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  • Other Sources  (2,108)
  • SPACE SCIENCES  (1,545)
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  • 1
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Impact, emergency escape and crash survival protection are studied. Accleration, the G system of units, data interpretation, and human tolerance limits are summarized, along with physiological and biochemical response to impact. Biomechanical factors of impact are also cited.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 221-295
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A retrospective look at the operation and results of the experiment is presented. The design and performance of the infrared interferometer spectrometer are discussed along with the results obtained concerning the atmospheric and surface properties.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 41-52
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Mission planning, payloads, launch, and orbital insertion are described for Mariner mission 8 and 9. Mission sequences and planet coverage as a function of time in orbit are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 1-11
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  • 4
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Human energy is discussed in terms of the whole man. The physical work a man does, the heat he produces, and the quantity of oxygen he takes from the air to combine with food, the fuel source of his energy, are described. The daily energy exchange, work and heat dissipation, oxygen costs of specific activities, anaerobic work, and working in space suits are summarized.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 847-879
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  • 5
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The capabilities and limitations of man as an element in a closed loop control system under normal environmental conditions are described. Controller characteristics are enumerated, using manual control, quasilinear models, pilot opinion and ratings, compensatory tracking, optimum control models, motion cues, multiple input tracking, multiple loop tracking, transmission delays, and adaptive manual control. Various controls, manipulators, and displays are also considered.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 751-806
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  • 6
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Noise and blast environments are described, providing a definition of units and techniques of noise measurement and giving representative booster-launch and spacecraft noise data. The effects of noise on hearing sensitivity and performance are reviewed, and community response to noise exposure is discussed. Physiological, or nonauditory, effects of noise exposure are also treated, as are design criteria and methods for minimizing the noise effects of hearing sensitivity and communications. The low level sound detection and speech reception are included, along with subjective and behavioral responses to noise.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 693-750
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  • 7
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Rotary acceleration is found to be a manifestation of angular acceleration, and is always present during steady state spinning or tumbling, even when the angular velocity is constant. Subjective reactions and tolerances, performance, physiological effects, and pathological effects are reviewed for rotary acceleration. Thresholds for stimulation perception by angular acceleration in man are presented in tabular form.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 191-219
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  • 8
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Properties of elements and compounds are considered which make up or may be added to a gaseous environment suitable for humans. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are emphasized; nitrogen and the noble gases are also cited. Other gaseous compounds, such as carbon monoxide, methane, and sulfur hexafluoride, are briefly mentioned.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 35-63
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  • 9
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The subjective effects of sustained acceleration are discussed, including positive, negative, forward, backward, and lateral acceleration effects. Physiological effects, such as retinal and visual response, unconsciousness and cerebral function, pulmonary response, and renal output, are studied. Human tolerance and performance under sustained acceleration are ascertained.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 149-190
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  • 10
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Atmospheric processes on Mars are reported based on atmospheric observations from Mariner 9. Topics discussed include: atmospheric temperature and wind, cloud processes, minor constituents, global dust storm, and surface pressure distribution.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 99-104
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  • 11
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The physical behavior of water and carbon dioxide on Mars was studied. Topics discussed include: physics of polar frosts, CO2 budget, atmospheric minor constituents, chemical and physical properties of surface materials, layered deposits, and the role of volatiles in the Martian landscape formation.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 87-97
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  • 12
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The objectives of the Mars surface properties working group are described. The objectives were: (1) determine a simple reference surface that would adequately represent the shape of the planet for cartographic purposes; (2) monitor the topographic results and to assess the relative calibration and accuracies of these techniques, thereby leading to a composite topographic map of the planet; and (3) facilitate the exchange of data in closely connected disciplines. The shape, topography, and isobaric surface are discussed along with the gravity field, and crustal density model. It was found that there is no simple reference figure for the planetary surface, although an offset, triaxial ellipsoid is adequate for most purposes.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 81-85
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  • 13
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Tolerance levels, physiological effects, and performance degradation during simultaneous or sequential exposures to two environmental stresses, and also three or more simultaneous stresses are described. Environmental stress combinations are characterized by four descriptors: order of occurrence, duration of exposure, severity of exposure, and type of interaction. Combined stress data and facilities for combined stress study are briefly mentioned.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 881-914
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  • 14
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The problems in human comfort in heat stress are emphasized, with less emphasis placed upon cold exposure problems. Physiological parameters related to human thermal interactions are discussed, as well as data concerning thermal protective clothing. The energy balance equation, heat transfer equation, thermal comfort, heat stress, and cold stress are also considered. A two node model of human temperature regulation in FORTRAN is appended.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 65-148
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The objectives of the experiment are discussed. These objectives were: (1) measure the thermophysical properties of the Martian surface on a global scale; (2) isolate large-scale irregularities in the global picture; and (3) isolate small-scale hot or cold spots on the surface.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 37-40
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The efforts and accomplishments of the CME Team are summarized. The objectives and experiment status, gravity field of Mars, test of general relativity, and the generation of normal points are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 13-31
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  • 17
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The penetrating ionizing space radiations are found to be extremely diverse in the energy range of both their particulate and their electromagnetic components. Radiation terms and measures and ionizing radiation classes and sources are presented. Whole body radiation effects are examined, including radiation intensity and rate effectiveness factors. Radiation effects on specific body systems, such as blood, skin, visual, and reproductive systems are also discussed.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 417-454
