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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (4,116)
  • General Chemistry  (2,047)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (849)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (498)
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 1980-1984  (5,147)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964  (2,595)
  • 1980  (5,147)
  • 1962  (2,595)
Collection
Keywords
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  • 1980-1984  (5,147)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964  (2,595)
Year
  • 1
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    Have massive cosmological neutrinos already been detected (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The possibility is investigated that the decay of massive cosmological neutrinos may have produced a spectral signature which has already been detected in observations of the ultraviolet background radiation. Various implications are discussed including a possible implied neutrino mass of 13.8-14.8 eV. A lower limit is also placed on the lifetime of heavy neutrinos with respect to decay into light neutrinos and gamma rays based on the cosmic UV observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 45; Oct. 27
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  • 2
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    High-resolution spectroscopy of two gamma-ray bursts in 1978 November (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The first results from the ISEE 3 radiatively cooled germanium gamma-ray burst spectrometer are presented. Spectra and time histories from two events on 1978 November 4 and 19 are given. A significant difference in the continuum spectra for the two events was observed. Evidence is presented for two spectral features in the November 19 event, a broad one at about 420 keV and a narrower one at about 740 keV with a suggestion of an accompanying high-energy tail.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 236
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  • 3
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    Detection of high-energy X-rays from the galactic center region (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are presented from repeated scans of the galactic center region made with the high-energy X-ray detector on OSO 8 during the five days of Sept. 20-25, 1978. The observations show a strong flux of high-energy excluding GX 1 + 4 and GX 3 + 1. The photon-number spectrum of this flux is harder than that of GX 1 + 4 measured during the same interval.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 236
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  • 4
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    On the origin of corotating energetic particle events (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper examines energetic corotating particle events produced by acceleration at the forward and reverse shock pair which bounds a corotating interaction region by the process of successive multiple reflections. In the steady state, the energetic particle intensity at the shock depends only on the intensity of shock particles, and measurements of energetic particles show systematic variations between intensities at the forward and reverse shocks. It is concluded that the solar wind is the original particle population that is accelerated in the stationary shocks up to several MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Apr. 1
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  • 5
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    The mean free path of low-rigidity cosmic rays (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents a simple heuristic argument that suggests that the large rigidity independent mean free paths observed for low-rigidity solar and galactic cosmic rays can be understood in terms of weak turbulence diffusion theory. This is shown to be possible if it is assumed that the interplanetary magnetic turbulence consists of a combination of Alfven waves propagating with constant field magnitude and a small (about 5-10 percent) admixture of compressive fluctuations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; June 1
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  • 6
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    The diffuse X-ray background spectrum from 3 to 50 keV (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectrum of the extragalactic diffuse X-ray background has been measured with the GSFC Cosmic X-ray Experiment on HEAO 1 for regions of the sky away from known point sources and more than 20 deg from the galactic plane. A total exposure of 80 sq m-s-sr is available at present. Free-free emission from an optically thin plasma of 40 plus or minus 5 keV provides an excellent description of the observed spectrum from 3 to 50 keV. This spectral shape is confirmed by measurements from five separate layers of three independent detectors. With an estimated absolute precision of about 10%, the intensity of the emission at 10keV is 3.2 keV/keV/sq cm/s/sr, a value consistent with the average of previously reported spectra. A uniform hot intergalactic medium of approximately 36% of the closure density of the universe would produce such a flux, although nonuniform models indicating less total matter are probably more realistic.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 235
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  • 7
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    Some methods in high energy cosmic ray measurement (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Problems concerning ion chamber and emulsion detection techniques for high energy cosmic ray measurement are investigated. The calculation of the average energy actually deposited in an ion chamber by an ultra-high energy particle of large mass and charge is examined. A calculational scheme already applied successfully to particles of charge 1 is extended. Also, the calibration of a plate of plastic scintillator for measurement of the position of a cosmic ray shower passing through it is discussed. The method of calibration is to inject pulses of flight at known positions on the plate and record the responses of photomultiplier tubes at the corner of the plate.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Alabama Univ. Res. Rept.: The 1980 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 10 p
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  • 8
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    Emulsion chamber observations of primary cosmic-ray electrons in the energy range 30-1000 GeV (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The results of a series of emulsion exposures, beginning in Japan in 1968 and continued in the U.S. since 1975, which have yielded a total balloon-altitude exposure of 98,700 sq m sr s, are presented. The data are discussed in terms of several models of cosmic-ray propagation. Interpreted in terms of the energy-dependent leaky-box model, the spectrum results suggest a galactic electron residence time of 1.0(+2.0, -0.5) x 10 to the 7th yr, which is consistent with results from Be-10 observations. Finally, the possibility that departures from smooth power law behavior in the spectrum due to individual nearby sources will be observable in the energy range above 1 TeV is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 238
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  • 9
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    The longitudinal galactic cosmic ray intensity modulation in a diffusive and a scatter-free model of the inner heliosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Measurements of energetic solar flare electrons, Jovian electrons, and low-energy solar protons have led to the suggestion that the inner heliosphere is essentially scatter free. Consideration is given to a model in which scattering is only important within the corotating interaction regions (CIR's), while the cavity formed by the CIR's in the inner heliosphere is scatter free, as compared to an interplanetary diffusion model wherein scattering is determined by the solar wind and magnetic field microstructure everywhere in the heliosphere. The two models are compared in terms of the solar wind stream associated Forbush decreases at 1 AU and the longitudinal cosmic ray nucleonic intensity variations at larger heliocentric distances (Pioneer 11 measurements at about 3 AU). It is shown that the diffusion model is able to explain consistently all longitudinal galactic cosmic ray intensity modulation measurements.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 1
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  • 10
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    Detection of a fast, intense and unusual gamma-ray transient (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An unusual transient pulse of greater than approximately 50 keV photons was detected on March 5, 1979 by the gamma-ray burst sensor network using nine space probes and satellites. Its characteristics are unlike those of the known variety of gamma-ray bursts and therefore suggest that it was formed either by a completely different origin species or in a very different manner. In a companion Letter it is identified with the LMC supernova remnant N49.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 237
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  • 11
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    The geostationary radiation environment (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A study of the geostationary radiation environment is presented. The distribution of charged particles is reviewed in terms of population domains, where trapped constituents (energetic electrons and protons) and transients (solar flare protons) have been considered. Synchronous geomagnetic geometry is discussed, and temporal and spatial variations of trapped particles are briefly reviewed. A short description of the current standard environment models is given. Probabilistic solar flare proton predictions are described, including the distinction between ordinary event and anomalously large event fluences and the probability of occurrence of anomalously large events. A special solar proton evaluation approach is suggested for extended manned missions in the synchronous altitude regime. Finally, calculational results are presented for orbital flux integrations and dose and shielding evaluations. The data, given in graphic and tabular form, are explained and discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 17; Mar
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  • 12
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    The diffuse UV background (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The diffuse radiation field in the UV (900-3,000 A) affects the structure of galactic molecular clouds and conveys important information concerning the physical characteristics and spatial distribution of gas and dust in the universe. Continuum emission in this range is probably dominated by interstellar dust scattering in our galaxy. For view directions and angular resolutions allowing observations in the rifts between galactic dust clouds, the background due to the integrated light of spiral galaxies may be detected, providing important information on their structure and evolution. The redshifted emission from an intergalactic medium may be observable in the regions between nearby bright galaxies. Present observations provide weak constraints on the radiation field required to ionize the intergalactic medium at the level required by the Gunn-Peterson test.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 288; Nov. 13
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  • 13
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    A survey of space radiation effects (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of space radiation and its significance for space missions, as they increase in scope, duration, and complexity are discussed. Type of radiation hazard may depend on location or on special equipment used. It is emphasized that it is necessary to search for potential radiation problems in the design stage of a mission. Problem areas such as radiation damage to solar cells and the revolutionary advances are discussed. Radiation effect to electronics components other than solar cells, and several specialized areas such as radioactivity and luminescence are also examined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-161687 , SAI-81-555-HU
