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  • Chemical Engineering  (394)
  • Electron microscopy
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (462)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1978  (462)
Collection
Publisher
Years
  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (462)
  • 1960-1964
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 217-222 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone mineral ; Electron microscopy ; X-ray diffraction ; Dark field
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopical observations of the size and shape of bone mineral crystallites have not been in complete agreement with X-ray diffraction findings. The two prevalent viewpoints consider bone mineral crystals to be either rod, or plate like in habit. There appears to be agreement that the smallest dimension of the crystals is about 5 nm, but there is discrepancy in the reported c-axial lengths. The method of dark field imaging is used to obtain a quantitative measurement of the c-axial length distribution in rabbit, ox and human bone: mean c-axial lengths 32.6 nm, 36.2 nm and 32.4 nm, respectively, show no significant difference at the 5% level to the mean c-axial length measured by X-ray line broadening. Both bright and dark field images strongly suggest that bone mineral has a plate like form. Reasons for past discrepancies are discussed.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Synaptogenesis ; Electron microscopy ; Visual acuity ; Fish development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The morphogenetic differentiation of synapses of the optic tectum of the rainbow trout was investigated at different stages of development (from hatching to adult) and compared with the improvement in visual discrimination (minimum separable). (1) The main phase of synaptogenesis (increase in number of synapses, length of contact zone and number of vesicles) begins about one week after hatching and continues up to the age of one month, when the larvae start swimming freely. (2) Myelination begins 26 days after hatching and induces the end of the synaptogenesis period. (3) The visual discrimination (minimum separable) of trout larvae improves from 30 degrees of arc on the 10th day after hatching to 1 degree on day 30, then to about 14 to 18 min of arc in the adult. The results are discussed with special reference to previous biochemical investigations on changes in the ganglioside composition of the trout brain during comparable periods of development.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 26 (1978), S. 181-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cellular calcium ; Electron microscopy ; Osteoblasts ; Chondrocytes ; Mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The calcium distribution in cartilage and bone cells during beginning ossification of fetal mouse long bones was studied after fixation with 2% K-pyroantimonate in 1% osmium. In the developing periosteum, the future osteoblasts showed a sparse cation-antimonate precipitate over the cytoplasm. In young osteoblasts the precipitate was accumulated on the mitochondrial membranes and the plasmalemma. Both organelles were sharply outlined by precipitate in the mature osteoblasts at the onset of mineralization. X-Ray microprobe analysis of these organelles demonstrated the presence of both Sb and Ca. In the extracellular compartment, a collagen-associated precipitate with 50 to 60 nm periodicity appeared during osteoblastic differentiation. During the initial phase of matrix mineralization, a random gross precipitate appeared in the matrix and seemed to be accumulated by osmiophilic matrix vesicles while the collagen fibrils lost their precipitate. Subsequently, during the confluent phase of matrix mineralization, the precipitate rapidly disappeared from the cells, leaving them devoid of precipitate once they were surrounded by mineralized matrix. Similar changes were found in the chondrocytes of the growth plate, but cartilage collagen, unlike osteoid collagen, did not bind precipitate. The results indicate that both osteoblasts and calcifying cartilage cells bind calcium prior to matrix mineralization. Bone collagen has strong pyroantimonate binding capacity, but it is not directly involved with initial stages of matrix mineralization, which starts in close association with matrix vesicles.
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  • 4
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    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 179-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Decalcification ; Electron microscopy ; Calcified matrices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of calcifying cartilage and bone has been examined under the electron microscope after using three different methods of decalcification. The first was carried out before embedding (by soaking specimens in EDTA or formic acid), the second after embedding (by floating ultrathin sections on formic acid), and the third after embedding (by soaking embedded specimens in EDTA or formic acid), and with later re-embedding. The first procedure invariably induces drastic changes in the fine structure of the cells and calcified matrix, probably as a results of the extraction of organic material along with extraction of mineral. The second and third procedures make it possible to preserve ultrastructural details perfectly in both cells and calcified matrix. Of the two, the third procedure is preferable because of its greater simplicity. In areas that are still calcifying, these post-embedding decalcification techniques reveal the presence of crystal-associated, filamentous organic structures which are not recognizable in specimens decalcified before embedding. These structures, which could have a key role in inducing and regulating crystal formation and growth, are less evident in fully calcified areas (but not at their borders). This may partly be due to the loss of glycan components in the matrix during calcification. The most important determinant, however, seems to be the fact that during calcification the components of the matrix, including collagen fibrils, are involved in an aggregation process which reduces the amounts of free chemical groups available for reaction with the stain solution. Because post-embedding decalcification does not disturb this state of aggregation, the stainability of the matrix and the electron microscopic evidence of its components remain very low.
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  • 5
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    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 45-51 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: CaCO3 ; Amino acids ; Sheaths ; Ligament ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The aragonite crystals in the molluscan bivalve hinge ligament are surrounded by an organic sheath which is distinct from the remainder of the ligament matrix. Methods have been developed to isolate these sheathed crystals from the ligaments ofSpisula solidissima andMercenaria mercenaria employing a papain digestion of the matrix protein. The sheathed crystals fromSpisula have a CaCO3/protein ratio of 11.1 and those fromMercenaria a ratio of 29.6. The sheathed crystals and the empty crystal sheaths have been examined by electron microscopy for structural integrity. The sheath proteins exhibit much smaller proportions of the amino acids glycine and methionine than the hinge ligaments. These are characteristic amino acids of high concentration in the hinge ligaments of both species. The concentrations of acidic and basic amino acids are increased about two fold in the sheaths over those of the ligaments. Otherwise there is little similarity in the amino acid composition of the sheaths in the two species. However, SDS electrophoresis shows the sheaths of both to contain a major protein component with a molecular weight of about 25,000. The sheath protein from theMercenaria ligament contains about 5% carbohydrate and that ofSpisula sheaths less than 1% carbohydrate.
