrial gamma-ray line sources (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: During the 1974 balloon flight of a high spectral resolution gamma-ray telescope, observing in the energy range of about 50 keV to 10 Mev, evidences were gathered for two cosmic sources of gamma-ray lines. These are a 73 keV line feature superimposed on a power law continuum spectrum in the 55 to 300 keV range from the Crab nebula; and a flare-like event lasting about twenty minutes, during which four intense gamma-ray lines were measured at .41, 1.79, 2.22 and 5.95 MeV. The properties and operation of the detector used are described. The measured spectrum and count rate are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Gamma Ray Spectry. in Astrophys.; p 228-251
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  • 86
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    Energy spectrum of medium energy gamma-rays from the galactic center region (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A balloon-borne magnetic core digitized spark chamber with two assemblies of spark-chambers above and below the scintillation counters was used to measure the medium energy gamma ray flux from the galactic center region. Gamma ray calculations are based on the multiple scattering of the pair electrons in 15 aluminum plates interleaved in the spark chamber modules. Counting rates determined during ascent and at ceiling indicate the presence of diffuse component in this energy range. Preliminary results give an integral flux between 15 and 70 MeV compared to the differential points in other results.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-78331 , INPE-1218-PE/122
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  • 87
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    Fabrication of light guides for astrophysics experiments (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The fabrication techniques and procedures utilized in the preparation of isochronal irregular shaped light guides for astrophysics experiments are described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-78099
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  • 88
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    Abundances and spectra for cosmic-ray nuclei from lithium to iron for 2 to 150 GeV per nucleon (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Measurements of primary cosmic-ray composition and energy spectra made with a balloon-borne superconducting magnetic spectrometer are described. Results for both 6.7 g/sq cm equivalent vertical atmospheric depth and the top of the atmosphere are presented for the absolute and relative integral abundances, the differential energy spectra, and the spectral indices for cosmic-ray nuclei from Li to Fe and energies of 2 to 50 GeV/n. It is found that propagation effects can explain essentially all the elemental abundances, that the abundances of Li, Be, and B for rigidities below 10 GV/c are consistent with an energy-independent mean interstellar path length of 4.5 + or - 0.5 g/sq cm for the 'leaky box' propagation model, that the abundances of all elements above 10 GV/c are consistent with a path length that decreases as the inverse n-th power of rigidity, and that n equals 0.6 (+0.4, -0.3) for the simplest assumptions made in fitting the source spectra.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 226
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  • 89
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    Galactic plane gamma radiation (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Analysis of the complete data from SAS-2 accentuates the fact that the distribution of galactic gamma radiation has several similarities to that of other large-scale tracers of galactic structure. The gamma radiation shows no statistically significant variation with direction, and the spectrum seen along the plane is the same as that derived for the galactic component of the gamma radiation at high latitude. This uniformity of the energy spectrum, the smooth decrease in intensity as a function of galactic latitude, and the absence of any galactic gamma ray sources at high latitudes argue in favor of a diffuse origin for most of the galactic gamma radiation, rather than a collection of localized sources. All the localized sources identified in the SAS 2 data are associated with known compact objects on the basis of observed periodicities, except gamma195+5 Excluding those SAS 2 sources observed by COS-B and two other excesses (CG 312-1 and CG333+0) visible in the SAS 2 data associated with tangential directions of spiral arms, thera are eight remaining new sources in the COS-B catalog.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79651
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  • 90
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    Quiet time observations of equatorially trapped megaelectronvolt radiation belt ions with nuclear charge Z greater than or equal to 4 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data from the equatorial satellite Explorer 45 were used to study ion fluxes during the geomagnetically quiescent period June 1-15, 1972. A heavy-ion solid-state ion detector system obtained count rates close to the equatorial plane in the energy passband 1.82-4.8 MeV per ion during a single satellite pass through the radiation belts. Fluxes of these ions are interpreted as oxygen ions and are found to maximize in the L shell range 3-3.5 with peak equatorially mirroring flux of 0.38 ions/(sq cm s sr keV). This peak is not as sharply confined in L shell as is the helium ion peak.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Sept. 1
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  • 91
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    Comment on 'The origin of transient cosmic ray intensity variations' by S. P. Duggal and M. A. Pomerantz (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Transient Forbush decreases in galactic cosmic ray intensity have generally been linked to interplanetary shocks and solar flares. However, Duggal and Pomerantz (1977) have concluded that the majority of transient intensity variations of galactic cosmic rays cannot be assigned directly to specific solar flares. The object of the present paper is to show that the observations of Duggal and Pomerantz are in fact consistent with the solar flare origin of most transient cosmic ray reductions (i.e., with the solar flare hypothesis). The consistency of the Duggal-Pomerantz observations with the flare hypothesis is demonstrated on the basis of a statistical model of modulation which reproduces the essential features of their observations. In response to the present analysis (by Parker), Duggal and Pomerantz have presented additional arguments to the effect that the majority of transient intensity modifications (not necessarily Forbush decreases) during the period 1964-1974 were indeed related to the central meridian passage of active centers rather than to any other visible solar feature.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; June 1
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  • 92
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    Ultrahigh-energy neutrino astronomy (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: High-energy cosmic-ray interactions can produce neutrinos. The neutrino fluxes are calculated over a range of energies. The sources considered (and their ranges of importance) are cosmic-ray interactions in earth's atmosphere (neutrino energies less than 10,000 GeV), cosmic-ray interactions with ambient hydrogen in galaxies (neutrino energies between 10,000 and 1 million GeV), regions of cosmic-ray acceleration - e.g., pulsars - and cosmic-ray interactions with the microwave background radiation (neutrino energies greater than 100 million GeV). In addition, estimates of the flux from compact sources, such as active galaxies, are made. These flux levels, calculated conservatively, may be high enough for practical detection with a 1-cu km seawater detector; i.e., count rates greater than 1 per day. Such observations would provide information mainly about high-energy physics, but also (over long times) about cosmic-ray spectra, composition, and acceleration, as well as supernova and galactic-nucleus explosions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 221
