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  • Other Sources  (1,178)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (671)
  • SOLAR PHYSICS  (258)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (249)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • Polymer and Materials Science
  • 1975-1979  (1,178)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1940-1944
  • 1910-1914
  • 1976  (1,178)
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  • 1975-1979  (1,178)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1940-1944
  • 1910-1914
Year
  • 1
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    Some basic considerations of measurements involving collimated direct sunlight (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: For abstract, see N77-26622.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 233-246
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  • 2
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    The solar spectrum at typical clear weather days (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The solar spectrum in the range of 300 is less than lambda is less than 1500nm is given for five typical clear weather days. These days are selected to represent typical seasonal conditions in respect to airmass water vapor, ozone, and turbidity. Present data are reviewed, and specific conditions are selected. The spectral distribution of the irradiance is given for the direct component, the scattered skylight, the total flux on a horizontal surface, and the flux on an inclined surface normal to the direct beam.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 17-58
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  • 3
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    Monitoring solar radiation: The ERDA program (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: An overview of the Energy Research and Development Administration planned insolation data network is described. The design of the network is predicated on an analysis and definition of user requirements. Research and analysis projects covering data collection, forecasting and extrapolation are presented.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Terrest. Photovoltaic Meas., 2; p 1-17
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  • 4
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    Earth observations and photography experiment MA-136 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The primary objectives of the earth observations and photography experiment of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project were to photograph various terrestrial structures and to use the capabilities of man as a trained observer in visually studying earth features and phenomena. Man's special capabilities include the sensitivity of the eye to subtle color variations and the speed with which the eye/brain system can interpret what is seen and select targets for photography. Real time astronaut observations constitute a useful complement to orbital photographs and greatly aid in their interpretation. Targets for mapping and hand held photography were selected on the basis of their value to specialists in the earth sciences including geology, oceanography, desert study, hydrology, meteorology, and environmental science.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 64 p
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  • 5
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    Artificial solar eclipse experiment MA-148 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: On July 19, 1975, the Apollo spacecraft successfully occulted the solar disk from the field of view of a camera mounted in the Soyuz spacecraft while performing a spacecraft separation maneuver to permit the outer solar corona to be viewable by the Soyuz camera. The camera operated automatically, and 55 frames were developed for scientific analysis.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 5 p
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  • 6
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    Stratospheric aerosol measurement experiment MA-007 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement Experiment was flown to demonstrate that direct solar occultation measurements by photometers and photographs can be used for defining stratospheric aerosol concentrations. Supporting ground truth data were provided by laser radar and balloon borne dustsonde. Initial results show a significant difference in aerosol concentrations between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 8 p
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  • 7
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    DSS 14 operating noise temperature during Helios 1 near-sun tracking (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: When spacecraft are tracked near the line-of-sight of the sun, the ground antenna sidelobes see the solar noise. The solar noise increases the ground system operating noise temperature and degrades the downlink RF reception performance. At specific antenna azimuthal angles relative to the sun, noise peaks and nulls occur periodically throughout a day's tracking pass due to the quadripod support leg-generated sidelobes. This article documents this effect while tracking Helios 1, illustrates the time of the peaks, and compares the predicted time of the noise temperature peaks with the measured data.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 68-76
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  • 8
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    The solar wind and its influence on the atmospheres of moon, Mercury and Venus (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The solar wind is expected to have an important influence on the atmospheres of the moon, Mercury and Venus and therefore a brief outline of solar wind theory is presented along with the predicted properties of the wind at the orbits of these planets. Since the atmospheres of the moon and possibly Mercury are formed primarily by solar wind accretion, we present the latest accretion models for these bodies. The expected role the solar wind plays on both the ionization and termination of the ionosphere of Venus is discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
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  • 9
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    A combined boundary-profile and automated data-reduction and analysis system (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A portable boundary-layer meteorological data-acquisition and analysis system is described which employs a small tethered balloon and a programmable calculator. The system is capable of measuring pressure, wet- and dry-bulb temperature, wind speed, and temperature fluctuations as a function of height and time. Other quantities, which can be calculated in terms of these, can also be made available in real time. All quantities, measured and calculated, can be printed, plotted, and stored on magnetic tape in the field during the data-acquisition phase of an experiment.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology; 10; Aug. 197
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  • 10
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    Reconstructing color images of astronomical objects using black and white spectroscopic emulsions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A color photograph of the peculiar elliptical galaxy NGC 5128 (Centaurus A) has been reconstructed from three Kodak 103a emulsion type photographs by projecting positives of the three B&W plates through appropriate filters onto a conventional color film. The resulting photograph shows color balance and latitude characteristics superior to color photographs of similar astronomical objects made with commercially available conventional color film. Similar results have been obtained for color reconstructed photographs of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. These and other results suggest that these projection-reconstruction techniques can be used to obtain high-quality color photographs of astronomical objects which overcome many of the problems associated with the use of conventional color film for the long exposures required in astronomy.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Photographic Engineering; 2; Spring 1
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  • 11
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    The solar brightness temperature at millimeter wavelengths (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of the brightness temperature of the sun near 36 GHz and 93 GHz were made using the new moon as a calibration source. Provided the brightness temperature of the moon is known and all measurements are reduced to the same zenith angle, a simple expression can be used for the sun-to-new moon ratio which is independent of antenna gain, atmospheric absorption and reemission, and radiometer calibration constants. This ratio was measured near 36 GHz and at two frequencies near 93 GHz with a Dicke switched superheterodyne radiometer system and a 2.4 m Cassegrain antenna. The slopes of the solar brightness temperature spectrum based on these ratios were measured. The absolute solar brightness spectrum derived from all current available measurements supplemented by the present ones is also plotted and discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 48; May 1976
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  • 12
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    Earth-atmosphere system and surface reflectivities in arid regions from Landsat MSS data (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Previously developed programs for computing atmospheric transmission and scattering of the solar radiation are used to compute the ratios of the earth-atmosphere system (space) directional reflectivities in the nadir direction to the surface Lambertian reflectivity, for the four bands of the Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS). These ratios are presented as graphs for two water vapor levels, as a function of the surface reflectivity, for various sun elevation angles. Space directional reflectivities in the vertical direction are reported for selected arid regions in Asia, Africa, and Central America from the spectral radiance levels measured by the Landsat MSS. From these space reflectivities, surface reflectivities are computed applying the pertinent graphs. These surface reflectivities are used to estimate the surface albedo for the entire solar spectrum. The estimated albedos are in the range 0.34-0.52, higher than the values reported by most previous researchers from space measurements, but are consistent with laboratory and in situ measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 5; 4, 19; 1976
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  • 13
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    The impact of earth resources exploration from space (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote sensing of the earth from satellite systems such as Landsat, Nimbus, and Skylab has demonstrated the potential influence of such observations on a number of major human concerns. These concerns include the management of food, water and fiber resources, the exploration and management of mineral and energy resources, the protection of the environment, the protection of life and property, and improvements in shipping and navigation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 14