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  • 6
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    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 133-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteon ; X-Ray diffraction ; Electron microscopy ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary To obtain information on the changes in the inorganic bone fraction during calcification, low- and wide-angle X-ray diffraction techniques and electron microscopy have been applied to single osteon samples. The samples were cylindrically shaped and their axes corresponded to the axes of the Haversian canals. The selection was made according to the degree of calcification and the orientation of collagen bundles and inorganic particles. Osteons at both the initial and final stages of calcification were chosen. Arrangements of fiber bundles and inorganic particles in successive lamellae characteristic of three types of osteon were selected, that is, longitudinally structured osteons, transversely structured osteons, and alternately structured osteons. The results indicate that in osteonic lamellar bone there are two types of inorganic particles: (1) granules arranged in linear or needle-shaped entities with maximum width 40–45 Å, which are regularly distributed at the level of the main band of the collagen fibrils where their maximum length reaches the length of the main band itself; that is, about 400 Å; and (2) very long crystallites, with a diameter of 40–45 Å, which grow with their crystallographicc-axis parallel to the collagen fibrils and cover much more than a major collagen period.
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  • 7
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    Archives of microbiology 118 (1978), S. 67-69 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Corynebacterium autotrophicum ; Outer Membrane ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Biochemical analysis ; Polymyxin B ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Corynebacterium autotrophicum were isolated and analyzed. Autotrophically grown cells contained 2–5 mg of partly purified LPS per g dry weight of lyophilized cells. Serological cross reaction with Lipid A antigen of Salmonella minnesota confirmed the presence of LPS in C. autotrophicum. Electron microscopy of negatively stained Polymyxin B-treated cells showed formation of blebs on the Outer Membrane indicating an interaction of Polymyxin B specifically with LPS. Up to now, no Gram-positive organisms are known which contain any LPS. Thus, C. autotrophicum, though giving opposite results when the Gram-staining reaction was applied by several authors, has to be classified into the group of Gram-negative bacteria.
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  • 8
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    Archives of microbiology 119 (1978), S. 303-304 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Vibrio cholera phage group II ; Properties ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The basic physical, chemical and physiological properties of a group II cholera phage belonging to Mukerjee's classification has been described.
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  • 9
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    Archives of microbiology 119 (1978), S. 87-90 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Salmonella typhimurium strain LT2 (ColIb) ; Cryptic plasmids ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Small cryptic plasmids of molecular weights ranging from 1 to 3 Mdal were detected by electron microscopy in Salmonella typhimurium strain LT2 (ColIb). They were divided into different size classes. Two of the cryptic plasmids were transferred simultaneously with ColIb to Escherichia coli.
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  • 10
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    Archives of microbiology 119 (1978), S. 227-229 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cell wall ; Electron microscopy ; Methylomonas albus ; Goblet sub-units
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In surface view, the cell wall complex ofMethylomonas albus possesses a hexagonal pattern of ridges. Thin sections reveal a continuous layer of goblet-shaped elements attached to the outermost surface of the lipopolysaccharide membrane. A possible interpretation of the cell wall complex ofM. albus, based on the fine-structural data is presented.
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  • 11
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    Archives of microbiology 118 (1978), S. 305-308 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Carotenoid mutant strain R-26-Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides ; Electron microscopy ; Intracellular membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Stained thin-sections and freeze-fractured preparations of the carotenoid-less mutant strain R-26 of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides grown photosynthetically revealed 2 morphological kinds of intracellular membrane systems- spherical vesicles distributed throughout the cytoplasm and lamellae confined to the periphery of the cell. The lamellar membranes appeared to be large, flattened vesicles.
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  • 12
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    Archives of microbiology 116 (1978), S. 133-139 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Lagenisma ; Coscinodiscus ; Infection ; Endosymbiotic bacteria ; Tip growth ; Wall-less thallus ; Host-parasite interface ; Membranes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lagenisma coscinodisci is diplanetic and has two different cyst stages. The secondary cyst has a uniform cell wall of fibrillar material. It attaches to a Coscinodiscus frustule and germinates with an infection tube. The cyst becomes filled with an enlarging expulsion vacuole. The infection tube penetrates the diatom cell between the cingula. Inside the host cell the fungus grows as an irregularly branched wall-less thallus. In the hyphae apical vesicles are lacking. The infection tube is plugged by wall material. There are no microtubules which might participate in the morphogenesis of the thallus. The plasmalemma of the diatom is pushed inward but not pierced by the fungus. Along the host-parasite interface it lies closely paralled to the Lagenisma plasmalemma which is extremely straight here and measures about 10 nm instead of about 5–6 nm at the surfaces of other stages. The Coscinodiscus plasmalemma disintegrates at about the same time when the cytoplasm breaks down. The fungus allows bacteria to enter the diatom; there are also endosymbiontic bacteria in unattacked cells — The growth mechanisms are discussed and the host-parasite interface is compared with that of other fungi.
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  • 13
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    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 121-133 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Proximal tubule ; Tight junctions ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze fracturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of tight junctions of the renal proximal tubule was studied comparing the pars convoluta and pars recta of rat, golden hamster, rabbit, cat, dog and tupaia. Though some interspecies variations were observed, the convoluted portions of the proximal tubules revealed quite uniformly very leaky tight junctions with mainly 1–2 strands. Along the whole proximal tubule of the rabbit kidney including the pars recta only minor differences of the zonulae occludentes were found. By contrast, the tight junctions of the pars recta in other species were much more elaborate, especially in cat and tupaia, having up to 6 strands and an overall depth of more than 150 nm. The implications of these findings are discussed with special regard to the functional differences between the pars convoluta and pars recta of the proximal tubule.