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  • 14
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    Pulsar and diffuse contributions to the observed galactic gamma radiation (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: With the acquisition of satellite data on the energy spectrum of galactic gamma-radiation, it is clear that such radiation has a multicomponent nature. A calculation of the pulsar gamma ray emission spectrum is used together with a statistical analysis of recent data on 328 known pulsars to make a new determination of the pulsar contribution to galactic gamma ray emission. The contributions from diffuse interstellar cosmic ray induced production mechanisms to the total emission are then reexamined. It is concluded that pulsars may account for a significant fraction of galactic gamma ray emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-82028
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  • 15
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    Super-alfvenic propagation of cosmic rays: The role of streaming modes (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Numerous cosmic ray propagation and acceleration problems require knowledge of the propagation speed of relativistic particles through an ambient plasma. Previous calculations indicated that self-generated turbulence scatters relativistic particles and reduces their bulk streaming velocity to the Alfven speed. This result was incorporated into all currently prominent theories of cosmic ray acceleration and propagation. It is demonstrated that super-Alfvenic propagation is indeed possible for a wide range of physical parameters. This fact dramatically affects the predictions of these models.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-82032
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  • 16
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    The discovery of an 81 minute modulation of the X-ray flux from 2A0311-227 (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The X-ray flux from 2A0311-227 was modulated at the 81 min orbital period of its optical counterpart. An absorption dip with N sub H equivalent to 5 x 10 to the 22nd power H atoms per square cm was observed at magnetic phase 0.42. It was interpreted as the accretion column of a magnetic white dwarf passing in front of the X-ray source. The spectrum was thermal with a temperature of 18 keV and a 300 eV equivalent width iron line at 6.6 keV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-82037
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  • 17
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    Experiments on the effect of ultraviolet on contamination in vacuum systems (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A series of experiments designed to investigate the effect of irradiating a portion of a vacuum system with ultraviolet (UV) light are discussed. Data obtained with the quartz crystal microbalance show that, under ultraviolet irradiation, clean and contaminated mean different things than in situations that do not involve irradiation. The history of the chamber appears to be of paramount importance, not the pumping mechanism. UV irradiation check for contamination is recommended in critical experiments.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-81999
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  • 18
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    The neutron-rich isotopes of cosmic-ray neon and magnesium (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 240
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  • 19
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    On the charge state of the anomalous oxygen component (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Observations of a phase lag between the intensity variations of high-energy galactic cosmic rays and the quiet-time oxygen flux in the energy region 7.6-24 MeV/nucleon during the time period 1974-1975 are reported. Phase lag or hysteresis effects have been observed during the 11-year solar cycle for low-energy galactic cosmic rays and several authors have shown that this hysteresis effect is a function of the velocity and rigidity (and therefore of the ionic charge) of the particles. Assuming a similar rigidity dependence of the phase lag during the transient intensity decrease of both galactic cosmic rays and the anomalous oxygen component in the time period 1974-1975, and comparing the phase lag as observed for protons and helium during the same period with the oxygen measurements, an upper limit of approximately 4 is derived for the ionic charge of the anomalous oxygen component.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Dec. 198
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  • 20
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    Energy spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei to above 100 GeV per nucleon (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Energy spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei boron to iron have been measured from 2 GeV per nucleon to beyond 100 GeV per nucleon. The data were obtained using an ionization calorimeter flown on a balloon from Palestine, Texas. The 3450 kg payload floated at 7 g/sq cm for almost 24 hours. The results are in excellent agreement with those of other workers where overlaps exist. The spectra are not consistent with single power laws, and demonstrate the power of using a single technique sensitive over a large dynamic range. The data are consistent with the leaky box model of cosmic-ray propagation. The boron data indicate that the cosmic-ray escape length decreases with increasing energy as E to the -(0.4 + or - 0.1) up to 100 GeV per nucleon. Secondary nuclei from iron are also consistent with this dependence. Predicted changes in the energy dependence of the ratios of primary nuclei O/C and (Fe + Ni)/(C + O) are also observed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 239
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  • 21
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    The X-ray spectrum of QSO 0241+622 (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Proportional counters on the OsO-8 spacecraft measured the X-ray spectrum of QSR 0241+622 in the range 2-50 keV. The best power law fit has a proton spectral index and 90 percent errors gamma = 1.93 (+0.5, -0.3) and low energy absorption consistent with reported gas column densities, but a thermal bremsstrahlung form with temperature 13.1 keV cannot be excluded. No indication of spectral variability is found in three observations of the source with HEAO-A2, although a possible 15-30 percent intensity change over a period of 6 months was observed. The quasar is similar to 3C 273 in the proportion of energy emitted in various bands, excluding the radio, if reported radiation above 50 keV from its direction is indeed associated with QSO 0241+622. The two quasars are compared and possible energy generation scenarios are discussed. Implications concerning quasar contributions to the diffuse background are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80645
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  • 22
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    Galactic cosmic-ray intensity to a heliocentric distance of 18 AU (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper reports observations to heliocentric radial distances of 8.6 and 18.4 AU with Pioneer 11 and Pioneer 10 respectively. During a seven year period from March 1972 to March 1979, the galactic cosmic-ray intensity of greater than 80 MeV, as measured by detectors on Pioneers 10 and 11, exhibited aperiodic temporal variations by about a factor of 2 and on a time scale of the order of a year, and quasipersistent cyclic variations of a 26 day period and an amplitude of a few percent. For protons of an energy greater than 80 MeV, there is a fairly consistent heliocentric radial gradient of +2.1 (plus or minus 0.3%) per AU in integral intensity until 1978 April-May, at which time a substantial disruption of the distribution of cosmic rays in the heliosphere occurred.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 238
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  • 23
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    Cosmic ray studies with a gas Cerenkov counter in association with an ionization spectrometer (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results from a balloon-borne gas Cerenkov counter (threshold 16.5 GeV/nuc) and an ionization spectrometer are presented. The gas Cerenkov counter provides an absolute energy calibration for the response of the calorimeter for the Z range of 5-26 nuclei of cosmic rays. The contribution of scintillation to the gas Cerenkov pulse height has been obtained by independently selecting particles below the gas Cerenkov threshold using the ionization spectrometer. Energy spectra were derived by minimizing the chi-squared between a Monte Carlo simulated data and flight data. Best fit power laws were determined for C, N, O, Ne, Mg, and Si. The power laws, all consistent with E exp-2.7, are not good fits to the data. A better fit is obtained using the spectrum derived from the spectrometer.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 71; 1, Au; Aug. 198
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  • 24
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    The HEAO A-2 survey of Abell clusters and the X-ray luminosity function (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The HEAO A-2 all sky data base was surveyed for 2-10KeV X-rau emission from the 225 Abell clusters og galaxies listed in Abell's (1958) catalog which are of distance class four or less, and are within the fraction of the sky surveyed completely by Abell. Thirty-two identifications of clusters with X-ray sources were made, for which 2-10 KeV fluxes and 90% error boxes are presented. Twelve of these identification are new. The X-ray luminosity function was derived for this statistically complete sample and the best exponential fit was found to be f(L) = 20.2 x 10 to the minus 8 power exp (-l(44)/1.9) per cu Mpc 2-10KeV. The relationship between X-ray luminosity and richness was examined and a correlation was found for richness classes 0, 1, and 2. The relationship of X-rau luminosity, Bautz-Morgan type, and Rood-Sastry type was examined. It was found that BM type I's and RS type cD and B have the greatest average luminosity. The contribution of clusters to the X-ray background was calculated from the luminosity function and was found to be 5%, and with 90% certainty, less than 8% in the 2-10 KeV band pass.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80680
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  • 25
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    A note on the revised galactic neutron spectrum of the Ames collaborative study (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Energy distributions of the neutron dose equivalents in the 0.1 to 300 Mev interval for the Ames and Hess spectra are compared. The Ames spectrum shows no evaporation peak, moves the bulk of the flux away from the region of elastic collision and spreads it more evenly over higher energies. The neutron spectrum in space does not seem to hear out the Ames model. Emulsion findings on all manned missions of the past consistently indicate that evaporation events are a prolific source of neutrons in space.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-160554
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  • 26
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    X-ray spectrum of Kepler's SNR (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations made with the solid state spectrometer aboard the Einstein Observatory confirm Kepler's SNR as an X-ray source with an intensity between 1-3 KeV of 7.2 x 10 to the-11th power ergs/sq cm-s. The X-ray spectrum is similar to those of Cas A and Tycho, with strong line emission from the helium-like species of Si, S, and Ar. Direct comparisons to Tycho's SNR suggest a distance of Kepler's SNR of greater than or equal to 5 kpc.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80637
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  • 27