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  • 18
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The effects of alterations in barometric pressure on human beings are described. Human tolerances for gaseous environments and low and high barometric pressure are discussed, including effects on specific areas, such as the ear, lungs, teeth, and sinuses. Problems due to trapped gas within the body, high dynamic pressures on the body, and blasts are also considered.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 1-34
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  • 19
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: Man's reactions to vibration are emphasized rather than his reactions to the vibrational characteristics of vehicles. Vibrational effects studies include: performance effects reflected in tracking proficiency, reaction time, visual impairment, and other measures related to man's ability to control a system; physiological reactions; biodynamic responses; subjective reactions; and human tolerance limits. Technological refinements in shaker systems and improved experimental designs are used to validate the data.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 297-348
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An examination was made of earth based observations of optical color differences, infrared eclipse temperatures, and radar backscatter for Mare Serenitatis. Information is also included on orbital observations, physical properties of surface types, and correlation of surface types with geologic units. Differences in these remote observations are attributed to variations in chemical and minerological compositions.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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  • 21
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The autointrusive hypothesis of the origin of several vagaries of prominent mare ridges is explained. Data are based on a comparison between the structure of a Hawaiian lava lake and the mare ridges. Resulting data suggest that these ridges may have formed as squeeze-ups and autointrusives in tension fractures over buried topography in the crust of luna lava lakes. Data also suggest that mare ridges may result from: (1) pressure ridges in flows, (2) compressional features resulting from subsidence of mare lava, (3) volcanic ring structures and extrusives, or loccoliths fed by lunar grid controlled dikes, (4) draped topography and fissure eruptives, (5) drag folds or tension-gash dikes caused by wrench faulting at depth, and (6) postmare thrust faults.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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  • 22
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Apollo 17 data on the setting and detailed characteristics of the D-Caldera structure are analyzed. Data are also given on the formation of the structure.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Aratus CA (lat. 24.5 N, long. 11.3 E) is an irregular-shaped crater 8.6 km long by 3 km wide in western Mare Serenitatis, which was photographed during the Apollo 15 and 17 missions. It is similar in form to Bear Crater (fig. 30-2), a small volcanic vent formed in Holocene basalt flows of the Snake River Plains, Idaho. The two features are compared and it is concluded that Aratus CA may have a geologic structure and history similar to that of Bear Crater.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The major features of the stratigraphic and structural sequence are summarized for Mare Serenitatis. The dark oldest basalts include flows coextensive with Mare Tranquillitatis and also flows and pyroclastic deposits (dark mantles) that erupted from the edge of the Serenitatis basin. The basin sagged, possibly isostatically, as basalts of intermediate age were emplaced. Sagging had nearly ceased by the time the youngest flows were deposited. Compressive movements including thrusting followed, and small extensional fissures formed in late Copernican time. The revised stratigraphic sequence that was elaborated has implications for lunar stratigraphy that transcend the boundaries of Mare Serenitatis. Dark mantle deposits and the darkest maria have commonly been assumed in geologic mapping to be relatively youthful. These assumptions must now be reevaluated and perhaps discarded.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 12 p
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Preliminary results of the Apollo 17 neutron probe are presented. The probe which was designed for measuring neutron capture rates to a depth of 2m in the lunar regolith is described, and the fission rates for U-235 are discussed. It is concluded that good agreement exists between the experimental results and theoretical calculations.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 12 p
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  • 26
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A rotating space station simulator is being used to obtain data on man's performance in a rotating environment. At present the facility is being used to assess the effects of rotation on man's walking capabilities on circular and flat walls at g-levels from 0.05 to 0.75g. Some of the preliminary results are reviewed.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 67-72
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Three groups of 10 subjects each were exposed to stepwise increments of cross coupled angular accelerations in three visual modes: internal visual reference (IVR), external visual reference (EVR), and vision absent (VA). The subjects in the IVR condition required significantly greater amounts of stimulus exposure to neutralize their illusory subjective reactions. They also suffered a greater loss of well-being and a more marked incidence of motion sickness than did subjects in the EVR and VA conditions. The same 30 subjects were reexposed to the same graded cross coupled stimulation 1 week later. This time, however, all the subjects were tested under only the IVR condition. All three groups showed some positive transfer of adaptation, but only the IVR-IVR combination required significantly fewer head motions to achieve the same level of adaptation on the second occasion. Taken overall, however, the most efficient and least disturbing route to adaptation at the completion of the second test was via the VA-IVR combination.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 87-97
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2006-01-10
    Description: The opportunities for close satellite encounters which meet the planetary constraints at Saturn that are imposed by science value return and environmental conditions are investigated. Since the satellites travel at various speeds in their orbits, Saturn arrival time is critical and was chosen as the design parameter. Arrival times are recommended which afford close satellite encounters and also meet important mission constraints. A design chart illustrates the satellite opportunities as a function of Saturn arrival date. Through the use of such a design chart, the Saturn encounter design process, which will take place according to recommendations by the selected science investigators over the next several years, will be considerably streamlined. Potential applications are given to illustrate the use of the Saturn satellite opportunity chart in encounter design.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 3, No. 1; p 14-25
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  • 29
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The physical characteristics of the fresh looking Aitken Crater and its surrounding environment are studied. Rim deposits and ejecta blanket indicate the crater has a probable impact origin or is formed during post-Aitken events. Data also indicate the crater's dark floor fill, its flow scarps, and smaller craters with domical structures are volcanic in origin. Landform varieties suggest episodic erruptions may also cause such craters.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Evidence, suggesting that wrinkle ridges and similar looking one-sided scrapes in the Taurus-Littrow region are caused by anticlines and thrust faults resulting from sliding on a flowing surface, is given.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 3 p
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  • 31