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  • 14
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    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 457-472 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovarian follicles (sheep) ; Theca interna ; Oestrogen ; Androgen ; Capillaries ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The theca interna of non-atretic ovarian follicles from 2.0 mm in diameter up to the stage shortly following ovulation was studied by light and electron microscopy. In follicles 〈3.0mm in diameter, the theca interna consisted of about 8–12 layers of flattened cells, together with many capillaries and small bundles of collagen. Two main forms of cellular differentiation were seen. These were towards either fibroblast-like cells or presumed steroidogenic cells whose cytoplasm contained large amounts of predominantly smooth tubular endoplasmic reticulum, to which some ribosomes were attached. The majority of cells were of relatively undifferentiated or intermediate structure. In larger follicles up to the early stages of oestrus the theca interna cells became larger and less flattened, and cells rich in tubular endoplasmic reticulum became proportionately more numerous. By 18 h after the onset of oestrus the theca interna was oedematous, and many cells possessed pseudopodia. Many cells also contained numerous lipid droplets, but there were no signs of thecal cell degeneration or death. Shortly after ovulation the basal lamina of the membrana granulosa was incomplete, and it became more difficult to distinguish between theca and granulosa layers. Structural heterogeneity, with two major cell types and cells of intermediate structure, was present at all stages. It was concluded that: (1) the theca interna of 2.0–2.9 mm follicles contained many cells whose structure was compatible with a steroidogenic capacity; (2) changes in the differentiated thecal cells up to the early stages of oestrus were quantitative rather than qualitative, and suggestive of an increased steroidogenic capacity; (3) the accumulation of lipid in many cells of the theca interna by 18 h after the onset of oestrus probably reflected a reduction in steroidogenic activity; and (4) there was no evidence of any structural specialization to facilitate the transport of steroids from the theca interna to the membrana granulosa.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 75-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Drum muscles ; Piranha ; Degenerative changes ; Fine structure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the posterior drum muscle of the piranha structural alterations are frequently observed. Electron microscopic studies revealed a disordering of the myofibrils in these regions, accompanied by conspicuous changes in the mitochondria. As the degree of disorder increases, the mitochondrial cristae initially swell to form vesicles. Eventually the mitochondria become filled with myelin-like lamellar structures, which in many cases coalesce to form a dense outer wall. A striking concentration of lysosomes into localized masses was also characteristic of these regions.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 167-177 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypodermis ; Rotifer ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The integument of the rotifer Habrotrocha rosa Donner is provided with pores and formed by an extrasyncytial cuticle and a syncytial hypodermis. The hypodermis peripherally contains 3 layers of dense cytoplasm and borders the cuticle by an asymmetric cell membrane. The wall of the pores is stiffened proximally like an annulus. The pores lead into cytoplasmic invaginations which are surrounded by vesicles. Close to and also beneath the condensed cytoplasmic layers microbodies are found, which are interpreted as microperoxisomes. Subhypodermal layers of muscles are connected with the cytoplasm of the hypodermis by desmosome-like structures.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 257-266 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuromuscular junction ; Hindgut ; Crustacea ; Catecholamine ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The crustacean species Pacifastacus leniusculus and Gammarus pulex were investigated by electron microscopy in a search for possible neuromuscular junctions in the hindgut, which has a rich supply of catecholaminergic fibres. True neuromuscular synapses were found in both species between nerve terminals containing dense-core vesicles (80–110 nm in diam.) and muscle fibres. We suggest that the dense-core vesicle terminals contain a catecholamine, and this is supported by ultrahistochemical tests for monoamines. Two types of junctions are found: one in which the nerve terminal is embedded in the muscle cell (both species) and one in which protrusions from the muscle cell meet nerve terminals (Pacifastacus). Gammarus pulex, which has only circular muscles in the hindgut, has only catecholaminergic innervation, whereas Pacifastacus leniusculus has circular and longitudinal muscles both with at least two types of innervation.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 277-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Maternal adrenalectomy ; Rat ; Influence on the adrenals of newborn animals ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Maternal adrenalectomy at 7 or 14 days of gestation produced increased cell necrosis within zona reticularis cells on the day of birth and at 24 or 48 h after birth. Small remnants or large portions of adrenocortical cells were present within macrophages. In otherwise normal adrenocortical cells, lipid droplets were incorporated within some mitochondria. Autophagocytosis of single mitochondria was observed within adrenocortical cells. Undoubtedly ultrastructural changes represent stimulation of adrenocortical cells in neonatal rats in response to maternal adrenalectomy.
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  • 19
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 449-462 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ileum (Rat) ; Occluding junctions ; Freeze-fracture ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two kinds of occluding junctions are found between ileal epithelial cells of suckling rats: apical zonulae occludentes (ZO) and fasciae occludentes (FO) which are associated with the lateral plasma membranes of many epithelial cells. In unfixed preparations, glycerol treatment induces the further proliferation of extensive fasciae occludentes. Both kinds of junction have identical structural elements when visualized in freeze fracture replicas, although the arrangement of these elements differs. Zonulae occludentes consist of networks of branching and anastomosing linear ridges or rows of ∼10 nm particles with 20–30 nm spaces between the rows which form narrow belt-like structures around the apical region of adjacent cells. Fasciae occludentes, on the other hand, consist of similar linear ridges or rows of particles but the junction strands are often discontinuous, open ended and only occasionally intersect with each other. Several different fracture planes through the plasma membrane in the region of the occluding junctions have been observed and these provide further evidence that two components, one from each membrane, fused at the level of the extracellular space, form the junction sealing element. Furthermore, we present evidence which indicates a staggered rather than an in-register arrangement of these two components.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 39-51 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prostate ; Rat-Anti-Androgens ; Nuclear alterations ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the nuclei of epithelial cells of the dorsal lobe of the rat prostate were studied after administration of three different antiandrogenic compounds. The nucleolus appears to undergo a progressive disorganisation with partial fragmentation and dispersion of its normal components. Different types of intranuclear inclusions were found. The various alterations observed were often encountered within the same section. This may indicate that the nuclear alterations occur in the same compartment of the cell, and represent a dysfunction of integrated biochemical events occurring within this compartment. The findings support a view that the stimulatory secretory effect of androgens is mediated via a ‘secretory center’, located within the nucleolusassociated chromatin. Within this ‘secretory center’, the initial steps of the secretory process, the binding of the DHT receptor complex to DNA is assumed to occur.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: T-lymphocytes ; Stereological model system ; Free cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Menschliche, in Nylonwolle gereinigte T-Lymphozyten aus dem peripheren Blut dienten als repräsentatives Untersuchungsobjekt zur Schaffung eines neuen stereologischen Modellsystems für freie, sphärische Zellen. Dieses System erlaubt, die Zelle und die darin enthaltenen Strukturkomponenten auf ultrastruktureller Ebene quantitativ zu charakterisieren.