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    Contribution to the extragalactic X-ray background from clusters of galaxies (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The contribution to the extragalactic background from clusters of galaxies in the 2-6 keV band was computed. Two different cluster luminosity functions and two different models for cluster evolution were considered and a cluster X-ray luminosity-temperature relationship of the type L alpha T sup alpha +1/2 was assumed. It is found that the overall contribution of clusters to the background is approximately 10% of the total observed X-ray extragalactic approximately 150 eV is superimposed on the observed background. This result is quite insensitive to the different set of assumptions made in the calculation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: SU-SUIPR-811 , NASA-CR-163020
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  • 28
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    Particle energization in the inner, nonazimuthally symmetric magnetospheres of neutron stars (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The energization process of magnetic pumping, a combination of time dependent magnetic mirror fields with pitch-angle scattering, is applied to trapped charged particles drifting in corotating, azimuthally nonsymmetric neutron star magnetospheres. When particle energization is balanced by synchrotron radiation loss, it is found that protons, rather than electrons, reach considerable kinetic energies and radiate, in the X-ray regime, at rates up to the 10 to the 6th power MeV/proton/sec.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-163021 , REPT-80-6
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  • 29
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    Is the remnant of SN1006 crab-like? (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The solid state spectrometer on the Einstein Observatory and the GSFC cosmic X-ray spectrometer on OSO-8 observed the X-ray spectrum of SN1006. The data can be well-represented by a power-law model with alpha = 1.2, similar to the spectrum of the Crab nebula. This is in contrast to the radio and X-ray maps of SN1006 which show a shell structure more typical of SNR with thermal X-ray emission. The X-ray spectrum is suggestive of nonthermal synchrotron emission, raising the possibility that the remnant of SN1006 contains a source of relativistic electrons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80689
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  • 30
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    High time resolution observation of the transient event of 5 March 1979 (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The detection of an intense gamma ray burst with the monitor proportional counter on the HEAO 2 spacecraft is discussed with particular emphasis on the measurement of the time of onset of the event. Based on the mean observed counting rate in the burst and assuming a sharp rise, the uncertainty in the burst onset is found to be + or - 220 microseconds. The time of occurrence was 57124.826908 + or - 0.000220 s UT on March 5, 1979, and the location of the HEAO 2 satellite at this time was latitude 22.15 deg, longitude -27.60 deg at an altitude of 525.0 km.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-78273
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  • 31
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    Cosmic ray studies with a gas Cherenkov counter in association with an ionization spectrometer (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results from a balloon-borne gas Cherenkov counter (threshold 16.5 GeV/nucleon) and an ionization spectrometer are presented. The gas Cherenkov counter provides an absolute energy distribution for the response of the calorimeter for 5 or = Z 26 nuclei of cosmic rays. The contribution of scintillation to the gas Cherenkov pulse height was obtained by independently selecting particles below the gas Cherenkov threshold using the ionization spectrometer. Energy spectra were derived by minimizing the chi squared between Monte Carlo simulted data and flight data. Best fit power laws, dN/dE = AE-gamma, were determined for C, N, O, Ne, Mg, and Si. The power laws, all consistent with E (-2.7) are not good fits to the data. A better fit is obtained using the spectrum derived from the spectrometer. The data from the ionization calorimeter and the gas Cherenkov are thus completely self-consistent.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80639
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    Measurements of the cosmic background radiation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Measurements of the attributes of the 2.7-K microwave background radiation (CBR) are reviewed, with emphasis on the analytic phase of CBR studies. Methods for the direct measurement of the CBR spectrum are discussed; attention is given to receivers, antennas, absolute receiver calibration, atmospheric emission and absorption, the galactic background contribution, the analysis of LF measurements, and recent HF observations of the CBR spectrum. Measurements of the large-angular-scale intensity distribution of the CBR (the most convincing evidence that the radiation is of cosmological origin) are examined, along with limits on the linear polarization of the CBR. A description is given of the NASA-sponsored Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite mission. The results of the COBE mission will be a set of sky maps showing, in the wave number range from 1 to 10,000 kaysers, the galactic background radiation due to synchrotron emission from galactic cosmic rays, to diffuse thermal emission from H II regions, and to diffuse thermal emission from interstellar and interplanetary dust, as well as a residue consisting of the CBR and whatever other cosmological background might exist.
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  • 33
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    A cosmic-ray age based on the abundance of Be-10 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper discusses a measurement of the isotopic composition of galactic cosmic-ray beryllium made with high resolution aboard the ISEE 3 spacecraft. The isotope fractions of Be-7, Be-9, and Be-10 were determined; the abundance of the radioactive isotope Be-10 is used to deduce the cosmic-ray confinement time of 8,400,000/yr and an interstellar gas density of 0.33 atoms/cu cm in the confinement volume. Errors in the propagation model parameters which result in comparable uncertainties are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 239
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  • 34
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    The propagation of Jovian electrons to earth (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An analysis of the Jovian electron flux increases observed by the earth-orbiting satellite Imp 8 throughout five 13 month Jovian synodic years during the period from launch of the satellite in 1973 to 1979 is presented. The analysis defines the characteristics of Jovian propagation to earth. Corotating interaction regions (CIR) that form at the leading edges of fast solar wind streams continue to modulate the propagation of MeV electrons from Jupiter to the orbit of the earth to produce approximately 27 day recurrent variations in the Jovian electron density. The new and significant result of this study is that these time-intensity profiles are more accurately described not by assumption that Jupiter is a constant source of electrons, but rather by assuming that electron emission is initiated with each passage of CIR by Jupiter with the emission continuing for only several days.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 1
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  • 35
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    The importance of energetic particle precipitation on the chemical composition of the middle atmosphere (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The present review deals with the importance of three distinct classes of precipitation which directly deposit energy into the middle atmosphere, viz. galactic cosmic radiation, energetic solar protons and relativistic electron precipitation from the earth's radiation belts. Chemical considerations during particle precipitation are discussed, with special emphasis on the relative production rate of odd nitrogen and odd hydrogen species during ionizing particle precipitation. The long residence time of NO in the upper stratosphere, where catalytic interaction with O3 is most effective, requires that this mechanism be included in future modeling of global distribution of O3. Other situations causing O3 depletion are also identified.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Pure and Applied Geophysics; 118; 1-2,; 1980
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  • 36
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    The isotopic composition of galactic cosmic-ray iron nuclei (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: High-resolution observations made in interplanetary space of 83-284 MeV per nucleon galactic cosmic-ray iron isotopes are reported and it is directly established that Fe-56 is the dominant cosmic-ray Fe isotope. The following percentage abundances for Fe at the cosmic-ray source are found: Fe-54 = 9(+8, -5)%, Fe-55 is less than or equal to 7%, Fe-56 = 91(+5, -11)%, Fe-57 is less than or equal to 8%, and Fe-58 is less than or equal to 6%. When compared to calculated nucleosynthesis yields and other observations, these results place significant constraints on the neutron excess of the environment where cosmic-ray Fe originates.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 236
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  • 37
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    The distance and spectrum of the Apollo gamma-ray burst (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The gamma-ray spectrometer on Apollo 16 obtained spectral information with good energy resolution from more than 2500 burst photons in the energy range 0.06-5.16 MeV. The spectrum from 1 keV to 2 MeV, observed at X-ray energies by the Apollo X-ray spectrometer, is fitted by a thermal bremsstrahlung spectrum with kT = 500 keV. The success of the fit implies that the source is optically thin, and it follows that it must be closer than 50 pc. Absence of spectral variability suggests that the burst results from isothermal changes in emission measure.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 236
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  • 38
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    Radio emission, cosmic ray electrons, and the production of gamma-rays in the Galaxy (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper examines the traditional derivation of the interstellar electron spectrum using the galactic nonthermal radio spectrum and new radio data. The radio spectrum derived in the polar directions is now used as a base for this derivation instead of the anticenter spectrum. The exponent is determined for the interstellar electron spectrum between 70 and 1200 MeV, and radio maps are used to predict the gamma-ray fluxes produced by the bremsstrahlung process expected from these electrons. The differences in the predicted and observed gamma-ray intensities in the galactic plane are small, but in the polar direction the predicted gamma-ray flux using radio data is six times larger than that actually observed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 236
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  • 39
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    Irregularities in the X-ray background (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The X-ray background is a unique tool in having its origin in the redshift range of about unity, and in the availability of all sky coverage. The paper reviews the measurements of isotropy and compares them to what is known about the origin of the X-ray background in terms of discrete sources, a galactic component, and a possible 'truly diffuse' metagalactic emission. Only the 2-10 keV X-ray range is considered in detail. Four irregularities in the distribution of the 2-10 keV X-ray background are identified, three of them being in the angular distribution of surface brightness. Recent results from the Einstein X-ray Observatory have revealed the fourth irregularity, namely, that the extragalactic sources evolve strongly so that half the background arises from beyond a redshift of unity.