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    Evidence for the regulation of solar wind heat flux at 1 AU (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observational evidence favoring the local regulation of solar-wind heat flux at 1 AU is reviewed, and four months of IMP 6 plasma and magnetic-field data are merged and analyzed in order to investigate what might be regulating the heat flux. A statistical analysis of the data shows that the solar-wind Alfven speed is probably regulating the heat flux locally at 1 AU and that the Alfven speed, the velocity difference between the peak of low-energy electrons and the bulk plasma velocity, and the solar-wind velocity component projected along the local spiral angle are statistically well correlated for Alfven speeds not exceeding about 70 km/s. A time-series analysis of the data indicates that only the Alfven speed and the velocity difference between the peak of low-energy electrons and the bulk plasma velocity are well correlated both qualitatively and quantitatively on a microscopic time scale. It is strongly suggested that, at times, the solar-wind heat flux is locally regulated by the magnitude of the Alfven speed at 1 AU. Uncertainties in the results are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Oct. 1
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  • 15
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    High-speed solar wind flow parameters at 1 AU (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Nineteen high-speed solar-wind streams observed at 1 AU between March 1971 and July 1974 are studied to develop a more realistic set of constraints for theories on such streams. The streams were chosen because their speeds exceeded 650 km/s for at least several consecutive three-hour periods and because their properties met certain other criteria. A comparison of average stream parameters with predictions of existing steady-state models shows that no single model is adequate to explain the observations. In particular, it is found that no existing model consistent with reasonable coronal conditions predicts the particle fluxes, the convected proton bulk-flow-energy fluxes, and the convected proton enthalpy fluxes observed at 1 AU when the flow speed exceeds 650 km/s.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Oct. 1
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  • 16
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    Forbidden transition probabilities for ground terms of ions with p or p5 configurations (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Forbidden transition probabilities are given for ground term transitions of ions in the isoelectronic sequences with outer configurations 2s2 2p (B I), 2p5 (F I), 3s2 3p (Al I), and 3p5 (Cl I). Tables give, for each ion, the ground term interval, the associated wavelength, the quadrupole radial integral, the electric quadrupole transition probability, and the magnetic dipole transition probability. Coronal lines due to some of these ions have been observed, while others are yet to be observed. The tales for the Al I and Cl I sequences include elements up to germanium.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 46; Jan. 197
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  • 17
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    Thermographic mosaic of Yellowstone National Park (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An uncontrolled aerial thermographic mosaic of Yellowstone National Park was assembled from the videotape record of 13 individual thermographs obtained with linescan radiometers. Post mission processing of the videotape record rectified the nadir line to a topographic map base, corrected for v/h variations in adjacent flight lanes, corrected for yaw and pitch distortions, and distortions produced by nonlinearity of the side-wise scan. One of the purposes of the thermographic study was to delineate the areas of thermal emission (hot springs, geysers, etc.) throughout the Park, a study which could have great value in reconnaissance surveys of geothermal areas in remote regions or regions of high relief.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 42; Oct. 197
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  • 18
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    Satellite measurement of mass of Sahara dust in the atmosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Landsat 1 measurements of nadir radiance are used to obtain the mass of particulates in a vertical column of dust from the Sahara Desert. A radiative transfer model, constructed with knowledge of a few values of optical parameters measured from a ship, is developed to account for the measured radiance values. Measurement and model accuracies are discussed. It is found that the mass of particulates with smaller than a 10 micron radius in a vertical column is 1.6 g/sq m.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Oct. 197
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  • 19
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    Testing of a photoelectric photometer. 2: Observational testing (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The versatility is demonstrated of the 41 cm. Tortugas reflector's photoelectric system through observations of V566 Oph and R CrB with four associated AAVSO comparison stars. These observations were made between May and October, 1974.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Contrib. of the Observatory of N. Mex. State Univ., Vol. 1, No. 4; p 154-158
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  • 20
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    Flooding of Monroe County, Michigan - A comparison of three remote sensor data sets (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: During the spring of 1973, three techniques were used to obtain remotely sensed data pertaining to the flooded shoreline of Monroe County, Michigan. Although digitized data from the Earth Resources Technology Satellite were available on magnetic tapes, analysis was based on interpretation methods normally used for aerial photography, since the black and white IR photography and side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) data were available only as images. Using IR photography as the standard, it was found that ERTS-1 Band 7 imagery had a 93% accuracy in detecting areas in the combined category of open water and flooded fields. X(HH) data from SLAR detected that built-up and wet areas were built-up (89 to 100% accuracy), but not that they were wet. It is suggested that these two sensors used in concert from orbital heights could provide information useful to relief organizations in flooded areas. It is considered likely that SLAR data will improve as higher resolution becomes available.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Michigan Academician; 8; Spring 1
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  • 21
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    Large-area multi-crystal NaI/Tl/ detectors for X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An array of large multicrystal NaI(Tl) detectors was constructed and used in a balloon-borne experiment to observe weak transient bursts of cosmic origin. The array had an active area of about 1 sq m and was sensitive to photons above 50 keV. Localized bursts which were observed are attributed to long-lived phosphorescence following large energy deposits by cosmic rays in the crystals.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods; 140; 1976
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  • 22
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    Hectometric and kilometric solar radio emission observed from satellites in August 1972 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Type II, type III, and continuum solar radio events, as well as intense terrestrial magnetospheric radio emissions, were observed at low frequencies (10 MHz to 30 kHz) by the IMP-6 satellite during the period of high solar activity in August 1972. This review covers briefly the unique direction-finding capability of the experiment, a detailed chronology of the low-frequency radio events, and, where possible, their association with both ground-based radio observations and solar flares. The attempted observation of solar bursts in the presence of intense magnetospheric noise may, as illustrated, lead to erroneous results in the absence of directional information. The problem of assigning an electron-density scale and its influence on determining burst trajectories is reviewed. However, for the disturbed conditions existing during the period in question, it is felt that such trajectories cannot be determined accurately by this method. The capabilities, limitations, and observing programs of present and future satellite experiments are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 19; Oct
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  • 23
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    Diamagnetic boundary layers - A kinetic theory (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A kinetic theory is presented for boundary layers associated with MHD tangential 'discontinuities' in a collisionless magnetized plasma, such as those observed in the solar wind. The theory consists of finding self-consistent solutions of Vlasov's equation and Maxwell's equation for stationary one-dimensional boundary layers separating two Maxwellian plasma states. Layers in which the current is carried by electrons are found to have a thickness of the order of a few electron gyroradii, but the drift speed of the current-carrying electrons is found to exceed the Alfven speed, and accordingly such layers are not stable. Several types of layers in which the current is carried by protons are discussed; in particular, cases are considered in which the magnetic-field intensity, direction, or both, changed across the layer. In every case, the thickness was of the order of a few proton gyroradii, and the field changed smoothly, although the characteristics depended somewhat on the boundary conditions. The drift speed was always less than the Alfven speed, consistent with stability of such structures. These results are consistent with observations of boundary layers in the solar wind near 1 AU.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 45; Dec. 197
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  • 24
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    The solar physics Shuttle/Spacelab program and its relationship to studies of the flare build-up (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The main phase of solar physics (including flare-buildup) research on Shuttle/Spacelab during the 1980s centers around the use of facility instruments for multiple-user, multiple flight operations. Three main facilities are being considered: a meter-class optical telescope for visible and near-UV wavelengths, an EUV/XUV/soft X-ray facility, and a hard X-ray imaging facility (including a full-sun 5-600 keV spectrometer, a nuclear gamma ray spectrometer, and an X-ray polarimeter for the 5-100 keV range). Smaller instruments designed for specific observations and other classes of instruments such as solar monitors that are not on the facility level are also being considered.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
