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  • Chemistry  (8,806)
  • General Chemistry  (1,537)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (448)
  • AIRCRAFT  (337)
  • BIOTECHNOLOGY  (322)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1970-1974  (6,720)
  • 1960-1964  (3,503)
  • 1972  (6,720)
  • 1961  (3,503)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1970-1974  (6,720)
  • 1960-1964  (3,503)
Year
  • 1
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    Comparison of aerodynamic performance of several STOL concepts (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Wind tunnel tests to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of basically similar short takeoff aircraft were conducted. The investigations were designed to provide data for a systematic direct comparison of five of the concepts considered. The configurations of the five models are illustrated and described. The aerodynamic data are presented in the form of graphs. It was concluded that the most complex systems require the least amount of net thrust.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center STOL Technol.; p 111-120
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  • 2
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    Design integration and noise study for a large STOL augmentor wing transport (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Analysis, design, experimental static testing, wind-tunnel testing, and design integration studies are used to develop an augmentor wing jet flap configuration for a jet STOL transport aircraft having maximum propulsion and aerodynamic performance with minimum noise generation. The program has three basic elements: (1) static testing of a scale wing section to demonstrate augmentor performance and noise characteristics; (2) two-dimensional wind-tunnel testing to determine flight-speed effects on performance, and (3) system design and evaluation that optimizes the complete system and ensures that the design is compatible with the requirements for a large STOL transport having a 500-foot sideline noise of 95 perceived noise decibels (PNdb) or less.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Engine Noise Reduction; p 291-304
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  • 3
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    Quiet engine demonstration (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A description of the performance test to compare noise output from a quiet engine with acoustic nacelle to the noise output of the JT3D turbofan engine is presented. Tabulations depict comparative thrusts, bypass ratios, core jet velocities, and fan jet velocities for both engines during simulated takeoff and approach performances.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: Aircraft Engine Noise Reduction; p 215-218
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  • 4
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    Fan noise suppression (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The principal suppressor parameters and their relationships have been used to formulate a suppressor design methodology which has been applied to the design of several full-scale suppressors. Tests of these suppressors on several full-scale fans have demonstrated noise reductions of the order of 10 PNdB. The amount of suppression in several instances seems to have been limited by reaching noise floors that are not clearly at the estimated jet noise level but are not far above it. In addition to identifying noise floors, two other areas are considered. The first is attenuation by the fan exhaust suppressors, which seems in most cases to be less than that of the inlet. The second is the effectiveness of outer cowl treatment alone on multiple pure tones. This question relates to whether a high-speed fan can become as quiet as a low-speed fan without a substantial increase in the amount of treatment.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: Aircraft Engine Noise Reduction; p 63-102
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  • 5
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    Cosmic ray experiment. Part A: Composition and energy spectra of solar cosmic ray nuclei (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The GE experiment consisted of two types of detectors: plastics and glasses located in panel 2 and the lower half of panel 3. In panel 2, the entire exposed detector area of 14.7 by 22.6 cm was composed of 31 sheets of 0.025-cm polycarbonate plastic 9070-112. In panel 3, 39 sheets of 0.02-cm cellulose triacetate with no plasticizer made up the major volume fraction. The lower part of panel 3 contained five types of glass detectors. Particles that entered the array after it was folded were recognized, if they crossed from one sheet to another, by means of a 2-mm relative shift of alternate sheets.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 6
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    Composition of interplanetary particles at energies from 0.1 to 150 MeV/nucleon, part B (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: During the Apollo 16 mission, a solar flare produced an enormous amount of low-energy nuclei, many orders of magnitude greater than the level inferred from studies of tracks in the window of the Apollo 12 spacecraft during a time when the sun was quiet. The differential energy spectrum of nuclei with Z less than or equal to 6 falls by seven orders of magnitude over the interval from 0.1 to 20 MeV/nucleon, then remains almost flat up to approximately 100 MeV/nucleon. The two parts correspond to contributions from the sun and from galactic cosmic rays. Any maximum in the spectrum occurs below the lowest energy studied.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 8 p
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  • 7
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    Solar cosmic ray, solar wind, solar flare, and neutron albedo measurements, part C (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: All mineral detectors exposed on Apollo 16 had high surface track densities probably produced by a solar flare that occurred during the mission. The heavy ions followed a power law spectrum with exponent approximately 3 down to approximately 200 KeV/nucleon. The abundance of low-energy particle tracks observed in this flare may explain the high track densities observed in lunar dust grains. Pristine heavy-particle tracks in feldspar give long tracks. Shallow pits similar to those expected from extremely heavy solar wind ions were observed in about the expected number. Initial results give a low apparent value of neutron albedo relative to theory.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 8