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  • 40
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    Fluctuations in the microwave background at large angular scale (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The measurements of fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background are shown to be consistent with the first order anisotropy at the level of about one part in a thousand and the limits of about one part in three thousand for fluctuations on any other scale. It is suggested that the first order anisotropy is due to the motion of the solar system relative to the radiation. This interpretation is evidence supporting the Cosmological Principle. The observed isotropy of the cosmic microwave background contradicts the concept of an indefinite hierarchy of clustering in the universe.
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  • 41
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    A comparative study of cosmic ray intensity variations during 1972-1977 using spacecraft and ground-based observations (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A study of cosmic ray intensity variations using data registered by Detector C on Pioneer 10 and the Sulphur Mountain neutron monitor is presented. The spacecraft data were corrected for temperature, Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator background, and contamination by energetic solar particle events. A consistent long-term solar cycle variation intensity is observed, but additional contribution is observed in the neighborhood of 5.1 AU which is attributed to energetic electrons of Jovian origin. The spectral variation in long-term changes of the cosmic ray intensity is studied by comparing the low-energy and high-energy data, and an average value of their ratio during 1972-1977 was found to agree with the value for the 1965-1972 interval.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Mar. 1
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  • 42
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    The correlation of the cosmic X-ray background with the light of galaxies (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Models for the origin of the cosmic X-ray background (CXB) radiation attribute it to numerous weak, unresolved discrete sources (e.g., active galactic nuclei), to some diffuse emission mechanism (e.g., thermal bremmstrahlung from a hot intergalactic plasma), or to an unresolved population of discrete sources which evolve substantially with redshift (e.g., quasars). It is shown that the comparison of the CXB flux variations with flux variations in the light from galaxies can measure the relative contribution of these possible sources of the CXB. Applying the technique to available Uhuru data, it is found that the absence of correlation between the optical flux variations and the X-ray flux variations sets an upper limit of approximately 50% on the fraction of the CXB originating with any classes of X-ray sources substantially represented among bright (apparent photographic magnitude less than or equal to 15.5) galaxies. The data are consistent with nearly all of the CXB being due to diffuse emission or to a class of sources whose density increases rapidly with redshift.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 236
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  • 43
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    High resolution measurements of galactic cosmic-ray neon, magnesium, and silicon isotopes (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: High-resolution measurements of the abundances of individual isotopes of neon, magnesium and silicon in galactic cosmic rays are reported. The Caltech Heavy Isotope Spectrometer Telescope on board the ISEE 3 spacecraft was used to obtain measurements in the range 30 to 180 MeV/n at an rms mass resolution of 0.20 amu. Results indicate excesses of Ne-22 as well as Mg-25 and Mg-26 in galactic cosmic rays with respect to their solar system abundances. Calculations of the effects of interstellar propagation and solar modulation on cosmic-ray isotope abundances also imply an Mg-25 + Mg-26 cosmic ray source fraction significantly greater than the solar system fraction, and it is suggested that the cosmic ray source material and solar system material were synthesized under different conditions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 235
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  • 44
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    One millimeter continuum observations of extragalactic thermal sources (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of 1 mm observations of extragalactic thermal sources are reported. The methods of making 1 mm observations are described. The instrumentation used to make the observation is described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-163590 , CRSR-753
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  • 45
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    Cosmic ray exposure ages of chondrites, pre-irradiation and constancy of cosmic ray flux in the past (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Calibration of the production rate of the Ne-21 nuclide was accomplished by 4 methods based on (Al-26)-age, (Mn-53)-age, Kr-81/Kr-83, and Na-22/Ne-22. These production rates are normalized to a shielding parameter ratio Ne-22/Ne-21 = 1.11 and to the chemical composition of L chondrites; a value of P(21)(1.11) = 0.31 is suggested, and a production rate equation derived in terms of the 'F' parameters for L, LL, and H chondrites. The Al-26 half-life measurements are considered to evaluate the effects resulting from preirradiation of meteorites and to examine the data on the constancy of the cosmic ray flux in the light of current astronomical observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 50; 1, Oc; Oct. 198
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  • 46
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    On the origin of the March 5, 1979 gamma ray transient: A vibrating neutron star in the Large Magellanic Cloud (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: It is proposed that a vibrating neutron star in the Large Magellanic Cloud is the source of the March 5 transient. Neutron star vibrations transport energy rapidly to the surface, heat the atmosphere by wave dissipation, and decay by gravitational radiation reaction. The electromagnetic emission arises from e(+)-e(-) pairs which cool and annihilate in the strong magnetic field of the neutron star. The field also confines the pairs, and this allows the production of the redshifted annihilation feature observed in the data. The redshift implies a gravitational radiation damping time which agrees with the 0.15 second duration of the impulsive phase of the event. Thus, the March 5 transient may be both the first detection of a vibrating neutron star and indirect evidence for gravitational radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80738
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  • 47
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    Two component X-ray emission from RS CVn binaries (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A summary of results from the solid state spectrometer on the Einstein Observatory for 7 RS CVn binaries is presented. The spectra of all require two emission components, evidenced by line emission characteristic of plasma at 4 to 8 x 10 to the 6th power and bremsstrahlung characteristic of 20 to 100 x 10 to the 6th power K. The data are interpreted in terms of magnetic coronal loops similar to those seen on the Sun, although with different characteristic parameters. The emission regions could be defined by separate magnetic structures. For pressure less than approximately 10 dynes/sq cm the low temperature plasma would be confined within the stellar radii, while the high temperature plasma would, for the synchronous close binaries, fill the binary orbits. However, for loop pressures exceeding 100 dynes/sq cm, the high temperature components would also be confined to within the stellar radii, in loops covering only small fractions of the stellar surfaces. While the radio properties and the occurrence of X-ray flares suggest the larger emission regions, the observations of time variations leave the ambiguity unresolved.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-82045
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  • 48
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    Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The current theory for the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays is reviewed briefly. The four basic mechanisms which are important for modulation-diffusion, effects associated with the large-scale magnetic field, convection, and energy change - are discussed in simple terms. The equation which describes cosmic-ray behavior in the heliosphere is presented and some sample solutions are considered. It is pointed out that, although the basic mechanisms which describe the cosmic-ray behavior are understood, the actual cause of the variation in the cosmic-ray flux over the solar cycle, or over longer intervals, is beyond current comprehension.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Conference on The ancient sun: Fossil record in the earth, moon and meteorites; Oct 16, 1979 - Oct 19, 1979; Boulder, CO
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  • 49
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    Heavy weak bosons, cosmic antimatter and DUMAND. 2: Looking for cosmic antimatter with DUMAND (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Discussion of various means for using high energy neutrino astronomy to directly test for the existence of cosmic antimatter on a significant cosmological scale is presented. Studies of the ultrahigh energy diffuse neutrino background using acoustic detector and high mass Glashow resonances are reported. Point source studies are also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-82017 , 1980 DUMAND Summer Workshop; Jan 01, 1980
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  • 50
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    Recognition of binary x-ray systems utilizing the doppler effect (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The possibility of recognizing the duality of a single class of X-ray systems utilizing the Doppler effect is studied. The procedure is based on the presence of a period which coincides with the orbital period at the intensity of the radiation in a fixed energy interval of the X-ray component of a binary system.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-76232 , PR-361
