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  • Chemistry  (5,599)
  • SPACE SCIENCES  (1,545)
  • General Chemistry  (921)
  • PROPULSION SYSTEMS  (295)
  • COMMUNICATIONS
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
  • 1970-1974  (8,127)
  • 1973  (8,127)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1970-1974  (8,127)
Year
  • 1
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    Infrared spectroscopy experiment: An overview (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A retrospective look at the operation and results of the experiment is presented. The design and performance of the infrared interferometer spectrometer are discussed along with the results obtained concerning the atmospheric and surface properties.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 41-52
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  • 2
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    Project objectives and mission profile (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Mission planning, payloads, launch, and orbital insertion are described for Mariner mission 8 and 9. Mission sequences and planet coverage as a function of time in orbit are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 1-11
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  • 3
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    Atmospheric Phenomena Working Group (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Atmospheric processes on Mars are reported based on atmospheric observations from Mariner 9. Topics discussed include: atmospheric temperature and wind, cloud processes, minor constituents, global dust storm, and surface pressure distribution.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 99-104
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  • 4
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    Volatiles working group (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The physical behavior of water and carbon dioxide on Mars was studied. Topics discussed include: physics of polar frosts, CO2 budget, atmospheric minor constituents, chemical and physical properties of surface materials, layered deposits, and the role of volatiles in the Martian landscape formation.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 87-97
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  • 5
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    Surface properties working group (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The objectives of the Mars surface properties working group are described. The objectives were: (1) determine a simple reference surface that would adequately represent the shape of the planet for cartographic purposes; (2) monitor the topographic results and to assess the relative calibration and accuracies of these techniques, thereby leading to a composite topographic map of the planet; and (3) facilitate the exchange of data in closely connected disciplines. The shape, topography, and isobaric surface are discussed along with the gravity field, and crustal density model. It was found that there is no simple reference figure for the planetary surface, although an offset, triaxial ellipsoid is adequate for most purposes.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 81-85
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  • 6
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    Television experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The fixed and variable Martian features investigated by the TV experiment on Mariner 9 are described. Articles are presented concerning the dust storm of October to November over the Southern Hemisphere; global surface geodesy and cartography; geology; and the satellite astronomy.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 63-70
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  • 7
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    Infrared radiometry experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The objectives of the experiment are discussed. These objectives were: (1) measure the thermophysical properties of the Martian surface on a global scale; (2) isolate large-scale irregularities in the global picture; and (3) isolate small-scale hot or cold spots on the surface.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 37-40
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  • 8
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    Celestial mechanics experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The efforts and accomplishments of the CME Team are summarized. The objectives and experiment status, gravity field of Mars, test of general relativity, and the generation of normal points are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 13-31
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  • 9
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    Remote sensing of Mare Serenitatis (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An examination was made of earth based observations of optical color differences, infrared eclipse temperatures, and radar backscatter for Mare Serenitatis. Information is also included on orbital observations, physical properties of surface types, and correlation of surface types with geologic units. Differences in these remote observations are attributed to variations in chemical and minerological compositions.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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  • 10
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    Mare ridges and lava lakes (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The autointrusive hypothesis of the origin of several vagaries of prominent mare ridges is explained. Data are based on a comparison between the structure of a Hawaiian lava lake and the mare ridges. Resulting data suggest that these ridges may have formed as squeeze-ups and autointrusives in tension fractures over buried topography in the crust of luna lava lakes. Data also suggest that mare ridges may result from: (1) pressure ridges in flows, (2) compressional features resulting from subsidence of mare lava, (3) volcanic ring structures and extrusives, or loccoliths fed by lunar grid controlled dikes, (4) draped topography and fissure eruptives, (5) drag folds or tension-gash dikes caused by wrench faulting at depth, and (6) postmare thrust faults.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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  • 11
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    D-Caldera: New photographs of a unique feature (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Apollo 17 data on the setting and detailed characteristics of the D-Caldera structure are analyzed. Data are also given on the formation of the structure.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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  • 12
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    Comparative geology of crater Aratus CA (Mare Serenitatis) and Bear Crater (Idaho) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Aratus CA (lat. 24.5 N, long. 11.3 E) is an irregular-shaped crater 8.6 km long by 3 km wide in western Mare Serenitatis, which was photographed during the Apollo 15 and 17 missions. It is similar in form to Bear Crater (fig. 30-2), a small volcanic vent formed in Holocene basalt flows of the Snake River Plains, Idaho. The two features are compared and it is concluded that Aratus CA may have a geologic structure and history similar to that of Bear Crater.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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  • 13
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    Basalt stratigraphy of southern Mare Serenitatis (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The major features of the stratigraphic and structural sequence are summarized for Mare Serenitatis. The dark oldest basalts include flows coextensive with Mare Tranquillitatis and also flows and pyroclastic deposits (dark mantles) that erupted from the edge of the Serenitatis basin. The basin sagged, possibly isostatically, as basalts of intermediate age were emplaced. Sagging had nearly ceased by the time the youngest flows were deposited. Compressive movements including thrusting followed, and small extensional fissures formed in late Copernican time. The revised stratigraphic sequence that was elaborated has implications for lunar stratigraphy that transcend the boundaries of Mare Serenitatis. Dark mantle deposits and the darkest maria have commonly been assumed in geologic mapping to be relatively youthful. These assumptions must now be reevaluated and perhaps discarded.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 12 p
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  • 14
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    Lunar neutron probe experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Preliminary results of the Apollo 17 neutron probe are presented. The probe which was designed for measuring neutron capture rates to a depth of 2m in the lunar regolith is described, and the fission rates for U-235 are discussed. It is concluded that good agreement exists between the experimental results and theoretical calculations.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 12 p
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  • 15
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    Saturn satellite encounter opportunities for Mariner Jupiter-Saturn 1977 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-10
    Description: The opportunities for close satellite encounters which meet the planetary constraints at Saturn that are imposed by science value return and environmental conditions are investigated. Since the satellites travel at various speeds in their orbits, Saturn arrival time is critical and was chosen as the design parameter. Arrival times are recommended which afford close satellite encounters and also meet important mission constraints. A design chart illustrates the satellite opportunities as a function of Saturn arrival date. Through the use of such a design chart, the Saturn encounter design process, which will take place according to recommendations by the selected science investigators over the next several years, will be considerably streamlined. Potential applications are given to illustrate the use of the Saturn satellite opportunity chart in encounter design.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 3, No. 1; p 14-25
