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  • General Chemistry  (1,689)
  • SPACE VEHICLES  (883)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (790)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1990-1994
  • 1970-1974  (3,754)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1974  (1,643)
  • 1973  (2,111)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1990-1994
  • 1970-1974  (3,754)
  • 1945-1949
Year
  • 101
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    SAS-2 observations of the high energy gamma radiation from the Vela region (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data from a scan of the galactic plane by the SAS-B high energy gamma ray experiment in the region 250 deg smaller than 12 smaller than 290 deg show a statistically significant excess over the general radiation from the galactic plane for gamma radiation of energy larger than 100 MeV. If the enhanced gamma radiation results from interactions of cosmic rays with galactic matter, as the energy spectrum suggests, it seems reasonable to associate the enhancement with large scale galactic features, such as spiral arm segments in that direction, or with the region surrounding the Vela supernova remnant with which PSR 0833-45 is associated. If the excess is attributed to cosmic rays released from the supernova interacting with the interstellar matter in that region, than on the order of 3 x 10 to the 50th power ergs would have been released by that supernova in the form of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70602 , X-662-74-58
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  • 102
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    Apollo Saturn 511 effluent measurements from the Apollo 16 launch operations: An experiment (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experiment was performed in conjunction with the Apollo 16 launch to define operational and instrumentational problems associated with launch-vehicle exhaust effluent monitoring. Ground and airborne sampling were performed for CO, CO2, hydrocarbons, and particulates. Sampling systems included filter pads and photometers for particulates and whole-air grab samples for gases. Launch debris was identified in the particulate samples at ground level(taken immediately after launch) and in the airborne measurements (taken 40 to 50 minutes after launch approximately 40 km downwind of the pad). Operational problems were identified and included the need for higher instrumentation mobility and the need for real-time sampling instrumentation as opposed to collection-type samples such as the whole-air grab sample.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-2910 , L-9097
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  • 103
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    Solar cosmic ray composition above 10 MeV/nucleon and its energy dependence in the 4 August 1972 event (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations of the proton, helium (C,N,O) and Fe-group nuclei fluxes made during the large 4 August 1972 solar particle event are presented. The results show a small, but significant variation of the composition of multicharged nuclei as a function of energy in the energy region above 10 MeV/nucleon. In particular, the He/(C,N,O) abundance ratio varies by a factor approximately 2 between 10 and 50 MeV/nucleon, and the Fe-group/(C,N,O) ratio suggests a similar variation. Abundance ratios from the 4 August 1972 event are compared as a function of energy with ratios measured in other solar events. At energies approximately greater than 50 MeV/nucleon, the He/(C,N,O) abundance ratio for August 1972 is consistent with all earlier measurements made above that energy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70590 , X-662-74-32
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  • 104
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    Measurement of cosmic ray positron and negatron spectra between 50 and 800 MeV (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A balloon-borne magnetic spectrometer was used to measure the spectra of cosmic ray positrons and negatrons at energies between 50 and 800 MeV. Comparisons of the separate positron and negatron spectra observed near the earth with their expected intensities in interstellar space can be used to investigate the complex (and variable) interaction of galactic cosmic rays with the expanding solar wind. The present measurements, which have established finite values or upper limits for the positron and negatron spectral between 50 and 800 MeV, have confirmed earlier evidence for the existence of a dominant component of negatrons from primary sources in the galaxy. The present results are shown to be consistent with the hypothesis that the positron component is in fact mainly attributable to collisions between cosmic ray nuclei and the interstellar gas. The estimate of the absolute intensities confirm the indications from neutron monitors that in 1972 the interplanetary cosmic ray intensities were already recovering toward their high levels observed in 1965.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70580 , X-660-74-16
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  • 105
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    Apollo experience report: Development and use of specialized radio equipment for Apollo recovery operations (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: New personal communications equipment was required for the Apollo Program recovery operations. Two new, small, personal radios were developed and used successfully in the Apollo recovery program.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7587 , JSC-S-385
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  • 106
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    Spacecraft control section for the improved Small Astronomy Satellite (SAS) (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The upgraded spacecraft control section for the Small Astronomy Satellite is able to point its thrust axis to any direction in space; it can also spin or slow its outer body rotation to zero for star-locked pointing of side viewing experiments. A programmable telemetry system and delayed command system enhance the inherent capability of a spacecraft designed to be used for a variety of experiments, each of which can be built independently and attached just prior to final acceptance testing and launch. The design of this new spacecraft, whose first launch is scheduled for 1975, is provided in sufficient detail to permit the reader to ascertain its suitability for specific experiments. A summary of the spacecraft characteristics, project reliability requirements, and environmental test conditions are included in the appendices.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70569 , X-405-74-7
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  • 107
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    A new model of atmospheric gamma rays and its implications for measurement of diffuse cosmic gamma rays from within the atmosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A semi-empirical model is discussed which describes atmospheric gamma rays in the range 0.3 less then or equal to E less than or equal to 10 MeV based on the production per unit mass of air. The model is based on the concept of a source strength (photon/g sec MeV) which is energy- and depth-dependent, and derived from measured fluxes. Quantities such as directional fluxes, angular distributions, and growth curves are calculated directly from this model. The source function is described by four energy-dependent parameters determined empirically from fluxes measured with a 7.5 cm x 7.5 cm Nal counter over the atmospheric depth range from 3.5 to 500 g/sq cm. From S(E,x), obtained for both continuum and discrete gamma rays at lambda = 40 deg, the depth and angle dependence of directional fluxes were calculated. Growth-curve predictions needed to separate atmospheric from diffuse cosmic fluxes were determined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 137-145
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  • 108
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    The spectrum of cosmic electron with energies between 6 and 100 GeV (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This experiment was carried out during three balloon flights which provided a total exposure of 3500 + or - 60 sq m sec sterad at an average depth of 4.8 g/sq cm The detector, in which the development of cascade showers in a 33.7 rl absorber was sampled by 10 scintillation counters and 216 Geiger-Muller tubes, was calibrated at the Cornell Electron Synchrotron, the separation of cosmic electrons from the nuclear background was confirmed by extensive analysis of data from the flights, from the calibration and from ground level exposure. The spectral intensity of primary cosmic ray electrons were found in particles/sq m sec sterad GeV. Similarly, the ground level spectrum of secondary cosmic ray electrons was also found. The steepness of the spectrum of cosmic electrons relative to that of nuclei implies one of the following conclusions: either the injection spectrum of electrons is steeper than that of nuclei, or the electron spectrum has been steepened by Compton/synchrotron losses in the energy range covered by the experiment.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-141287 , TR-75-019
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  • 109
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    1-millimeter continuum radiation from Orion Molecular Cloud 2 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The 1-mm continuum flux from Orion Molecular Cloud 2 (OMC-2), measured with a 1-inch beam, is found to be 0.05 plus or minus 0.01 of that from the Becklin-Neugebauer/Kleinmann-Low (BN/KL) complex. This implies that the average density of dust within OMC-2 is about an order of magnitude less than within the BN/KL region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Aug. 15
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  • 110
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    A search for X-rays from supernova 1972e with Uhuru and OSO-7 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of observations performed with X-ray detectors aboard OSO-7 and Uhuru at 13 different times ranging from 16 months before to 2 years after Sn 1972e maximum light are reported. Only one possible (3.2 sigma) positive result was found. The absence of any sizable flux contradicts the model of Shklovsky and imposes limitations on the model of Colgate and McKee.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 1
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  • 111
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    Cosmic-ray streaming perpendicular to the mean magnetic field (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Starting from a quasi-linear approximation for the ensemble-averaged particle distribution function in a random magnetic field, the complete diffusion tensor is derived. This is done by assuming a simple form for the ensemble-averaged distribution function, explicitly retaining all components of the streaming flux. This derivation obtains the antisymmetric terms in a natural manner. The necessary dropping of higher-order terms gives a criterion for the lower-energy limit of validity of the perpendicular and antisymmetric diffusion coefficients. The limit for the assumed distribution function is about 0.8 GV rigidity in the interplanetary field near 1 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 1
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  • 112
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    A new model for the high-frequency decametric radiation from Jupiter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It is generally accepted that the Jupiter decametric noise bursts occur at frequencies directly related to the electron gyrofrequencies in the Jupiter ionosphere, and it is frequently suggested that the radiation occurs at the gyrofrequency. The recent Pioneer 10 measurement of a 4-G-(R sub 5) cubed dipole moment provides some basis for a more detailed analysis of the local wave mode involved in the radiation. The direct measurement of a relatively small planetary dipole moment suggests that phenomena associated with local ionospheric wave modes having frequencies higher than local gyrofrequencies should be considered for at least some of the emissions. A possible explanation for certain intense high-frequency Jupiter noise bursts is discussed which is based on a wave-wave coupling mechanism that involves the radiation field and the (n + 1/2) gyrofrequency electrostatic modes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NSSDC-ID-68-014A-14-OS , NSSDC-ID-68-014A-24-PS , Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 113