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  • 51
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    Quasars: Active nuclei of young galaxies (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The hypothetical properties of 'young' galaxies and possible methods of observing them are discussed. It is proposed that star formation first takes place in the central regions of protogalaxies which may appear as quasar-like objects. An evolutionary scheme is outlined in which the radio quasars are transformed in time into the nuclei of radio galaxies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-76233 , PR-358
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  • 52
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    Problems of sampling and radiation balances: Their problematics (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Problems associated with the measurement of the Earth radiation balances are addressed. It is demonstrated that the knowledge of the different radiation budgets with their components is largely dependent on the space time sampling of the radiation field of the Earth atmosphere system. Whichever instrumental approach is adopted (wide angle view of high resolution) it affects the space time integration of the fluxes measured directly or calculated. In this case the necessary knowledge of the reflection pattern depends in addition on the angular sampling of the radiances. A series of questions is considered, the answers of which are a prerequisite to the the organization of a global observation system.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-75831 , ESA-SP-150 , An ESA Workshop on Climatol., Hydrol., Atomspheric Res. and Meteorol; Nov 12, 1979 - Nov 15, 1979; Ajaccio; Corsica
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  • 53
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    Interpretations and implications of gamma ray lines from solar flares, the galactic center in gamma ray transients (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Observations and theories of astrophysical gamma ray line emission are reviewed and prospects for future observations by the spectroscopy experiments on the planned Gamma Ray Observatory are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-82066 , Roy. Soc. Meeting on Gamma Ray Astronomy,; Nov 27, 1980 - Nov 28, 1980; Greenbelt, MD; United States
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  • 54
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    Observations of diffuse galactic gamma rays (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Observations of 35 MeV to several GeV diffuse gamma radiation from the galaxy are available from the SAS-2 and COS-B instruments. This paper gives a brief review of the experimental problem, a discussion of the high-latitude (local) galactic component, and a study of the more distant low-latitude emission from the galactic plane. Finally, the emerging observations in other energy ranges are mentioned.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Non-solar gamma-rays; May 29, 1979 - Jun 09, 1979; Bangalore; India
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  • 55
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    The electric potential of particles in interstellar space released from a nuclear waste payload (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Mechanisms for charging a grain in the interplanetary medium include: (1) capture of solar wind electrons; (2) capture of solar wind protons; (3) ejection of electrons through the photoelectric effect due to the solar radiation; (4) escape of beta particles from beta emitters in the grain; and (5) escape of alpha particles from alpha emitters in the grain. The potentials on both nonradioactive and radioactive grains are considered with relation to particle size and time, and the distance from the Sun. Numerical results are presented where the waste mix is assumed to be PW-4b.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-163149 , AM-PHY-201-01
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  • 56
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    The cosmic X-ray background (1980)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The cosmic X-ray experiment carried out with the A2 Instrument on HEAO-1 made systematics-free measurements of the extra-galactic X-ray sky and yielded the broadband spectral characteristics for two extreme aspects of this radiation. For the apparently isotropic radiation of cosmological origin that dominates the extragalactic X-ray flux ( 3 keV), the spectrum over the energy band of maximum intensity is remarkably well described by a thermal model with a temperature of a half-billion degrees. At the other extreme, broadband observations of individual extragalactic X-ray sources with HEAO-1 are restricted to objects within the present epoch. While the non-thermal hard spectral components associated with unevolved X-ray emitting active galaxies could account for most of the gamma-ray background, the contribution of such sources to the X-ray background must be relatively small. In contrast, the 'deep-space' sources detected in soft X-rays with the HEAO-2 telescope probably represent a major portion of the extragalactic soft X-ray ( 3 keV) background.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-80659 , Meeting, Am. Astron. Soc.; Jan 15, 1980; San Francisco
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  • 57
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    Modulation theory (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Cosmic ray modulation theory is reviewed with regard to microscopic effects, gradients, and drift. It is noted that the three-dimensional structure of the heliosphere has been shown to be very important for the understanding of modulation, even for effects observed in the solar equatorial plane. In addition, recent revisions in the understanding of the magnetic field structure have led to a dramatic change in the understanding of modulation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 58
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    Elemental composition, isotopes, electrons and positrons in cosmic rays (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Experimental studies on the composition of cosmic rays are reviewed. Studies of elemental composition and time variation, Fe and near-Fe nuclei, trans-iron, high-energy spectra, antiprotons, isotopes, and electrons and positrons are discussed. Some theoretical studies of electrons are also considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 59
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    Galactic cosmic ray observations in the distant heliosphere (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The energy spectra and radial gradient of galactic cosmic ray hydrogen and helium have been measured between 1 and 15 AU for two time intervals in 1977 using Pioneers 10, 11 and Helios I, II. The observed gradients decrease with increasing heliocentric distance. Above 1 GV the observations are consistent with conventional modulation theory. At low energies the apparent energy loss for low rigidity hydrogen and helium appears to be appreciably smaller than expected. Alternate approaches are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 60
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    Recurrent modulation of galactic cosmic rays and the anomalous helium (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The observations of 27 day variations in the intensity of low energy cosmic ray protons (29-67 MeV) and anomalous helium (11-20 MeV/nucleon) are reported. These observations were made with instruments on IMP-8 in the earth orbit on Pioneer 11 at heliographic latitudes up to 16 deg and on Pioneer 10 at heliocentric distances of from 4 to 14 AU. 27 day variations are observed at all locations, most strongly in the anomalous helium, and reflect the very large scale structure of the interplanetary medium. Intensity minima are most often associated with high speed solar wind streams, but the physical mechanism producing the variations is not clear.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 61
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    Variations in the intensity of galactic cosmic rays and the anomalous helium as a function of solar latitude (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Pioneer 11 rose to a heliographic latitude of 16 deg in the course of its trajectory from Jupiter to Saturn. From analysis of the fluxes of low energy protons and anomalous helium measured by Pioneer 11 as a function of latitude, it was found that the data are consistent with latitude gradients of 2% per degree for the anomalous helium and 1% per degree for 29-67 MeV protons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 62
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    The flux of cosmic ray electrons at 10 GeV (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Recent experiments led to conflicting results with regard to the absolute electron intensity around 10 GeV. The data in this energy region are usually not limited by statistical accuracy, but systematic uncertainties must be responsible for electron fluxes that vary by at least a factor of two between individual observations. Because of the significant implications of the electron flux for the interpretation of other measurements (such as measurements of the galactic synchrotron emission, or measurements of the electron-positron ratio), the measurement of the electron spectrum was analyzed with emphasis on the 10 GeV region. It was found that the resulting electron flux remains relatively high, at a level of about 0.3 electron/sq m sec ster GeV at 10 GeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 63
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    Satellite measurements of the isotopic composition of galactic cosmic rays (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The individual isotopes of galactic cosmic ray Ne, Mg, and Si at about 100 MeV/nucleon have been resolved with an rms mass resolution of about 0.20 amu. The results suggest that the cosmic ray source is enriched in Ne-22, Mg-25, and Mg-26 when compared to the solar system. It is suggested that the cosmic ray source and solar system material were synthesized under different conditions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 64