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  • 16
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    Aitken crater and its environs (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The physical characteristics of the fresh looking Aitken Crater and its surrounding environment are studied. Rim deposits and ejecta blanket indicate the crater has a probable impact origin or is formed during post-Aitken events. Data also indicate the crater's dark floor fill, its flow scarps, and smaller craters with domical structures are volcanic in origin. Landform varieties suggest episodic erruptions may also cause such craters.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 17
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    Lunar thrust faults in the Taurus-Littrow region (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Evidence, suggesting that wrinkle ridges and similar looking one-sided scrapes in the Taurus-Littrow region are caused by anticlines and thrust faults resulting from sliding on a flowing surface, is given.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 3 p
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  • 18
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    Small structures of the Taurus-Littrow region (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Apollo 17 photographs of small structures expressed as scarps, ledges, flow fronts, and mare type ridges are compared in an effort to determine the origin of such structures. The resulting data revealed that these structures were probably developed as lava extrusions from fractures and fissures along with associated faulting and folding.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 19
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    Volcanism in the lunar Maria (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The formation, modification, and deformation of lunar maria by extended volcanic and tectonic processes are examined. Data also cover lava flows, sinuous rilles, mare ridges, faults, and fracture systems. Stages involved in the modification of impact craters by tectonism, volcanism, younger impacts, and mass wasting are included.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 11 p
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  • 20
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    Mare Serenitatis cinder cones and terrestrial analogs (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Volcanic cones in the Serenitatis basin are compared to terrestrial volcanic formations. Cinder cones, basalt flows and their morphology are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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  • 21
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    Geologic setting of the dark mantling material in the Taurus-Littrow region of the moon (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The dark mantle along the southeastern margin of the Serenitatis basin is discussed in terms of its relation to the surrounding areas. The characteristics, and the relationship to younger formations are analyzed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 13 p
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  • 22
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    Passive seismic experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The network of seismometers installed by the Apollo 17 and other Apollo missions is described. The effects of the impacts of lunar modules and S-4B stages on the lunar surfaces are discussed. The information concerning lunar composition which is obtained by analyzing the seismic signals generated by moonquakes and meteoroid impacts are analyzed. It is concluded that the seismic activity within the moon is extremely low compared to that with the earth. The moon is characterized by a rigid, dynamically inactive outer shell, approximately 1000 kilometers thick, surrounding a core that has markedly different elastic properties.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 23
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    Soil mechanics (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The soil mechanics experiment on the Apollo 17 mission to the Taurus-Littrow area of the moon is discussed. The objectives of the experiment were to determine the physical characteristics and mechanical properties of the lunar soil at the surface and subsurface in lateral directions. Data obtained on the lunar surface in conjunction with observations of returned samples of lunar soil are used to determine in-place density and porosity profiles and to determine strength characteristics on local and regional scales.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 22 p
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  • 24
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    Space station capability for research in rotational hypogravity (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Certain capabilities provided in preliminary designs of orbital space stations for research in rotational hypogravity are outlined. Also indicated are alternative configurations that are being considered. Principal addresses are members of an international community of physiologists whose work in earth oriented, as well as space oriented, physiology can be supported through observation under the background environment of null gravity. Their participation in originating and devising advanced experiments and in developing requirements is expected to enhance final design of the selected space station and to make the research program more meaningful.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 43-53
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  • 25
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    Volcanic features of far side Crater Aitken (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Volcanic features of the far side Aitken Crater including post-impact volcanism and volcanic events extending beyond the period of mare type crater flooding are discussed. The features attributed to extrusions of viscous lava are also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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  • 26
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    The lunar herringbone pattern (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Several defined examples of the V shaped components of herringbone patterns observed on Apollo 17 and Apollo 15 metric and panoramic photographs are given along with an explanation on the impact mechanism for forming the V shaped structures. Observations of isolated crater chains having the herringbone patterns but not obviously associated with any primary crater are also included. Preliminary results indicate the lunar herringbone patterns are common to characteristics of secondary cratering and that the pattern results from the collision of material ejected from separated impact points.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 15 p
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  • 27
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    Lunar crater morphometry (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A general study is presented on the surface geometry of 25 far-side craters along with a detailed study of rim-crest evenness for 15 near-side and far-side craters. Analysis of this preliminary sample of Apollo 15 and 17 data, which includes craters between 1.5 and 275 km in diameter, suggests that most genetic interpretations of craters made from pre-Apollo topographic measurements may require no drastic revision. All measurements were made from topographic profiles generated on a stereoplotter.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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  • 28
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    Lunar seismic profiling experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Apollo 17 lunar seismic profiling experiment was conducted to record the vibrations of the lunar surface as induced by explosive charges, the thrust of the lunar module ascent engine, and the crash of the lunar module ascent stage. Analysis of the data obtained made it possible to determine the internal characteristics of the lunar crust to a depth of several kilometers. The test equipment used in the experiment is described. Maps showing the location of the geophones and the deployed explosive packages are provided. Samples of the seismic signals recorded by the lunar seismic profiling experiment geophones are included.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 12 p
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  • 29
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    Structure of proton centers and associated nonthermal bursts at microwave frequencies (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: A very broad band of electromagnetic radiation is emitted during solar flares, especially at the explosive phase. The existence of a large variety of plasmas with various densities and a wide range of temperatures or energies is proposed as the initiating agent. The manner in which the plasmas are heated and accelerated to subrelativistic and relativistic energies is discussed. Observational evidence on the characteristics of active regions which produced proton flares and on the structure of the associated nonthermal microwave bursts of the sun is presented. The behavior of subrelativistic electrons on the sun is described.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 78-86
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  • 30
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    Investigation of the possibility of use of vibroacoustical signals for purposes of diagnostics in aeronautical engineering (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The application of vibroacoustic techniques for diagnosing aircraft engine malfunctions is discussed. An experiment was conducted to determine the defects introduced by the nature of change in the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the noises and vibrations of an aircraft jet engine. The manner in which the defects were simulated is explained. The test equipment used during the experiment is identified. The results of the amplitude-frequency characteristics investigation are summarized to show optimum location of the microphone pick-up to record the acoustic data.