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  • 25
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    CCD correlation techniques (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two CCD techniques were discussed for performing an N-point sampled data correlation between an input signal and an electronically programmable reference function. The design and experimental performance of an implementation of the direct time correlator utilizing two analog CCDs and MOS multipliers on a single IC were evaluated. The performance of a CCD implementation of the chirp z transform was described, and the design of a new CCD integrated circuit for performing correlation by multiplication in the frequency domain was presented. This chip provides a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) or inverse DFT, multipliers, and complete support circuitry for the CCD CZT. The two correlation techniques are compared.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; 6 p
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  • 26
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    RECON 6: A real-time, wide-angle, solid-state reconnaissance camera system for high-speed, low-altitude aircraft (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The maturity of self-scanned, solid-state, multielement photosensors makes the realization of "real time" reconnaissance photography viable and practical. A system built around these sensors which can be constructed to satisfy the requirements of the tactical reconnaissance scenario is described. The concept chosen is the push broom strip camera system -- RECON 6 -- which represents the least complex and most economical approach for an electronic camera capable of providing a high level of performance over a 140 deg wide, continuous swath at altitudes from 200 to 3,000 feet and at minimum loss in resolution at higher altitudes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; p 129-134
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  • 27
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    High data rate performance of a BCCD for rapid scan imaging (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A commercially available 1728 element shallow bulk channel CCD line array was clocked at output data rates up to 30 MHz. Temporal noise was near 200 electrons and was largely independent of clock rate. Charge transfer efficiency was in excess of 0.9999 at 30 MHz. Utilization is feasible for visual simulation and aerial mapping.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; p 72-82
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  • 28
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    Development of large area CCD imagers (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: High performance CCD imagers with 800 x 50 resolution elements were fabricated using a coplanar, double polysilicon, electrode system. The imager was developed as a prototype to demonstrate the feasibility of an 800 x 800 array for application to deep space photography where data rates of 10K to the 2nd power and operating temperatures of -40 C are required. The performance is discussed and comparisons made to the existing 400 x 400 imager.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; 3 p
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  • 29
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    The 1976 Helios and Pioneer solar conjunctions-continuing corroboration of the link between Doppler noise and integrated signal path electron density (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observed Doppler noise (rms phase jitter) from the 1976 solar conjunctions of the Helios 1 and 2 and the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft was processed with a recently developed Doppler noise model ISEDB. Good agreement is obtained between the observed data and the model. Correlation is shown between deviations from the ISEDB model and sunspot activity, but it is insufficient to be modeled. Correlation is also shown between ISEDB model deviations for (spacecraft) signal paths on the same side of the sun.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 121-137
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  • 30
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    Improved acoustic viscosimeter technique (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An improved technique has been developed for studies of the shear viscosity of fluids. It utilizes an acoustic resonator as a four-terminal electrical device; the resonator's amplitude response may be determined directly and simply related to the fluid's viscosity. The use of this technique is discussed briefly and data obtained in several fluids is presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Acoustical Society of America; vol. 60
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  • 31
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    Interplanetary disturbances caused by the August 1972 solar flares as observed by Pioneer 9 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Pioneer 9 plasma and field observations at 0.78 AU were used as the basis of the analysis of the dynamic behavior of the interplanetary medium during early August, 1972. The following investigations were carried out: (1) energy and mass estimates for the solar flares of Aug. 2, 4, and 7; (2) shock wave characteristics; and (3) a numerical simulation of the first two flare-generated disturbances on Aug. 2, 4, and 7.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Sept. 1
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  • 32
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    Structure of the extended solar magnetic field and the sunspot cycle variation in cosmic ray intensity (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is proposed that a relation exists between the extent of interplanetary-magnetic-field sectors and observed variations in cosmic-ray intensity at earth. Changes that take place in the sector magnetic fields and solar polar fields during a sunspot cycle are described. It is argued that a geometrical effect arising from changes in sector-field and polar-field extent during sunspot cycles may be the principal cause of the 11-yr modulation of cosmic-ray intensity observed at earth. The fraction of the heliosphere occupied by sector fields is estimated as a function of time through an average sunspot cycle, the solid angle of the heliosphere occupied by the extended solar polar fields is plotted through the same cycle, and monthly averages of observed absolute intensities of primary cosmic rays with a rigidity greater than 0.5 GV are compared with the plot of polar-field extent. It is found that the average sunspot-cycle variation of the solid angle of the extended polar fields is rather similar to the observed variation in the flux of the cosmic rays considered.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 262; Aug. 26
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    Don't waste waterweeds (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experiments carried out at the NASA National Space Technology Laboratories indicate that water hyacinths can absorb organic chemicals, heavy metals, nutrients, and other materials from waste water while producing large quantities of biomass, which can be used to produce a gas containing 60-80% methane. When grown in sewage free of toxic materials, the biomass can be used as a potential source of fertilizer or animal feed supplements. The use of hot water from nuclear power plants to grow water hyacinths during the winter months is particularly attractive, since the hyacinths could act as an added safety filtration system for the removal of radioactive elements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: New Scientist; 71; Aug. 12
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    Paragenesis and petrogenesis of a corundum-bearing marble at Hunza /Kashmir/ (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Mineralium Deposita; 11; 1976
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    Coronal temperatures and temperature gradients from OSO-7 spectroheliograms (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Temperatures and temperature gradients for the outer corona are obtained from brightness gradients of EUV lines that were measured with the spectroheliograph on OSO-7. Brightness gradients show considerable deviations from isothermal model calculations that include collisional excitation and photoexcitation. A negative temperature gradient that gives both positive and negative ion-abundance gradients appears to be able to account for the discrepancy. For the 284-A of Fe XV, perhaps the strongest line from the outer corona, measurements during 1972 appear to be consistent with a temperature near 2.3 million K near the equator at about 1.3 solar radii from the solar center and with temperature-gradient values near -0.7 that extend from as low as 1.2 to about 1.8 solar radii. Temperatures from strong lines of Fe XIV and Fe XVI indicate that variations of about 200,000 K exist along lines of sight where emission is appreciable. There appears to be some agreement between these results and temperature measurements from ion abundances in the solar wind and the Doppler width of the 5303-A line.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 47; Apr. 197
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    Imaging radar applications to mapping and charting (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper outlines the major actual and potential radar mapping applications, gives an account of the present state of satellite radar imaging, and reviews the radargrammetric work achieved since 1972. Attention is focused on the mapping methods and accuracy regarding single-image radar mapping, stereo radargrammetry, and mapping from blocks of overlapping imagery. It is recommended that more radargrammetric expertise be applied in radar mapping projects so that full advantage may be taken of the metric information potential of imaging radar.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Limb-brightening observations from the OSO-7 satellite. II - Comparison of Abel-inverted intensities of Fe XIV and Fe XIII EUV emission lines with predictions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Intensities of Fe XIV and Fe XIII EUV emission lines obtained at coronal locations beyond the limb by the Goddard spectroheliograph on the OSO 7 satellite have been corrected for the wavelength dependence of the instrument's sensitivity and have been Abel-inverted to provide a valid comparison with theoretical predictions for each ion. Details of the Abel-inversion procedure are given, including explicit formulas for application of Bracewell's (1956) method. The intensity ratios of pairs of lines originating from a common level are compared with expected theoretical transition probability ratios over a range of heliocentric distance; deviations in some cases yield information about adjacent unclassified lines. Comparison of the observations with predictions for Fe XIV and Fe XIII shows generally good agreement, with a few interesting discrepancies that may imply a corresponding need for more accurate collisional excitation cross sections. The same comparison yields the variation of electron density with heliocentric radius for each ion separately; the two density functions are found to agree within a factor of three.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 53; 2, De; Dec. 197