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    Energy spectra and charge composition of cosmic-ray nuclei in the 24 to 28 Z range with energy above 1 GeV/amu (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 65
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    The mean-mass of cosmic-ray Ne, Mg and Si at 1.0 GeV/amu (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The results of a new measurement of the mean mass of the cosmic-ray nuclei Ne, Mg and Si at an energy of 1.0 GeV/amu are presented. The method employs the filtering effect of the geomagnetic field on the incoming cosmic-ray fluxes. The results were obtained in two balloon flights from Muskogee, Oklahoma (vertical cutoff rigidity = 3.4 GV) yielding an exposure factor of 20 sq m srh. The instrument consists of a counter telescope containing 2 plastic scintillators, 2 Cerenkov radiators and a multiwire proportional chamber hodoscope for trajectory identification.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 66
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    Cosmic-ray abundances in the interval 26 is less than or equal to Z is less than or equal to 40 (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results are presented from two balloon flights of an ionization/Cerenkov detector system. Well-defined peaks at nickel (Z = 28) and zinc (Z = 30) yield abundances relative to iron (Z = 26) of 0.05 and 0.006, respectively. About sixty events observed in the interval yield abundances relative to iron similar to those of the standard solar-system.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 67
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    Comparative energy spectra of z equals 3-8 nuclei in the energy range 200 MeV/nuc to 3 GeV/nuc (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The energy spectra and charge ratios of Li, Be, B, C, N, and O nuclei in the energy range 200 MeV/nuc to 3 GeV/nuc are examined with measurements obtained during a 50 hour balloon flight in 1977 from a telescope containing several scintillation and Cerenkov counters. The ratios Li/C, Be/C, and B/C are compared with predictions based on the leaky box interstellar propagation model showing that the ratios steadily increase in the apparent interstellar matter path length down to energies of about 400 to 600 MeV/nuc, where it is between 6.5 and 7.5 g/square cm. The effects of solar modulation upon the ratios are considered for energies less than about 1 GeV/nuc as well as for a modulation parameters of phi not less than 400 MV. By examining the ratios Li/Be, Li/B, and Be/B as a function of energy, it is shown that the Li/Be ratio is most sensitive to the solar modulation effects, and that the observed changes in this ratio with energy can be explained by a relatively large modulation consistent with a phi equal to 400 MV in 1977.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 68
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    Spatial distribution and broad-band spectral characteristics of the diffuse X-ray background, 0.1 - 1.0 keV (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Preliminary maps covering more than 85% of the sky are presented for three energy bands: 0.1 - 0.188 keV(B-band), 0.15 - 0.284 keV(C-band), and 0.45 - 1.0 keV(M-band). Preliminary analysis finds that: (1) there is no evidence requiring any substantial fraction of the soft X-ray background in this energy range to be extragalactic; (2) although large-scale anticorrelations between the lowest energy X-ray intensity and H(I) column density exist, most of the observed spatial variation cannot be explained by simple photoelectric absorption; and (3) although most of the B and C-band flux has a common origin most of the M-band flux does not come from the same material.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 69
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    Source variations of interplanetary Jovian electrons - Voyagers 1 and 2 results (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The large intensity of interplanetary Jovian electrons at 1 AU and near the Jovian magnetosphere have been attributed to the large scale solar wind structure. The only variations that can be definitely attributed to the source (i.e. the magnetosphere) are the 10 hour variations observed within about 1 AU of Jupiter. During the pre-Jupiter-encounter period, the Voyagers 1 and 2 spacecraft are separated by about 1 corotation day, facilitating the separation of variations due to corotating streams, which occur 1 day apart on the two spacecraft
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 70
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    Galactic and extragalactic high energy neutrinos (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Estimates of fluxes from cosmic diffuse sources are made using the generic relationship between secondary gammas and neutrinos and using recent cosmic gamma-ray satellite observations. A quantitative estimate of the observability above the atmospheric background of 1-10 TeV neutrinos from the inner Galaxy for a DUMAND type detector is then given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 71
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    Distribution function representation of energy spectra of H, He, C, O and Fe in corotating particle streams (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: From an analysis of nine corotating events observed near 1 AU during the 1974-1976 solar minimum, the spectral parameters for H, He, C, O and Fe and relative abundances of these elements and of Ne, Mg, Si, and S-Ca were determined. The distribution functions of H, He, O and Fe are well represented by an exponential in particle speed over the energy range of the measurements from 0.3 to 5 MeV/nucleon. The composition resembles that of the solar corona, particularly in the O/C ratio which is 0.95 + or - 0.19, and the He/H and He/Ne ratios are similar to the respective ratios in the solar wind. The results are consistent with interplanetary statistical acceleration of these particles out of the high-energy tail of the high-speed solar wind.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 72
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    Recurrent energetic particle events associated with forward/reverse shock pairs near 4 AU in 1978 (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The elemental composition at energies near 1 MeV/nucleon has been studied for three recurrent energetic particle events during the period August-October, 1978, with the low-energy-charged-particle instruments on Voyager 1/2 near 4 AU. These events are associated with forward/reverse shock pairs in the solar wind as identified by the MIT plasma experiments on Voyager. In all three events, the flux increases associated with the reverse shocks showed enhancements in the He/H and CNO/H ratios compared to typical solar flare composition. The average C/O ratio for the three events was 0.68 which is larger than for normal solar flares but somewhat smaller than the average value found for corotating events at 1 AU during the previous solar minimum (1974-1976).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 73
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    Large-scale modulation of galactic cosmic rays and anomalous He observed at not less than 16 AU with Pioneer 10 (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: High-speed solar wind streams issued from specific ranges of solar longitude or evolved into a single stream at not less than 16 AU during 1978. Shock waves associated with these streams cause a large decrease in cosmic ray intensity starting at 1 AU in April and appears progressively with time outward to 16 AU; a stepwise intensity decrease then occurs for both the galactic cosmic rays and the anomalous He component. The flare-accelerated nuclei show a new aspect of solar wave propagation in the outer solar system; at about 16 to 18 AU, the intensity builds up because of dispersion, reaches a flux level, and finally declines when the outward rate of escape becomes dominant.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 74
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    A study of the effects of Forbush decreases and the 11-year variation of cosmic rays out to approximately 16 AU (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In this study the onset of the new solar modulation cycle in late 1977 has been observed out to 16 AU. 27-day average cosmic-ray data (E greater than 60 MeV) from Pioneers 10, 11 and IMP 8 for the period for 1973-1978, normalized to the ground-based neutron monitor rates, have been used. Observations indicate that the long-term modulation effects propagate outward radially at 200-300 Km/sec. Forbush decreases, in contrast, are local phenomena and the associated time delays between their occurrence at earth and out to a few AU are much shorter. The data yield a radial gradient of 2-3% per AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 75
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    Cross-field transport of less than 1 MeV protons in energetic particle events (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A systematic analysis of hourly averaged low-energy anisotropy data (0.3-0.5 MeV) has been carried out with the JHU/APL detectors onboard the IMP-7 and 8 spacecraft from 1972-1975. The energetic particle events were divided into two major groups: flare-associated or nonimpulsive. Resolving the anistropy vectors into components parallel and perpendicular to the measured magnetic field leads directly to the following model-independent conclusions: (1) the average perpendicular anisotropy component is entirely accounted for in terms of the ExB drift, and hence transverse diffusion is negligible at these energies; application of the diffusion model to the nonimpulsive data set implies a ratio of the diffusion mean free paths parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field much less than 0.051; (2) the parallel anisotropy component averages nearly to zero in the nonimpulsive data set, indicating virtually no net streaming along the field at 1 AU, averaged over all events.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 76