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  • 93
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    Charge and energy spectra of cosmic rays with Z greater than or approximately equal to 60 - The Skylab experiment (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 220
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  • 94
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    Energetic ionized helium in the quiet time radiation belts - Theory and comparison with observation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Theoretical calculations of helium ion distributions in the inner magnetosphere are compared to observations made by ATS-6 and Explorer-45. Coupled transport equations for equatorially mirroring singly and doubly ionized helium ions in the steady state limit with an outer boundary of L = 7 are solved. Radial profiles and energy spectra are computed at all lower L values. Theoretical quiet time predictions are compared to satellite observations of energetic helium ions in the lower MeV range. It is found that the theory adequately represents the principal characteristics of the radiation belt helium ion population.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Feb. 1
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  • 95
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    Collisionless effects on the spectrum of secondary auroral electrons at low altitudes (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A common feature of all rocket measurements of the differential flux of primary and secondary electrons under auroral activity is that between 30 and 85 eV, where the measurements overlap in energy, the electron flux data can be fitted by a certain power law. In the present paper, it is shown that the existence of plasma waves even in a region where they are nonresonant with the ambient particles can significantly modify the observed flux power law.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Dec. 1
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  • 96
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    The IRAS radiation environment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Orbital flux integration for three selected mission altitudes and geographic instantaneous flux-mapping for nominal flight-path altitude were used to determine the external charged particle radiation predicted for the Infrared Astronomy Satellite. A current field model was used for magnetic field definitions for three nominal circular trajectories and for the geographic mapping positions. Innovative analysis features introduced include (1) positional fluxes as a function of time and energy for the most severe pass through the South Atlantic Anomaly; (2) total positional doses as a function of time and shield thickness; (3) comparison mapping fluxes for ratios of positional intensities to orbit integrated averages; and (4) statistical exposure-time history of a trajectory as a function of energy indicating, in percent of total mission duration, the time intervals over which the instantaneous fluxes would exceed the orbit integrated averages. Results are presented in tables and graphs.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80275 , X-601-79-7
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  • 97
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    Tabulated data from the SAS-2 high energy gamma ray telescope (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The second small astronomy satellite (SAS-2) carried a high energy gamma ray telescope into an equitorial orbit with a 2 D inclination, an apogee of 610 km, and a perigee of 440 km. The energy threshold of the instrument was about 30 MeV, the energy of the gamma rays could be measured up to about 200 MeV, and the integral intensity above 200 MeV could also be measured. Summary tables of the gamma ray data are presented in two energy bands, 35-100 MeV and 100 MeV. The sky was divided into 144 solid angle elements, and, in each solid angle element for which data exist, the number of gamma rays observed is given and also the exposure factor. Information is provided to permit conversion of these data into approximate intensities.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-79650
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  • 98
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    Further measurements and reassessment of the magnetic-monopole candidate (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The data on the 1975 Lexan event are reexamined in a framework that does not depend on the details of a particular track model. Instead, visual measurements of two quantities, photographic evidence, and silver-grain densities measured with an automated microscopic-image dissector are cited. It is shown that throughout the detector stack the particle had a roughly constant value of absolute Z/beta of about 109-114 based on energy deposition at radial distance less than about 0.01 micron. Its energy deposition at radial distance greater than about 20 microns was incompatible with that expected from any known cosmic ray nucleus with Z/beta in this range. A monopole is ruled out, and the three candidates compatible with the data are: (1) a slow, supermassive particle with beta about 0.4, charge about 45e, and mass above 1000-10,000 amu; (2) a fast antinucleus with Z/beta about -109 to -114 and absolute Z between 76 and 96; and (3) a very fast nucleus with Z about 110-114 and beta above about 0.99.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 18
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  • 99
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    The mean mass of the abundant cosmic-ray nuclei from boron to silicon at 1.2 GeV per atomic mass unit (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are presented for an investigation of cosmic-ray isotopic composition in which a balloon-borne instrument was used to perform an isotopic analysis of the abundant elements from B through Si in the energy range from 1.0 to 1.6 GeV/amu. The technique employed, which depends on the effect of earth's magnetic field on incoming cosmic rays, and reduction of the observational data are described in detail. Mean masses of the elements B, C, N, O, Ne, Mg, and Si are extracted from normalized Cerenkov spectra and evaluated in terms of the 'leaky box' model of galactic propagation and confinement. The implications of the results for cosmic-ray sources are shown to be consistent with the nucleosynthesis of certain isotopes in the cosmic rays in explosive carbon burning under the conditions of peak temperature, density, and neutronization expected in an explosion of a massive highly evolved star. The possibility of alternate interpretations is noted.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 224
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  • 100
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    Measurement of the isotopic composition of the iron-group elements in the galactic cosmic radiation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: With an average mass resolution of approximately 0.65 amu the isotopic composition of Cr, Mn, Fe, and Ni in the galactic cosmic radiation has been measured for energies of about 300 to 600 MeV/amu at the detector. Large deviations from solar-system source composition reported by other workers are not observed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 41; Sept. 11
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