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    Measurements of the Jovian radiation belts (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The University of California at San Diego trapped radiation detector measured proton and electron fluxes, angular distributions, and energy spectra throughout the Pioneer 10 fly by of Jupiter in December 1973. The instrumentation and calibrations are described, and good values for particle fluxes in the inner and outer regions are presented. The major features of the Jovian radiation belts are described, with preliminary discussions of their meanings.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 114
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    Evidence from charged particle studies for the distortion of the Jovian magnetosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Consideration of the relationship between the rotation of Jupiter's magnetic field and time variations in the intensity of approximately 6- to 30-MeV electrons observed by the University of Chicago experiment on Pioneer 10 in the outer regions of Jupiter's magnetosphere (R greater than 20 Jupiter radii). For R equal to or greater than 40 Jupiter radii the authors' observations are found to be consistent with rigid corotation of the magnetosphere with Jupiter. For R equal to or greater than 40 Jupiter radii, significant deviations from rigid corotation appear with the observed phase of the intensity variations leading the phase expected for rigid corotation on the inbound pass and lagging on the outbound pass. From a different point of view it is found that the time delay between the observed times of intensity minimums and the times expected on the basis of a rigid 9 hour 55 minute period for the intensity variations increased steadily while Pioneer 10 was within the magnetosphere and had reached approximately a ten hour time difference when the spacecraft left the magnetosphere at R approximately equal to 98 Jupiter radii outbound.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 115
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    Ionization mechanisms of the intercloud medium (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A generalized treatment of the ionization equilibrium of the intercloud medium is developed, which is model-independent in the steady-state approximation, and which is suited to an interpretation of ultraviolet absorption data. It is found that the most satisfactory models require the presence of density inhomogeneities along the line of sight. In all models considered for lambda Sco, 2-MeV cosmic rays and X rays are found to lead to large disagreements with the observations, and data on upsilon Sco, alpha Leo, and other stars seem to support this conclusion. Therefore, it would seem that these cannot be the physical agents responsible for the bulk of the ionization of the gas. An alternative model is developed, in which the ionization below 24.58 eV is provided by ultraviolet photons. This model appears to satisfy theoretical requirements, and leads to good agreement with the data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 1
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  • 116
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    Observation of transiron solar-flare nuclei in an Apollo 16 command-module window (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The first measurements of the fluence of solar particles with nuclear charges not less than 32 and 44 are presented, along with the enhancement factors found. Using a track-etching technique, these transiron nuclei were detected in a window from the Apollo 16 command module which was exposed outside the magnetosphere during the solar-particle event of Apr. 18, 1972.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 15
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  • 117
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    Decameter type IV bursts associated with coronal transients (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The characteristics of four moving type IV burst observed with a 65- to 20-MHz swept-frequency interferometer are discussed. All four bursts were associated with depletions in the electron content of the white light corona. Characteristics of the bursts are not unique i.e., they differ in source size, structure, duration, and their association with other radio bursts. Following Smerd and Dulk (1971), it is assumed that a shock wave, moving out from the flare site is responsible for the expansion of a magnetic arch or the ejection of a plasmoid which is observed as the usual type IV burst. Behind the shock wave, the compressed coronal gas moves outward, and as it expands it causes a depletion of electrons in the inner corona. After the passage of the shock wave, sometimes the coronal magnetic field structure is restored to its initial situation, as evidenced by the observation of homologous transients.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 34; Feb. 197
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  • 118
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    Automatic spacecraft detumbling by internal mass motion (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In the operation of future manned space vehicles, there will always be a finite probability that an accident will occur which results in uncontrolled tumbling of a craft. Hard docking by a manned rescue vehicle is not acceptable because of the hazardous environment to which rescue crewmen would be exposed and excessive maneuvering accelerations during docking operations. A movable-mass control concept, which is activated upon initiation of tumbling and is autonomous, can convert tumbling motion into simple spin. The complete equations of motion for an asymmetric rigid spacecraft containing a movable mass are presented, and appropriate control law and system parameters are selected to minimize kinetic energy, resulting in simple spin about the major principal axis. Simulations indicate that for a large space station experiencing a collision, which results in tumbling, a 1% movable mass is capable of stabilizing motion in 2 hr.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: AIAA Journal; 12; Apr. 197
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  • 119
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    A three-dimensional study of 30- to 300-MeV atmospheric gamma rays (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A three-dimensional study of atmospheric gamma rays with energy greater than 30 MeV has been carried out. A knowledge of these atmospheric secondaries has significant applications to the study of cosmic gamma rays. For detectors carried on balloons, atmospherically produced gamma rays are the major source of background. For satellite detectors, atmospheric secondaries provide a calibration source. Experimental results were obtained from four balloon flights from Palestine, Texas, with a 15 cm by 15 cm digitized wire grid spark chamber. The energy spectrum for downward-moving gamma rays steepens with increasing atmospheric depth. Near the top of the atmosphere, the spectrum steepens with increasing zenith angle. A new model of atmospheric secondary production has calculated the depth, the energy, and the zenith angle dependence of gamma rays above 30 MeV, using a comprehensive three-dimensional Monte Carlo model of the nucleon-meson-electromagnetic cascade.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 1
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  • 120
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    Mariner 6, 7, and 9 ultraviolet spectrometer experiment - Analysis of hydrogen Lyman alpha data (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Four Lyman alpha airglow measurements of the limb and disk of Mars, made by ultraviolet spectrometers on Mariner 6 and 7 in 1969 and Mariner 9 in 1971, are analyzed to determine the amount and distribution of atomic hydrogen above 80 km. The variation of atomic hydrogen with altitude is calculated by using time-independent chemical diffusion models from 80 to 250 km, and an exospheric model is used above 250 km. By employing radiative transfer theory that includes effects of pure absorption and accounts for temperature variations in the atmosphere, a spherical model of the airglow Lyman alpha emission is used to produce theoretical intensities for comparison with the data. It is found that (1) the exospheric temperature and distribution in 1971 are consistent with those determined in 1969, (2) the vertical optical depth above 80 km was 2.2 in 1969 and 5 in 1971, and (3) the derived atomic hydrogen distribution from 80 to 250 km requires a source of atomic hydrogen above 80 km. Comparison of observed profiles with chemical diffusion models implies a large downward flow of atomic hydrogen at 80 km coupled with a large upward flow of molecular hydrogen.-
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 1
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  • 121
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    A movable-mass attitude stabilization system for cable-connected artificial-g space stations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The development of an active, momentum-exchange system to be used for attitude stabilization of a class of cable-connected artificial-g space stations is studied. A system which employs a single movable control mass is examined for the control of a space station which has the physical appearance of two cylinders connected axially by cables. The dynamic model for the space station includes its aggregate rigid body rotation and relative torsional rotation between the bodies. A zero torsional stiffness design (one cable) and a maximum torsional stiffness design (eight cables) are examined in various stages of deployment, for selected spin velocities ranging from 4 rpm upwards. A linear, time-invariant, feed-back control system is employed, with gains calculated via a root-specification procedure. The movable mass controller provides critical wobble-damping capability for the crew quarters for all configurations and spin velocity.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 11; Mar. 197
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  • 122
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    Cosmic ray scintillations. II - General theory of interplanetary scintillations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The motion of charged particles in a stochastic magnetic field with nonzero mean is considered via a generalized quasi-linear expansion of Liouville's equation. The general result is an equation relating cosmic ray scintillations to magnetic fluctuations and to cosmic ray gradients. The resonant interaction between particles and the random magnetic field is considered in detail, and the effect of nonlinear terms in the equations is considered. The nonlinear terms are important in damping out initial conditions and in determining conditions near cyclotron resonances. The application of the theory to the propagation of cosmic rays during quiet times in interplanetary space is considered. It is concluded that cosmic ray scintillations in interplanetary space may provide useful information about interplanetary particles and fields and also about nonlinear plasma interactions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Mar. 1
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  • 123
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    Investigations on an 0.030-scale space shuttle vehicle configuration 140A/B orbiter model in the Ames Research Center 9 by 7-foot supersonic wind tunnel (OA53B) (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A wind tunnel test of an 0.030-scale space shuttle vehicle orbiter configuration 140A/B model was conducted in the Ames Research Center 9- by 7-foot supersonic wind tunnel. This part of test series OA53 was conducted at Mach numbers of 1.60 and 2.00 and at Reynolds numbers ranging from 1.0 million per foot to 4.0 million per foot. The objective was to establish and verify longitudinal and lateral-directional aerodynamic performance, stability, and control characteristics for the configuration 140A/B SSV orbiter. Reynolds number studies were performed on certain nominal control-setting configurations, and examinations were made of the incremental effects of an alternate wing leading-edge configuration and of a sealed elevon-split construction. Six-component force and moment data, base and cavity pressures, bodyflap, elevon, speedbrake, and rudder hinge moments, and vertical tail forces and moments were measured for the orbiter.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-134119 , DMS-DR-2178