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    The radial intensity gradients for cosmic rays and the anomalous helium from Pioneer 10 and 11 (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This report extends and updates previous studies of the heliocentric radial gradients of the integral flux of cosmic rays (E greater than 70 MeV) and of differential fluxes of protons and helium nuclei in the approximate energy windows 11-20 and 30-70 MeV/n to include data taken through the end of 1978 when Pioneer 10 had reached a distance of 18 AU from the sun, and Pioneer 11 was at a distance of 8.4 AU. Small positive gradients are found for all species considered, although the actual values of the gradients may vary as a function of time. The data suggest that the modulation region has a radial extent large compared to 18 AU. The anomalous helium component was observed at all radial distances, and is found to have a much higher flux in the outer solar system than near 1 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 77
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    A survey of He-3 enriched events between 1974 and 1978 (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In five years of observations between 1974 and 1978, at least 17 He-3 enriched events have been identified in the energy range 2 to 13 MeV/nucleon, with He-3/He-4 ratios ranging from less than 0.1 to greater than 4. The scarcity of H-2 in He-3 events found by other workers is confirmed in this data. Flattening of He-3 spectra relative to He-4 is identified in several of the events. Many but not all of the sampled events are found to have small H-1/He-4 ratios. A sum of the sampled events shows not only Fe enrichments but abundances enhanced relative to oxygen of all heavier elements. No substantial depletion of carbon is identified. A dependence of the enhancements in He-3 events on atomic number like that found in other Fe-enriched solar cosmic ray events suggests a common mechanism producing the enhancements.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 78
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    A survey of solar cosmic ray composition 1974-1978 (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Data on solar particle composition from the Goddard experiment on IMP 8 now spans a period of five years. During this time, detailed abundances and spectra have been obtained for elements through the Fe group and isotopic abundances have been obtained for H and He from a number of the largest flare-associated solar particle events. In the energy range 6.7-15 MeV/nucleon, a systematic enhancement of solar cosmic ray over solar photospheric Na, Mg, Al and Si abundances relative to oxygen is shown to exist in all these large flare events. An additional enhancement of abundances in the elements beyond carbon relative to oxygen that is correlated with atomic charge (or mass) occurs in certain events and produces a variability in Fe/O greater than a factor of 10. Summed over these eight large flares, the Be/O and B/O ratios are shown to be less than 0.0002 and Li/O to be less than 0.001 between 4.2 and 15 MeV/nucleon.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 79
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    Temporal variations of the anomalous oxygen /1974-1979/ and disappearance in 1978 (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The temporal changes in the differential intensity and energy spectra of anomalous oxygen, and in the O/C ratios of the anomalous cosmic ray component during the 1974-79 time period were examined using data from the IMP-8 and ISEE-3 spacecrafts. In addition to the solar modulation of the intensity of anomalous oxygen, the strength of the source of this component varies, and in 1978 the anomalous component disappeared almost completely. The results disagree with the existence of a purely galactic source but are consistent with expectations based on an heliospheric origin hypothesis as formulated by Fisk et al., (1974).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 80
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    Ion and electron pulses observed in the earth's magnetospheric environment (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Pulses of about 100 keV ions and electrons of time duration of several minutes are frequently detected in the earth's magnetotail and in the upstream region from the earth's bow shock. The distribution of the locations of the IMP 7 satellite where the particles were observed over the period from Sept. 29, 1972 to Oct. 6, 1973 is presented. The physical implications of these findings as related to (1) the source locations and (2) the dynamic nature of the acceleration and propagation of these particles are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 81
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    Composition and energy spectra of low energy ions observed upstream of the earth's bow shock on ISEE-1 (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The characteristics of eleven locally accelerated particle events in the energy range from 30 to 125 keV/Q observed upstream of the earth's bow shock have been determined, including composition, energy spectra, and intensity versus time profiles. The measurements were made with the Ultra Low Energy Charge Analyzer sensor on ISEE-1. The composition in these events is similar to that of the solar wind, with a He to proton ratio of 8% and a CNO to He ratio of 6%. The composition is reasonably constant only when evaluated at equal energy per charge. The energy spectra cannot be adequately fit by a single power law in energy; an exponential or Maxwellian in energy per charge gives a satisfactory representation of the spectra. The time-intensity profiles of these upstream events show an inverse velocity dispersion, which may provide clues to the responsible acceleration mechanism.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 82
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    Solar modulation of protons and alpha particles at rigidities of 4-10 GV/c (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The high statistics and high resolution rigidity spectra from geomagnetic cutoff to 160 GV/c were provided by a superconducting-magnet spectrometer flown on a balloon. The spectra above 8.3 GV/c fit a power law in rigidity for protons and alphas; below 8.3 GV/c, no clear evidence of solar modification is available. The analysis of data from 5.5 to 8.3 GV/c by the Gleeson-Axford model for solar modulation indicated that the modulation parameter was 0.3 + or - 0.05 Gev/nucleon; the spectra below 5.5 GV/c are being analyzed using a portion of the flight data recorded while the balloon was essentially stationary
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 83
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    Electric field effects on galactic cosmic rays at the heliosphere boundary (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The boundary condition for galactic cosmic rays at the outer edge of the modulation region was examined. With few exceptions authors have in the past uncritically used a time-independent, spherically-symmetric condition. It was found that, depending on the mechanism by which the heliospheric magnetic field connects to the general galactic magnetic field, the induced electric field may have important effects on the boundary condition. Sample calculations are presented which illustrate the potentially large, nonspherically-symmetric effects which may be expected.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 84
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    Numerical models of solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays, including drifts (1980)
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    Description: Numerical solutions are presented of the steady-state modulation of galactic cosmic rays for a realistic two-dimensional model which includes drifts. Calculations of energy spectra and the spatial density variation of protons are shown for a model that incorporates the solar-minimum magnetic field and nominal interplanetary propagation parameters. The calculated values are relatively insensitive to the assumed size of the modulating region and to the magnitude of the particle diffusion coefficient. The solutions show a broad interior 'plateau' in which radial gradients are small. A simple model that neglects diffusion but includes drifts and adiabatic cooling accounts for these results. It is concluded that in this model and the range of parameters, diffusion plays a role secondary to that of drifts and adiabatic cooling.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 85
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    The matrix approach to cosmic-ray propagation including ionization energy loss (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: It is shown that the matrix notation is the natural one for describing cosmic ray propagation in the interstellar medium. This remains true even if energy dependent cross sections and energy loss by ionization is included. The solutions in this notation are in a form that leads directly to computational algorithms.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 86
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    A non-Fermi model of cosmic ray acceleration - The Vector-V x Vector-B (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Fermi model of cosmic ray acceleration is incomplete and frequently internally inconsistent in situations in which particles gradient B or curvature drift in a Vector-V x Vector-B electric field while interacting with moving magnetic field irregularities. In such situations particles can gain orders of magnitude more energy per reflection than predicted by the Fermi model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 87
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    Acceleration of energetic charged particles by interplanetary and interstellar shock waves (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Pioneer 11 observations of energetic proton acceleration in interplanetary shocks are in good agreement with the predictions of the Vector-V x Vector-B electric field model of shock acceleration. The Vector-V x Vector-B model predicts that relativistic particles are accelerated by a factor of 2-15 in kinetic energy during a single encounter with a quasi-perpendicular (not less than 70 deg) supernova shock wave, and that the post-encounter pitch angle distributions are very anisotropic.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 88