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Apollo 17 photographs of small structures expressed as scarps, ledges, flow fronts, and mare type ridges are compared in an effort to determine the origin of such structures. The resulting data revealed that these structures were probably developed as lava extrusions from fractures and fissures along with associated faulting and folding.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The formation, modification, and deformation of lunar maria by extended volcanic and tectonic processes are examined. Data also cover lava flows, sinuous rilles, mare ridges, faults, and fracture systems. Stages involved in the modification of impact craters by tectonism, volcanism, younger impacts, and mass wasting are included.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 11 p
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Volcanic cones in the Serenitatis basin are compared to terrestrial volcanic formations. Cinder cones, basalt flows and their morphology are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The dark mantle along the southeastern margin of the Serenitatis basin is discussed in terms of its relation to the surrounding areas. The characteristics, and the relationship to younger formations are analyzed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 13 p
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The network of seismometers installed by the Apollo 17 and other Apollo missions is described. The effects of the impacts of lunar modules and S-4B stages on the lunar surfaces are discussed. The information concerning lunar composition which is obtained by analyzing the seismic signals generated by moonquakes and meteoroid impacts are analyzed. It is concluded that the seismic activity within the moon is extremely low compared to that with the earth. The moon is characterized by a rigid, dynamically inactive outer shell, approximately 1000 kilometers thick, surrounding a core that has markedly different elastic properties.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The soil mechanics experiment on the Apollo 17 mission to the Taurus-Littrow area of the moon is discussed. The objectives of the experiment were to determine the physical characteristics and mechanical properties of the lunar soil at the surface and subsurface in lateral directions. Data obtained on the lunar surface in conjunction with observations of returned samples of lunar soil are used to determine in-place density and porosity profiles and to determine strength characteristics on local and regional scales.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 22 p
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The effects of increasing artificial gravity exposure on four aspects of physiological fitness are examined in four young men who, prior to exposure, were deconditioned with bed rest and water immersion. The four aspects of physiological fitness are orthostatic tolerance, exercise tolerance, forearm endurance, and maximum strength. Orthostatic tolerance was sharply reduced by deconditioning and was substantially improved by walking in simulated lunar gravity (1/6 g) for 2.5 hours daily for 7 days or by walking in 1/2 g and 1 g for 1 hour daily for 3 days. Exercise tolerance was also sharply reduced by deconditioning but did not significantly improve with increasing g-exposure. Walking in 1 g for 1 hour daily for 3 days raised exercise tolerance only a little above the low produced by deconditioning. Forearm endurance and maximum strength were relatively unaffected by deconditioning and subsequent g-exposure.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 73-83
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A ground based research program is now being undertaken to provide data concerning the effects of a rotating environment on man's ability to adequately perform gross and fine psychomotor tasks. Emphasis is being placed on establishing the levels of artificial gravity and rates and radii of rotation required in future space systems for preservation of crew performance and comfort. An experimental study utilizing a rotational facility to investigate crew mobility, cargo transfer and handling, and fine motor coordination at radii up to 24 meters and at rotational rates up to 5 rpm is reported.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 55-65
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Certain capabilities provided in preliminary designs of orbital space stations for research in rotational hypogravity are outlined. Also indicated are alternative configurations that are being considered. Principal addresses are members of an international community of physiologists whose work in earth oriented, as well as space oriented, physiology can be supported through observation under the background environment of null gravity. Their participation in originating and devising advanced experiments and in developing requirements is expected to enhance final design of the selected space station and to make the research program more meaningful.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 43-53
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  • 40
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The unique characteristics of artificial gravity that affect human performance and physiology in an artificial gravity environment are reviewed. The rate at which these unique characteristics change decreases very rapidly with increasing radius of a rotating vehicle used to produce artificial gravity. Reducing their influence on human performance or physiology by increasing radius becomes a situation of very rapidly diminishing returns. A review of several elements of human performance has developed criteria relative to the sundry characteristics of artificial gravity. A compilation of these criteria indicates that the maximum acceptable rate of rotation, leg heaviness while walking, and material handling are the factors that define the minimum acceptable radius. The ratio of Coriolis force to artificial weight may also be significant. Based on current knowledge and assumptions for the various criteria, a minimum radius between 15.2 and 16.8 m seems desirable.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 23-33
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Volcanic features of the far side Aitken Crater including post-impact volcanism and volcanic events extending beyond the period of mare type crater flooding are discussed. The features attributed to extrusions of viscous lava are also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 2 p
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  • 42
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Several defined examples of the V shaped components of herringbone patterns observed on Apollo 17 and Apollo 15 metric and panoramic photographs are given along with an explanation on the impact mechanism for forming the V shaped structures. Observations of isolated crater chains having the herringbone patterns but not obviously associated with any primary crater are also included. Preliminary results indicate the lunar herringbone patterns are common to characteristics of secondary cratering and that the pattern results from the collision of material ejected from separated impact points.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 15 p
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  • 43
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A general study is presented on the surface geometry of 25 far-side craters along with a detailed study of rim-crest evenness for 15 near-side and far-side craters. Analysis of this preliminary sample of Apollo 15 and 17 data, which includes craters between 1.5 and 275 km in diameter, suggests that most genetic interpretations of craters made from pre-Apollo topographic measurements may require no drastic revision. All measurements were made from topographic profiles generated on a stereoplotter.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Apollo 17 lunar seismic profiling experiment was conducted to record the vibrations of the lunar surface as induced by explosive charges, the thrust of the lunar module ascent engine, and the crash of the lunar module ascent stage. Analysis of the data obtained made it possible to determine the internal characteristics of the lunar crust to a depth of several kilometers. The test equipment used in the experiment is described. Maps showing the location of the geophones and the deployed explosive packages are provided. Samples of the seismic signals recorded by the lunar seismic profiling experiment geophones are included.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 12 p
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The application of vibroacoustic techniques for diagnosing aircraft engine malfunctions is discussed. An experiment was conducted to determine the defects introduced by the nature of change in the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the noises and vibrations of an aircraft jet engine. The manner in which the defects were simulated is explained. The test equipment used during the experiment is identified. The results of the amplitude-frequency characteristics investigation are summarized to show optimum location of the microphone pick-up to record the acoustic data.