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  • 124
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    Heat transfer tests of an 0.006-scale thin skin space shuttle thermocouple model (41-0) in the Langley Research Center variable density tunnel at M equals 8 (OH13) (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Orbiter entry heating distributions were obtained, and phase change paint data was correlated with thermocouple data during a program of heat transfer testing on a 0.006 scale space shuttle orbiter vehicle. The orbiter was tested at 0, 30, and 35 degrees angle of attack at Reynolds numbers of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 million per foot. Temperature data were obtained from a total of 57 thermocouples.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-134101 , DMS-DR-2096
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  • 125
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    Results of tests in the NASA/LaRC 31-inch CFHT on an 0.010-scale model (32-OT) of the space shuttle configuration 3 to determine the RCS jet flowfield interaction effects on aerodynamic characteristics (IA60/0A105), volume 2 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Tests were conducted in the NASA Langley Research Center 31-inch continuous flow hypersonic wind tunnel from 14 February to 22 February 1974, to determine RCS jet interaction effect on the hypersonic aerodynamic and stability and control characteristics prior to RTLS abort separation. The model used was an 0.010-scale replica of the space shuttle vehicle configuration 3. Hypersonic stability data were obtained from tests at Mach 10.3 and dynamic pressure of 150 psf for the intergrated orbiter and external tank and the orbiter alone. RCS modes of pitch, yaw, and roll at free flight dynamic pressure simulation of 7, 20, and 50 psf were investigated. The effects of speedbrake, bodyflap, elevon, and aileron deflections were also investigated.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-134106 , DMS-DR-2137-VOL-2
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  • 126
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    Investigation of space shuttle orbiter subsonic stability and control characteristics in the NAAL low speed wind tunnel (OA62B), volume 2 (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Experimental aerodynamic investigations were conducted on a sting-mounted 0.0405 scale representation of the 140A/B space shuttle orbiter in a 7.75 ft by 11 ft low speed wind tunnel during the period from November 14, 1973 to December 6, 1973. Establishment of basic longitudinal stability characteristics in and out of ground effect, and the establishment of lateral-directional stability characteristics in free air were the primary test objectives. The following effects and configurations were tested: (1) two dual podded nacelle configurations; (2) stability and control characteristics at nominal elevon deflections, rudder deflections, airleron deflections, rudder flare angles, and body flap deflections; (3) effects of various elevon and elevon/fuselage gaps on longitudinal stability and control; (4) pressures on the vertical tail at spanwise stations using pressure bugs; (5) aerodynamic force and moment data measured in the stability axis system by an internally mounted, six-component strain gage balance. For Vol. 1, see N74-32324.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-134113 , DMS-DR-2104-VOL-2
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  • 127
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    A study of the feasibility of directly applying gas generator systems to space shuttle mechanical functions (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This study examined the current status and potential application of pyrotechnic gas generators and energy convertors for the space shuttle program. While most pyrotechnic devices utilize some form of linear actuation, only limited use of rotary actuators has been observed. This latter form of energy conversion, using a vane-type actuator as optimum, offers considerable potential in the area of servo, as well as non-servo systems, and capitalizes on a means of providing prolonged operating times. Pyrotechnic devices can often be shown to provide the optimum means of attaining a truly redundant back-up to a primary, non-pyrotechnic system.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-2454
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  • 128
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    Apparatus for forming drive belts (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An apparatus for manufacturing belts, such as seamless belts, is provided, the apparatus has relatively movable rollers that are mounted in an oven. A belt blank, for example, of a thin polyester film, is rotated on the rollers as heat is applied. Four rollers, each mounted on a separate roller assembly, are movable along appropriate tracks while a fifth centrally located roller is stationary. A pair of dc motors are operatively connected to a speed reduction gear assembly to provide a pair of rotating drive shafts that extend into the oven. One rotating shaft drives all of the rollers through a rotational gear assembly while the other drive shaft is capable of positioning the movable rollers through respective rotating threaded shafts. Control devices are provided for controlling the motors while measuring devices are operatively connected to the positional drive shaft to indicate the position of the rollers.
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    The definition and specification of the near earth environmental criteria for spacecraft thermal design (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The variation of the earth's thermal and albedo radiation received by a near-earth orbiting space vehicle or space payload as a result of temporal variation of the earth atmosphere is discussed. A statistical study of current satellite data for determining probability distributions is proposed. With these distributions the thermal designer can define confidence levels on predicted temperature ranges which are compatible with engineering models for use in design, failure probabilities, and spacecraft cost estimates. Use of the distributions in environmental criteria guidelines is also considered.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64870
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  • 130
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    Asymmetrical booster ascent guidance and control system design study. Volume 1: Summary (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Dynamics and control, stability, and guidance analyses are summarized for the asymmetrical booster ascent guidance and control system design studies, performed in conjunction with space shuttle planning. The mathematical models developed for use in rigid body and flexible body versions of the NASA JSC space shuttle functional simulator are briefly discussed, along with information on the following: (1) space shuttle stability analysis using equations of motion for both pitch and lateral axes; (2) the computer program used to obtain stability margin; and (3) the guidance equations developed for the space shuttle powered flight phases.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-134398 , REPT-5-2581-HOU-154-VOL-1
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  • 131
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    Asymmetrical booster guidance and control system design study. Volume 3: Space shuttle vehicle SRB actuator failure study (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The investigation of single actuator failures on the space shuttle solid rocket booster required the analysis of both square pattern and diamond pattern actuator configurations. It was determined that for failures occuring near or prior to the region of maximum dynamic pressure, control gain adjustments can be used to achieve virtually nominal mid-boost vehicle behavior. A distinct worst case failure condition was established near staging that could significantly delay staging. It is recommended that the square pattern be retained as a viable alternative to the baseline diamond pattern because the staging transient is better controlled resulting in earlier staging.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-134400 , REPT-5-2581-HOU-154-VOL-3
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  • 132
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    Space shuttle SRM interim contract, part 1 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Essential studies and analyses required to integrate the SRM into the booster and overall space shuttle system. Emphasis was placed on the case, nozzle, insulation, and propellant components with resulting performance, weight, and structural load characteristics being generated. Effort conducted during the time period of this contract included studies, analyses, planning, and preliminary design activities. Technical requirements identified in the SRM Project Request for Proposal No. 8-1-4-94-98401 and Thiokol's proposed SRM design (designated Configuration 0) established the basis for this effort. The requirements were evaluated jointly with MSFC and altered where necessary to incorporate new information that evolved after issuance of the RFP and during the course of this interim contract. Revised water impact loads and load distributions were provided based on additional model test data and analytical effort conducted by NASA subsequent to the RFP release. Launch pad peaking loads into the SRM aft skirt were provided which also represented a change from RFP requirements. A modified SRM/External Tank (ET) attachment configuration with new structural load data was supplied by NASA, and direction was received to include a 2 percent inert weight contingency.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-120404 , TWR-10075-PT-1 , PUBL-74334-PT-1
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  • 133
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    GEOS observation systems intercomparison investigation results (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of an investigation designed to determine the relative accuracy and precision of the different types of geodetic observation systems used by NASA is presented. A collocation technique was used to minimize the effects of uncertainties in the relative station locations and in the earth's gravity field model by installing accurate reference tracking systems close to the systems to be compared, and by precisely determining their relative survey. The Goddard laser and camera systems were shipped to selected sites, where they tracked the GEOS satellite simultaneously with other systems for an intercomparison observation.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70722 , X-932-74-212
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  • 134
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    Atmospheric entry probes for outer planet exploration. Outer planet entry probe technical summary (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The use of unmanned space probes for investigating the conditions existing on and around the outer planets of the solar system is discussed. The subjects included in the report are: (1) the design of a common entry probe for outer planet missions, (2) the significant trades related to the development of a common probe design, (3) the impact of bus selection on probe design, (4) the impact of probe requirements on bus modifications, and (5) the key technology elements recommended for advanced development. Drawings and illustrations of typical probes are included to show the components and systems used in the space probes.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-137542
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  • 135