    Keywords: PROPULSION SYSTEMS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 317-319
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  • 31
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    Vibration resistance of the wire-feed mechanism of a magnetic recording apparatus (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The effects of external mechanical and climatic actions on the efficient operation of magnetic tape recording equipment are analyzed. The efficiency and reliability of the recording system are determined by the structural parameters and the characteristics of the individual elements of the transport mechanism circuit. The resistance of tape recording equipment to the effects of vibration is considered essential for reliable operations. Methods for insuring reliable tape transport and recording action are discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 271-274
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  • 32
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    Measurement of irregularities in angular velocities of rotating assemblies in memory devices on magnetic carriers (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: Problems in measurement of irregularities in angular velocity of rotating assemblies in memory devices with rigid and flexible magnetic data carriers are discussed. A device and method for determination of change in angular velocities in various frequency and rotation rate ranges are examined. A schematic diagram of a photoelectric sensor for recording the signal pulses is provided. Mathematical models are developed to show the amount of error which can result from misalignment of the test equipment.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 279-282
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  • 33
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    The problem of carrying out a diagnosis of an internal combustion engine by vibroacoustical parameters (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The physics of noise formation in an internal combustion engine is discussed. A dependence of the acoustical radiation on the engine operating process, its construction, and operational parameters, as well as on the degree of wear on its parts, has been established. An example of tests conducted on an internal combustion engine is provided. A system for cybernetic diagnostics for internal combustion engines by vibroacoustical parameters is diagrammed.
    Keywords: PROPULSION SYSTEMS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 247-249
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  • 34
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    A new look at AP/composite propellant combustion (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: Some theoretical studies on the time-independent and oscillatory combustion of nonmetallized ammonium perchlorate (AP)/composite propellants are presented. A coherent and unified interpretation was made of the voluminous data available from experiments related to propellant combustion. Three fundamental hypotheses are introduced: the extent of propellant degradation at the vaporization step has to be specified through a scientific criterion; the condensed-phase degradation reaction of ammonium perchlorate to a vaporizable state is the overall rate-limiting step; gas-phase combustion rate is controlled by the mixing rate of fuel and oxidizer vapors. In the treatment of oscillatory combustion, the assumption of quasi-steady fluctuations in the gas phase is used to supplement these hypotheses.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: JPL JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 3, No. 2 (NASA-CR-133863); p 45-77
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  • 35
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    Development of propulsion for high atmospheric pressure or dense environments (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: The development of a propulsion system that employs a detonating propellant is described, and the need for such a system and its use in certain planetary atmospheres are demonstrated. A theoretical formulation of the relevant gas-dynamic processes was developed, and a related series of experimental tests were pursued.
    Keywords: PROPULSION SYSTEMS
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 3, No. 2 (NASA-CR-133863); p 45-52
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  • 36
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    A high resolution study in time, position, intensity, and frequency of a radio event on 14 January 1971 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: High resolution position and spectrum measurements were made of a complex solar radio activity on January 14, 1971, from 1120 to 1130 UT. Positions were measured with 169 MHz Nancay E-W Radioheliograph, while dynamic spectra and polarization were observed with the 60-channel radiospectrograph of Nera. The radio event consisted of two closely similar groups of type 3 bursts and type 2-like details, and a stationary type 4 continuum, including some very clear pulsating structures. The general aspect of this activity is presented.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 610-614
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    Solar millimeter bursts (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Solar burst observations in the region above 10 GHz (wavelengths less than 3 cm.) are discussed. Observations have shown that many major solar events have large millimeter wave components. The total burst radio energy is frequently concentrated in this part of the spectrum. Graphs are presented showing the peak flux density spectrum for bursts on specific dates. Microwave burst mean duration is plotted as a function of the particle energy.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 114-123
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    Miscellaneous losses (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The boundary-layer losses associated with the flow process in the blade channel are discussed. To determine the overall design point efficiency of a turbine, other losses must also be considered; these include tip clearance loss and disk friction loss. The sum of these losses normally comprises all the losses that are considered in the design of a full admission axial flow turbine. If, however, a partial admission turbine is being considered, there are additional losses that must be included. The partial admission losses usually considered are the pumping loss in the inactive blade channels and the filling-and-emptying loss in the blade passages as they pass through the admission arc. Finally, a loss that occurs at off-design operation of any turbine is the incidence loss.
    Keywords: PROPULSION SYSTEMS
    Type: Turbine Design and Appl., Vol. 2; p 125-148
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    Channel flow analysis (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The design of a proper blade profile requires calculation of the blade row flow field in order to determine the velocities on the blade surfaces. An analysis theory is presented for several methods used for this calculation and associated computer programs that were developed are discussed.
    Keywords: PROPULSION SYSTEMS
    Type: Turbine Design and Appl., Vol. 2; p 27-56
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    Blade design (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The design of turbine blading is considered that will produce the flow angles and velocities required by velocity diagrams consistent with the desired efficiency and/or number of stages. The determination of the size, shape, and spacing of the blades is fundamental.