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    Flap noise (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Externally-blown-flap noise research can be summarized by the following remarks: With lower-surface blowing, the sources of the flap noise are begining to be understood and the noise scaling laws have been established. Further, progress has been made on suppressing the flap interaction noise at the large flap deflections used during landing. Recent small-scale noise tests of configurations using external upper-surface blowing indicate that engine-over-the-wing configurations may be promising.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: Aircraft Engine Noise Reduction; p 259-290
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  • 9
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    STOL noise sources and fan noise treatment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: STOL noise goals, noise sources, and their affects on engine and propulsion systems design are considered. It is shown that major noise sources constitute the blown-flap system with its turbofan engine and the augmentor wing propulsion system. Most of the problem areas associated with STOL propulsion systems are defined and the development of a multistage fan engine with proper rotor-stator spacings and low noise core exhaust jet is illustrated. A variable-area acoustic inlet provides near sonic flow conditions during takeoff and landing.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: Aircraft Engine Noise Reduction; p 247-258
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  • 10
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    Quiet engine test results (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The acoustic and aerodynamic test results obtained with the two quiet engines are given in this presentation. Some of the test results reviewed include the performance of the untreated or baseline quiet engines. In addition, test results are shown for various degrees and areas of engine acoustic treatment. Finally, the results obtained on a flight-type, acoustically treated nacelle added to one of the quiet engines is examined.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: Aircraft Engine Noise Reduction; p 183-214
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  • 11
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    Applications to aircraft propulsion systems (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Estimates of the prospects for quiet airplanes in the future are summarized. The SST using afterburning turbojets and no sound suppression is estimated to produce 129 EPNdb on the sideline. Suppression devices and operating techniques can reduce this noise markedly. The present fleet of 707's and DC-8's produces noises nearly as high as 120 decibels on approach. Combinations of sound absorbing devices and engine modifications are expected to give a noise near 100 decibels. The new advanced technology transports (ATT) are being studied with two noise goals in mind: one is 10 decibels and the other is 20 decibels below the FAR level of 106 on takeoff. New trijets using new quiet engines are expected to meet 90 EPNdb. Future advances in technology are expected to yield another 5 decibels to give noise levels of 80 EPNdb. The STOL airplane has a noise goal of 95 EPNdb along a sideline 500 feet from the runway.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: Aircraft Engine Noise Reduction; p 219-246
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  • 12
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    Sonic inlet development for turbofan engines (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The static program has shown to date that very large noise reductions can be achieved by the sonic inlet concept with realistic inlet length and good aerodynamic performance. It is also shown that different inlet concepts produce substantially different results.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Engine Noise Reduction; p 305-317
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  • 13
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    Quiet engine design highlights (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Three high performance fans were designed, built, and tested, accumulating 444 hours. All three fans are both aerodynamically and mechanically suitable for direct incorporation into engine applications. Two turbofan demonstrators to evaluate both low- and high-speed fan systems were also designed, built, and tested. All components and engine systems are demonstrating high reliability. These components have demonstrated advanced state-of-the-art in acoustics, aerodynamics, and mechanical design.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Engine Noise Reduction; p 143-162
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  • 14
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    The quiet engine program (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Estimates of noise reductions for high bypass ratio engines show that bypass ratio fan noise increases with increasing bypass ratio and dominates above a bypass ratio of about 1.0. Fan noise reduction to the level of jet noise is achieved by elimination of inlet guide vanes, elimination of second fan stage, and increased spacing between rotor and stator. Quiet engine design studies show that, at bypass ratios near 5 or 6 and with low noise fans, noise reductions in the order of 15 to 20 decibels relative to DC-8 and 707 airplanes engines are possible.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: Aircraft Engine Noise Reduction; p 139-142
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  • 15
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    Fan noise and performance (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Tradeoffs between aerodynamic and acoustic properties of various fan configurations led to the selection of a variety of fans that produce noise levels in the range of 100 to 120 PNdb. Fan configuration and design pressure ratio required for specific mission operations depend in part on the type of mission to be performed. Noise data obtained for single-stage low speed fans, single-stage high speed fans, and two-stage fan engines are presented in table form.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: Aircraft Engine Noise Reduction; p 7-61
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  • 16