    Notes: Summary T-lymphocytes derived from human peripheral blood and passed through a nylon-wool column, were employed to develop and test a new Stereological model system for free spherical cells, allowing a quantitative characterization of the cell and its components at the ultrastructural level. Electron micrographs were recorded in a hierarchical manner at three different levels of magnification and subjected to point counting procedures. The resulting parameters were expressed in relation to various reference compartments, both absolute and relative. Results indicated that the average volume of a small, non-activated T-lymphocyte was 103.8 μm3, the nuclear volume 47.5 μm3 and the cytoplasmic volume 55.9 μm3. On the average, the cytoplasm contained 30 mitochondria, 0.7 μm3 RER-cisternae, 0.2 μm3 cisternae and vesicles of the Golgi apparatus and about 231,000 free ribosomes (most of them single). The ratio of eu- to heterochromatin volume was 0.5. The design and application of the Stereological model system are discussed with regard to dynamic studies of a variety of free cells, such as macrophages, neutrophilic granulocytes and various lymphocytes.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 535-540 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Satellite cells ; Regeneration ; Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Satellite cells were traced autoradiographically during the regeneration of skeletal muscle in young Sprague-Dawley rats. Approximately 31% of the satellite cells in uninjured muscles appeared labelled after three injections of tritiated thymidine; none of the myonuclei were labelled in the same muscles. Four to six days after transplanting the radioactive muscles to non-radioactive littermates, regenerating myotube nuclei in the host appeared labelled. Thus, this study confirms that satellite cells in young rats can differentiate into multinucleated myotubes following muscle injury.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 159-165 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine cells ; Ascidian (Styela clava) ; Gut epithelium ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies have shown the presence of two types of granulated endocrine cell in the gut of Styela clava. Type I, which occurs in the stomach and intestine contains small irregular granules, each with a distinct halo. Type II, found only in the oesophagus contains larger rounded granules, often with little or no halo. The characteristics of these two cell types are compared with those of endocrine cells found in the digestive tracts of other protochordates and discussed with special reference to the evolution of gastrointestinal endocrine cells in vertebrates.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 439-448 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urinary bladder epithelium (Rat) ; Gap junctions ; Tight junctions ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze-fracturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The junctional connections between the cells of the urinary bladder epithelium in rat have been studied by freeze-fracturing. Tight junctions and desmosomes are known as structural features of the epithelium. In addition, gap junctions (nexus) have been found to connect the epithelial cells in an irregular distribution pattern. The junction size ranges from few assembled particles up to plaques with irregular forms. This may indicate that the gap junctions are mobile structures. The functional significance of the junctions in comparison with electrophysiological data is discussed.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 497-508 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fertilization ; Domestic fowl ; Acrosome reaction ; Vitelline membrane ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developing outer layer of the vitelline membrane of the ovum in the posterior part of the infundibulum of the domestic fowl contains many spermatozoa in nearly parallel orientation with its inner layer. When the acrosomal region of a spermatozoon approaches or contacts the inner layer, promptly undergoes the acrosome reaction. The outer acrosomal membrane and overlying plasma membrane fuse together and the apical region of the acrosome opens, so that the acrosomal contents are released. Meanwhile the spermatozoon remains a time in contact with the surface of the inner layer, and the network of the inner layer just under the tip of the sperm head begins to be dissolved. This dissolution extends downward forming a tunnel, approximately 9 μm in diameter. The spermatozoon then passes through the inner layer obliquely via the central region of the tunnel and arrives at the perivitelline space.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 375-388 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral line organ ; Pit organ ; Sea eel (Conger myriaster) ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the pit organ of the sea eel has been studied by means of electron microscopy. The sensory epithelium of the pit organ consists of sensory cells and supporting cells. The apical surface of the sensory cell is studded with sensory hairs consisting of a kinocilium and stereocilia. The sensory cells are divided into two groups. In one, the kinocilium points dorsally and in the other the kinocilium points ventrally. The total number of sensory cells in one pit organ is about 100, and the ratio of cells with opposite polarity is about 1∶1. On the basis of these structural features, the pit organ is considered to be a mechano-receptor sensitive to the movement of liquid in a dorso-ventral direction. It may also serve as an ion receptor, sensitive to environmental ion concentration. Efferent nerve terminals make rare synaptic contacts on the afferent nerve fiber.
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 515-523 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protonephridium ; Rotifer ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The excretory system of Habrotrocha rosa consists of two protonephridia. From each of them seven tubules lead to a terminal organ, also called cyrtocyte. Its weir basket contains structures which resemble ciliary rootlets. The lumen of the excretory system is bordered by a syncytial layer of cytoplasm. Cells are only found in the upper region of the trunk, where the channel is twisted several times.
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 525-535 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Alimentary system ; Rotifer ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The alimentary system of Habrotrocha rosa is composed of the alimentary channel, five digestive glands and another gland which is in close relation to the intestinal syncytium. After the present investigation, the alimentary channel can be divided into sections which clearly differ from each other, these are: oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, mastax, stomach-hose, syncytium of intestine, and terminal intestine.
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 11-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Purkinje fibers (Ox, goat) ; Axons ; Nerve endings ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The moderator band in the heart of the ox and goat contains bundles of Purkinje fibers and nerve fibers separated by connective tissue. The axons are mostly unmyelinated and embedded in the cytoplasm of Schwann cells. Small bundles of axons run close to the Purkinje fibers. The axons dilate into varicosities 0.5 to 1.6 μ in diameter (mean 0.95 μ), containing three types of vesicles: 1) agranular vesicles with a diameter of 400–500 Å, 2) large dense-cored vesicles with a diameter of 800–1200 Å, 3) small dense-cored vesicles with a diameter of 500 Å. Most varicosities contain agranular vesicles together with a few large dense-cored vesicles. The gap between the varicosities and the nearest Purkinje fiber is unusually wide and normally varies between 0.3 μ and 0.8 μ. No intimate nerve-Purkinje fiber contacts, with a cleft of 200 Å, were observed.
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 265-272 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscles ; T-system ; Fish ; Frog ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In “white” muscle fibres of a teleost fish T-tubule openings may occur regularly at all Z-disc levels between adjacent peripheral myofibrils, the T-tubule openings thus occurring at a density of ca. 0.9 μm-2. In frog “white” fibres, T-tubule openings are infrequently seen in material fixed like the fish material. In material prepared according to the albumin method of Gray (1975, 1976 a, b) which renders the muscle fibres swollen, straight tubules or sometimes chains of vesicles instead are seen opening at the sarcolemmal surface. Such tubules occur at a higher density than expected from experiments with local activation of contraction. Lability and dynamics within the T-system normally and during fixation are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 405-419 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subfornical organ ; Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica ; Monoaminergic innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The parenchyma of the subfornical organ (SFO) of the Japanese quail was studied by light and electron microscopy. The SFO consists of ependymal, intermediate, and basal (perimeningeal) layers. In the intermediate layer, neurons, glial cells, and their processes are found. Axons containing dense core granules approximately 80 nm in diameter are numerous, some of which make synaptic contact with the neuronal perikarya or dendrites. Synaptic vesicles in some axons contain a dense dot in the interior after treatment with 5-hydroxydopamine. The activity of the SFO, which is probably concerned with elicitation of drinking by angiotensin II, may be regulated at least partly by afferent monoaminergic axons. Capillaries with a non-fenestrated endothelium are occasionally found in the parenchyma. The basal layer is occupied by glial processes abutting on the digitating layer of perivascular connective tissue of meningeal vessels. The endothelium of these vessels is occasionally fenestrated. Trypan blue injected systemically accumulated in the SFO, but not in the deeper areas of the brain. The absence of a blood-brain barrier is suggested in the SFO.