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    Actinide cosmic ray chronometers - Relative abundances and the cosmic ray lifetime (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Measurements of ultraheavy cosmic rays will provide radioactive chronometers, including the actinides, which are expected to be present in the source. These primary chronometers differ from the Be-10 secondary chronometer in total inelastic cross-section and decay half-life. A propagation code, which includes nuclear fragmentation, radioactive decay, and ionization energy-loss of cosmic rays is being used to investigate the variations in the fluxes and mean ages which would be expected for various models of cosmic ray propagation. Some preliminary results in the actinide region are presented here which indicate that measurements of the relative abundances of the actinides in the cosmic rays will be very useful for understanding source abundances but less useful for studying propagation effects.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 89
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    Primary cosmic ray positrons and galactic annihilation radiation (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The observation (Leventhal et al, 1978) of positron annihilation radiation at 0.511 MeV from the direction of the Galactic Center is reexamined, suggesting the possibility of a primary positron component of the cosmic rays. The observed 0.511 MeV emission requires a positron production rate nearly two orders of magnitude greater than the production rate of secondary cosmic ray positrons from pion decay produced in cosmic ray interactions. Possible sources of positrons are reviewed with both supernovae and pulsars appearing to be the more likely candidates. If only about 1% of these positrons were accelerated along with the cosmic ray nucleons and electrons to energies not less than 100 MeV, it is believed that these primary positrons would be comparable in intensity to those secondary positrons resulting from pion decay. Some observational evidence for the existence of primary positrons in the cosmic rays is also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 90
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    The energy spectrum of cosmic ray electrons, 5-150 MeV in late 1978 and early 1979 (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The University of Chicago cosmic ray electron detector was launched aboard the ISEE-3 spacecraft on August 12, 1978. The energy spectrum of electrons measured in 1978 is nearly identical to that measured in 1968 by OGO-5. During the period of our investigation we observe quiet time increases in the electron flux which are of Jovian origin. These increases are restricted to energies below about 25 MeV but appear to have an energy dependence that peaks around 15 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 91
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    Interstellar propagation and the relative spectra of cosmic ray electrons and positrons (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The interstellar origin and propagation of cosmic ray electrons and positrons are discussed on the basis of radio observations and direct measurements of cosmic ray spectra. Data on the galactic nonthermal radio spectrum are indicated which imply an exponent of -2.2 for the interstellar electron spectrum below 2 GeV and suggest, together with direct cosmic ray evidence, that the spectrum steepens to -3.2 at higher energies. Comparison of the radio data for higher energies with earth-based measurements reveals that the position of the break in the spectrum is dependent on the strength of the interstellar magnetic field and thus all measured intensity values are equally valid. Analysis of the homogeneous model of cosmic ray electron and positron propagation reveals that the limits on propagation parameters are independent of the set of cosmic ray measurements considered, and predict an injection spectral index for electrons of -2.24, an energy loss parameter of 1.5 + or - 0.5 x 10 to the -16th/GeV per sec, a path length of 7.5 times the 0.33 power of the ratio of initial to measured energies (in g/sq cm), average interstellar hydrogen density of 0.22/cu cm and a cosmic ray age of 25 million years. The absence of short cosmic ray lifetimes is shown to affect the interstellar electron spectrum above 100 GeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 92
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    Some isotopic abundances in the cosmic radiation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Cosmic ray nuclei with Z not less than 10 have been observed in a detector which measures charge with a double scintillator-Cherenkov array and mass by combining the Cherenkov signal with residual range measured in nuclear emulsions. Results are presented for the isotopic analyses of Al, Ca, Sc, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu in the energy range 300-800 MeV/amu.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 93
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    Further analysis of the IRIS iron isotope experiment (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The IRIS Fe isotope experiment was extended to atomic charges of Z = 19, with isotopic distributions for 500 events ranging from 18 to 28. Normalization of the detector response functions at Fe-56 produced a single well resolved peak at Sc-45, establishing the resolution and mass scale of the device over the entire charge region. The abundance distributions for the predominantly primary isotopes Ca-40, Fe-54, Fe-56, Ni-58, and Ni-60 do not indicate a large admixture of material with distinctly nonsolar abundances.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 94
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    New measurements of the isotopic composition of cosmic ray nuclei with Z equals 16-26 using a double Cerenkov x total energy technique (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 95
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    The isotopic composition of neon in the galactic cosmic rays - A high resolution measurement (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 96
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    The isotopic composition of neon and magnesium in the low energy cosmic rays (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The ratios Ne-22/Ne-20 and Mg-26/Mg-24 were measured in galactic cosmic rays by the IMP-7 satellite in the 60 to 230 MeV/nucleon range. The neon cosmic ray source ratio Ne-22/Ne-20 is about 0.38, which is much larger than the current solar system relationship; the Mg data agrees with the solar system isotopic ratio of 0.14 at the cosmic ray source. The Ne and Mg source ratios are explained by supernova models, and become a new constraint which should be satisfied by any model of cosmic ray origin.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 97
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    Carbon, nitrogen and oxygen isotopes in the low energy galactic cosmic rays (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The isotopes of C, N, and O in the galactic cosmic rays were measured in the 45-106 Mev/nucleon range with data collected during 1973-77 by the cosmic-ray telescope onboard the IMP-7 spacecraft. The ratios of (N-15)/N, (C-13)/C, and ((O-18)/O agreed with previous measurements. Cosmic ray propagation and solar modulation indicate that the measured N isotopic ratio is in agreement with a source ratio of (N-14)/O = 0.03, which is much lower than the solar system abundance ratio.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 98
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    Further studies of the isotopic composition of cosmic ray Li, Be and B nuclei - Implications for the cosmic ray age (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The isotopic compositions of Li, Be, and B nuclei were investigated by using balloon flight data and the dE/dx X(E) mode of analysis. 600 Be nuclei were considered, including 24 (Be-10) isotopes; the effect of solar modulation of the surviving fraction of (Be-10) measured in this experiment and limits on the age of cosmic rays are discussed. The isotopic composition of all Li, Be, and B nuclei is examined with respect to the fragmentation origin of these particles and the effects of solar modulation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 99
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    Measurements of cosmic ray H-2 and He-3 nuclei above 100 MeV/nuc using a balloon borne telescope (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A recent measurement of the hydrogen and helium isotopes obtained from a balloon borne experiment flown from Fort Churchill, Canada at an atmospheric depth of 2.9 g/sq cm on 4 July 1977 is reported. Primary spectra of H-2 and He-3 were obtained up to 150 to 300 MeV/nuc, respectively. The helium isotope observations makes it possible to obtain a mutually consistent picture of galactic propagation and solar modulation and gives information on the possible forms of the He-4 source spectrum.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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  • 100
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    A measurement of the isotopic composition of galactic cosmic ray carbon, nitrogen and oxygen (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper reports the results of an investigation of the isotopic composition of galactic cosmic ray carbon, nitrogen and oxygen (80-230 MeV/amu) made using the U.C. Berkeley HKH instrument aboard the ISEE-3 spacecraft. The combination of high mass resolution and a large statistical sample makes possible a precise determination of the relative isotopic abundances for these elements. In local interplanetary space the following values are found: C-13/C = 0.067 + or - 0.008, N-15/N = 0.54 + or - 0.03, O-17/O less than 0.027, and O-18/O - 0.019 + or - 0.003.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: CONF-790836-3 , LBL-8920 , International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 06, 1979 - Aug 18, 1979; Kyoto; Japan
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