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    Solar flares, the lunar surface, and gas rich meteorites (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Investigations on the Fe-group nuclei track density vs depth in lunar rocks and Surveyor 3 TV camera filter glass were critically examined considering more factors than previously. The analysis gives a firmer basis to the observation of the preferential leakage of low energy Fe nuclei from the accelerating region of the sun. The track density gradients in lunar rock 12022 and filter glass are used to determine the lunar erosion rate of 3 angstroms/yr. Track gradients are less steep than predicted from energy spectrum observed in the Surveyor glass, perhaps due to sputtering. High densities of etchable tracks were found at all depths down to 60 cm in fines from Apollo cores and also in thin sections of the Pesjanoe, Pantar, and Fayetteville gas-rich meteorites. It is felt unlikely that suprathermal heavy ions were responsible for the high track densities.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 221-226
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  • 17
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    Very heavy solar cosmic rays: Energy spectrum and implications for lunar erosion (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Particle tracks were investigated in the glass plate of a neutral density (clear flint) optical filter housed in the Surveyor 3 TV camera but exposed directly to space. The track density vs depth curve was determined and descends sharply from approximately 2.6 million tracks/sq cm at a depth of 3.6 mg/sq cm to about 35/sq cm at 700 mg/sq cm. Several tracks were of V-shapes characteristic of high energy induced fission. The erosion rate on the moon due to solar wind ions was determined from the energy spectrum, and was found to be low (0 to 2 x 10 to the minus 8th power cm/yr).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 213-216
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  • 18
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    Solar and galactic cosmic ray exposure of Surveyor 3 as determined from cosmogenic radionuclide measurements (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The proton-produced Na-22 content of samples of Surveyor 3 TV camera, surface sampler scoop, and other components was determined by nondestructive gamma ray spectrometry. The contributions of the nine most prominent solar flares to Na-22 production were calculated to be 18 dpm/kg. The observed activity in the Surveyor 3 samples was 62 + or - dpm/kg. This indicates a galactic proton contribution of about 44 dpm/kg, which adjusted for spallation of Al gives a value of 42 dpm/kg. This is compared to measurements of 88 dpm/kg in the Lost City meteorite which had an orbit extending to 2.35 AU, with a 4 pi bombardment as compared to the 2 pi bombardment of the samples on the lunar surface. The agreement between Na-22 production in Surveyor 3 and the Lost City meteorite offers evidence that the galactic cosmic ray flux is almost the same at 1 Au and at 2.35 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 196-200
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  • 19
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    Long duration solar active regions (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Nimbus 3 and 4 observations of ultraviolet active regions of the sun have been investigated. It is not clear what is producing these UV-active regions, however, it could be changes in the overall intensity of the solar continuum near the region of the temperature minimum, or the solar flux variations that have been seen could be due to a continuous type of absorption like that associated with the ionization limits of elements such as aluminum, silicon, or magnesium.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 159-163
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  • 20
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    The stability of tangential discontinuities (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Intuition regarding the stability of MHD tangential discontinuities of solar wind has been borne out by a linear stability analysis of the MHD equations. In performing the calculation, the model used had no plasma flow and thus corresponded to the solar wind rest frame. The method calculated the change in total energy, plasma plus magnetic, due to the perturbation. This type of stability analysis is analogous to the test of the stability of an equilibrium point in a mechanical potential.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 134-139
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  • 21
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    Solar wind heat flow (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The ability of a theoretical solar wind model to predict the energy flux density due to heat conduction was investigated. In order to demonstrate this capability, the analysis used simultaneous data from the electron plasma experiment of Ogilvie and Lind, and the vector magnetic field data of Heppner and Sugiura on OGO-5. On the strength of two independent, different, and consistent experimental determinations of the conduction of heat flux by electrons at 149.6 gigameters(1 AU), it was determined that the models for the solar wind must be able to predict a value for the heat conduction in the range 0.007 to 0.008 in order to be in agreement with the observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 144-148
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  • 22
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    Solar X-rays and particle acceleration (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The process of solar flare acceleration of interplanetary particles, as measured by the fifth orbiting solar observatory, is explained. Data show the acceleration proceeds in two stages: (1) particle acceleration by induced electric fields arising from annihilating magnetic fields at the beginning stages of flares, and (2) a Fermi acceleration mechanism operating in a shock front produced by the flare.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 171-175
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  • 23
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    Quiet engine nacelle design (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Reduction of fan noise emanating from turbofan engines by using acoustically treated nacelles is considered. Test performance prediction for an acoustically lined nacelle having a three ring inlet, a single ring fan duct, and external cowling expect a 15 PNdb fan noise reduction with 5 percent takeoff thrust loss and a 5.4 percent cruise specific fuel consumption increase.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Engine Noise Reduction; p 163-181