    Keywords: PROPULSION SYSTEMS
    Type: Turbine Design and Appl. Vol. 2; p 1-25
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    Science sequence design (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The activities of the following members of the Navigation Team are recorded: the Science Sequence Design Group, responsible for preparing the final science sequence designs; the Advanced Sequence Planning Group, responsible for sequence planning; and the Science Recommendation Team (SRT) representatives, responsible for conducting the necessary sequence design interfaces with the teams during the mission. The interface task included science support in both advance planning and daily operations. Science sequences designed during the mission are also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Its Mariner 9 Navigation; p 225-270
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    Trajectory description (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Mariner 9 spacecraft was launched by an Atlas/Centaur launch vehicle (AC-23) on a direct-ascent trajectory from the Air Force Eastern Test Range (AFETR) launch complex 36B on May 30, 1971. Liftoff occurred at 22 h 23 min 04.5 s GMT, slightly more than 6 min after the opening of a 60-min launch window. The vehicle rose vertically for approximately 15 s, during which time, a programmed roll to a launch azimuth of 92.74 deg was performed. After the initial vertical rise, the vehicle, guided by the open-loop Atlas autopilot, began to pitch over into a zero-lift trajectory. The first of three main powered phases was terminated by booster engine cutoff (BECO) at 22 h 25 min 35.5 s. After the Atlas booster engine package was jettisoned 3 s later, the flight continued under the power of the Atlas sustainer engine and guided by the Centaur guidance system operating in a closed-loop mode.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Its Mariner 9 Navigation; p 218-224
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    Satellite orbit determination (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A historic account of the activities of the Satellite OD Group during the MM'71 mission is given along with an assessment of the accuracy of the determined orbit of the Mariner 9 spacecraft. Preflight study results are reviewed, and the major error sources described. Tracking and data fitting strategy actually used in the real time operations is itemized, and Deep Space Network data available for orbit fitting during the mission and the auxiliary information used by the navigation team are described. A detailed orbit fitting history of the first four revolutions of the satellite orbit of Mariner 9 is presented, with emphasis on the convergence problems and the delivered solution for the first orbit trim maneuver. Also included are a solution accuracy summary, the history of the spacecraft orbit osculating elements, the results of verifying the radio solutions with TV imaging data, and a summary of the normal points generated for the relativity experiment.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Its Mariner 9 Navigation; p 119-192
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    Interplanetary orbit determination (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The logistical aspects of orbit determination (OD) in the interplanetary phase of the Mariner Mars 1971 mission are described and the working arrangements for the OD personnel, both within the Navigation Team and with outside groups are given. Various types of data used in the OD process are presented along with sources of the data. Functional descriptions of the individual elements of the OD software and brief sketches of their modes of operation are provided.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Its Mariner 9 Navigation; p 20-118
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    Eratosthenian volcanism in Mare Imbrium: Source of youngest lava flows (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Orbital photographic documentation of lava flow in the southwestern Mare Imbrium by Apollo 17 are introduced. A detailed photogeologic evaluation of these flows and their role in mare volcanism of the Eratosthenian age in the basin is included. Special attention was given to the source of phase 3, the youngest lava flows.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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    Some volcanic and structural features of Mare Serenitatis (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Relationships between volcanic and structural features along the southern edge of Mare Serenitatis as determined from low angle lighting in Apollo 17 photographs are discussed. Observational summaries are given of: (1) contact relations between the dark border material and the central mare fill, (2) a late stage lava flow with associated cinder cones, and (3) certain structural features related to the development of the mare basin and its associated volcanic landforms. A chronologic summary is given of volcanic and structural events believed to be critical to understanding the development of Mare Serenitatis.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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    Relative ages of some near-side Mare units based on Apollo 17 metric photographs (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Relative flux ages were determined for 110 areas on parts of Serenitatis, Vaporum, and Imbrium, using Apollo 17 metric photographs. The crater-morphology technique for determining relative ages is described. It is concluded that these maria formed over an interval of 1.5 billion years, extending from 3.7 to 2.2 billion years ago.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 3 p
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    Geologic map of the northern Crisium region (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Apollo 17 metric photographs provide the best available coverage for geologic interpretation of northern Mare Crisium and the northern Crisium basin. One region in particular, between Alhazen Crater and longitude 66 E, had previously been covered very poorly. The Apollo 17 photographs provide excellent monoscopic as well as stereoscopic viewing because of the favorably low sun illuminations (15 deg to 49 deg). These new photographic data allow the geology of the basin, the mare, and other nearby terrains to be reevaluated. This reexamination, together with data from continuing moon-wide photogeologic studies and analyses of returned rocks from Apollo landing sites, has produced a simple evolutionary picture of the region, expressed by fewer map units and explained by fewer basic processes than previously thought necessary.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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    Geological observations from lunar orbit (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The visual observations of the lunar surface from the command module of the Apollo 17 flight are presented. Detailed descriptions of the observation sites are given.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 32 p
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    Apollo window meteoroid experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Apollo command module heat shield windows were examined for meteoroid impacts to obtain information about (1) the flux of meteoroids with masses of 10 to the -7th g and less, (2) dynamic and physical properties of meteoroids, and (3) correlations with lunar-rock-crater studies. The results of examining Apollo 17, and nine prior Apollo windows are tabulated. The window exposure time, number of impacts, crater diameter, flux, energy, and mass are shown.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelimin. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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    Apollo lunar sounder experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The four basic data products from the ALSE are sounding, profiling, imaging, and noise measurements. Attention was concentrated on the first three products, and both theory and preliminary results are presented. Background information is presented on the experiment and on the data products. Preliminary examples of the types of analyses that can be performed and the conclusions to which they can lead are included. Preliminary analysis of the data for subsurface features was successful in indicating with a high probability the capability of the ALSE to achieve its fundamental goal of substrate sounding. The imagery and profiling data are useful immediately for geologic interpretation, as demonstrated.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 26 p
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    Lunar ejecta and meteorites experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The test equipment installed during the Apollo 17 flight to conduct the lunar ejecta and meteorites (LEAM) investigation is described. The LEAM experiment intercepts ejecta particles created by meteoroid impact on the lunar surface and records information useful in establishing the history of the moon. The deployment of the system in the Taurus-Littrow area and the method for controlling the equipment are explained. The effects of lunar surface temperatures on the operation of the sensors are reported.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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    S-band transponder experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The purpose of this experiment was to measure the variations in the lunar gravitational field near the trajectory of orbiting space vehicles (the command and service module (CSM) and the small particles and fields subsatellites ejected from the Apollo 15 and 16 spacecraft). New information has been obtained from all Apollo orbiting spacecraft; however, this report shall be limited to the results from the Apollo 17 CSM and the Apollo 16 subsatellite. The data acquired are precise speed measurements of the orbiting spacecraft from which accelerations or gravity profiles may be inferred. Feature resolution is controlled by the spacecraft altitude and is almost a direct relationship (i.e., data taken from a 50-km altitude will resolve approximately a 50-km feature). Therefore, revolutions 3 to 12, when the CSM was in the low-altitude orbits, provided the clearest information.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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    Traverse gravimeter experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The primary goal of the traverse gravimeter experiment (TGE) was to make relative gravity measurements at a number of sites in the Apollo 17 landing area and to use these measurements to obtain information about the geological substructure. A secondary goal was to obtain the value of the gravity at the landing site relative to an accurately known value on earth. Both these goals were successfully achieved by the experiment. A gravity tie has been obtained between the Taurus-Littrow landing site and the earth with an estimated accuracy of approximately 5 mgal. Relative gravity measurements that can be used to infer the substructure of the area have been obtained at stations visited during each period of extravehicular activity (EVA).