    Keywords: PROPULSION SYSTEMS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 317-319
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The physics of noise formation in an internal combustion engine is discussed. A dependence of the acoustical radiation on the engine operating process, its construction, and operational parameters, as well as on the degree of wear on its parts, has been established. An example of tests conducted on an internal combustion engine is provided. A system for cybernetic diagnostics for internal combustion engines by vibroacoustical parameters is diagrammed.
    Keywords: PROPULSION SYSTEMS
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 247-249
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: The development of a propulsion system that employs a detonating propellant is described, and the need for such a system and its use in certain planetary atmospheres are demonstrated. A theoretical formulation of the relevant gas-dynamic processes was developed, and a related series of experimental tests were pursued.
    Keywords: PROPULSION SYSTEMS
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 3, No. 2 (NASA-CR-133863); p 45-52
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  • 48
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The boundary-layer losses associated with the flow process in the blade channel are discussed. To determine the overall design point efficiency of a turbine, other losses must also be considered; these include tip clearance loss and disk friction loss. The sum of these losses normally comprises all the losses that are considered in the design of a full admission axial flow turbine. If, however, a partial admission turbine is being considered, there are additional losses that must be included. The partial admission losses usually considered are the pumping loss in the inactive blade channels and the filling-and-emptying loss in the blade passages as they pass through the admission arc. Finally, a loss that occurs at off-design operation of any turbine is the incidence loss.
    Keywords: PROPULSION SYSTEMS
    Type: Turbine Design and Appl., Vol. 2; p 125-148
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  • 49
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The design of a proper blade profile requires calculation of the blade row flow field in order to determine the velocities on the blade surfaces. An analysis theory is presented for several methods used for this calculation and associated computer programs that were developed are discussed.
    Keywords: PROPULSION SYSTEMS
    Type: Turbine Design and Appl., Vol. 2; p 27-56
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  • 50
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The design of turbine blading is considered that will produce the flow angles and velocities required by velocity diagrams consistent with the desired efficiency and/or number of stages. The determination of the size, shape, and spacing of the blades is fundamental.
    Keywords: PROPULSION SYSTEMS
    Type: Turbine Design and Appl. Vol. 2; p 1-25
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The activities of the following members of the Navigation Team are recorded: the Science Sequence Design Group, responsible for preparing the final science sequence designs; the Advanced Sequence Planning Group, responsible for sequence planning; and the Science Recommendation Team (SRT) representatives, responsible for conducting the necessary sequence design interfaces with the teams during the mission. The interface task included science support in both advance planning and daily operations. Science sequences designed during the mission are also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Its Mariner 9 Navigation; p 225-270
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  • 52
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Mariner 9 spacecraft was launched by an Atlas/Centaur launch vehicle (AC-23) on a direct-ascent trajectory from the Air Force Eastern Test Range (AFETR) launch complex 36B on May 30, 1971. Liftoff occurred at 22 h 23 min 04.5 s GMT, slightly more than 6 min after the opening of a 60-min launch window. The vehicle rose vertically for approximately 15 s, during which time, a programmed roll to a launch azimuth of 92.74 deg was performed. After the initial vertical rise, the vehicle, guided by the open-loop Atlas autopilot, began to pitch over into a zero-lift trajectory. The first of three main powered phases was terminated by booster engine cutoff (BECO) at 22 h 25 min 35.5 s. After the Atlas booster engine package was jettisoned 3 s later, the flight continued under the power of the Atlas sustainer engine and guided by the Centaur guidance system operating in a closed-loop mode.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Its Mariner 9 Navigation; p 218-224
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A historic account of the activities of the Satellite OD Group during the MM'71 mission is given along with an assessment of the accuracy of the determined orbit of the Mariner 9 spacecraft. Preflight study results are reviewed, and the major error sources described. Tracking and data fitting strategy actually used in the real time operations is itemized, and Deep Space Network data available for orbit fitting during the mission and the auxiliary information used by the navigation team are described. A detailed orbit fitting history of the first four revolutions of the satellite orbit of Mariner 9 is presented, with emphasis on the convergence problems and the delivered solution for the first orbit trim maneuver. Also included are a solution accuracy summary, the history of the spacecraft orbit osculating elements, the results of verifying the radio solutions with TV imaging data, and a summary of the normal points generated for the relativity experiment.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Its Mariner 9 Navigation; p 119-192
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The logistical aspects of orbit determination (OD) in the interplanetary phase of the Mariner Mars 1971 mission are described and the working arrangements for the OD personnel, both within the Navigation Team and with outside groups are given. Various types of data used in the OD process are presented along with sources of the data. Functional descriptions of the individual elements of the OD software and brief sketches of their modes of operation are provided.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Its Mariner 9 Navigation; p 20-118