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  • 24
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    Introduction (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Progress reported on principle NASA programs for the reduction of aircraft engine noise emphasizes the Quiet Engine Program. Considered are fan noise and performance, fan noise suppression, and jet noise reduction for a broad spectrum of airplanes including new subsonic airplanes, the older subsonic airplanes in service today, STOL airplanes of the future, and future supersonic transports. Noise reductions achieved in the framework of the Quiet Engine Program are demonstrated and future possible applications of low noise technology to airplanes are discussed.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: Aircraft Engine Noise Reduction; p 1-5
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  • 25
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    Ride evaluation in aerospace and surface vehicles (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The vibration environment in a wide range of aerospace and surface vehicles is examined, and definitions related to ride evaluation are reviewed. Three provinces of research and application of ride data are recognized: (1) ride affecting passenger and operator comfort; (2) ride affecting human efficiency; and (3) ride affecting the health and safety of occupants occupationally or repeatedly exposed. Specific reference is made to the proposed ISO guide on human exposure to whole-body vibration. The applications as well as the advantages and limitations of this guide for evaluating vehicle ride are discussed. The derivation of the limits is reviewed with regard to the supporting data and the compromises necessary for wide applicability. Special discussions are included of the frequency and time dependence of these limits and approaches in progress for adjusting them according to different criteria of application.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Symp. on Vehicle Ride Quality; p 175-196
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  • 26
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    Solar particle tracks in glass from Surveyor 3 (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Samples of glass from the Surveyor 3 TV camera filter were examined for particle tracks by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The corrected density value is 1.7 million + or - 0.1 million tracks/sq cm, and the track density vs depth curve is determined. Comparisons with other estimated and calculated data are discussed, and lack of agreement between data sets is considered. It is felt that considerable erosion occurs, and that erosion also occurs by a flaking of small thicknesses of material, possibly caused by solar wind irradiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 209-212
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  • 27
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    Enhanced emission of iron nuclei in solar flares (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A silica glass window from Apollo 12 CM and a piece of flint glass from the Surveyor 3 camera filter were examined for Fe nuclei tracks. A large difference between observed and predicted track densitites was found. At low rigidity (or energy), the solar particle Fe/He ratio is much higher than the photospheric abundance ratio, but decreases with increasing rigidity until it approaches the photospheric value at a rigidity of about 500 MV. It is felt that the low-energy Fe tracks are of solar origin. The implications that heavy nuclei can be preferentially emitted from a source of energetic particles are discussed. Other conclusions are the following: Rocks exposed on the lunar surface for 10 million yr would accumulate about 6 x 10 to the 12th power tracks/sq cm, and the rate of radiation-induced erosion is about 10 to the -9 cm/yr. The lunar soil should contain heavily irradiated small grains, some with track densities of about 10 to the 12th power/sq cm that have flaked from radiation-damaged rock surfaces and some that were irradiated while at the top of the soil layer.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 217-220
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  • 28
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    Solar wind composition experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The Apollo 16 SWC experiment is a continuation of the earlier experiments; however, an essential change was introduced in the solar wind particle collection technique. Platinum surfaces were incorporated in the collector foil, and use was made of a layer technique for distinguishing particles of different energies and different directions of arrival. The improvements and the expanded scope of the Apollo 16 experiment, relative to the earlier SWC experiments, can be summarized as follows: elimination of possible residual dust contamination by treating the platinum foil sections with dilute hydrofluoric acid before analysis; increased accuracy of solar wind argon abundance; determination of solar wind albedo; and search for helium in the energy range above approximately 40 KeV/nucleon.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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  • 29
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    Jet noise (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The main conclusions reached are: (1) At low subsonic jet exhaust velocities, jet noise varies as the velocity to the eighth power; (2) at high subsonic exhaust velocities, jet noise approaches a variation with velocity to the third power; (3) use of the jet density squared overcorrects density effects on jet noise; (4) subsonic and supersonic jet noise levels can be predicted; and (6) use of multielement nozzles and acoustically lined ejectors significantly suppress jet noise at intermediate jet exhaust velocities.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: Aircraft Engine Noise Reduction; p 103-137
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  • 30