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 13 p
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    Surface electrical properties experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The surface electrical properties (SEP) experiment was used to explore the subsurface material of the Apollo 17 landing site by means of electromagnetic radiation. The experiment was designed to detect electrical layering, discrete scattering bodies, and the possible presence of water. From the analysis of the data, it was expected that values of the electrical properties (dielectric constant and loss tangent) of lunar material in situ would be obtained. The basic principle of the SEP experiment is interferometry. This principle involves only the interference of two or more waves to produce an interference pattern. The inversion of the interference pattern in terms of the spatial distribution of the electrical properties is the basic aim of the experiment (fig. 15-1). The experiment is most easily understood in terms of a single dipole antenna for radiating electromagnetic energy and a loop receiver for measuring the magnitudes of the fields.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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    Heat flow experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The heat flow experiment conducted during the Apollo 17 flight in the Taurus-Littrow area of the moon is discussed. The concept of the experiment is based on the direct measurement of the vertical flow of heat through the regolith. The measurement is made far enough below the surface so that the time-varying heat flow resulting from the very large diurnal variations of the surface temperature is small as compared with the flow from the interior. The equipment used for the experiment is described and illustrated. Graphs are developed to present the results of heat flow and surface temperature measurements.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 24 p
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    A geological investigation of the Taurus-Littrow Valley (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The geological characteristics of the Taurus-Littrow region in the mountainous southeastern ring of the great plain of the Mare Serenitatis are presented. The major geologically defined units within the valley and the mountains surrounding it were examined during the Apollo 17 mission. The data obtained during the geological analysis are presented. Photographs of the significant formations are included. The specific nature of the rock formations and the stratigraphy of the area are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 21 p
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    Preliminary geologic investigation of the Apollo 17 landing site (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A geological investigation of the Apollo 17 lunar landing site was conducted. The Taurus-Littrow valley is interpreted as a deep graben formed by structural adjustment of lunar crustal material to the Serenitatis impact. Materials of the valley fill were sampled at many stations. Ejecta around many craters on the valley floor consist of basalt, showing that the graben was partly filled by lava flows. The geological objectives of the Apollo 17 mission are divided into orbital and lunar surface data collection. The data obtained for both types of investigation are presented in tables, photographs, and drawings.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 91 p
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    Summary of scientific results (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The accomplishments of the Apollo 17 flight are summarized. The basic objective of the mission was to sample basin-rim highland material and adjacent mare material and to investigate the geological evolutionary relationship between these two major units. The lunar experiments which were conducted include: (1) lunar field geology, (2) surface electrical experiments, (3) lunar traverse gravimeter experiments, (4) lunar seismic profiling experiment, (5) lunar ejecta and meteorites experiment, (6) analysis of lunar atmosphere composition, and (7) heat flow experiments.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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    Mission description (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The accomplishments of the Apollo 17 flight are discussed. The scientific objectives included geological surveying and sampling of materials and surface features in a preselected area of the Taurus-Littrow region, deploying and activating surface experiments, and conducting inflight experiments and photographic tasks during lunar orbit and transearth coast. The individual Apollo 17 experiments and photographic tasks are presented in outline form. Charts are developed to show the major mission events and data collection periods correlated to Greenwich Mean Time and ground elapsed time. Maps of the lunar surface ground track envelope for the Apollo 17 orbiting spacecraft for revolutions one to seventy-five is shown.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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    Introduction (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The accomplishments of the Apollo 17 flight are briefly described. The characteristics of the Taurus-Littrow region landing site are analyzed. The experiments conducted to analyze the composition of the lunar surface are reported. The extent to which the results of the Apollo 17 experiments confirmed theories concerning lunar seismology, thermal characteristics, presence of radioactive materials, and origin of the moon is developed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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    Comparison between photogrammetric and bistatic-radar slope frequency distributions (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A comparison was made of the results for lunar surface roughness estimates and slope frequency distributions obtained by using photogrammetric techniques with those obtained by using bistatic radar. Three topics were discussed: (1) the form of the slope frequency distributions, (2) the change of roughness estimates of the lunar surface with scale, and (3) the magnitude of surface roughness.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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    Calibration of radar data from Apollo 17 and other mission results (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An examination was made of radar data on depolarized radar echoes for the general areas of (1) the Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17 landing sites, (2) Ranger 7, 8, and 9 impact sites, and (3) the Surveyor 1, 3, 5, and 7 landing sites. These data were then compared with photographic data. Surveyor 6 was excluded because it landed near the center of the lunar disk where echo data are poor. Three problems concerning the echo data are (1) the frequency distributions of echo strengths from site to site, (2) the areal distribution of echoes, and (3) detailed correlation of echoes with the photographs of the Apollo 17 landing area.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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    Preliminary examination of lunar samples (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An analysis of the lunar samples returned by Apollo 17 was conducted to determine the petrographic characteristics. A table listing all the rocks returned by Apollo 17 by sample number, weight, and rock type is presented. Photographs of lunar samples are included to show the variety of rocks returned. Lunar soils were collected to aid in characterizing the four major photogeologic units determined by preflight studies. Tables are developed to show grain size and grain type for the lunar soils. Radiographs of the drive tubes are interpreted to show the formations existing at various depths below the lunar surface.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 46 p
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    Operation of small rocket engines in the JPL high-vacuum molecular space simulator (Molsink) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-10
    Description: The feasibility of operating small rocket engines in the Molsink facility was demonstrated. A 0.44-N (0.1-lbf) hydrazine engine and a 0.18-N (0.04-lbf) thruster using cold gas from a hydrazine plenum system were operated for both flight duty cycles and off-nominal conditions. The exhaust gases from these thrusters contain NH3, N2, and H2. The chamber was also calibrated for larger bipropellant engines using nitrogen tetroxide/monomethyl hydrazine (NTO/MMH). The exhaust products of these engines contain CO2, CO, H2, H2O, and H2. A mixture of cold gases simulating the engine exhaust was injected through a nozzle under conditions simulating thrust levels up to 26.7-N (6 lbf). Pulsing and continuous operations were investigated. The chamber background pressure traces were compared with the traces obtained for the same thrusters operated with pure nitrogen at approximately equivalent thrust. Satisfactory recuperation times were encountered in all the pulsing modes. Test times greater than 20s were obtained in steady state operation before the vacuum chamber back pressure climbed to prohibitive values.