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    Precision processing of earth image data (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Precise corrections of Landsat data are useful for generating land-use maps, detecting various crops and determining their acreage, and detecting changes. The paper discusses computer processing and visualization techniques for Landsat data so that users can get more information from the imagery. The elementary unit of data in each band of each scene is the integrated value of intensity of reflected light detected in the field of view by each sensor. To develop the basic mathematical approach for precision correction of the data, differences between positions of ground control points on the reference map and the observed control points in the scene are used to evaluate the coefficients of cubic time functions of roll, pitch, and yaw, and a linear time function of altitude deviation from normal height above local earth's surface. The resultant equation, termed a mapping function, corrects the warped data image into one that approximates the reference map. Applications are discussed relative to shade prints, extraction of road features, and atlas of cities.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Scientist; 64; Sept
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  • 39
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    Photographic image intensification by autoradiography (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Images on developed photographic emulsions can be significantly intensified by making the image silver radioactive and exposing a second emulsion to this radiation. Because the print, an autoradiograph, reproduces the original with significant increases in density and contrast, the method can be used to enhance underexposed emulsions and to increase the limits of photographic detection. This paper reports a new, practical chemical method for activating the silver, using thiourea labeled with sulfur-35, a process convenient for use in photographic laboratories. Speed increases of 13 and contrast increases of 18 were achieved with Kodak Plus-X film in this initial phase.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Nov. 197
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  • 40
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    On the theory of the type III burst exciter (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In situ satellite observations of type III burst exciters at 1 AU show that the beam does not evolve into a plateau in velocity space, contrary to the prediction of quasilinear theory. The observations can be explained by a theory that includes mode coupling effects due to excitation of the parametric oscillating two-stream instability and its saturation by anomalous resistivity. The time evolution of the beam velocity distribution is included in the analysis.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 46; Feb. 197
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    Directivity of low frequency solar type III radio bursts (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The occurrence rate of type III solar bursts in the frequency range 4.9 MHz to 30 kHz is analyzed as a function of burst intensity and burst arrival direction. We find that (1) the occurrence rate of bursts varies inversely with the 1.5 power of the flux, and (2) the distribution of burst arrival directions at each frequency shows a significantly larger number of bursts observed west of the earth-sun line than east of it. This western excess in occurrence rate appears to be correlated with the direction of the average interplanetary magnetic field, and is interpreted as beaming of the observed burst radiation along the magnetic field direction.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Solar Physics; 46; Feb. 197
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    Charge coupled device integration-time coding for detection of images moving with unknown velocities (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Existing techniques for the detection of a moving low light level image by a CCD array have required velocity synchronism between the image and the photogenerated charges. This was necessary to prevent blurring during the long duration of charge integration. A new detection scheme is described which causes the image to be convolved with a clock modulation signal as the photocharges are collected. The charge accumulating from each image point will now be spread over many photoelements due to the absence of velocity synchronism, but the output is not blurred in the usual sense. Instead the charge is distributed through the array in a controlled way so that the image can be reconstructed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; p 139-144
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    Recent progress in photoelectron image detection with CCDs (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Intensified CCDs (ICCDs) were built and operated. These ICCDs were electrostatically and magnetically-focussed image tubes which use CCDs as anodes. The ICCDs detected single photoelectrons, and have electron gain very near that which was predicted. The first single-pixel pulse-height distributions were presented, and the leakage current was shown to increase as a function of photoelectron irradiation. The advantages and disadvantages of front- and rear-illuminated designs were discussed in light of differing applications requirements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; p 101-105
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  • 44
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    Low-noise video amplifiers for imaging CCD's (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Various techniques were developed which enable the CCD (charge coupled device) imaging array user to obtain optimum performance from the device. A CCD video channel was described, and detector-preamplifier interface requirements were examined. A noise model for the system was discussed at length and laboratory data presented and compared to predicted results.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Conf. on Charge-Coupled Device Technol. and Appls.; p 83-88
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  • 45
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    Si/Li/ X-ray astronomical spectroscopy (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The principles of operation of solid state nondispersive spectrometers are reviewed. Si(Li) is shown to be the preferred nondispersive X-ray spectrometer because of its inherent resolution advantages and its adaptability to the constraints and philosophy of the HEAO-B observatory. A schematic diagram is presented of the geometry of the HEAO-B solid state detector assembly as a block diagram of the primary logic mode of the HEAO-B X-ray spectrometer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 46
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    The quiet sun chromospheric network observed from Skylab (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper analyzes spectra of a supergranulation cell interior and cell boundary obtained near the solar center at wavelengths between 1200 and 1560 A with a normal-incidence spectrograph aboard Skylab. Absolute intensities, relative intensities, and profiles are given for selected optically thin and optically thick lines over the cell interior, the boundary, and intermediate positions; the results are compared with spectra obtained at the limb. Characteristic lengths along the line of sight are derived for the Si III emitting region, and these are compared with the predictions of Gabriel's (1975) model. It is concluded that the present data are representative of a fairly typical cell interior and boundary, that nonthermal motions are isotropic and the same for the interior and boundary, and that the electron-density ratio between the interior and the boundary is about a factor of two or less.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 209; Oct. 1
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  • 47
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    Compensating for environmental variability in the thermal inertia approach to remote sensing of soil moisture (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A procedure is developed for removing data scatter in the thermal-inertia approach to remote sensing of soil moisture which arises from environmental variability in time and space. It entails the utilization of nearby National Weather Service air temperature measurements to normalize measured diurnal surface temperature variations to what they would have been for a day of standard diurnal air temperature variation, arbitrarily assigned to be 18 C. Tests of the procedure's basic premise on a bare loam soil and a crop of alfalfa indicate it to be conceptually sound. It is possible that the technique could also be useful in other thermal-inertia applications, such as lithographic mapping.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 15; Aug. 197
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  • 48
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    Development of a water vapor radiometer to correct for tropospheric range delay in DSN applications (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The rationale for a Water Vapor Radiometer (WVR) as an aid in predicting tropospheric delay correction is presented. Included is a block diagram and a description of the present developmental WVR with the semiautomated operating sequence outlined. A brief summary of field tests at El Monte airport and Pt. Mugu is given.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 77-84
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    Doppler wavelength shifts of transition zone lines measured in Skylab solar spectra (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Wavelengths of lines of the transition-zone ions Si IV, C IV, O IV, N V, and O V are observed to be redshifted relative to the wavelengths of chromospheric lines in XUV spectra obtained from the normal-incidence spectrograph on Skylab. The spectra cover the wavelength range from 1200 to 1565 A and were obtained with the slit positioned over chromospheric network and cell regions, on coronal holes, and above the limb. The network-area and coronal-hole spectra were obtained near the disk center. Only some of the spectra show redshifted transition-zone lines. The observed shifts are between 0.03 and 0.08 A, implying velocities of 15 km/s or less. The amount of wavelength shift does not always appear to be the same for lines of different ions. The shifts imply that descending plasma in the solar atmosphere produces more emission than ascending plasma at temperatures between approximately 70,000 and 200,000 K.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 205; May 1