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    Operations analysis (study 2.1): Payload designs for space servicing (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Potential modes of operating in space in the space shuttle era are documented. The October 1973 NASA Mission Model provides a definition of various NASA and non-DOD automated payload configurations when employed in an expendable mode. The model also specifies a launch schedule for initial deployment of payloads as well as for subsequent replacements at periodic cycles. This model and its associated payload definitions serve as a foundation for the data presented in this report. The reference model has been revised to reflect automated space servicing of payloads as an operational concept instead of the existing expendable approach. The indication is that the bulk of a payload's subsystems and mission equipment require no support over the lifetime of the program. However, failure of a single unit could result in loss of the mission objectives. When space servicing is employed, the approach is to replace only that unit causing the anomaly. This concept affords an opportunity to standardize space replacable units, as well as to reduce the expense of logistics support, by allowing multiple servicing on any single upper stage/shuttle flight.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-139588 , ATR-74(7341)-3
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  • 136
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    Space shuttle/payload interface analysis. Volume 4: Business Risk and Value of Operations in Space (BRAVO). Part 3: Workbook (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A collection of blank worksheets for use on each BRAVO problem to be analyzed is supplied, for the purposes of recording the inputs for the BRAVO analysis, working out the definition of mission equipment, recording inputs to the satellite synthesis computer program, estimating satellite earth station costs, costing terrestrial systems, and cost effectiveness calculations. The group of analysts working BRAVO will normally use a set of worksheets on each problem, however, the workbook pages are of sufficiently good quality that the user can duplicate them, if more worksheet blanks are required than supplied. For Vol. 1, see N74-12493; for Vol. 2, see N74-14530.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-139592 , ATR-74(7334)-1-VOL-4-PT-3
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  • 137
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    Reusable Agena study. Volume 2: Technical (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The application of the existing Agena vehicle as a reusable upper stage for the space shuttle is discussed. The primary objective of the study is to define those changes to the Agena required for it to function in the reusable mode in the 100 percent capture of the NASA-DOD mission model. This 100 percent capture is achieved without use of kick motors or stages by simply increasing the Agena propellant load by using optional strap-on-tanks. The required shuttle support equipment, launch and flight operations techniques, development program, and cost package are also defined.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-120362 , LMSC-D383059-VOL-2
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  • 138
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    Space shuttle/payload interface analysis. Volume 4: Business Risk and Value of Operations in Space (BRAVO). Part 1: Summary (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Background information is provided which emphasizes the philosophy behind analytical techniques used in the business risk and value of operations in space (BRAVO) study. The focus of the summary is on the general approach, operation of the procedures, and the status of the study. For Vol. 1, see N74-12493; for Vol. 2, see N74-14530.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-139591 , ATR-74(7334)-1-VOL-4-PT-1
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  • 139
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    Causes of forbush decreases and other cosmic ray variations (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The relationship between neutron monitor variations and the intensity variations of the interplanetary magnetic field is studied, using Deep River data and IMP-series satellite data. In over 80% of the cases studied, identifiable depressions of the cosmic ray intensity are associated with magnetic field enhancements of several hours duration and intensity above 10 gamma. Conversely, each magnetic field enhancement has an identifiable effect (though not necessarily a marked depression) on the cosmic ray intensity. Long lasting Forbush decreases are found to be the consequence of the successive action of several such features. An explanation is presented and discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70726 , X-690-74-224
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  • 140
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    Heavy solar cosmic rays in the January 25, 1971 solar flares (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A detailed study of the charge composition of heavy solar cosmic rays measured in the January 25, 1971 solar flare including differential fluxes for the even charged nuclei from carbon through argon is presented. The measurements are obtained for varying energy intervals for each nuclear species in the energy range from 10 to 35 MeV/nucleon. In addition, abundances relative to oxygen are computed for all the above nuclei in the single energy interval from 15 to 25 MeV/nucleon. This interval contains measurements for all of the species and as a result requires no spectral extrapolations. An upper limit for the abundance of calcium nuclei is also presented. These measurements, when combined with other experimental results, enable the energy dependence of abundance measurements as a function of nuclear charge to be discussed. It is seen that at energies above about 10 MeV/nucleon, the variations of abundance ratios are limited to about a factor of 3 from flare to flare, in spite of large variations in other characteristics of these solar events.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70731 , X-662-74-231
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  • 141
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    Temperature dependence of emission measure in solar X-ray plasmas. 1: Non-flaring active regions (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: X-ray and ultraviolet line emission from hot, optically thin material forming coronal active regions on the sun may be described in terms of an emission measure distribution function, Phi (T). A relationship is developed between line flux and Phi (T), a theory which assumes that the electron density is a single-valued function of temperature. The sources of error involved in deriving Phi (T) from a set of line fluxes are examined in some detail. These include errors in atomic data (collisional excitation rates, assessment of other mechanisms for populating excited states of transitions, element abundances, ion concentrations, oscillator strengths) and errors in observed line fluxes arising from poorly - known instrumental responses. Two previous analyses are discussed in which Phi (T) for a non-flaring active region is derived. A least squares method of Batstone uses X-ray data of low statistical significance, a fact which appears to influence the results considerably. Two methods for finding Phi (T) ab initio are developed. The coefficients are evaluated by least squares. These two methods should have application not only to active-region plasmas, but also to hot, flare-produced plasmas.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70725 , X-682-74-220
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  • 142
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    Two high resolution velocity vector analyzers for cosmic dust particles (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Methods are described to measure velocities and angles of incidence of charged cosmic dust particles with precisions of about 1 percent and 1 degree, respectively. Both methods employ four one-dimensional position-sensitive detectors in series. The first method utilizes a charge-dividing technique while the second utilizes a time-of-flight technique for determining the position of a particle inside the instrument. The velocity vectors are measured although mechanical interaction between the particle and the instrument is completely avoided. Applications to cosmic dust composition and collection experiments are discussed. The range of radii of measurable particles is from about 0.01 to 100 microns at velocities from 1 to 80 km/s.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70727 , X-672-74-226
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  • 143
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    Hypersonic stability and control characteristics of the Rockwell International 139-B space shuttle orbiter (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The purpose of this study was to determine the hypersonic aerodynamic performance, longitudinal trim, static stability, and the extent of the center-of-gravity boundaries within the design control limits as well as to examine the effect of Reynolds number on the longitudinal stability of the 139-B space shuttle orbiter. A 0.004 scale model (34-0)was tested in helium over an angle-of-attack range of 18 deg to 54 deg at 0 deg and -minus 5 deg sideslip angles. The total pressure was varied for selected configurations to obtain a Reynolds number range, based on model length, from 0.51 million to 3.6 million at Mach numbers between 17.6 and 21.6 Surface oil-flow studies and electron-beam illuminated-flow studies were also conducted at angles-of-attack of 30 deg, 40 deg, and 50 deg for selected Reynolds numbers.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71968
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  • 144
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    Parachute-deployment-parameter identification based on an analytical simulation of Viking BLDT AV-4 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A six-degree-of-freedom analytical simulation of parachute deployment dynamics developed at the Langley Research Center is presented. A comparison study was made using flight results from the Viking Balloon Launched Decelerator Test (BLDT) AV-4. Since there are significant voids in the knowledge of vehicle and decelerator aerodynamics and suspension system physical properties, a set of deployment-parameter input has been defined which may be used as a basis for future studies of parachute deployment dynamics. The study indicates the analytical model is sufficiently sophisticated to investigate parachute deployment dynamics with reasonable accuracy.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7678
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  • 145
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    Reusable Centaur study. Volume 2: Final report (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: For abstract, see N74-31346.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-120373 , CASD-NAS-73-032-VOL-2
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  • 146
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    Payload/orbiter contamination control requirement study (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A study was conducted to determine and quantify the expected particulate and molecular on-orbit contaminant environment for selected space shuttle payloads as a result of major shuttle orbiter contamination sources. Individual payload susceptibilities to contamination are reviewed. The risk of payload degradation is identified and preliminary recommendations are provided concerning the limiting factors which may depend on operational activities associated with the payload/orbiter interface or upon independent payload functional activities. A basic computer model of the space shuttle orbiter which includes a representative payload configuration is developed. The major orbiter contamination sources, locations, and flux characteristics based upon available data have been defined and modeled.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-120379 , MCR-74-93
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  • 147
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    MSFC Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A technical history and management critique of the Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) from initial conception through the design, manufacturing, testing and prelaunch phases is presented. A mission performance summary provides a general overview of the ATM's achievements in relationship to its design goals. Recommendations and conclusions applicable to hardware design, test program philosophy and performance, and program management techniques for the ATM with potential application to future programs are also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64811