    Keywords: PROPULSION SYSTEMS
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 3, No. 1; p 1-13
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    High sensitivity spectral observations in the decametric range (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: High resolution dynamic spectra of solar emissions in the range 80 to 20 MHz are discussed. The major features of observations described are (1) decametric storms, (2) type 3 bursts, and (3) time profile of type 3 bursts.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 602-609
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    Solar radio bursts at kilometer wavelengths (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The potential value of traveling solar radio bursts for investigating energetic particle propagation, and for probing the interplanetary medium is discussed. A general survey of the characteristics of type 3 radio phenomena observed at hectometer and kilometer wavelengths is presented along with a brief discussion of the relationships among type 1 meter noise storms, decametric continuum, and type 3 hectometric storms. Type 3 bursts are analyzed to show how these data provide information about the average energy, dispersion, and trajectory of energetic particles, the interplanetary scale, and magnetic field configuration. The recent observations of type 2 shock wave phenomena at kilometer wavelengths are described, and current research and the direction of future observation are outlined.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 519-536
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    Ground-based observations of EUV flare emissions (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Ground-based observations have established that impulsive extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) flashes occur during solar flares, in close association with hard X-ray bursts and certain impulsive portions of the optical flare. The energy flux radiated in the 10 to 1030 Angstroms wavelength range exceeds that in hard X-rays (greater than or equal to 10 keV) by about 100,000, and is roughly comparable to the energy flux radiated at all optical wavelengths. In this paper our current knowledge of EUV flare radiation and ground-based observations of the radiations are reviewed. Several hypotheses are proposed about the interrelation between impulsive EUV emissions and other flare radiations, their spatial location, and association with magnetic fields.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 242-261
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    Inflight thermodynamic properties (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-02
    Description: The inflight thermodynamic parameters (temperature, pressure, and density) of the atmosphere are presented. Mean and extreme values of the thermodynamic parameters given here can be used in application of many aerospace problems, such as: (1) research and planning and engineering design of remote earth sensing systems; (2) vehicle design and development; and (3) vehicle trajectory analysis, dealing with vehicle thrust, dynamic pressure, aerodynamic drag, aerodynamic heating, vibration, structural and guidance limitations, and reentry analysis. Atmospheric density plays a very important role in most of the above problems. A subsection on reentry is presented, giving atmospheric models to be used for reentry heating, trajectory, etc., analysis.
    Keywords: THERMODYNAMICS AND COMBUSTION
    Type: Terrest. Environ. (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Develop., 1973 Rev.; 34 p
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  • 70
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    A method of diagnostics of the dynamic stability of the carrier in a magnetic recording playback circuit (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: Graphical plotting of the dynamic instability is used to diagnose carrier behavior according to a given carrier tension fluctuation spectrum.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 107-109
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  • 71
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    Extended mission operations summary, appendix (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Mariner 9 orbital operations and extended mission events are discussed. Spacecraft observations for standard mapping and sun and earth occultations are outlined.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 631-636
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  • 72
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    Preliminary albedo map of the south polar region (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: A preliminary albedo map of the Martian south polar region in stereographic projection was prepared mainly from mission test video system (MTVS) prints before rectified and gridded prints were received, but some adjustments were made to conform with a semi-controlled photomosaic. Wherever possible, use also was made of crater coordinates. Two versions of the map are presented: one with a coordinate grid overlay and one without it. The precision of the coordinates is generally within 1 deg in latitude and the corresponding are in longitude. The maps show both the albedo markings and, with subdued contrast, the craters and topographic features that are necessary to locate the former. The map covers the range of latitudes from - 65 deg to the south pole.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 625-629
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  • 73
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    Cartographic products from the Mariner 9 mission (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Simultaneous acquisition of geodetic, cartographic, geologic, and other scientific data on Mars from Mariner 9 required extensive modification of conventional methods of mapping. Preliminary evaluation of all data simultaneously generated an inordinately large number of interim cartographic products for a final cartographic atlas of Mars. The selection of the scales at which Mars would be mapped, the projections to be used, and the way the planet would be divided into quadrangles was based on the resolution of Mariner 9 pictures and upon the resources available over the lifetime of the Mariner Mars 1971 Project.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1973 Proj., Vol. 4; p 609-623
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  • 74
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    Mariner 9 aerographic coordinate system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Preliminary Mariner 9 map products were based on computed aerocentric coordinates at the point where the optic path intercepts a spherical reference figure for Mars. The intercept point on a reference ellipsoid would in general have slightly different values of radius, latitude, and longitude. For near-vertical viewing used for mapping, these differences are on the order of 0.1 in latitude and longitude, which is negligible compared to the uncertainties of the initial uncontrolled mosaics and maps.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 575-585
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  • 75
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    Verification of performance of the Mariner 9 television cameras (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Based on limited data, the Mariner 9 performance appears consistent throughout its mission. Several corrections have been provided by inflight verification sequences. A change in photometric response, which will impair precise photometric analysis, has been observed. Hence, only qualified photometric measurement appears feasible under limited conditions. Conversely, certain geometric and electronic parameters appear both measurable and congruent with preflight prediction. The role of inflight verification has been emphasized by these data to assess the in situ camera health and to promote efficient data analysis and interpretation.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 499-510
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  • 76
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    S-band radio occultation measurements of the atmosphere and topography of Mars with Mariner 9: Extended mission coverage of polar and intermediate latitudes (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Radio occultation measurements from Mariner 9 orbits around Mars show that the radius of Mars changes by only about 2 km from a latitude of 65 deg to the north pole, that the north polar area is about average in elevation, and that polar temperature profiles are indicative of the possibility that the remnant north polar cap may be at least partially composed of water ice. It is also found that Mars, in addition to being asymmetrical equatorially, is also significantly asymmetrical in the north and south direction with the Southern Hemisphere lying 3 to 4 km higher. Temperature gradients in the clear Martian atmosphere of only about one-half of the adiabatic gradients of 5 deg K/km suggest the importance of dynamical processes.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 473-494
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  • 77
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    Effect of Mariner 9 normal points on planetary ephemerides (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: A set of ephemerides due to Mariner 9 normal points was created and used in conjunction with radar range time delay measurements to improve the range residuals in planetary gravity field measurements. In addition to the ephemeris of Mars, the Mariner 9 spacecraft data have also affected the geocentric ephemeris of Venus, producing changes up to 5 km in range.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 465-470
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  • 78