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    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 267-276 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine glands ; Mouse small intestine ; Mouse embryo ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The duodenum and ileum of 15 to 18-day old Swiss ICR mouse embryos were studied with the electron microscope to follow the differentiation of endocrine cells. Endocrine cells were classified on purely morphological characteristics. EC cells appeared at 16 days of gestation in both segments. At the same stage G cells were seen in the duodenum and K cells in the ileum. ECL, and S cells were identified in the duodenum at 17 days. Finally, D cells were seen at 18 days of gestation in the duodenum and ileum. With the electron microscope, endocrine cells were not identified in the small intestine of the mouse before the formation of villi.
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 509-520 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellar cortex (Cat) ; Postnatal development ; Myelination of efferent and afferent fiber systems ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The myelination of the cerebellar cortex of the cat was investigated in 61 cats aged from 3 hrs post partum to two and a half years. The first myelinated fibers appear at the time of birth in the central medullary ray. Before the onset of myelination, all fibers reach a critical diameter of about 1 μm. About the 14th day of life the number of oligodendrocytes in the prospective white matter increases markedly. Thereafter, the oligodendrocytes invade the inner granular layer. It therefore seems that the myelination of the cerebellar cortex proceeds from the central medullary ray towards the granular layer. At the 60th day of postnatal life, most of the afferent and efferent fiber systems are myelinated. These findings are discussed in relation to the development of function and the maturation of the electrical activity of the cerebellar circuit.
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 1-18 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney medulla ; Rat, rabbit, gerbil ; Interstitial cells ; Lipid droplets ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inner zone of the renal medulla of rats, gerbils, and rabbits was investigated to determine whether or not there are any characteristic ultrastructural differences between the interstitial cells of these species. The effects on the interstitial cells of water deprivation and water loading were also investigated. In all three species, the Type 1 interstitial cells, the lipid containing cells, were abundant and their distribution and topographical relations as well as their general ultrastructure were similar. The previously reported significantly higher frequency in desert rats could not be confirmed. Although the lipid droplets of the interstitial cells were smaller in gerbils and rabbits when compared to rats, their fine structure was similar. Their electron dense outer zone was sometimes associated with a granular material and/or a lamellar material with a periodicity of about 40 Å resembling phospholipid “myelin figures”. Water-loaded rats showed a considerable increase in the number of lipid droplets when compared to dehydrated or untreated animals. In contrast, the interstitial cells of waterloaded gerbils and rabbits were depleted of lipid droplets.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 129 (1978), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Algae ; Chrysophyceae ; Chrysosphaerella solitaria ; Electron microscopy ; phytoplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new unicellular species of the genusChrysosphaerella (Chrysophyceae) was found in fresh-water ponds in Switzerland, Japan, and the U.S.A. It is described asC. solitaria. The genus is divided into two subgenera:Chrysosphaerella, comprising the colonial species, andPseudochrysosphaerella, the unicellular ones.
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    Environmental biology of fishes 3 (1978), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Euthynnus affinis ; Electron microscopy ; Kawakawa tuna ; Red fibres ; White fibres ; Muscle size ; Activity ; Thermogenesis ; Thermal inertia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis An electron microscopic study of the red and white muscle fibres in the trunk musculature of the Kawakawa tuna (Euthynnus affinis) was carried out with a view to correlating their structure with metabolic adaptation. The red fibres which are considerably smaller in diameter (34.58 μm ± 6.16 S.D.) are characterized by their high content of myoglobin, mitochondria, lipid droplets and glycogen granules. The white fibres which are relatively larger in diameter (66.03 μm ± 11.59 S.D.) are characterized by their lack of myoglobin, low mitochondria) density, high content of glycogen granules and the conspicuous absence of lipid droplets. The characteristics in fine structure of the two fibre types are discussed in the light of their metabolic adaptation, the red fibres as being adapted for long term cruising movement utilizing lipid as the main source of energy and the white fibres for short bursts of activity metabolizing glycogen as the chief fuel. The tuna, with the acquisition of the counter-current heat exchange system which provides for the retention of the heat generated from high substrate oxidation in the red muscle and an efficient respiratory system, it is postulated, is well adapted for high speed sustained swimming.