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Orbital photographic documentation of lava flow in the southwestern Mare Imbrium by Apollo 17 are introduced. A detailed photogeologic evaluation of these flows and their role in mare volcanism of the Eratosthenian age in the basin is included. Special attention was given to the source of phase 3, the youngest lava flows.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Relationships between volcanic and structural features along the southern edge of Mare Serenitatis as determined from low angle lighting in Apollo 17 photographs are discussed. Observational summaries are given of: (1) contact relations between the dark border material and the central mare fill, (2) a late stage lava flow with associated cinder cones, and (3) certain structural features related to the development of the mare basin and its associated volcanic landforms. A chronologic summary is given of volcanic and structural events believed to be critical to understanding the development of Mare Serenitatis.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Relative flux ages were determined for 110 areas on parts of Serenitatis, Vaporum, and Imbrium, using Apollo 17 metric photographs. The crater-morphology technique for determining relative ages is described. It is concluded that these maria formed over an interval of 1.5 billion years, extending from 3.7 to 2.2 billion years ago.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 3 p
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  • 58
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Apollo 17 metric photographs provide the best available coverage for geologic interpretation of northern Mare Crisium and the northern Crisium basin. One region in particular, between Alhazen Crater and longitude 66 E, had previously been covered very poorly. The Apollo 17 photographs provide excellent monoscopic as well as stereoscopic viewing because of the favorably low sun illuminations (15 deg to 49 deg). These new photographic data allow the geology of the basin, the mare, and other nearby terrains to be reevaluated. This reexamination, together with data from continuing moon-wide photogeologic studies and analyses of returned rocks from Apollo landing sites, has produced a simple evolutionary picture of the region, expressed by fewer map units and explained by fewer basic processes than previously thought necessary.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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  • 59
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The visual observations of the lunar surface from the command module of the Apollo 17 flight are presented. Detailed descriptions of the observation sites are given.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 32 p
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  • 60
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Apollo command module heat shield windows were examined for meteoroid impacts to obtain information about (1) the flux of meteoroids with masses of 10 to the -7th g and less, (2) dynamic and physical properties of meteoroids, and (3) correlations with lunar-rock-crater studies. The results of examining Apollo 17, and nine prior Apollo windows are tabulated. The window exposure time, number of impacts, crater diameter, flux, energy, and mass are shown.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelimin. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The four basic data products from the ALSE are sounding, profiling, imaging, and noise measurements. Attention was concentrated on the first three products, and both theory and preliminary results are presented. Background information is presented on the experiment and on the data products. Preliminary examples of the types of analyses that can be performed and the conclusions to which they can lead are included. Preliminary analysis of the data for subsurface features was successful in indicating with a high probability the capability of the ALSE to achieve its fundamental goal of substrate sounding. The imagery and profiling data are useful immediately for geologic interpretation, as demonstrated.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 26 p
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The test equipment installed during the Apollo 17 flight to conduct the lunar ejecta and meteorites (LEAM) investigation is described. The LEAM experiment intercepts ejecta particles created by meteoroid impact on the lunar surface and records information useful in establishing the history of the moon. The deployment of the system in the Taurus-Littrow area and the method for controlling the equipment are explained. The effects of lunar surface temperatures on the operation of the sensors are reported.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The purpose of this experiment was to measure the variations in the lunar gravitational field near the trajectory of orbiting space vehicles (the command and service module (CSM) and the small particles and fields subsatellites ejected from the Apollo 15 and 16 spacecraft). New information has been obtained from all Apollo orbiting spacecraft; however, this report shall be limited to the results from the Apollo 17 CSM and the Apollo 16 subsatellite. The data acquired are precise speed measurements of the orbiting spacecraft from which accelerations or gravity profiles may be inferred. Feature resolution is controlled by the spacecraft altitude and is almost a direct relationship (i.e., data taken from a 50-km altitude will resolve approximately a 50-km feature). Therefore, revolutions 3 to 12, when the CSM was in the low-altitude orbits, provided the clearest information.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The primary goal of the traverse gravimeter experiment (TGE) was to make relative gravity measurements at a number of sites in the Apollo 17 landing area and to use these measurements to obtain information about the geological substructure. A secondary goal was to obtain the value of the gravity at the landing site relative to an accurately known value on earth. Both these goals were successfully achieved by the experiment. A gravity tie has been obtained between the Taurus-Littrow landing site and the earth with an estimated accuracy of approximately 5 mgal. Relative gravity measurements that can be used to infer the substructure of the area have been obtained at stations visited during each period of extravehicular activity (EVA).