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    Remote sensing of the surface emissivity at 9 microns over the globe (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The infrared spectral measurements made by the Nimbus 4 infrared interferometer spectrometer (Iris) for a period of about 10 months are used to study the surface emissivity properties over the globe. It is found that the surface emissivity at 9 microns, as measured by Iris with a circular field of view of about 100-km diameter, is significantly less than unity over arid and semiarid areas. The spectral features in the 8-12-micron window observed over these lands reveal emissivity characteristics essentially due to quartz (SiO2). It is found that these emissivity features are significantly weakened by the presence of clay, clay horizons, or pedogenic horizons in the soil. Low emissivity is observed over sandy or sandy loam areas (psamments) with no clay or pedogenic horizons.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; July 20
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  • 51
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    The emission-line spectrum above the limb of the quiet sun - 1175-1940 A (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spectra of a quiet solar region obtained at positions within and above the solar white-light limb in the wavelength region from 1175 to 1940 A are discussed. The spectra were obtained by the slit spectrograph (SO82-B) on Skylab. The spectral resolution is 0.06 A, and the projected slit area on the sun was 2 x 60 arcsec (1450 x 43500 km). Relative line intensities are presented for lines formed in the temperature region of the solar atmosphere from about 8000 to 220,000 K. Representative line profiles of both optically thin and optically thick lines are shown as a function of height above the limb. Random mass-motion velocities are deduced from the optically thin lines, and the relative intensities and profiles of the lines are discussed in terms of current theoretical models. A wavelength list with identifications is given for the spectrum obtained at +4 arcsec above the white-light limb.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; 31; July 197
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    The use of remote sensing imagery for environmental land use and flood hazard mapping (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Flood hazard maps have been constructed for Graham, Yuma, and Yavapai Counties in Arizona using remote sensing techniques. Watershed maps of priority areas were selected on the basis of their interest to the county planning staff and represented areas of imminent or ongoing development and those known to be subject to inundation by storm runoff. Landsat color infrared imagery at scales of 1:1,000,000, 1:500,000, and 1:250,000 was used together with high-altitude aerial photography at scales of 1:120,000 and 1:60,000 to determine drainage patterns and erosional features, soil type, and the extent and type of ground cover. The satellite imagery was used in the form of 70 mm chips for enhancement in a color additive viewer and in all available enlargement modes. Field checking served as the main backup to the interpretations. Areas with high susceptibility to flooding were determined with a high level of confidence from the remotely sensed imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Environmental Sciences; 19; May-June
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    Mechanical testing - In situ fracture device for Auger electron spectroscopy (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An in situ fracture device for Auger spectroscopy is described. The device is designed to handle small tensile specimens or small double-cantilever beam specimens and is fully instrumented with load and displacement transducers so that quantitative stress-strain measurements can be made directly. Some initial test results for specimens made from 4130 and 1020 steel are presented. Results indicate that impurity segregation at interfaces other than grain boundary may play a significant role in the mechanism of ductile fracture.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 47; Apr. 197
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    Applications of space technology to developing nations (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of imagery from the Landsat spacecraft for the monitoring and management of natural resources in developing countries is discussed. The Landsat imagery can be used to make cartographic maps at scales of 1:250,000 which meet the US National Map Accuracy Standards, providing a means of map updating to correct for river meanders or changing shorelines. The Landsat data can also be used in defining and measuring agricultural areas, identifying pest breeding areas, and monitoring irrigation practices and crop performance. Total volume estimates can be obtained in many cases for surface bodies of water, and subsurface water supplies can be detected from changes in vegetation in some instances.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: COSPAR Information Bulletin; 75, A; Apr. 197
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    Remote profiling of lake ice using an S-band short-pulse radar aboard an all-terrain vehicle (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A short-pulse (one nanosecond) S-band radar system was developed to supplement the information obtained with the aid of the SLAR system of the Great Lakes ice information system. It is the objective of the ice information system to aid in extending the winter navigation season. The SLAR imagery cannot be interpreted directly to obtain information concerning the thickness of the ice. This information is to be provided by a remote ice measuring system utilizing nanosecond radar pulses. A description is given of investigations in which such a system was installed on a C-47 aircraft. In other studies reported an S-band short-pulse radar was mounted on an all-terrain vehicle.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radio Science; 11; Apr. 197
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    Solar irradiance - Total and spectral and its possible variations (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present status of our knowledge of the total and spectral irradiance of the sun is briefly reviewed. The currently accepted NASA/ASTM standard values of the solar constant and the extraterrestrial solar spectral irradiance are presented. The uncertainties in these values are relatively high. Data on the variability of the solar constant are conflicting and inconclusive. The variability of solar spectral irradiance is almost totally unknown and unexplored. Some alleged sun-weather relationships are cited in support of the need to know more precisely the variations in total and spectral solar irradiance. An overview of the solar monitoring program of NASA is presented, with special emphasis on the Solar Energy Monitor in Space (SEMIS) experiment which has been proposed for several spacecraft missions. The monitor is a combination of a solar-constant detector and a prism monochromator.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Apr. 197
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    Sensitivity of an astronomical infrared heterodyne spectrometer (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The factors determining the sensitivity of a real astronomical heterodyne spectrometer are described. The deviation from the ideal heterodyne system for line detection is described in terms of a series of degradation factors. A discussion of degradation due to a low local oscillator power and to line profile detection is presented. Representative values for the degradation factors are given. Even with a total degradation of not less than 30, the heterodyne spectrometer is still found to be a highly sensitive tool in IR astronomy.
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    Beaufort Sea ice zones as delineated by microwave imagery (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Microwave and infrared data were obtained from a research aircraft over the Beaufort Sea ice from the shoreline of Harrison Bay northward to a latitude of almost 81 deg N. The data acquired were compared with microwave data obtained on the surface at an approximate position of 75 deg N, 150 deg W. Over this north-south transect of the polar ice canopy it was discovered that the sea ice could be divided into five distinct zones. The shorefast sea ice was found to consist uniformly of first-year sea ice. The second zone was found to be a mixture of first-year sea ice, medium size multiyear floes, and many recently refrozen leads, polynyas, and open water; considerable shearing activity was evident in this zone. The third zone was a mixture of first-year and multiyear sea ice which had a uniform microwave signature. The fourth zone was found to be a mixture of first-year sea ice and medium-to-large size multiyear floes which was similar in composition to the second zone. The fifth zone was almost exclusively multiyear ice extending to the North Pole.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Feb. 20
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    Infrared upconversion for astronomical applications (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The performance of an upconversion system is examined for observation of astronomical sources in the low to middle IR spectral range. Theoretical values for the performance parameters of an upconversion system for astronomical observations are evaluated in terms of the conversion efficiencies, spectral resolution, field of view minimum detectable source brightness, and source flux. Experimental results of blackbody measurements and molecular absorption-spectrum measurements using a lithium niobate upconverter with an argon-ion laser as the pump are presented. Estimates are given of the expected optimum sensitivity of an upconversion device that may be built with presently available components.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Apr. 197
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    Upconversion spectrometry for astrophysical applications (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Black body measurements and absorption spectra of methane near 3.3 microns are presented and used as examples in a discussion of upconversion spectrometry for astrophysical application. Factors determining the system conversion efficiency and the minimum detectable flux for a typical system are presented. The spectrometer described uses an Argon-ion laser and a temperature turned LiNbO3 crystal in a CW mode. Satisfactory agreement between measured and calculated performance parameters is obtained. An estimate of the highest performance parameters attainable using current technology is given.