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    Keywords: Pancreatic β-cells (mouse) ; Formation and storage of insulin ; Role of zinc and calcium ; Culture of islets ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The effects of culture of isolated mouse islets of Langerhans for up to 9 days in media which had been depleted of zinc electrochemically or with the chelating agent Tris-(2-aminoethyl) amine, or of calcium, have been compared. 2. An 83% reduction of extracellular zinc concentration did not adversely affect proinsulin biosynthesis, conversion of proinsulin to insulin, or the ability of cells to store newly formed insulin in granules. When incubation media were depleted of both zinc and calcium the β-cells produced abnormally large electron-lucent granules, consistent with the failure of insulin to crystallise within the granule sac. 3. Very similar results, with formation of large electron lucent granules, were obtained after culture of islets in the absence of calcium but in the presence of normal concentrations of zinc. 4. It is suggested that zinc may play a less critical role in the biosynthesis of proinsulin and its conversion to insulin, while calcium may have a more important function in insulin storage, than has sometimes previously been supposed.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Expressions were derived for combined pressure and diffusional transition region flow of gases in porous media. Experimental systems were developed to verify the applicability of the equations for packed columns of Kaolinite clay and quartz sand with methane and carbon dioxide flowing into nitrogen.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a simplified formulation for ∊H for low to moderate Prandtl number fluids and for ∊M that utilizes the surface renewal model, but which also accounts for the fact that eddies do not reach the surface. The predicted trend in Prt obtained on the basis of the present analysis suggests an opposite dependency on Pr to that predicted by many of the other analyses.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 154-156 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 30-34 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conversion was measured in small packed-bed reactors containing immobilized glucoamylase in a range of variables in which diffusion was an important limitation. Three sets of data involving two carriers and two temperatures agreed satisfactorily with the theory of simultaneous reaction and diffusion.Several reactors were designed for 99% conversion, and the results show that diffusion is a small problem when feed concentration is high but a serious problem at low concentration, requiring careful design of the catalyst. The particle size needed to eliminate the effect of diffusion is shown as a function of length.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 72-87 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The gasification of a single particle of porous char surrounded by a boundary layer with oxygen and water vapor in its environment, taking into consideration the six main reactions along with the appropriate heat and mass transport effects, is considered using a shell-progressive model. Much can be done analytically, and the numerical treatment of the model equations for a variety of parameters elucidates the structure of the problem which is much more complicated than anticipated, in spite of the fact that the model is a relatively simple one. The flame front of burning hydrogen and carbon monoxide can be at the core surface, in the ash layer, or in the boundary layer depending upon the ambient conditions of temperature and oxygen concentration.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 106-115 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Most coals swell when heated, and their plastic properties change. These phenomena are explained qualitatively and semiquantitatively using a theory which combines classical nucleation theory and chemical kinetics.Classical bubble nucleation theory is modified to include cases where gases are formed in a liquid as a result of a chemical reaction. Part of the gas that is formed in the liquid escapes through the surface. However, the concentration of gas that remains in the solution increases until a critical concentration is reached. When the critical concentration of gas in the solution is reached, bubbles will begin to nucleate.The value of the rate of nucleation has a critical upper limit which is determined by the thermodynamic properties of the solution. However, the kinetics of the heat, momentum, or mass transfer may reduce the thermodynamic rate.The criteria to decide which transport mode limits the kinetics of the nucleation were derived and applied to melting coal. In coal, the rate of bubble nucleation appears to be limited by the rate of momentum transfer in the melt.The size of the melting coal particle determines the ratio of surface area to volume and thus affects the kinetics of the accumulation of gaseous reaction product in the melt. Thus, smaller rates of bubble nucleation will be observed in smaller coal particles (very viscous melts).Kinetic equations are derived and used to estimate the time that is required for bubbles to appear inside a coal particle. A general method is proposed to calculate the time-temperature contour at which nucleation will occur. The effect of the particle size on the time of nucleation is calculated. The results of the calculations yield values which compare very well with experimental results on coal.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 170-180 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments were carried out with water dispersed in hydrocarbons at various flow rates. The measured size spectra can be well represented by either an upper limit log-probability function or a Rosin-Rammler type of equation with constant parameters and only one variable, the maximum drop diameter dmax or d95. The latter can be predicted satisfactorily by a correlation based on the Hinze/Kolmogorov model of droplet breakup.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 303-315 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Minimum cost surfaces compare eight distillation systems separating ternary feeds. The region of optimality for a design varies with the species separated, but some tower configurations are always preferred at particular feed compositions.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 294-302 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Three-phase reactors involving a solid catalyst are normally used for production of product or removal of impurity. Equations are presented for these two measures of reactor performance for a first-order, reversible or irreversible reaction in an isothermal reactor. The results are presented in terms of dimensionless groups of the pertinent mass transfer, kinetic, and equilibrium (solubility) properties, and the gas and liquid flow rates. From the equations given, it is possible to predict the relative performance of concurrent (trickle bed) and countercurrent flow reactors and also the effect of mixing in the gas or liquid streams on performance.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 598-606 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass and population balances, together with nucleation kinetics of the potassium chloride system, were combined to present a design oriented model which describes the behavior of a fines destruction system (FDS) implemented in an MSMPR crystallizer. This model was tested in a well-documented, bench scale, potassium chloride crystallizer and was found to be adequate to predict the effect of fines dissolving. Product size improvement was related to incremental cost incurred with an FDS.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 626-632 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: The vaporization and combustion of a miscible multicomponent droplet in a quiescent atmosphere is analyzed by assuming transient-diffusive transport within the droplet, quasi steady diffusive-convective transport in the gas phase, and ideal solution behavior for the mixture. Results on the vaporization of a binary droplet show that owing to the significant liquid phase diffusional resistance, the vaporization process approximately consists of an initial transient regime, an intermediate, diffusion limited, almost quasi steady regime, and a final volatility limited regime. It is further demonstrated that the entrapment of the volatile components within the rapidly heated droplet interior may lead to the initiation of either homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation, which can result in the fragmentation of the parent droplet with the internal pressure buildup.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 348-351 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 360-364 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 368-368 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 406-417 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Given the partial oxidation products of methane as the chemical feedstock for single-cell protein (SCP) production, their conversion efficiency is optimized by optimal selection of the pertinent microorganisms that can utilize the feedstocks. The coenzymes of the three oxidation steps from methanol to formaldehyde to formate and carbon dioxide as well as the pathway involved in carbon fixation determine the cell-mass yield. Microorganisms which follows the ribulose monophosphate cycle and which have coenzymes which are linked to the maximum production of ATP (for example, NAD linked dehydrogenases), should be searched for economical production of SCP. Batch growth rate and yield data are limited in utilization and interpretation, and care should be exercised in their use. The subject of this case study, Methylomonas EP-1, gives an optimal cell mass yield of 65% and a stable chemostat operation at space velocities as high as 0.58 hr-1.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 537-540 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 552-554 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 559-560 
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 577-587 