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 13 p
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The surface electrical properties (SEP) experiment was used to explore the subsurface material of the Apollo 17 landing site by means of electromagnetic radiation. The experiment was designed to detect electrical layering, discrete scattering bodies, and the possible presence of water. From the analysis of the data, it was expected that values of the electrical properties (dielectric constant and loss tangent) of lunar material in situ would be obtained. The basic principle of the SEP experiment is interferometry. This principle involves only the interference of two or more waves to produce an interference pattern. The inversion of the interference pattern in terms of the spatial distribution of the electrical properties is the basic aim of the experiment (fig. 15-1). The experiment is most easily understood in terms of a single dipole antenna for radiating electromagnetic energy and a loop receiver for measuring the magnitudes of the fields.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The heat flow experiment conducted during the Apollo 17 flight in the Taurus-Littrow area of the moon is discussed. The concept of the experiment is based on the direct measurement of the vertical flow of heat through the regolith. The measurement is made far enough below the surface so that the time-varying heat flow resulting from the very large diurnal variations of the surface temperature is small as compared with the flow from the interior. The equipment used for the experiment is described and illustrated. Graphs are developed to present the results of heat flow and surface temperature measurements.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 24 p
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The geological characteristics of the Taurus-Littrow region in the mountainous southeastern ring of the great plain of the Mare Serenitatis are presented. The major geologically defined units within the valley and the mountains surrounding it were examined during the Apollo 17 mission. The data obtained during the geological analysis are presented. Photographs of the significant formations are included. The specific nature of the rock formations and the stratigraphy of the area are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 21 p
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A geological investigation of the Apollo 17 lunar landing site was conducted. The Taurus-Littrow valley is interpreted as a deep graben formed by structural adjustment of lunar crustal material to the Serenitatis impact. Materials of the valley fill were sampled at many stations. Ejecta around many craters on the valley floor consist of basalt, showing that the graben was partly filled by lava flows. The geological objectives of the Apollo 17 mission are divided into orbital and lunar surface data collection. The data obtained for both types of investigation are presented in tables, photographs, and drawings.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 91 p
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  • 69
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The accomplishments of the Apollo 17 flight are summarized. The basic objective of the mission was to sample basin-rim highland material and adjacent mare material and to investigate the geological evolutionary relationship between these two major units. The lunar experiments which were conducted include: (1) lunar field geology, (2) surface electrical experiments, (3) lunar traverse gravimeter experiments, (4) lunar seismic profiling experiment, (5) lunar ejecta and meteorites experiment, (6) analysis of lunar atmosphere composition, and (7) heat flow experiments.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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  • 70
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The accomplishments of the Apollo 17 flight are discussed. The scientific objectives included geological surveying and sampling of materials and surface features in a preselected area of the Taurus-Littrow region, deploying and activating surface experiments, and conducting inflight experiments and photographic tasks during lunar orbit and transearth coast. The individual Apollo 17 experiments and photographic tasks are presented in outline form. Charts are developed to show the major mission events and data collection periods correlated to Greenwich Mean Time and ground elapsed time. Maps of the lunar surface ground track envelope for the Apollo 17 orbiting spacecraft for revolutions one to seventy-five is shown.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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  • 71
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The accomplishments of the Apollo 17 flight are briefly described. The characteristics of the Taurus-Littrow region landing site are analyzed. The experiments conducted to analyze the composition of the lunar surface are reported. The extent to which the results of the Apollo 17 experiments confirmed theories concerning lunar seismology, thermal characteristics, presence of radioactive materials, and origin of the moon is developed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 72
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A 56-day chamber simulation of Skylab was successfully completed. The atmosphere (5 psi, 70 percent oxygen, 30 percent nitrogen, 5 mm carbon dioxide) and medical features including a 21-day pre- and 18-day post-test medical protocols were closely simulated. No apparent crew health problems were induced by the atmosphere, semiclosed environment, or other test features; and no appreciable crew degradation appeared over this period. The chamber and associated systems performed without major problems.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 46 p
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  • 73
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The brief history of the Skylab altitude test crewmen is followed by an outline of their training in conducting medical experiments, emergency medical procedures, communications, and housekeeping practices during prolonged exposure to the Skylab simulation environment.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 7 p
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Biomedical support hardware for SMEAT consisted basically of two systems, the inflight medical support system, and the operational bioinstrumentation system. The former is essentially a diagnostic and therapeutic kit; the latter is a belt equipped with sensors worn by the crewman to permit monitoring of his vital signs. Special attention was given during to the use and verification of the items in the systems so that changes required in the equipment could be pinpointed and effected prior to the Skylab mission. During the in-chamber testing, evaluations were made of the effectiveness of the proposed microbiology procedures, techniques, equipment, and the stability of media and reagents over the extended period of storage.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 8 p
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  • 75
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Skylab experiment M487, habitability crew quarters, is designed to provide an operational evaluation of the Skylab habitat by gathering data regarding the manner in which crewmen carry out their daily living and working routines during the missions. The success of the Skylab habitability experiment depends, in large measure, on the adequacy of the data collection instruments and the manner in which they are used.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 11 p
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  • 76
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Skylab specimen mass measurement device was operated throughout the altitude test in close simulation of the 56-day Skylab mission. It performed operational specimen measurements well until it was passed out of the chamber for replacement of the specimen hold-down and was autoclaved prior to return. Fecal measurements were typically made with less than one percent error.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 16 p
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  • 77
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An analysis of the lunar samples returned by Apollo 17 was conducted to determine the petrographic characteristics. A table listing all the rocks returned by Apollo 17 by sample number, weight, and rock type is presented. Photographs of lunar samples are included to show the variety of rocks returned. Lunar soils were collected to aid in characterizing the four major photogeologic units determined by preflight studies. Tables are developed to show grain size and grain type for the lunar soils. Radiographs of the drive tubes are interpreted to show the formations existing at various depths below the lunar surface.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 46 p
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Astronaut work performance during the preparation and execution of experiments in simulated Skylab tests was analyzed according to time and motion in order to evaluate the efficiency and consistency of performance (adaptation function) for several different types of activity over the course of the mission; to evaluate the procedures to be used by the same experiment in Skylab; to generate characteristic adaptation functions for later comparison with Skylab data; and to examine astronaut performance for any behavioral stress due to the environment. The overall results indicate that the anticipated adaptation function was obtained both for individual and for averaged data.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 7 p
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2006-01-10
    Description: The feasibility of operating small rocket engines in the Molsink facility was demonstrated. A 0.44-N (0.1-lbf) hydrazine engine and a 0.18-N (0.04-lbf) thruster using cold gas from a hydrazine plenum system were operated for both flight duty cycles and off-nominal conditions. The exhaust gases from these thrusters contain NH3, N2, and H2. The chamber was also calibrated for larger bipropellant engines using nitrogen tetroxide/monomethyl hydrazine (NTO/MMH). The exhaust products of these engines contain CO2, CO, H2, H2O, and H2. A mixture of cold gases simulating the engine exhaust was injected through a nozzle under conditions simulating thrust levels up to 26.7-N (6 lbf). Pulsing and continuous operations were investigated. The chamber background pressure traces were compared with the traces obtained for the same thrusters operated with pure nitrogen at approximately equivalent thrust. Satisfactory recuperation times were encountered in all the pulsing modes. Test times greater than 20s were obtained in steady state operation before the vacuum chamber back pressure climbed to prohibitive values.