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    Solar gamma-ray lines as probes of accelerated particle directionalities in flares (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Anisotropies of charged particles accelerated in solar flares can be studied by observing Doppler shifts of selected gamma-ray lines. The spectral shape of the 6.1-MeV line of O-16 is calculated. If the accelerated particles are isotropic, the line remains centered at an emitting-nucleus rest-frame energy of 6129.4 keV, and its width (FWHM) is about 100 keV. However, for particle anisotropies that may be produced in solar flares, the line is shifted to lower energies by about 30 to 40 keV.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 203; Feb. 1
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    Ground location of satellite scanner data (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper presents simple and accurate mathematical formulation for determining the ground location of remote sensor data. The techniques used are based on elementary concepts of differential geometry and lead to the development of a relation that gives location as a function of surface ellipticity, satellite position, velocity, attitude, and scanner orientation. The formula lends itself to simply computer coding and will hopefully lead to a standardization of the various techniques which have been developed to solve this problem.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 42; Apr. 197
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    The emission-line spectrum above the limb of a solar coronal hole - 1175-1940 A (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Emission-line spectra of a coronal hole that coincided with the north pole of the sun are discussed which were obtained with a slit spectrograph aboard Skylab at positions within and above the solar white-light limb in the wavelength range from 1175 to 1940 A. Relative line intensities, line profiles, and full widths at half-maximum are presented for selected chromospheric and transition-zone lines observed above the present polar coronal hole. Average mass motions in the transition zone are determined as a function of electron temperature from the widths of the optically thin lines by assuming ionization equilibrium. The line intensities and profiles are compared with corresponding results deduced from spectra obtained above a quiet solar region. The coronal-hole spectra are found to imply an angular dependence for the source function as well as a radial dependence such that the source function is the smallest at the south pole and increases with decreasing solar latitude.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; 31; July 197
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  • 64
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    Effect of velocity gradients on measurements of turbulent shear stress (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of normal velocity gradients on hot wire measurements in a subsonic boundary layer of the same size as the flow investigated by Johnson and Rose (1975). Both hot wire and film anemometers were used to measure the turbulent properties of the boundary layer. A special X-wire probe with one wire vertical and the other at an angle of about 40 deg to the flow was used to demonstrate the gradient effects. The results indicate that major errors are encountered when mean and turbulent velocity gradients exist along the length of hot wire sensors, the problem being more pronounced at high speeds. Although the split film sensor results show a significant improvement over the X-wire sensor, further reduction in the space resolution of sensors by roughly an order of magnitude would appear to be necessary to reduce the error to acceptable values near the wall.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal; 14; Mar. 197
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  • 65
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    Electron parameter correlations in high-speed streams and heat flux instabilities (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Statistical electron parameter correlations associated with high-speed streams are determined with the aim of identifying one or more locally active solar wind heat flux instabilities. Evidence that points toward local regulation of the heat flux at 1 AU is presented, and the results of a search for special signatures expected from the action of the Alfven, magnetosonic, and whistler flux instabilities are discussed. It is shown that under certain conditions, the whistler mode can be active in regulating the heat flux at 1 AU.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; May 1
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  • 66
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    Experimental design of laminar proportional amplifiers (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-19
    Description: An experimental program was initiated at Langley Research Center to study the effects of various parameters on the design of laminar proportional beam deflection amplifiers. Matching and staging of amplifiers to obtain high-pressure gain was also studied. Variable parameters were aspect ratio, setback, control length, receiver distance, receiver width, width of center vent, and bias pressure levels. Usable pressure gains from 4 to 19 per stage can now be achieved, and five amplifiers were staged together to yield pressure gains up to 2,000,000.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AGARD Fluidics Technol.; p 209-227
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  • 67
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    Magnetometers using RF-driven squids and their applications in rock magnetism and paleomagnetism (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 14; Nov. 197
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  • 68
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    Geothermal flux through palagonitized tephra, Surtsey, Iceland - The Surtsey temperature-data-relay experiment via Landsat-1 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The net geothermal flux through palagonitized basaltic tephra rims of the Surtur I and Surtur II craters at Surtsey, Iceland, in 1972, is estimated at 780 plus or minus 325 microcal/sq cm/s, indicating a decline since 1969 when a flux of 1500 microcal/sq cm/s was estimated. Heat flux in this range characterizes the postvolcanic environment on Surtsey in which the subaerial polagonitization of basaltic tephra is associated with mass transfer of hydrothermal vapor, either of meteoric or sea-water origin, only a few years after cessation of eruptive activity. The flux estimation is the result of the Surtsey data-relay experiment via Landsat-1 which was carried out in several phases. Temperature data were transmitted for a 38-day period in November and December 1972. A near-surface vertical gradient of 69.4 C/m was obtained, suggesting a mixed mechanism of heat transfer, partitioned between conduction and convection.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: U.S. Geological Survey; vol. 4
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  • 69
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    Solar wind speed variations - 1962-1974 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Oct. 1
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  • 70
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    Heating of the solar chromosphere and corona. I - Generalized inhomogeneous wave equation for magnetoacoustic motions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The generalized inhomogeneous wave equation that governs magnetoacoustic, vortical, and thermal motions in compressible fluids and that is applicable to the problem of heating of the solar chromosphere and corona is obtained. The effects of kinematic and bulk viscosity, heat conduction, Joule dissipation, and magnetic diffusivity are included. Under the usual assumptions, the generalized wave equation reduces to the well-known equations of Lighthill, Kulsrud, Phillips, and others. The major problems encountered in applying Lighthill's (1952) mechanism to sound generation in turbulent media are reviewed for both the subsonic and supersonic cases.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 43; Aug. 197
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  • 71
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    Diffraction effects on angular response of X-ray collimators (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Angular responses have been measured for X-ray collimators with half-widths ranging from minutes of arc down to 10 arcsec. In the seconds-of-arc range, diffraction peaks at off-axis angles can masquerade as side lobes of the collimator angular response. Measurements and qualitative physical arguments lead to a rule of thumb for collimator design; namely, the angle of first minimum in the Fraunhofer single-slit diffraction pattern should be less than one-fourth of the collimator geometrical full-width at half-maximum intensity.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 47; Aug. 197
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  • 72
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    Photometric calibration of planetary photographs (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The basic data and approach for calibrating photographic plates obtained with the 61 cm telescope at the Tortugas Mountain Station of New Mexico State University are summarized. Since this is the fundamental calibration of planetary data it is of use to all in-house users as well as other individuals who use the data.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Contrib. of the Observatory of N. Mex. State Univ., Vol. 1, No. 4; p 159-163
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  • 73
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    Doppler noise considered as a function of the signal path integration of electron density (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The hypothesis is advanced that observed Doppler noise during solar conjunctions is proportional to total columnar electron content along the signal path. This assumption leads directly to a geometrical model (ISED) for observed Doppler noise which is shown to be in very good agreement with Doppler noise data accumulated during the 1975 Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11 and Helios 1 solar conjunctions. An augmented model is constructed which quantitatively indicates correlation between earth observed sunspot activity and systematic, cyclical deviations from the ISED model.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 159-193
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  • 74
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    Testing of a photoelectric photometer. 1: Determination of operational parameters (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations over four months are used to evaluate magnitude and color transformations, extinction coefficients, and a gain table for the photoelectric photometer of the 41 cm. reflector at the Tortugas Mountain site. Ways of increasing the efficiency and accuracy of this system are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Contrib. of the Observatory of N. Mex. State Univ., Vol. 1, No. 4; p 148=153
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  • 75
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    Exploration for porphyry copper deposits in Pakistan using digital processing of Landsat-1 data (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Rock-type classification by digital-computer processing of Landsat-1 multispectral scanner data has been used to select 23 prospecting targets in the Chagai District, Pakistan, five of which have proved to be large areas of hydrothermally altered porphyry containing pyrite. Empirical maximum and minimum apparent reflectance limits were selected for each multispectral scanner band in each rock type classified, and a relatively unrefined classification table was prepared. Where the values for all four bands fitted within the limits designated for a particular class, a symbol for the presumed rock type was printed by the computer at the appropriate location. Drainage channels, areas of mineralized quartz diorite, areas of pyrite-rich rock, and the approximate limit of propylitic alteration were very well delineated on the computer-generated map of the test area. The classification method was used to evaluate 2,100 sq km in the Mashki Chah region. The results of the experiment show that outcrops of hydrothermally altered and mineralized rock can be identified from Landsat-1 data under favorable conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: U.S. Geological Survey; vol. 4
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  • 76