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    The flare forecasting fiasco: Is everybody looking at the same sun? (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The passionate dream of the oppressed solar flare forecaster is the scientific discovery of the cause, the energy source, and the observable antecedent conditions for the solar flare. This tunnel vision has had a profound and deleterious effect on the state-of-the-art. It has diverted attention from many promising approaches and relegated them to limbo. More importantly, it has actually inhibited the scientific search for the underlying physical mechanisms. Examples of neglected aspects of the problem cover the entire range from observing techniques and equipment to the availability and accuracy of the archived scientific data. A cursory inspection of this data leads to an obvious conclusion: there are at least two suns up there.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Phys. of the Space Environment; p 157-171
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  • 31
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    Solar wind rare gas analysis: Trapped solar wind helium and neon in Surveyor 3 material (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The He-4 and Ne-20 contents in sections of the Surveyor 3 support strut samples were determined by optical and scanning electron microscopy and are compared to the results of the Apollo solar wind composition (SWC) experiments. The He-4/Ne-20 ratio in the samples from the sunlit side of the strut was approximately 300; the ratios determined in Apollo 12 lunar fines and SWC foil were below 100. The He-4/He-3 ratios were also determined, and the ratio obtained from Surveyor 3 material is higher than those found with Apollo 11 and 12 SWC experiments. The effects of spallation by cosmic rays or solar protons, stripping by cosmic ray or energetic solar alpha particles, recycling of solar wind He and radiogenic Ne, He from terrestrial atmosphere, mass discrimination near the moon, mass dependence of trapping probability, diffusion, and contamination by lunar dust are considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 201-208
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  • 32
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    Quasi-seasonal variation in the sun (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The results of an investigation on the effects of earth seasonal changes on solar activity, particularly sunspots, are given. These results show corpuscular and electromagnetic activity increased during the equinoctial months. In addition the electromagnetic aspect tends to increase during the winter months. It was suggested that seasonal changes in sunspot numbers may be caused by the tidal forces and the processional torques exerted by the various planets in the solar atmosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 164-170
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    Hydromagnetic heating in the solar wind (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Hydromagnetic heating in the solar wind was investigated using the heating model in which fast-mode hydromagnetic waves propagate outward from below the base and deposit energy by collisionless damping. Ray paths were found by solving Hamilton's equations. As the ray propagates along its path, it will damp, supplying thermal energy to the solar wind gas. The strong agreement of these results with observations is clear indication that the primary nonthermal heat source in the solar wind is the collisionless damping of hydromagnetic waves.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 140-143
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  • 34
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    Investigation of traveler acceptance factors in short haul air carrier operations (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The development of a mathematical model for human reaction to variables involved in transportation systems is discussed. The techniques, activities, and results related to defining certain specific inputs to the model are presented. A general schematic diagram of the problem solution is developed. The application of the model to short haul air carrier operations is examined.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Symp. on Vehicle Ride Quality; p 211-228
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  • 35
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    Exploratory flight investigation of ride quality in simulated STOL environment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: A flight test experiment is described, in which various aspects of ride qualities were explored. Situations included simulated cruise and terminal area maneuvers, as might be typical of STOL transport operations. Various motion components were studied in isolation and in many combinations. The experiment included runs with and without turbulence, variations in airplane stability and handling qualities, and differences of pilot technique. The ride quality was strongly affected by roll, yaw, and heave motions; but very little by pitching. It was strongly affected by airplane stability and handling qualities and, in some cases, by piloting technique.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Symp. on Vehicle Ride Quality; p 67-89
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  • 36
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    Ride quality overview (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: An analysis of the factors which affect riding comfort in various modes of transportation is presented. The subjects discussed are: (1) human factor elements in ride quality, (2) current knowledge of flight dynamics and relation to passenger acceptance, (3) study requirements for human factors in ride quality, and (4) possible criteria for human factor in ride quality.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: Symp. on Vehicle Ride Quality; p 1-22
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  • 37
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    Statistical accuracy of cosmic radiation neutron component recorders (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: A method is examined for calculating the error of experimental data from a standard neutron monitor with the multiplicity of neutron generation. It is shown that use of the Poisson distribution to estimate the real statistical error is inadequate. The method proposed is for analysis of low-amplitude periodicities in the cosmic-ray variations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 79-81
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  • 38