    Keywords: PROPULSION SYSTEMS
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 3, No. 1; p 1-13
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  • 80
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Ground-based observations have established that impulsive extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) flashes occur during solar flares, in close association with hard X-ray bursts and certain impulsive portions of the optical flare. The energy flux radiated in the 10 to 1030 Angstroms wavelength range exceeds that in hard X-rays (greater than or equal to 10 keV) by about 100,000, and is roughly comparable to the energy flux radiated at all optical wavelengths. In this paper our current knowledge of EUV flare radiation and ground-based observations of the radiations are reviewed. Several hypotheses are proposed about the interrelation between impulsive EUV emissions and other flare radiations, their spatial location, and association with magnetic fields.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 242-261
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The dynamic characteristics of a man were investigated by the resonance method, by means of recordings of the amplitude-frequency characteristics of a vibrator straight arm human body system on a standard automatic recorder. Experiments were carried out with a specially constructed vibrator, the moving system of which was fastened to a bronze suspension with small losses. Vibrations of the handle, fastened to the moving system, were recorded with an accelerometer. The mass of the moving system m, rigidity of the suspension k and friction coefficient r of the vibrator (calibration) were determined by exact formulas.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 83-86
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  • 82
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Mariner 9 orbital operations and extended mission events are discussed. Spacecraft observations for standard mapping and sun and earth occultations are outlined.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 631-636
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: A preliminary albedo map of the Martian south polar region in stereographic projection was prepared mainly from mission test video system (MTVS) prints before rectified and gridded prints were received, but some adjustments were made to conform with a semi-controlled photomosaic. Wherever possible, use also was made of crater coordinates. Two versions of the map are presented: one with a coordinate grid overlay and one without it. The precision of the coordinates is generally within 1 deg in latitude and the corresponding are in longitude. The maps show both the albedo markings and, with subdued contrast, the craters and topographic features that are necessary to locate the former. The map covers the range of latitudes from - 65 deg to the south pole.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 625-629
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  • 84
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Simultaneous acquisition of geodetic, cartographic, geologic, and other scientific data on Mars from Mariner 9 required extensive modification of conventional methods of mapping. Preliminary evaluation of all data simultaneously generated an inordinately large number of interim cartographic products for a final cartographic atlas of Mars. The selection of the scales at which Mars would be mapped, the projections to be used, and the way the planet would be divided into quadrangles was based on the resolution of Mariner 9 pictures and upon the resources available over the lifetime of the Mariner Mars 1971 Project.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1973 Proj., Vol. 4; p 609-623
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Preliminary Mariner 9 map products were based on computed aerocentric coordinates at the point where the optic path intercepts a spherical reference figure for Mars. The intercept point on a reference ellipsoid would in general have slightly different values of radius, latitude, and longitude. For near-vertical viewing used for mapping, these differences are on the order of 0.1 in latitude and longitude, which is negligible compared to the uncertainties of the initial uncontrolled mosaics and maps.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 575-585
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Radio occultation measurements from Mariner 9 orbits around Mars show that the radius of Mars changes by only about 2 km from a latitude of 65 deg to the north pole, that the north polar area is about average in elevation, and that polar temperature profiles are indicative of the possibility that the remnant north polar cap may be at least partially composed of water ice. It is also found that Mars, in addition to being asymmetrical equatorially, is also significantly asymmetrical in the north and south direction with the Southern Hemisphere lying 3 to 4 km higher. Temperature gradients in the clear Martian atmosphere of only about one-half of the adiabatic gradients of 5 deg K/km suggest the importance of dynamical processes.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 473-494
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: A set of ephemerides due to Mariner 9 normal points was created and used in conjunction with radar range time delay measurements to improve the range residuals in planetary gravity field measurements. In addition to the ephemeris of Mars, the Mariner 9 spacecraft data have also affected the geocentric ephemeris of Venus, producing changes up to 5 km in range.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 465-470
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: When the Mariner 9 spacecraft passed behind Mars in its orbiting phase, the radio beam was cut off by some physical feature. These occultations occurred during the months of November and December 1971 and again in April and May 1972. The fairly good global spread of these data was used to estimate the shape of the Martian globe, as definable by mathematical shapes (ellipsoidal and spherical harmonic). The refraction profiles allowed the estimation of pressure near the occultation point; these, corrected back to an arbitrary fixed value of pressure, chosen to be 6.1 mb, were used as radii to an isobaric surface. Preliminary results showed a figure displacement from the mass center with a best fit southeast by 2.85 km. There was also an equatorial displacement in the direction of about 100 deg W. Atmospheric approximations for the mass center to 6.1-mb pressure distances were fit to an ellipsoid.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 495-498
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Because of the large systematic errors that accompany the conversion of spacecraft ranging data to equivalent Earth-Mars time delays, the corresponding determination of gamma does not now allow the predictions of general relativity to be distinguished from those of the Brans-Dicke scalar-tensor theory with the fraction s of scalar field admixture being 0.06. The uncertainty in the determination of (1 plus gamma)/2 at the present stage of the Mariner 9 data analysis is at about the 10% level. The ephemeris of Mars suffers from the same problem: Only with the elimination of a major fraction of the systematic errors affecting the Mariner 9 pseudo observables will a truly substantial improvement be possible in the determination of the orbit.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 453-464