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    Approximations to the mean surface of Mars and Mars atmosphere using Mariner 9 occultations (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: When the Mariner 9 spacecraft passed behind Mars in its orbiting phase, the radio beam was cut off by some physical feature. These occultations occurred during the months of November and December 1971 and again in April and May 1972. The fairly good global spread of these data was used to estimate the shape of the Martian globe, as definable by mathematical shapes (ellipsoidal and spherical harmonic). The refraction profiles allowed the estimation of pressure near the occultation point; these, corrected back to an arbitrary fixed value of pressure, chosen to be 6.1 mb, were used as radii to an isobaric surface. Preliminary results showed a figure displacement from the mass center with a best fit southeast by 2.85 km. There was also an equatorial displacement in the direction of about 100 deg W. Atmospheric approximations for the mass center to 6.1-mb pressure distances were fit to an ellipsoid.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 495-498
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  • 79
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    Time-delay test of general relativity and Earth-Mars ephemeris improvement from analysis of Mariner 9 tracking data (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Because of the large systematic errors that accompany the conversion of spacecraft ranging data to equivalent Earth-Mars time delays, the corresponding determination of gamma does not now allow the predictions of general relativity to be distinguished from those of the Brans-Dicke scalar-tensor theory with the fraction s of scalar field admixture being 0.06. The uncertainty in the determination of (1 plus gamma)/2 at the present stage of the Mariner 9 data analysis is at about the 10% level. The ephemeris of Mars suffers from the same problem: Only with the elimination of a major fraction of the systematic errors affecting the Mariner 9 pseudo observables will a truly substantial improvement be possible in the determination of the orbit.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 453-464
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  • 80
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    Determination of the relativistic time delay for Mariner 9: A status report on the JPL analysis of normal points (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The procedure which has been chosen to accomplish a reduction of the Mariner 9 tracking data makes use of Doppler data over relatively short arcs of about one to nine orbital revolutions to determine the orbit of the spacecraft about Mars. Next, with the knowledge of the Mars-centered orbit, it is possible to use the range data to the spacecraft to determine the distance between the center of earth and the center of Mars for each short interval of tracking data. These reduced range measurements between the centers of the two planets make up the basic data for the relativity test.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 431-451
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  • 81
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    Determination of the relativistic time delay from the Mariner 9 superior conjunction data (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The purpose of the analyses performed is to investigate the Mariner 9 superior conjunction range and Doppler data in order to determine the values for the relativity and solar corona time-delay parameters. This approach is complementary to the long arc normal point approach. The two methods of analysis differ insofar as: (1) This analysis investigates a much shorter arc of data. (2) This procedure deals directly with the Mariner 9 Doppler and range data; therefore it avoids the intermediate step involved in constructing pseudo-data. It is complementary to the reduction of the normal point data because it relies upon the generation of an Earth-Mars ephemeris, which is determined from the analysis of normal points as well as past optical and radar data.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 423-430
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  • 82
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    Mars gravity derived from long-period motion of Mariner 9 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The spherical harmonic coefficients in the gravity field of Mars are determined using a two stage filtering process. In the first stage, a weighted least squares orbit determination processor is applied to Mariner 9 Doppler tracking data to estimate Kepler elements and rates. In the second stage, the Kepler element rates are used as input to another weighted least squares processor that estimates gravity coefficients using the Lagrange perturbation equations. The novelty in this method is the fitting of element rates rather than the elements themselves. This procedure decouples the results from the effects of internal spacecraft dynamics.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 401-406
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  • 83
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    Data acquisition and editing for the celestial mechanics experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: A radio tracking subsystem is reported in which the critical elements are the frequency standard and its distribution subsystem, as they ultimately limit the accuracy of both range and Doppler measurements. A rubidium vapor standard serves as the primary reference. After frequency multiplication to S-band and additional amplification, the carrier is transmitted to the spacecraft where a phase-locked receiver-transmitter system filters the signal, introduces a slight frequency shift, and retransmits it to the ground. Doppler is measured by comparing the received frequency with that being transmitted.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 407-414
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  • 84
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    Determination of normal points for the relativity test of the celestial mechanics experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The relativity test is based on Mariner 9 tracking data acquired by the Deep Space Network. These data consist of two types of measurements: (1) two-way frequency difference (Doppler) measurements that are proportional to the tracking station-spacecraft range rate, and (2) signal round trip time-delay measurements that are proportional to the station-spacecraft range. A data compression scheme has been employed to alleviate accuracy and cost difficulties by (1) using the Doppler data to solve for the spacecraft orbit and to relate spacecraft position to the center of mass of Mars; and (2) combining this result with the station-spacecraft range measurements to obtain measurements of the Earth-Mars distance, called normal points, that contain all of the information pertinent to a detailed knowledge of the Earth-Mars motion.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 415-412
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  • 85
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    Mars gravity field via the short data arcs (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Short arc reduction of satellite Mars tracking data shows that: (1) There is one large gravity high covering the region of Nix Olympica and the three peaks to the east (about 110 deg longitude). It has an amplitude of 50 milligals at 2200-km altitude and implies a surface mass anomaly times greater than any on earth; (2) there are no large negative gravity anomalies comparable to the positive; and (3) the large 3000-km canyon seems to originate in a gravity high and end in a gravity low.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 393-400
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  • 86
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    The Mariner 9 celestial mechanics experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: There are two main objectives in the Mars gravity field analysis. The first is to generate a picture of the gravity field which can be used in conjunction with other types of data to elucidate the interior, surface structure, and history of Mars. The second is to aid the orbit determination aspect of the relativity experiment. In an effort to extract from the data a Mars gravity model of reasonable fidelity, various spherical harmonic models have been made. A parallel effort using a surface mass representation involves the differentiation of Doppler residuals for acceleration contours.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 389-391
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  • 87
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    Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer experiment: Afternoon terminator observations of Mars (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: It is possible to model the ultraviolet terminator observations of Mariner 9 either with a homogeneous atmosphere or with a scattering layer in addition to a homogeneous atmosphere. The characteristic shape of the twilight intensity variation is dependent on the latitude of observation. Observations north of 55N require a homogeneous model. Twilight measurements south of 55N indicate that a scattering layer may be a general Martian occurrence, at least in the evening. The day-to-day surveillance of the Martian terminator during the first 216 Mariner 9 revolutions indicates haze formation in the evening, and its continued presence until early morning is a daily occurrence in mid-latitudes up to 50N.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 339-353
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  • 88