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    Notes: A framework is developed which provides predictions of multicomponent ion exchange equilibria from binary data.Experimental data are reported for the ion exchange equilibria of the binary systems SO42--Cl-, SO42--NO3-, and Cl--NO3- on a strong base anion exchange resin. These systems exhibit nonideal characteristics in both phases, and the experimental characterization has been based on the reaction equilibrium constants and correlations for the activity coefficients in both phases. The exchanger phase activity coefficients are obtained from the well known Wilson (1964) modelThe predictions of the ternary system SO42--NO3--Cl- based solely on the binary data are consistent with the experimental data for this system.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 619-626 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The importance of the starting point, the size of initial search region, and the search region reduction rate is examined with respect to the reliability of different direct search optimization procedures in being able to furnish the global optimum for nonunimodal systems. Although, in general, the reliability of an optimization procedure is problem dependent, it is nevertheless clear that reliability cannot be increased simply by selecting larger search regions or by reducing the rate of contraction of the search region. A more efficient means of increasing reliability is to embody a pseudo one-dimensional search in the optimization procedure to enable the search to leave a local optimum and proceed to a better optimum.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 654-664 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple and practical method is presented for the control of first-order flow processes with time varying gain and a pure delay in the measurement of the control variable. It involves on-line identification of the process gain and a subsequent adjustment of the controller parameter. The method is well suited for applications in the chemical process industries where high frequency fluctuations in the process gain are not generally expected. It is tested on a computer simulated process as well as experimentally by application to a continuous stirred-tank neutralization process involving pH control, where buffer concentration in the feed varies with time. There is a potential for the application of this method to an industrial process such as wastewater treatment.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 966-976 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A molecular-thermodynamic correlation is established for calculating vapor-liquid equilibria in aqueous solutions containing one or more volatile electrolytes: ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen cyanide. The correlation is similar to that presented in 1975, but the domain of application has been increased. The present correlation holds from about 0° to 170°C and for ionic strengths of about 6 molal; for the weak electrolytes considered here, this corresponds to total concentrations between 10 and 20 molal. To represent activities at these high concentrations, activity coefficients are expressed as a function of molality by Pitzer's equation. Required parameters are estimated from data reduction or from correlations.Special attention is given to the ternary systems ammonia-carbon dioxide-water and ammonia-hydrogen sulfide-water. Calculated equilibria are in satisfactory agreement with the severely limited experimental data now available.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1046-1054 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of combined forced and free convection on the performance of a reverse osmosis system in a horizontal circular pipe is examined. The free convective motion, which is superimposed upon the main axial flow, is caused by buoyancy forces arising from the buildup of a dense solute boundary layer near the membrane surface. The three-dimensional convective diffusion problem is solved by dividing it into a perturbation part accounting for the buoyancy effects present for Ra ≠ 0 and a nonperturbation part for the intrinsic convective flow pattern present even when Ra = 0.An approximate solution to the nonperturbation equations is obtained from the literature, and the perturbation equations are solved using a stream function-vorticity scheme valid for high Schmidt numbers. The effects of rejection parameter, Rayleigh number, and pressure parameter on the Sherwood number and concentration polarization are studied. Correlations are developed for the asymptotic Sherwood number and the effective axial length at which free convection becomes significant. The numerical results are in reasonable agreement with limiting analytical solutions and with the experimental asymptotic Sherwood numbers measured by Derzansky and Gill (1974) and Hsieh et al. (1976).
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1080-1087 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for the interpretation of data which results from a signal altered by a process of known weighting function was developed. The method is based on the numerical evaluation and inversion of the Laplace transform. For two different weighting functions, it is shown how narrow a signal can be interpreted accurately. The method is then applied to coal volatilization data.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1108-1112 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Analytical solutions are presented for laminar plane Couette flow of a power law non-Newtonian fluid. Effects of an additional negative pressure gradient were included in solving for the velocity distribution. The contributions due to the entrance heating region and the viscous dissipation effects were included in arriving at the temperature distribution and also the variation of the local Nusselt number at the stationary plate.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1125-1127 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1138-1141 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1021-1028 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new strategy is proposed for the optimum design of chemical plants whose uncertain parameters are expressed as bounded variables. The design is such that the plant specifications will be met for any feasible values of the parameters while optimizing a weighted cost function which reflects the costs over the expected range of operation. The strategy is formulated as a nonlinear programme, and an efficient method of solution is derived for constraints which are monotonic with the parameters, a case which arises frequently in practice. The designs of a pipeline with a pump, of a reactor-separator system, and of a heat exchanger network, all with uncertain technical parameters, illustrate the effectiveness of the strategy for rational overdesign of a chemical plant.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1055-1063 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A systematic study is presented of the objective functions applicable to the reduction of vapor-liquid equilibrium data by regression procedures based on the principle of maximum likelihood. Numerical results are based on a set of artificial x-y-P data constructed so as to conform to the assumptions that underlie proper application of this principle.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 1076-1080 
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    Notes: A comparison of experimental and theoretical surface tensions leads to a correlation between homogeneous fluid parameters and the inhomogeneous influence parameter c. From this correlation, it is possible to predict, to within excellent agreement with experiment, the surface tensions of normal alkanes and alcohols from bulk data only.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 466-473 
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    Notes: Mixing rates of particles and gases in confined, coaxial jets are reported for tests with conditions simulating those of pulverized coal gasification and combustion processes. Gas velocity, particle mass flux, and gas composition were measured at various radial and axial locations downstream of the primary jet exit plane. Effects of inlet velocity, density, injection angle, particle loading level, and particle size on the rates of mixing were determined. Increasing injection angle and secondary velocity significantly increased gas and particle mixing rates, while effects of other variables were much less significant. Dispersion of particles lagged that of the gas in all cases investigated.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 500-509 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods are presented for the construction of optimal and suboptimal estimators for inferential control systems. Optimal estimators are constructed with the aid of Kalman filtering techniques applied to linear systems driven by integrated white noise disturbances. The description of the disturbances as integrated white noise leads to optimal dynamic estimators which reduce to optimal static estimators for sustained disturbances. Suboptimal estimators are constructed by prespecifying the structure of the estimator and choosing estimator parameters so as to minimize the mean square error in estimation.Optimal and suboptimal estimators are compared by using them in an inferential control system which attempts to control the product composition of a simulated multicomponent distillation column. There is little difference in performance between optimal and suboptimal estimators which use temperature and flow measurements to estimate product composition. However, the inferential control system using a simple suboptimal estimator is significantly superior to the policy of maintaining a selected tray temperature constant through a standard feedback control system. The inferential control system is also superior to composition feedback control systems where the measurement delay is greater than 5 min.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 524-530 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Experimental values of the surface velocities vs of water jets have been obtained by high speed flash cine photography of talc particles on the surfaces of both laminar and turbulent jets. Values of the surface ages as defined variously by Defay and Hommelen (1958), Hansen (1964), and Harper (1973) have been obtained from our data for both pure water and for dilute solutions of surface active agents.We find, by comparison with published entry length corrections for gas absorption, that x/vs gives the most reasonable age of the surface at any distance x along a jet of pure water.If a surface active agent is present in the water, the amount of adsorption of a few millimeters downstream from the nozzle is of the order ten times greater than calculated for laminar jets and five to six times greater than calculated for turbulent jets at Ren = 18 800. This we ascribe to liquid circulation in the jet adjacent to the nozzle, caused by the Marangoni surface flow, which also reduces vs significantly.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 548-552 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 344-347 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 357-360 