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  • 148
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    MSFC Skylab thermal and environmental control system mission evaluation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An evaluation of the performance of the Skylab thermal and environmental control system is presented. Actual performance is compared to design and functional requirements and anomalies and discrepancies and their resolution are discussed. The thermal and environmental control systems performed their intended role. Based on the experience gained in design, development and flight, recommendations are provided which may be beneficial to future system designs.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64822
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  • 149
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    Solar cycle variation of large-scale coronal structures (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A green line intensity variation is associated with the interplanetary and photospheric magnetic sector structure. This effect depends on the solar cycle and occurs with the same amplitude in the latitude range 60 deg N - 60 deg S. Extended longitudinal coronal structures are suggested, which indicate the existence of closed magnetic field lines over the neutral line, separating adjacent regions of opposite polarities on the photospheric surface.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-139500 , SU-IPR-569
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  • 150
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    Solar rotating magnetic dipole? (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A magnetic dipole rotating around an axis perpendicular to the rotation axis of the sun can account for the characteristics of the surface large-scale solar magnetic fields through the solar cycle. The polarity patterns of the interplanetary magnetic field, predictable from this model, agree with the observed interplanetary magnetic sector structure.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-139501 , SU-IPR-570
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  • 151
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    The spiral interplanetary magnetic field: A polarity and sunspot cycle variation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Spacecraft observations near the earth of the yearly average direction of the interplanetary magnetic field during the sunspot maximum year 1968 showed a deviation from the spiral field. The angle between the average field direction when the field polarity was away from the sun and the average direction for toward polarity was 168 deg, rather than 180 deg. This effect appears to have a sunspot cycle variation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-139499 , SU-IPR-573
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  • 152
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    Radial gradient of solar wind velocity from 1 to 5 AU (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Solar wind velocities have been measured on a daily basis from data obtained by the Ames Research Center plasma analyzers on both Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11. A comparison between the time profiles of the solar wind velocities observed at the two spacecraft shows that the solar wind has the same major features, such as high velocity streams, out to at least 5 astronomical units (AU) from the sun. Major features in the velocity time profile observed first at Pioneer 11 are seen later at Pioneer 10 with a delay consistent with the respective heliocentric longitudes of the two spacecraft, their radial distances from the sun, and the solar wind velocity. A more detailed comparison between the velocity measurements made at Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 shows that the range of solar wind velocities decreases with increasing radial distance from the sun. Although the average value of the solar wind velocity as measured over a sufficiently long period is approximately the same at both spacecraft, the deviations to higher and lower velocities are less at a greater radial distance from the sun.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-62372
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  • 153
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    MSFC Skylab electrical power systems mission evaluation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The design, development, and operation of the Skylab electrical power system are discussed. The electrical systems for the airlock module of the orbital workshop and the Apollo telescope mount are described. Skylab is considered an integral laboratory, however, both cluster and module hardware distinct sections are included. Significant concept and requirement evolution, testing, and modifications resulting from tests are briefly summarized to aid in understanding the launch configuration description and the procedures and performance discussed for in-orbit operation. Specific problems encountered during Skylab orbital missions are analyzed.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64818
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  • 154
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    An analysis of the Venera 8 measurements (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Analysis of the Venera 8 measurements yielded equatorial morning terminator horizontal and vertical winds which are similar to the winds obtained from the Venera 7 measurements. The lower boundary of the horizontal retrograde 4-day wind is defined by a 50-60% decrease in wind speed in the vicinity of 44 km and there exists a retrograde wind plateau of 15 to 40 m/s winds extending from 40 km down to the vicinity of 18 km where the winds decrease rapidly to the order of 0.1 m/s near the surface. Up drafts of 2 to 5 m/s exist in the vicinity of 20 to 30 km and are apparently associated with a slightly super adiabatic lapse rate. The temperature lapse-rate, surface radius, surface topography, and atmospheric structure are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70706 , X-623-74-37
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  • 155
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    Comparative evaluation of existing expendable upper stages for space shuttle (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The use of existing expendable upper stages in the space shuttle during its early years of operation is evaluated. The Burner 2, Scout, Delta, Agena, Transtage, and Centaur were each studied under contract by their respective manufacturers to determine the extent and cost of the minimum modifications necessary to integrate the stage with the shuttle orbiter. A comparative economic analysis of thirty-five different families of these stages is discussed. Results show that the overall transportation system cost differences between many of the families are quite small. However, by considering several factors in addition to cost, it is possible to select one family as being representative of the capability of the minimum modification existing stage approach. The selected family meets all of the specified mission requirements during the early years of shuttle operation.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71579 , E-8026
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  • 156
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    Skylab thruster attitude control system (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Preflight activities and the Skylab mission support effort for the thruster attitude control system (TACS) are documented. The preflight activities include a description of problems and their solutions encountered in the development, qualification, and flight checkout test programs. Mission support effort is presented as it relates to system performance assessment, real-time problem solving, flight anomalies, and the daily system evaluation. Finally, the detailed flight evaluation is presented for each phase of the mission using system telemetry data. Data assert that the TACS met or exceeded design requirements and fulfilled its assigned mission objectives.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64852
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  • 157
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    MSFC Skylab lessons learned (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Key lessons learned during the Skylab Program that could have impact on on-going and future programs are presented. They present early and sometimes subjective opinions; however, they give insights into key areas of concern. These experiences from a complex space program management and space flight serve as an early assessment to provide the most advantage to programs underway. References to other more detailed reports are provided.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64860
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  • 158
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    Research study on stabilization and control: Modern sampled-data control theory. Continuous and discrete describing function analysis of the LST system (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The dynamics of the Large Space Telescope (LST) control system were studied in order to arrive at a simplified model for computer simulation without loss of accuracy. The frictional nonlinearity of the Control Moment Gyroscope (CMG) Control Loop was analyzed in a model to obtain data for the following: (1) a continuous describing function for the gimbal friction nonlinearity; (2) a describing function of the CMG nonlinearity using an analytical torque equation; and (3) the discrete describing function and function plots for CMG functional linearity. Preliminary computer simulations are shown for the simplified LST system, first without, and then with analytical torque expressions. Transfer functions of the sampled-data LST system are also described. A final computer simulation is presented which uses elements of the simplified sampled-data LST system with analytical CMG frictional torque expressions.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-120331
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  • 159
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    A system for spacecraft attitude control and energy storage (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A conceptual design for a double-gimbal reaction-wheel energy-wheel device which has three-axis attitude control and electrical energy storage capability is given. A mathematical model for the three-axis gyroscope (TAG) was developed, and a system of multiple units is proposed for attitude control and energy storage for a class of spacecraft. Control laws were derived to provide the required attitude-control torques and energy transfer while minimizing functions of TAG gimbal angles, gimbal rates, reaction-wheel speeds, and energy-wheel speed differences. A control law is also presented for a magnetic torquer desaturation system. A computer simulation of a three-TAG system for an orbiting telescope was used to evaluate the concept. The results of the study indicate that all control and power requirements can be satisfied by using the TAG concept.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7582 , L-9271
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  • 160
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    Apollo 16 mission report. Supplement 2: Service Propulsion system final flight evaluation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Apollo 16 Mission was the sixteenth in a series of flights using Apollo flight hardware and included the fifth lunar landing of the Apollo Program. The Apollo 16 Mission utilized CSM 113 which was equipped with SPS Engine S/N 66 (Injector S/N 137). The engine configuration and expected performance characteristics are presented. Since previous flight results of the SPS have consistently shown the existence of a negative mixture ratio shift, SPS Engine S/N 66 was reorificed to increase the mixture ratio for this mission. The propellant unbalance for the two major engine firings is compared with the predicted unbalance. Although the unbalance at the end of the TEI burn is significantly different than the predicted unbalance, the propellant mixture ratio was well within limits. The SPS performed six burns during the mission, with a total burn duration of 575.3 seconds. The ignition time, burn duration and velocity gain for each of the six SPS burns are reported.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-134365 , TRW-20029-H160-R0-00-SUPPL-2