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The procedure which has been chosen to accomplish a reduction of the Mariner 9 tracking data makes use of Doppler data over relatively short arcs of about one to nine orbital revolutions to determine the orbit of the spacecraft about Mars. Next, with the knowledge of the Mars-centered orbit, it is possible to use the range data to the spacecraft to determine the distance between the center of earth and the center of Mars for each short interval of tracking data. These reduced range measurements between the centers of the two planets make up the basic data for the relativity test.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 431-451
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The purpose of the analyses performed is to investigate the Mariner 9 superior conjunction range and Doppler data in order to determine the values for the relativity and solar corona time-delay parameters. This approach is complementary to the long arc normal point approach. The two methods of analysis differ insofar as: (1) This analysis investigates a much shorter arc of data. (2) This procedure deals directly with the Mariner 9 Doppler and range data; therefore it avoids the intermediate step involved in constructing pseudo-data. It is complementary to the reduction of the normal point data because it relies upon the generation of an Earth-Mars ephemeris, which is determined from the analysis of normal points as well as past optical and radar data.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 423-430
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The spherical harmonic coefficients in the gravity field of Mars are determined using a two stage filtering process. In the first stage, a weighted least squares orbit determination processor is applied to Mariner 9 Doppler tracking data to estimate Kepler elements and rates. In the second stage, the Kepler element rates are used as input to another weighted least squares processor that estimates gravity coefficients using the Lagrange perturbation equations. The novelty in this method is the fitting of element rates rather than the elements themselves. This procedure decouples the results from the effects of internal spacecraft dynamics.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 401-406
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: A radio tracking subsystem is reported in which the critical elements are the frequency standard and its distribution subsystem, as they ultimately limit the accuracy of both range and Doppler measurements. A rubidium vapor standard serves as the primary reference. After frequency multiplication to S-band and additional amplification, the carrier is transmitted to the spacecraft where a phase-locked receiver-transmitter system filters the signal, introduces a slight frequency shift, and retransmits it to the ground. Doppler is measured by comparing the received frequency with that being transmitted.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 407-414
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The relativity test is based on Mariner 9 tracking data acquired by the Deep Space Network. These data consist of two types of measurements: (1) two-way frequency difference (Doppler) measurements that are proportional to the tracking station-spacecraft range rate, and (2) signal round trip time-delay measurements that are proportional to the station-spacecraft range. A data compression scheme has been employed to alleviate accuracy and cost difficulties by (1) using the Doppler data to solve for the spacecraft orbit and to relate spacecraft position to the center of mass of Mars; and (2) combining this result with the station-spacecraft range measurements to obtain measurements of the Earth-Mars distance, called normal points, that contain all of the information pertinent to a detailed knowledge of the Earth-Mars motion.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 415-412
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Short arc reduction of satellite Mars tracking data shows that: (1) There is one large gravity high covering the region of Nix Olympica and the three peaks to the east (about 110 deg longitude). It has an amplitude of 50 milligals at 2200-km altitude and implies a surface mass anomaly times greater than any on earth; (2) there are no large negative gravity anomalies comparable to the positive; and (3) the large 3000-km canyon seems to originate in a gravity high and end in a gravity low.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 393-400
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: There are two main objectives in the Mars gravity field analysis. The first is to generate a picture of the gravity field which can be used in conjunction with other types of data to elucidate the interior, surface structure, and history of Mars. The second is to aid the orbit determination aspect of the relativity experiment. In an effort to extract from the data a Mars gravity model of reasonable fidelity, various spherical harmonic models have been made. A parallel effort using a surface mass representation involves the differentiation of Doppler residuals for acceleration contours.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 389-391
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: It is possible to model the ultraviolet terminator observations of Mariner 9 either with a homogeneous atmosphere or with a scattering layer in addition to a homogeneous atmosphere. The characteristic shape of the twilight intensity variation is dependent on the latitude of observation. Observations north of 55N require a homogeneous model. Twilight measurements south of 55N indicate that a scattering layer may be a general Martian occurrence, at least in the evening. The day-to-day surveillance of the Martian terminator during the first 216 Mariner 9 revolutions indicates haze formation in the evening, and its continued presence until early morning is a daily occurrence in mid-latitudes up to 50N.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 339-353
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The results of the preliminary analysis of the Mariner 9 radiometer data are: (1) Gross thermal characteristics of Mars agreed qualitatively with those observed in 1969: (2) a dust storm changed the thermal picture of Mars radically with average dayside temperatures lower by about 20K than without the dust storm; (3) over large-scale physiographic visual features, no univocal correlation between albedo and thermal inertia seems to exist, and (4) surface particle sizes derived from observed thermal inertias vary between 0.006 cm and 0.5 cm.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 315-338
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The infrared spectroscopy experiment on Mariner 9 obtained data over much of Mars. Interpretation of the thermal emission of Mars in terms of atmospheric temperatures, wind fields and dynamics, surface temperatures, surface pressure and topography, mineral composition, and minor atmospheric constituents including isotopic ratios, as well as a search for unexpected phenomena are reported.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 299-314
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Layered deposits in the Martian polar regions are interpreted as accumulations of dust derived from atmospheric suspensions. Depressed and eroded terrains of the equatorial region are considered to be the principal sources of dust. A depositional model based on polar precipitation of dust predicts the formation of a vast, dome-shaped, featureless plateau underlain by layered deposits and occupying most of the area of annual frost cover. The rates of accumulation of dust and water ice in the polar regions have been estimated on the basis of atmospheric conditions in the present era. The analysis indicates an accumulation time of about 500 x 1 million years for the layered deposits and the presence of significant quantities of water ice in the deposits beneath the perennial cap.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 259-278
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