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    The solar spectrum - Wavelengths and identifications from 160 to 770 angstroms (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 203; Jan. 15
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  • 77
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    ERTS-1 data applied to strip mining (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two coal basins within the western region of the Potomac River Basin contain the largest strip-mining operations in western Maryland and West Virginia. The disturbed strip-mine areas were delineated along with the surrounding geological and vegetation features by using ERTS-1 data in both analog and digital form. The two digital systems employed were (1) the ERTS analysis system, a point-by-point digital analysis of spectral signatures based on known spectral values and (2) the LARS automatic data processing system. These two systems aided in efforts to determine the extent and state of strip mining in this region. Aircraft data, ground-verification information, and geological field studies also aided in the application of ERTS-1 imagery to perform an integrated analysis that assessed the adverse effects of strip mining. The results indicated that ERTS can both monitor and map the extent of strip mining to determine immediately the acreage affected and to indicate where future reclamation and revegetation may be necessary.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 42; Feb. 197
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  • 78
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    Sensitivity limits of an infrared heterodyne spectrometer for astrophysical applications (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A discussion and an evaluation of the degradation in sensitivity are given for a heterodyne spectrometer employing a HgCdTe photodiode mixer and tunable diode lasers. The minimum detectable source brightness is considered as a function of the mixer parameters, transmission coefficient of the beam splitter, and local oscillator emission powers. The degradation in the minimum detectable line source brightness that results from the bandwidth being a fraction of the line width is evaluated and plotted as a function of the wavelength and bandwidth for various temperature to mass ratios. It is shown that the minimum achievable degradation in the sensitivity of a practical astronomical heterodyne spectrometer is about 30. Estimates of SNRs with which IR line emission from astronomical sources of interest may be detected are given.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Feb. 197
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  • 79
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    On the nonexistence of plane-polarized large amplitude Alfven waves (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A theorem is presented which shows that purely Alfvenic plane-polarized large-amplitude disturbances in the solar wind are not possible and will never be observed. The theorem establishes that there is no nontrivial plane-polarized magnetic-field configuration in which the parameter B-squared is constant throughout all space. It is noted, however, that more general nonplanar Alfvenic disturbances may well exist.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Jan. 1
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  • 80
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    Microscale 'Alfven waves' in the solar wind at 1 AU (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data obtained by IMP 1 about interplanetary plasma and magnetic-field fluctuations on a scale of one hour are analyzed. It is found that linearly and circularly polarized Alfven waves were rarely present. Fluctuations having most of the characteristics of large-amplitude 'Alfven waves' and which were observed to be moving away from the sun nearly along the magnetic-field direction are shown not to have been pure transverse Alfven waves since they were accompanied by nonzero fluctuations in the magnetic-field intensity. It is suggested that the fluctuations may have been nonlinear elliptically polarized Alfven waves coupled to the fast mode and moving through a magnetic field that is nonuniform on a scale not exceeding about 0.01 AU.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Jan. 1
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  • 81
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    A shock surface geometry - The February 15-16, 1967, event (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An estimated shape is presented for the surface of the flare-associated interplanetary shock of February 15-16, 1967, as seen in the ecliptic-plane cross section. The estimate is based on observations by Explorer 33 and Pioneers 6 and 7. The estimated shock normal at the Explorer 33 position is obtained by a least-squares shock parameter-fitting procedure for that satellite's data; the shock normal at the Pioneer 7 position is found by using the magnetic coplanarity theorem and magnetic-field data. The average shock speed from the sun to each spacecraft is determined along with the local speed at Explorer 33 and the relations between these speeds and the position of the initiating solar flare. The Explorer 33 shock normal is found to be severely inclined and not typical of interplanetary shocks. It is shown that the curvature of the shock surface in the ecliptic plane near the earth-Pioneer 7 region is consistent with a radius of not more than 0.4 AU.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Jan. 1
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  • 82
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    Formation of iron sulphide in solar nebula (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Noting that the iron sulfide in the Orgueil carbonaceous meteorite is an Fe-deficient monosulfide (pyrrhotite), it is suggested that such mineral chemistry is inconsistent with equilibrium condensation of the solar nebula and that the course of condensation may have been modified by kinetic effects. The effect of Ni on the reaction between Fe and S to produce FeS is examined, and possible reasons are considered for the fact that the cited meteorite differs in both crystal structure and Ni content from the predictions of equilibrium condensation. It is proposed that sulfide formation in the solar nebula may have been inhibited by sluggish diffusion, so that sulfur began to react with previously condensed troilite to form pyrrhotite. On this basis, observations of the Orgueil sulfides are shown to suggest that the course of solar-system condensation was modified by kinetic effects below about 700 K and that equilibrium may not have been achieved.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 259; Jan. 22
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  • 83
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    Kitt Peak 60-cm vacuum telescope (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A major new solar-research telescope conceived and built during a time of budget restraint is described. The observation of magnetic and velocity (circulation) field structure on a synoptic basis and with diffraction-limited resolution is the aim. New optical features include the use of oversize mirrors and windows to avoid thermal edge effects and the placement of the coelostat feed outside the vacuum, mainly for economy. The site selected has prevailing winds that clear thermals from these mirrors. Test data in the form of the system MTF and optical transmission, together with examples of full disk magnetograms and photoheliograms, show present performance capability. Measured MTF indicates a response of 0.2 at 1 sec of arc (whereas diffraction-limited response would be about 0.8). System transmission, including the accompanying spectrograph, is only 2-3% (wavelength 0.44-1.1 microns). Thus, both the optical quality and efficiency are subject to improvement.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Jan. 197
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  • 84
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    Use of dynamic theory to describe experimental results from volume holography (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The general applicability of dynamic theory to the description of the recording and readout characteristics of volume (thick) hologram gratings is indicated. In dynamic theory (as opposed to static theory), the volume nature of the thick holographic grating allows the interference of an incident light beam with its own diffracted beam inside the recording medium. This effect causes the continuous recording of another grating that alters the initial one, producing a resultant grating that is not uniform through the thickness of the recording material and a grating whose writing and reading characteristics may vary dramatically, depending on the recording material and the experimental conditions. A large number of diverse types of writing, reading, and angular-selectivity behavior have been reported. The dynamic theory of thick-hologram writing and reading is shown to predict qualitatively all of these various types of experimental behavior.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 47; Jan. 197
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  • 85
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    Solar cycle evolution of high-speed solar wind streams (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Large amplitude high-speed solar wind streams and streams with maximum speeds in excess of 700 km/sec are far more common in years of declining and minimum solar activity than near solar maximum. Further, the broadest solar wind streams observed directly with space probes during the years 1962-1974 occurred near solar minimum in 1974. Changes in the frequency and nature of solar wind stream structures at the orbit of earth appear to be directly related to the long-term evolution of regions of low density in the solar corona.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 207; Aug. 1
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  • 86
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    Electromagnetic instabilities driven by unequal proton beams in the solar wind (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper sets forth a numerical investigation of the linear dispersion relation for typical solar wind conditions at 1 AU during those times (high-speed streams) when a secondary beam of protons drifting relative to the main proton component is present. Three beam-driven instabilities were found to occur as the beam drift velocity approaches the Alfven speed: (1) a pure, field-aligned magnetosonic wave that is most important at relatively high beta and/or high beam drift speeds; (2) an oblique magnetosonic wave having highest growth rates 15-30 deg from the magnetic field; and (3) an oblique Alfven wave having maximum growth rates at increasing angle to the magnetic field. The linear growth rates for the field-aligned magnetosonic and the Alfven oblique modes are investigated as a function of relative beam density, varying anisotropic pitch angle distributions for the various components, electron temperature, and electron heat flux.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; June 1
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  • 87
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    Image quality prediction - An aid to the Viking lander imaging investigation on Mars (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Image quality criteria and image quality predictions are formulated for the multispectral panoramic cameras carried by the Viking Mars landers. Image quality predictions are based on expected camera performance, Mars surface radiance, and lighting and viewing geometry (fields of view, Mars lander shadows, solar day-night alternation), and are needed in diagnosis of camera performance, in arriving at a preflight imaging strategy, and revision of that strategy should the need arise. Landing considerations, camera control instructions, camera control logic, aspects of the imaging process (spectral response, spatial response, sensitivity), and likely problems are discussed. Major concerns include: degradation of camera response by isotope radiation, uncertainties in lighting and viewing geometry and in landing site local topography, contamination of camera window by dust abrasion, and initial errors in assigning camera dynamic ranges (gains and offsets).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; July 197
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  • 88