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 367-367 
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 369-400 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: This review evaluates the present state of the art on backmixing in gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid reactors. A brief outline of numerous techniques for measuring residence time distribution (RTD) of various phases in a multiphase reactor is presented. This is followed by a brief description of differential and stagewise models for characterizing backmixing from RTD measurements. Both simple (that is, single-parameter axial dispersion model) and more complex (that is, two-, three-, or four-parameter models) models are evaluated. Backmixing characteristics of various gas-liquid columns such as trickle beds, spray columns, mechanically agitated columns, plate columns, fluidized bed columns, etc., are subsequently evaluated. The performance of a bubble column under various reaction conditions is analyzed. Criteria for the elimination of backmixing in packed-bed reactors are presented, and the effect of backmixing on the multiple steady states in a gas-liquid reactor is briefly reviewed. Finally, the scale-up problems associated with gas-liquid reactors with various degrees of backmixing and the recommendations for the future work in RTD and macromixing models are outlined.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 427-439 
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    Notes: An experimental study has been done on the flow of viscoelastic liquids squeezed between two flat parallel plates. In fast squeezes under a constant load, the plates did not come together as rapidly as predicted by inelastic fluid theory. Our experimental data suggest that this device is not generally useful as a viscometer.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 733-735 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 439-450 
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    Notes: Radial liquid distribution was measured for concurrent downflow of air and water through beds packed with catalyst particles. The experimental results can be predicted by a theory involving two parameters, a spreading factor S and wall factor f. Criteria are presented for predicting operating conditions (particle size and shape and tube diameter) for which the equilibrium distribution will be uniform and packed-bed depth required to attain equilibrium liquid distribution.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 473-485 
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    Notes: The use of tracer dispersion measurements in conjunction with associated pressure drop data, as an indirect diagnostic technique for the determination of particle deposit morphology in deep-bed filters, was investigated. The dispersion measurements consisted of the injection of an electrolyte tracer pulse at the inlet and the monitoring of the tracer peak as it traveled down the bed, while the pressure drop data consisted of the axial pressure gradient histories as deposition took place. These data are interpreted using dispersion and pressure drop theories established on the basis of assumed models of deposit morphology. The validity of this technique was confirmed experimentally.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 509-519 
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    Notes: The turbulent diffusion mechanism of particles in a round air jet are studied both theoretically and experimentally, with particular attention to the relative velocity between particles and fluid, overshooting effect of particles, and the distributions of fluid properties in space. The results indicate that the particle diffusivity decreases with the increase of the particle inertia. In general, the turbulent diffusivity of particles in an air jet is smaller than that of fluid scalar quantities. The particle inertia and the fluid large eddies, which are expressed by the Stokes number and the integral scale, respectively, play an important role in the transport mechanism of particles.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 830-839 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: As an alternative to tearing, symbolic permutation may be used to facilitate data processing rather than dimensional reduction in equation solving, permitting a reduction in computing effort without introducing any deleterious effects on the numerical convergence. Data structures and processing techniques suitable for this purpose have been successfully devised and tested. A program incorporating these techniques has been implemented on a CDC 6400 computer and used to solve irreducible systems of up to 551 linear and nonlinear equations.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 880-885 
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    Notes: A fourth parameter to be used in conjunction with Pitzer's acentric factor is proposed to correlate the thermophysical properties of anormal fluids. It is based on the saturated liquid density at a reduced temperature of 0.7. A correlation for saturated liquid densities of anormal fluids is presented to cover a reduced temperature range from 0.42 to 1.0. For four hundred and fifty-six data points, covering twenty-one compounds, calculated average and average absolute deviation in predicted saturated liquid densities are -0.05 and 1.11%, respectively.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 912-920 
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    Notes: This paper deals with a particular type of limit cycle in chemical reaction systems, the so-called relaxation oscillation. This phenomenon can be caused by thermal or kinetically induced instabilities in a loop reactor or a CSTR, but can also occur in a catalytic fixed-bed reactor for an endothermic reaction with self-inhibiting or self-accelerating steps.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 940-941 
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978) 
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 686-693 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Notes: Feedback control of an open loop, unstable, continuous flow, stirred-tank biological reactor was investigated theoretically using several microbial growth models. The closed loop system can be made globally stable, but constraints on the manipulated variable can lead to as many as five steady states, which are either saddle points or locally stable nodes.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 705-709 
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    Notes: Complete interfacial profiles are generated for the gravity flow of a thin film into a stagnant pool. The profiles show standing waves and a rapid thinning of the film just above the static meniscus over the pool. Such effects are encountered, for example, at the bottom of wetted wall columns.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 728-731 
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 738-741 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 803-810 
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    Notes: An analysis is made on the influence of heat transfer and interfacial shear on the hydrodynamic stability of thin liquid films flowing down an inclined plane. The linear stability of the flow is determined by a successive perturbation solution of the governing Orr-Sommerfeld equation modified to include the effects of temperature on viscosity. Stability criteria are presented which show that a cooled wall is destabilizing, while a heated wall is stabilizing. The surface perturbation stresses of the concurrent gas shear are also shown to be destabilizing factors. Neutral stability curves are presented and compared with the isothermal case.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 839-848 
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    Notes: SPARSCODE was evaluated based on the simulation of natural gas liquefaction using multicomponent refrigerants. Results obtained on four cases containing 179 to 573 equations show a computing time reduction by a factor of 40 to 250 in equation solving and an overall reduction by a factor of 4 to 30 for the simulation.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 869-879 
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    Notes: The characteristics of a vortex found at the entry of a 2:1 and 4:1 contraction for viscoelastic fluids is investigated. Two distinct flow regimes are identified in the contraction flow field: a vortex growth regime and a divergent flow regime. In the vortex flow regime, rheological forces are found to dominate the flow, with the vortex detachment length being a linear function of the Weissenberg number. In the divergent flow regime, the flow is found to diverge at the center line upstream of the vortex detachment plane, and the vortex size decreases with increasing flow rates. Inertial forces are important in the divergent flow regime. The entry flow characteristics for the 2:1 and 4:1 contraction are quantified in terms of the vortex detachment length as a function of Reynolds and Weissenberg number over the range of 0:2 〈 N′Re 〈 200 and 0.10 〈 NWS 〈 0.7.
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    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 935-937 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 24 (1978), S. 945-949 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mass transfer of hydrocarbons within an emulsion drop has been modeled. The selective behavior of the process is attributed to the controlling effect of the aqueous phase; calculations show that the presence of a very thin membrane of water separating the inner core of the hydrocarbon droplets from the surrounding solvent is sufficient to explain observed selectivities.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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