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  • 161
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    Energetic solar proton versus terrestrially trapped proton fluxes for the active years 1977 - 1983 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Ratios of solar to trapped proton fluences were computed for circular-orbit, geocentric space missions to be flown during the active phase of the next solar cycle (1977-1983). The ratios are presented as functions of orbit altitude and inclination, mission duration, proton energy threshold, and the chance the mission planner is willing to take that the actually encountered solar proton fluence will exceed the design fluence provided by the statistical solar proton model. It is shown that the ratio is most sensitively dependent on orbit altitude and inclination, with trapped protons dominant for low inclination, low and mid altitude orbits and for high inclination, mid altitude orbits. Conversely, solar protons are dominant for high inclination, low altitude orbits, and for low and high inclination, high altitude orbits.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70716 , X-601-74-221
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  • 162
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    Interplantetary streams and their interaction with the earth (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Plasma and magnetic field observations of interplanetary streams near 1 AU are summarized. Two types of streams have been identified corotating streams and flare-associated, and other flow patterns are present due to interactions among streams. The theory of corotating streams, which attributes them to a high temperature region near the sun, satisfactorily explains many of the effects observed at 1 AU. A correspondingly complete theory of flare-associated streams does not exist. Streams are a key link in the chain that connects solar and geomagnetic activity. The factors that most influence geomagnetic activity are probably related to streams and determined by the dynamics of streams. The evolution of streams on scales of 27 days and 11 years probably determines the corresponding variations of geomagnetic activity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70714 , X-692-74-216
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  • 163
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    Results of tests in the NASA/LARC 31-inch CFHT on an 0.010-scale model (32-OT) of the space shuttle configuration 3 to determine the RCS jet flowfield interaction effects on aerodynamic characteristics (IA60/OA105), volume 1 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Tests were conducted in the NASA Langley Research Center 31-inch continuous Flow Hypersonic Wind Tunnel to determine RCS jet interaction effect on the hypersonic aerodynamic and stability and control characteristics prior to return to launch site (RTLS) abort separation. The model used was an 0.010-scale replica of the Space Shuttle Vehicle Configuration 3. Hypersonic stability data were obtained from tests at Mach 10.3 and dynamic pressure of 150 psf for the integrated Orbiter and external tank and the Orbiter alone. RCS modes of pitch, yaw, and roll at free flight dynamic pressure simulation of 7, 20, and 50 psf were investigated. The effects of speedbrake, bodyflap, elevon, and aileron deflections were also investigated.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-134103 , DMS-DR-2137
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  • 164
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    Effluent sampling of Scout D and Delta launch vehicle exhausts (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Characterization of engine-exhaust effluents (hydrogen chloride, aluminum oxide, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide) has been attempted by conducting field experiments monitoring the exhaust cloud from a Scout-Algol III vehicle launch and a Delta-Thor vehicle launch. The exhaust cloud particulate size number distribution (total number of particles as a function of particle diameter), mass loading, morphology, and elemental composition have been determined within limitations. The gaseous species in the exhaust cloud have been identified. In addition to the ground-based measurements, instrumented aircraft flights through the low-altitude, stabilized-exhaust cloud provided measurements which identified CO and HCI gases and Al2O3 particles. Measurements of the initial exhaust cloud during formation and downwind at several distances have established sampling techniques which will be used for experimental verification of model predictions of effluent dispersion and fallout from exhaust clouds.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-2987 , L-9360
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  • 165
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    Aerodynamic and flow visualization studies of variations in the geometry of irregular planform wings at a Mach number of 20.3 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The longitudinal and summary lateral-directional stability characteristics have been obtained for a variety of irregular planform wings applied to a conceptual space shuttle orbiter. Three basic wing planforms with leading-edge sweep angles of 53.2 deg, 46.8 deg, and 35 deg were studied in conjunction with a series of inboard planform fillets with sweep angles up to 78 deg. The spanwise intersection point of the fillets and the basic wings was held constant. The data were obtained in the Langley 22-inch helium tunnel at a Mach number of 20.3 and a Reynolds number of 2.10 million based on model length. Model angle-of-attack range was from 0 deg to 54 deg at sideslip angles of 0 deg and minus 3.8 deg. Also included are results of a flow-visualization study consisting of electron-beam-illuminated flow and surface oil-flow patterns.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7650 , L-9382
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  • 166
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    Trapped particle and solar proton radiation prediction for ISEE (IME): Mother-daughter mission (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The charged particle fluxes incident on spacecrafts in very eccentric orbits were investigated in support of the International Sun-Earth Explorer (International Magnetospheric Explorer) For this purpose, two flightpaths were considered having identical inclinations but different perigee altitudes (240 and 1364 kilometers, respectively). Apogee altitude was approximately the same for both cases (about 22 earth radii). For each of the two perigee altitudes investigated, two nominal trajectories were generated, having identical orbital configurations but with their major axes rotated by 180 deg in the plane of orbit, which resulted in placing the initial apogee into into opposite hemispheres. This was done in order to determine the corresponding variation in the vehicle-encountered particle intensities. Estimates of average energetic solar proton fluxes are given for a one year mission duration at selected integranlenergies ranging from E 10 to E 100 MeV. Results are summarized and discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70696 , X-601-74-204
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  • 167
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    Nutation control during precession of a spin-stabilized spacecraft (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Precession maneuver control laws for single-spin spacecraft are investigated so that nutation is concurrently controlled. Analysis has led to the development of two types of control laws employing precession modulation for concurrent nutation control. Results were verified through digital simulation of a Synchronous Meteorological Satellite (SMS) configuration. An addition research effort was undertaken to investigate the cause and elimination of nutation anomalies in dual-spin spacecraft. A literature search was conducted and a dual-spin configuration was simulated to verify that nutational anomalies are not predicted by the existing nonlinear model. No conclusions were drawn as to the cause of the observed nutational anomalies in dual-spin spacecraft.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-138801 , CRL-74-4
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  • 168
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    MSFC Skylab Orbital Workshop, volume 5 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The various programs involved in the development of the Skylab Orbital Workshop are discussed. The subjects considered include the following: (1) reliability program, (2) system safety program, (3) testing program, (4) engineering program management, (5) mission operations support, and (6) aerospace applications.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64813-VOL-5
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  • 169
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    MSFC Skylab Orbital Workshop, volume 4 (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The design and development of specific systems on the Skylab Orbital Laboratory are discussed. The subjects considered are: (1) pressure garment conditioning system, (2) stowage system, (3) ground support equipment systems, and (4) marking systems illustrations of the system components are provided. Results of performance tests are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64813-VOL-4
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  • 170
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    MSFC Skylab Orbital Workshop, volume 1 (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The technical aspects of the Skylab-Orbital Workshop are discussed. Original concepts, goals, design philosophy, hardware, and testing are reported. The final flight configuration, overall test program, and mission performance are analyzed. The systems which are examined are: (1) the structural system, (2) the meteoroid shield systems, and (3) the environmental/thermal control subsystem.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64813-VOL-1 , NASA-CR-120279
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  • 171
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    Space shuttle transportation system techniques for user/use development (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The problem of obtaining new uses for the Shuttle Transportation System (STS) was treated in the same way marketing problems are handled by industrial organizations. Techniques used by industry to obtain new ideas and customers were evaluated and analyzed for their relevance to the STS. Marketing barrier-data were used to develop strategy which called for a middleman organization to assist NASA in achieving its objectives. The importance of prompt initiation of the recommended strategy was established.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-120259
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  • 172
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    Phase change paint tests on Rockwell orbiter/tank and orbiter alone configurations (OH3A/OH3B) (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Wind tunnel tests were conducted on scale models of the space shuttle orbiter and external tank. The tests were designed to determine the basic heating rate and interference effects on the orbiter-tank configuration and to analyze the effectiveness of the thermal protective system on the reentry vehicle. The phase change paint techniques were used to determine areodynamic heating rates. Oil flow and schlieren photographs were used for flow visualization.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-134075 , DMS-DR-2100
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  • 173
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    MSFC Skylab Orbital Workshop, volume 2 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The design and development of the Skylab Orbital Workshop are discussed. The subjects considered are: (1) thrust attitude control system, (2) solar array system, (3) electrical power distribution system, (4) communication and data acquisition system, (5) illumination system, and (6) caution and warning system.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64813-VOL-2