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    Low frequency radio observations of the solar wind near the moon (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The RAE-2 lunar orbiter often measures sporadic 20-40 dB intensity increases in the frequency range of 25-110 kHz. Numerous examples of the disappearance of this intense noise during occultations of the sun have been observed. The average position of these occultations coincides with the average location of the plasma cavity above the nightside of the moon. We suggest that the observed high noise levels may be generated near the spacecraft by a disturbed solar wind electron population in the vicinity of the moon.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; June 197
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  • 89
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    Remote measurement of water color (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper contains a discussion of the requirements and approaches which can be taken in the development of techniques for the analysis of remote multispectral imagery of natural bodies of water. There are two general approaches which can be used in the analysis of multispectral water color data collected by aircraft or satellite remote sensors. With the theoretical modeling approach, optically important constituents of natural waters are mathematically related to the upwelling radiance spectrum received by the remote sensor. With the empirical approach, the relationships are determined empirically by comparing remote sensing data with surface truth data. There are several levels of mathematical sophistication which can be applied to both approaches. The two approaches are discussed in some detail and it is concluded that the two approaches are closely related and should be pursued simultaneously for maximum utilization of the laboratory and field measurement data which will be needed. A set of minimum surface truth measurement parameters and techniques is suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 5; 1, 19; 1976
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  • 90
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    Contactless method of measuring resistivity (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method is described for measuring the conductivity of materials without having to make electrical contact with the material. Currents which are magnetically induced in the conducting sample are measured by means of the magnetic fields they produce. Although induction techniques have been used in the past for this type of measurement, the configuration presented here makes it possible to perform absolute measurements of resistivity over a wide range of values for relatively small samples. The theory of the technique, the results of measurements made with it, and a comparison of the technique with other methods are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 47; June 197
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  • 91
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    Doppler-shifted reflections of X rays in beamfoil spectroscopy (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Carbon foils were positioned at roughly 10 deg to the conventional perpendicular position so that the spectrometer would view the beam on emergence from the foil, with no radiation shielded by a bowed or wrinkled foil or by the foil holder. Extraneous peaks due to reflected radiation were detected in the spectrum obtained with the tilted foil. A large satellite appears longward of the spectral line and is attributed to Doppler-shifted radiation reflected from the foil surface. Special tests arranged to validate the origin of the satellites are described. The relative intensity of the reflected radiation compared with the direct radiation observed is at variance with the relative intensities reported for longer wavelengths. The reasons for this, possible effects of spectrometer geometry, and applications in the investigation or generation of polarization remain to be investigated
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Aug. 197
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  • 92
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    Side-looking radar mosaicking experiment (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A block of 24 overlapping synthetic aperture side-looking radar images flown over a well mapped area of about 90,000 sq km provided an opportunity to evaluate the mapping accuracy achieved in current radar mosaicking projects. The maps of scale 1:24,000 that are available in the imaged area permitted the study of the geometric errors of the radar mosaics and of individual radar strips. An estimate was obtained for the effect of the distribution and density of ground control points and for the accuracy of different mosaicking methods that are currently employed with synthetic aperture radar images. It is shown that a successful radar mosaicking process requires the elimination of image errors of up to several kilometers. These errors are introduced as a result of the limited precision of the inertial aircraft navigation. An example of a radar mapping effort in which the navigation errors could be eliminated is presented. The resulting radar mosaics have residual RMS mapping errors of planimetry of about plus or minus 150 m.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 93
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    Timing of solar cycles by rigid internal rotations (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The so-called 11-year cycle of solar activity is really more complex and contains many periods of greatly different lengths. Periods as long as 178 years and as short as 3.1 years are predicted by a theory based on beats between rigidly rotating, inertially oscillating g-modes inside the sun. Most of the beat periods are then confirmed to about 1 percent accuracy in sunspot observations. Since the agreement is of high statistical significance, one can conclude that approximate alignment of major solar oscillation modes contributes to high solar activity. The theory receives further support when tested against an independent class of observations - the large-scale magnetic sector structure. Predicted rotation rates of at least four solar oscillation modes are detected in the sector data with discrepancies all less than 0.3 percent. As a by-product of these successful fits to observation, the mean rotation of the entire solar mass becomes known. Its rotation frequency is 4.49 by 10 to the -7th power Hz, which is a sidereal period of 25.8 days. Magnetic fields have played no role in calculating the length of any of these solar cycles.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 205; Apr. 15
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  • 94
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    Refractive-index profile and physical process determination in thick gratings in electrooptic crystals (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method for determining the refractive index profile of thick phase gratings in linear electrooptic crystals is presented. This method also determines the effective photovoltaic electric field and the relative contributions of diffusion and drift during hologram recording. The method requires only a knowledge of the modulation ratio during hologram recording and the fundamental and the higher-order diffraction efficiencies of the grating. As an illustration of the method, the refractive index profile, the effective photovoltaic field, and the relative contributions of diffusion and drift are determined from experimental measurements for a lithium niobate holographic grating.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Aug. 197
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  • 95
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    Comment on the paper 'Solution of one-fluid model equations with short range retarding magnetic forces for the quiet solar wind' by Cuperman and Harten (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 40; Mar. 197
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  • 96
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    Oversampling of digitized images (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Oversampling is defined as sampling with a device whose characteristic width is greater than the interval between samples. This paper shows why oversampling should be avoided and discusses the limitations in data processing if circumstances dictate that oversampling cannot be circumvented. Principally, oversampling should not be used to provide interpolating data points. Rather, the time spent oversampling should be used to obtain more signal with less relative error, and the Sampling Theorem should be employed to provide any desired interpolated values. The concepts are applicable to single-element and multielement detectors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 81; Apr. 197
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  • 97
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    The large-scale magnetic field in the solar wind (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-14
    Description: A literature review is presented of theoretical models of the interaction of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic fields. Observations of interplanetary magnetic fields by the IMP and OSO spacecraft are discussed. The causes for cosmic ray variations (Forbush decreases) by the solar wind are examined. The model of Parker is emphasized. This model shows the three dimensional magnetic field lines of the solar wind to have the form of spirals wrapped on cones. It is concluded that an out-of-the-ecliptic solar probe mission would allow the testing and verification of the various theoretical models examined. Diagrams of the various models are shown.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: Proc. of the Symp. on the Study of the Sun and Interplanetary Medium in Three Dimensions; p 143-165
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  • 98
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    Numerical study of some solar-wind interaction models with space objects (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The considerable variety of atmospheric and magnetic field properties possessed by the planets results in a corresponding variety of flow details, and a remarkably rich field of comparative study of solar wind flow around major objects in the solar system. It is the purpose of this paper to present a review of the fluid aspects of these flows and how they are approximated to obtain tractable mathematical problems, and a commentary on possibilities for further improvements and on some misconceptions that have appeared in applications of the results.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Solar-Wind Interaction with the Planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars; p 121-133
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  • 99
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    On the nature of the solar-wind-Mars interaction (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Plasma measurements near Mars on the U.S.S.R. Mars-2, -3, and -5 spacecraft are considered. The data are compared with simultaneous magnetic measurements. Strong evidence is obtained in favor of a direct interaction and mass exchange between the solar wind plasma and the gaseous envelope of Mars.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Solar-Wind Interaction with the Planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars; p 21-40
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  • 100
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    Coronal propagation: Variations with solar longitude and latitude (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Observational results on the East-West effect are summarized and discussed in the context of existing models of coronal propagation. The variation of the number of events with solar longitude is shown to be surprisingly similar for particles covering a large interval of rigidities. Also, over large longitudinal distances, time delays to the event onset and maximum intensity are independent of energy and velocity. This has important implications and will require probably a transport process which is determined by fundamental properties of solar magnetic fields, e.g. reconnection processes between open and closed field configurations. The relative role of open and closed field configurations is extensively discussed. Some evidence is presented that the acceleration of protons to higher (approximately 10 MeV) energies is related with a shock wave traveling in the solar atmosphere. The importance of measurements performed from spacecraft out-of-the-ecliptic plane is stressed.
    Keywords: SOLAR PHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Symp. on the Study of the Sun and Interplanetary Medium in Three Dimensions; p 261-299
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