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    Preliminary report on infrared radiometric measurements from Mariner 9 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The results of the preliminary analysis of the Mariner 9 radiometer data are: (1) Gross thermal characteristics of Mars agreed qualitatively with those observed in 1969: (2) a dust storm changed the thermal picture of Mars radically with average dayside temperatures lower by about 20K than without the dust storm; (3) over large-scale physiographic visual features, no univocal correlation between albedo and thermal inertia seems to exist, and (4) surface particle sizes derived from observed thermal inertias vary between 0.006 cm and 0.5 cm.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 315-338
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  • 89
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    Atmospheric and surface properties of Mars obtained by infrared spectroscopy on Mariner 9 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The infrared spectroscopy experiment on Mariner 9 obtained data over much of Mars. Interpretation of the thermal emission of Mars in terms of atmospheric temperatures, wind fields and dynamics, surface temperatures, surface pressure and topography, mineral composition, and minor atmospheric constituents including isotopic ratios, as well as a search for unexpected phenomena are reported.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 299-314
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  • 90
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    Nature and origin of layered deposits of the Martian polar regions (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Layered deposits in the Martian polar regions are interpreted as accumulations of dust derived from atmospheric suspensions. Depressed and eroded terrains of the equatorial region are considered to be the principal sources of dust. A depositional model based on polar precipitation of dust predicts the formation of a vast, dome-shaped, featureless plateau underlain by layered deposits and occupying most of the area of annual frost cover. The rates of accumulation of dust and water ice in the polar regions have been estimated on the basis of atmospheric conditions in the present era. The analysis indicates an accumulation time of about 500 x 1 million years for the layered deposits and the presence of significant quantities of water ice in the deposits beneath the perennial cap.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 259-278
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  • 91
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    Liquid carbon dioxide and the Martian polar laminae (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: One of the most important findings of the Mariner 9 mission was the existence of a set of apparent stacked layers in both the north and south polar regions of Mars. The total thickness of the laminated terrain is approximately several kilometers. Because the Martian atmosphere is composed largely of CO2 and because the frost point of CO2 is known to be reached in both polar regions, it has been assumed that the volatiles in the bright laminae are in appreciable part condensed CO2, although condensed H2O, and a CO2-H2O clathrate are also possible. As long as the ratio of CO2 to H2O is large, the physical properties will be dominated by the CO2.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 279-281
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  • 92
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    Wind erosion in the Martian polar regions (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Photographic evidence suggests that many topographic features of the polar regions of Mars may have been sculptured by wind action. In the case of the pitted terrain, this is established by relating the orientations of elongate basins and grooves to patterns of albedo markings that are generally accepted to be wind-formed. Small-scale flutes and other textures of laminated terrain recognized outside the perennial ice cap in the south polar region are also attributed to eolian action. Winds flowing off the polar cap and spiraling toward the west seem to be responsible. More speculatively the large-scale circumpolar features which underlie the residual polar caps may be related to wind erosion. Rotational motion localized on circular segments of the perennial frost deposits are proposed as a mechanism.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 235-246
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  • 93
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    Variable features on Mars 2: Mariner 9 global results (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Mariner 9 observations of time variable Martian dark areas and semi-tone areas are commonly resolved into streaks and splotches caused by sand storm particles. Bright streaks are formed by the smaller particles and require exceptionally high velocities for their formation as compared with the more easily saltated larger particles in dark streak areas.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 179-217
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  • 94
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    Comparison of Martian and lunar multi-ringed circular basins (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Many similarities between Martian and lunar multi-ringed basins are outlined. There is a similar relation between basin size and number of rings; the second ring seems to appear in the crater-basin continuum in roughly the same diameter range. The similarities are tentatively considered great enough to indicate that Martian and lunar basins were formed by the same process. Morphological and statistical studies of lunar basins have strongly indicated this process to be impact.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 89-102
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  • 95
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    Volcanism on Mars (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: One of the earliest and most significant of the Mariner 9 results was the recognition of prominent volcanic features on Mars. The volcanic features have a markedly asymmetric distribution. The planet can be roughly divided into two hemispheres. One includes nearly all the central volcanic features and the sparsely cratered plains; the other, for the most part, is densely cratered terrain, superficially resembling the lunar highlands.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 43-61
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  • 96
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    A generalized geologic map of Mars (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: A generalized geologic map of Mars has been constructed largely on the basis of differences in the topography of the surface. A number of topographic features on Mars whose form is highly diagnostic of their origin are shown. Of particular note are the shield volcanoes and lava plains. In some areas, the original features have been considerably modified by subsequent erosional and tectonic processes. These have not, however, resulted in homogenization of the planet's surface, but rather have emphasized its variegated character by leaving a characteristic imprint in specific areas. The topography of the planet, therefore, lends itself well to remote geologic interpretation.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 21-26
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  • 97
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    Cloud emissivity (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Infrared interferometric spectra obtained by Nimbus-4 instrumentation are analyzed for the spectral properties of cloud brightness temperatures as a function of wave number. It is shown that cloud-top altitude determination can be corrected for emissions from lower levels in the cloud if an estimate can be made of the particle density. Brightness temperature in the 700 to 950 wave number region can be used to estimate cloud number density.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 201-204
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  • 98
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    Missions to comets (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Missions to comets are outlined that form the basis for a new program to send a space probe to a comet. Simple flythroughs of the comet head will provide information about the composition of the ionized and neutral particles that make up the cometary atmosphere and on effects of solar-wind interaction with the comet. Projected are missions to the comets Grigg-Skjellerup, Encke, and Halley.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 153-157
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  • 99
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    Cometary spectral isophotes (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Observations of two recent bright comets, comet Bennet and comet Tago-Sato-Kosaka by a 91 centimeter telescope are reported. Results of monochromatic isophotes of the comets comas within 10,000 to 100,000 kilometers of their nuclei provide a spatial distribution of radicals, ions, and dust.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 148-152
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  • 100
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    Chemical evolution of cosmic clouds (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Reaction rate characteristics of interstellar matter were studied by the reaction of hydrogen cyanide and molecular hydrogen at about 1000 K at an HCN to H2 ratio of 1 to 100 to simulate the large excess of cosmic hydrogen. It was found that HCN decays with a half life of about 20 hours and that a large surface increases the reaction rate as a function of temperature. Reaction rates may be considerable increased by energetic processes that produce free radicals and ions.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 136-141
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