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  • 174
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    Midlatitude electron precipitation: A possible source of contamination of galactic X and gamma-ray measurements (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The effect of trapped and precipitated particles in the magnetosphere on the measurement of galactic X-rays and gamma rays is discussed. To minimize contamination caused by electron precipitation, most galactic X-ray and gamma ray measurements are conducted at equatorial or relatively low to middle latitudes where the influence of auroral effects is expected to be small. Substorm-related VLF phase perturbations also affect the measurements. If such perturbation are indicative of electron precipitation at middle to low latitudes, then their relatively high frequency of occurrence, as many as 100 per year, is evidence that electron precipitation at these latitudes may pose a problem to some galactic X-ray and gamma ray measurements. Charts and maps are presented to show: (1) phase recordings from sixteen sub-ionospheric VLF propagation paths, (2) map of great circle propagation paths, (3) ionization rates in the nighttime ionosphere due to several sources, and (4) computer phase variation for the NLK-APL path versus electron flux for different e-folding energies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 14 p
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  • 175
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    Development and correlation: Viking Orbiter analytical dynamic model with modal test (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Viking Orbiter (VO) experience in the achievement of a mathematical model is described along with the following project activities: (1) the generation of the overall plan for load analysis, an analytical dynamic model, and development tests; (2) the performance of VO subsystem static and modal tests; and (3) the correlation of the VO system model analysis and test. Success is attributed to the coordination of analysis and test using substructure modal coupling techniques.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-CR-138728 , JPL-TM-33-690
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  • 176
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    MSFC Skylab Orbital Workshop, volume 3 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The waste management system for the Skylab Orbital Workshop is discussed. The general requirements of the system are presented. Illustrations of the components of the system are provided. Data concerning maximum expected performance capabilities are developed. The results of performance tests on the system components are reported. Emphasis is placed on the human factors engineering aspects of the system.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64813-VOL-3
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  • 177
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    Coordinate transformations for studies of interactions between interplanetary and geomagnetic fields (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A graphical procedure is provided for performing coordinate transformations between the geocentric-solar-equatorial, geocentric-solar-ecliptic and geocentric-solar-magnetospheric coordinate systems. The procedure is designed to facilitate intercomparison of previous studies of interactions between interplanetary and geomagnetic fields that made use of these coordinate systems. The interaction in the geocentric-solar-magnetosphere system has been shown to give the most consistent results.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70684 , X-621-74-179
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  • 178
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    Gravitational-wave bursts from the nuclei of distant galaxies and quasars: Proposal for detection using Doppler tracking of interplanetary spacecraft (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Supermassive black holes which exist in the nuclei of many quasars and galaxies are examined along with the collapse which forms these holes and subsequent collisions between them which produce strong, broad-band bursts of gravitational waves. Such bursts might arrive at earth as often as 50 times per year--or as rarely as once each 300 years. The detection of such bursts with dual-frequency Doppler tracking of interplanetary spacecraft is considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-145432
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  • 179
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    SAS-2 observations of the galactic gamma radiation from the Vela region (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data from a scan of the galactic plane by the SAS-2 high energy gamma ray experiment in the region 250 deg l2 290 deg show a statistically-significant excess over the general radiation from the galactic plane for gamma radiation of energy 100 MeV in the region 260 deg l2 270 deg and -7.5 deg b2 0 deg. If the enhanced gamma radiation results from interactions of cosmic rays with galactic matter, as the energy spectrum suggests, it seems reasonable to associate the enhancement with large scale galactic features, such as spiral arm segments in that direction, or with the region surrounding the Vela supernova remnant, with which PSR 0833-45 is associated. If the excess is attributed to cosmic rays released from this supernova interacting with the interstellar matter in that region, then on the order of 3.10 to the 50th power ergs would be released by that supernova in the form of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-72582
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  • 180
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    Steady-state solution to the conduction problem of a spherical balloon radiometer, phases 1 and 2 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A satellite system proposed for observing the earth's radiation balance employing spherical balloon radiometers is investigated. In the steady-state condition of radiative equilibrium, the magnitudes of absorbed external irradiances are sensed by internal radiometers mounted on the skin of each balloon. The temperatures of the radiometers are monitored as a measure of the balloons' internal irradiances (equal to absorbed external irradiances) and telemetered to earth. The effect of the magnitude of irradiant sources, balloon thickness, and thermal conductivity on the conduction of heat is assessed mathematically in order to determine its impact on measurement accuracy. Results indicate that observations are acceptable during daytime and nighttime modes of operation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-132624
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  • 181
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    An investigation of ESSA 7 radiation data for use in long-term earth energy experiments, phases 1 and 2 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results are presented of an investigation of ESSA 7 satellite radiation data for use in long-term earth energy experiments. Satellite systems for performing long-term earth radiation balance measurements over geographical areas, hemispheres, and the entire earth for periods of 10 to 30 years are examined. The ESSA 7 satellite employed plate and cone radiometers to measure earth albedo and emitted radiation. Each instrument had a black and white radiometer which discriminated the components of albedo and emitted radiation. Earth measurements were made continuously from ESSA 7 for ten months. The ESSA 7 raw data is processed to a point where it can be further analyzed for: (1) development of long-term earth energy experiments; and (2) document climate trends.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-132623
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  • 182
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    Pitch-angle scattering of charged particles in a random magnetic field (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A calculation is presented in terms of the pitch angle that determines the conditions under which a Fokker-Planck equation gives a reasonable approximation of the pitch-angle scattering of low rigidity particles to first order in a random magnetic field. The formulation shows that the correlation scale of the fluctuation of the magnetic field about its mean does not enter directly into the approximation. The calculation is carried out for transverse magnetic fluctuations for which the magnetic field magnitude is constant to the order considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Dec. 1
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  • 183
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    Cross correlation between cosmic-ray fluctuations and interplanetary magnetic-field fluctuations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Study of the cross-correlation between cosmic-ray intensity fluctuations and the interplanetary magnetic field, using the low-frequency limit of the theory of the interplanetary scintillations of cosmic rays. Cross-spectral analysis of the flux of the Alert neutron monitor and simultaneous values of the interplanetary magnetic field components are presented which support the theory. A model of cosmic-ray fluctuations is described, with effects of gradients and interplanetary sector structure dominating for very low frequencies (less than or about equal to .000005 Hz) and magnetic-field induced interplanetary scintillations of cosmic rays dominating for higher frequencies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Dec. 197
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  • 184
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    The comparative spectra of cosmic-ray protons and helium nuclei (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 30; Oct. 197
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  • 185
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    Cosmic ray anisotropies observed late in the decay phase of solar flare events (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data was obtained from instrumentation on Explorers 34 and 41 on cosmic-ray anisotropy and magnetic field vectors during five solar flare events. The analysis was conducted in the energy range from 0.7 to 7.6 MeV, of the late decay phase, to evaluate the dependence of net cosmic-ray anisotropy vector amplitude and direction on the magnetic field azimuth. Results showed that in the late decay phase the direction of the net cosmic-ray anisotropy vector was invariant in relation to the direction of the magnetic field, particle energy, and species. Within the statistical error of the available data the invariant direction was perpendicular to the mean magnetic field direction.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 38; Sept
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  • 186
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    Observation of a cosmic gamma-ray burst on Apollo 16. II - X-ray time profile and source location (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A burst of X-rays was detected during the trans-earth coast phase of Apollo 16 on Apr. 27, 1972 at 10:68 UT, simultaneously with the observation of a transient event by a gamma-ray spectrometer aboard the same spacecraft. The two instruments provide a broad energy range of more than three orders of magnitude for describing the spectral distribution of this event. The conclusion that the incident flux was X-rays and not charged particles is based on the fact that the particle flux detectors in the Apollo gamma ray spectrometer and on the Vela 6A, which also observed the event, did not respond. The time variation of the total count rate in the X-ray range before and after corrections for detector geometry and the analysis for source direction is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Nov. 15
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  • 187
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    Observation of a cosmic gamma-ray burst on Apollo 16. I - Temporal variability and energy spectrum (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A cosmic gamma-ray event occurring April 27, 1972 at 10.68 UT was observed by gamma-ray and X-ray spectrometers on Apollo 16 as well as by Vela 6A. Analysis has yielded a detailed time profile of the entire event, an energy spectrum covering three order of magnitude (2.0 to 7.9 KeV and 0.067 to 5.1 MeV) and a source location. A well-defined onset prior to the main impulse period and a probable precursor are reported. The total energy of the event over the observed range was 2 x 10 to the minus 4th power ergs/sq cm. The data indicate the presence of a hard component which persists during the entire event, with a softer variable component becoming dominant during the most explosive burst portion.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Nov. 15
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  • 188
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    Composition of heavy cosmic rays from 25 to 180 MeV per atomic mass unit (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Relative abundances of elements from neon through zinc in the energy range from 25 to 180 MeV per amu have been determined from particle tracks in polycarbonate detectors exposed on the Apollo 16 mission. The ratios of elemental abundances of Ne + Si and 17 less than Z less than 25 to Fe + Co + Ni are found to be 5.8 plus or minus 1.9 and 2.1 plus or minus 0.7, respectively, in agreement with the results from cellulose triacetate detectors by O'Sullivan et al. (1973). These results imply that the heavy particles observed are predominantly galactic in origin. The availability to investigators of unetched plastic detectors exposed to solar-flare particles on the Apollo 16 mission is noted.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Nov. 1
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  • 189
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    Cosmic-ray exposure history at the Apollo 16 and other lunar sites - Lunar surface dynamics (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Concordant Kr-81/Kr exposure ages for four station 11 breccias indicate an age of 50.3 plus or minus 0.8 m.y. for North Ray Crater. Ray structures visible from orbital photography suggest that stations 8 and 9 should contain a substantial amount of South Ray ejecta. Concordant Kr-81/Kr exposure ages at these sites indicate an age for South Ray Crater of 2.04 plus or minus 0.08 m.y. Surface effects show good general agreement with this young age, but discrepancies on a sample-by-sample basis seem to indicate that extensive presurface irradiations must have occurred.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 38; Oct. 197
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  • 190
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    The radiation belts of Jupiter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The cloud of relativistic electrons which forms the Jupiter radiation belts at a distance of a few Jovian radii from the planet is considered. The inner belt is shown to consist of electrons with about three times the energy of those in the outer zone, and to have an equatorial density which is about one half the peak density in the outer zone. The pitch angle distribution of the electrons in the outer zone becomes gradually more confined to the magnetic equator with increasing distance from the planet.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Icarus; 23; Sept
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  • 191
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    Effects of interplanetary shock waves on energetic charged particles (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Experimental data on the influence of interplanetary perpendicular and oblique shock waves on the ambient energetic protons are presented along with a theoretical analysis of the acceleration of particles in almost perpendicular shock waves. It was found that low-energy protons can be accelerated in perpendicular shock waves by repeated crossings of the shock front up to a maximum energy given by the product of their initial energy times the ratio of the magnetic fields. High-energy protons need to stay at the shock front for longer times than low-energy protons in order to reach the same relative energy gain. In the theoretical study of proton acceleration at almost perpendicular shock waves, it was found that protons reflected at shock waves with the angle between the upstream magnetic field and the shock normal greater than about 80 deg achieve large energy gains at the shock front. The larger this angle, the higher the energy gain. However, the reflection and energization of protons at these shock waves is not 'instantaneous', neither is it a one-step process: it is performed through repeated crossings of the shock front.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Oct. 1
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  • 192
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    Modulation of cosmic ray protons and helium nuclei near solar maximum (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Balloon observations of proton and helium spectra in 1970, 1971, and 1972, which extend previous work for the period 1965-1969, reveal a factor of about 1.85 deviation from a single-valued regression at low rigidities. This deviation decreases with increasing rigidity for both species. The period 1969-197 is unique, because time variations at low and high energies were anticorrelated. When satellite observations are used to extend the balloon observations to energies below 100 MeV/nucleon, the proton spectrum shows a steeper slope in 1970 and 1972 than the characteristic J = AT spectrum observed during 1965-1969. The slope of the helium spectrum became continuously flatter during the same period (1970-1972). Computer-generated spectra based on simple two-parameter modulation models describe the basic features of the observations, if one of the variable parameters is used to characterize the rigidity dependence of the diffusion coefficient. On the other hand, models that do not allow such a variation are not consistent with the observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Oct. 1
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  • 193
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    The diffusive idealization of charged-particle transport in random magnetic fields (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The uniqueness and accuracy of the equations which describe the transport of charged particles diffusing in a random magnetic field parallel to a relatively large guiding field is examined. With regard to uniqueness, it is found that the same coefficient of diffusion is obtained by three methods that have apparently led to discrepancies in previous work. With regard to accuracy, it is found that two corrections must be added to Fick's law in which the diffusive flux is proportional to the gradient of the density. Explicit expressions are given for a characteristic time and a characteristic length which describe the corrections.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Oct. 1
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  • 194
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    Interaction of metagalactic X-UV radiation with galactic hydrogen (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Calculations show that the existence of a metagalactic X-UV flux of the intensity required to explain the high-latitude soft X-ray observations, plus a reasonable extrapolation toward lower energies, is consistent with the existence of neutral hydrogen in galaxies. Shielding by H II slabs can be effective both in the solar neighborhood and in the peripheries of galaxies out to a radius of 30 to 40 kpc. At earlier cosmological epochs shielding is less efficient. The soft X-ray spectrum as observed by Yentis et al. (1972) is difficult to reconcile with a purely extragalactic origin for the flux. A local source of ionization also may be necessary to explain the pulsar dispersion data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 34; 3, Se; Sept
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  • 195
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    Interstellar scattering of pulsar radiation. 1: Scintillation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An investigation of the intensity fluctuations of 28 pulsars near 0.4 GHz indicates that scintillation spectra have a Gaussian shape, scintillation indices are near unity, and the scintillation bandwidth depends linearly on dispersion measure. Observations near 2.5 GHz suggest a strong dependence of the frequency at which scintillation indices fall below unity on dispersion measure. Multistation measurements of scintillation provide values or limits for the scale size of the scattering diffraction pattern. The dependences of scattering parameters on dispersion measure is discussed in terms of the current models. It is suggested that any line of sight through the galaxy encounters increasingly rare, increasingly large deviations of thermal electron density on the scale of 10 to the 11th power cm.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70789 , X-693-74-316
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  • 196
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    Possible acceleration of charged particles through the reconnection of magnetic field lines in interplanetary space (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Prominent intensity spikes in the flux of protons and alphas with less than 0.5 MeV per charge have been observed in the region several hours behind an interplanetary shock front. The small spatial scale of these events and the high anisotropy of the particle flux suggest local acceleration. The spectra of the particles, which are cut off at equal energy per charge, suggest acceleration through an electric field. The possibility that these events have their origin in active magnetic neutral sheets in the shocked solar wind is examined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Aug. 197
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  • 197
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    Rise time in 20-32 keV impulsive X-radiation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A new property of the X-ray impulsive component observed in solar flares is discussed, giving attention to the relation between the slope of the electron power spectrum and the rise time in the 20-32 keV X-ray spike. This particular energy range was chosen because it offered the greatest number of impulsive events while being sufficiently high to avoid contamination by soft X radiation. It is found for the thin-target model that the electron spectrum tends to be softer when the acceleration rate is smaller.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NSSDC-ID-68-014A-04-PM , Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 15
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  • 198
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    Charge composition and energy spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei at energies above 20 GeV per nucleon (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 15
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  • 199
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    High resolution interferometry of the sun at 3.7 cm wavelength (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of interferometric solar observations at a wavelength of 3.7 cm with effective resolutions of 7 and 15 sec are discussed. Observations have shown that a small-scale quasi-periodic component was present in solar radio emission from the entire solar disk and that this component contained a circularly polarized fraction of less than 10%. The theory of gyroradiation and gyro-resonant absorption is applied in the interpretation of the S-component of solar radio emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 200
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    Spectrograph, filtergraph and magnetograph observations of the two-ribbon flare of 29 July, 1973 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: High-resolution observations of a class-3N two-ribbon flare were conducted at 1324 UT on July 29, 1973, at Big Bear Solar Observatory. The flare occurred in a diffuse bipolar magnetic region completely devoid of sunspots and was associated with a type IV radio burst and a soft X-ray event. Extensive H alpha filtergraph, spectrograph and magnetograph records taken during the main phase of the flare suggest the presence of downfalling and streaming materials for several hours on both ribbons during the growth phase of H alpha emission. Hyder's infall-impact model (1967) is found to be inconsistent with the authors' filtergraph and spectrograph observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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