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    Ride quality research activities at NASA Langley Research Center (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Ride quality research to determine criteria to describe vehicle performance characteristics which will insure passenger comfort is discussed. The manner in which disciplines of vehicle environmental dynamics, structural dynamics, and electromechanical measurements are combined to define passenger environments is described. The activities of many governmental and private agencies in the field of passenger comfort are examined.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Symp. on Vehicle Ride Quality; p 229-246
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  • 39
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    Tests and analyses applicable to passenger ride quality of large transport aircraft (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: A test program was undertaken to determine airline passenger reaction to vibration environments that might be encountered in a supersonic transport or other large commercial jet aircraft. The principal problem addressed was to determine accelerations of vertical and lateral vibration that people find objectionable. Further questions experimentally posed were: (1) what is the relationship between human reactions to vertical and lateral vibration, (2) to single- and combined-frequency vibration, and (3) to single- and combined-axis vibration? Interest was confined to reactions to vibration in the frequency range of 0.20 to 7.0 Hz, a range typical of the vibration environment of a large airplane. Results indicated an increasing sensitivity to vertical vibration as frequency was increased from 1.0 to 7.0 Hz. Subjects were found most sensitive to lateral vibration in the 1.0 to 3.0 Hz range. There was a nearly linear decrease in sensitivity as frequency of lateral vibration was increased from 3.0 to 7.0 Hz.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Symp. on Vehicle Ride Quality; p 91-113
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  • 40
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    NASA ride quality program at the Flight Research Center (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: A flight test program to determine the effects of low frequency vibrations on passengers in short haul aircraft is discussed. The objective of the program is to accumulate flight test data on aircraft ride quality in terms of vehicle motion and acceleration and human responses. The subjects discussed are: (1) test procedures, (2) data processing, and (3) the program schedule.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: Symp. on Vehicle Ride Quality; p 247-251
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  • 41
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    An aircraft manufacturer's approach to rideability criteria (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The approach of an aircraft manufacturer to ride quality in air transportation is presented. The subjects discussed are: (1) the external and internal environment in terms of vibration and acoustic sources and general response, (2) guidelines and criteria reflecting current practice, (3) present and future efforts to develop rideability criteria, and (4) requirements for data, criteria, and research in various rideability areas.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Symp. on Vehicle Ride Quality; p 23-49
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  • 42
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    Cosmic ray variations during PCA type absorption (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: It is shown based on data on the cosmic-ray neutron component, ionospheric soundings, and measurements of cosmic radio-emission absorption at Vostok station (Antarctica) that the ionization of the lower ionosphere increases during low intensity of Forbush-type cosmic rays. This is manifested in increased absorption and the appearance of strong sporadic layers in the E-region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 74-77
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  • 43
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    Variations of cosmic rays associated with chromospheric flares on the sun (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Features of the cosmic-ray variations in the geomagnetic pole region and a smooth decrease in the cosmic rays intensity as a result of increased solar activity are reported. A 66-day variation of the cosmic rays was registered, in agreement with the maximum frequency and power of solar chromospheric flares.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 113-116
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  • 44
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    Miniature biotelemeter gives multichannel wideband biomedical data (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: A miniature biotelemeter was developed for sensing and transmitting multiple channels of biomedical data over a radio link. The design of this miniature, 10-channel, wideband (5 kHz/channel), pulse amplitude modulation/ frequency modulation biotelemeter takes advantage of modern device technology (e.g., integrated circuit operational amplifiers, complementary symmetry/metal oxide semiconductor logic, and solid state switches) and hybrid packaging techniques. The telemeter is being used to monitor 10 channels of neuron firings from specific regions of the brain in rats implanted with chronic electrodes. Design, fabrication, and testing of an engineering model biotelemeter are described.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: JPL Quarterly Tech. Rev., Vol. 2, No. 1; p 152-166
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  • 45
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    Factors influencing public acceptance of STOL noise (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The responses of people to special noise characteristics associated with short takeoff aircraft are discussed. The findings of studies which have yielded data that may be pertinent to community acceptance of short takeoff aircraft noise are presented. A three step program to evaluate public acceptance of short takeoff aircraft noise was conducted. The three steps were: (1) definition of short takeoff aircraft noise characteristics, (2) laboratory tests to evaluate individual responses, and (3) the use of community survey data to extrapolate conventional takeoff aircraft experience.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 353-365
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  • 46
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    Program plan to develop airworthiness standards for STOL aircraft (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: A program plan to develop criteria for airworthiness standards for STOL transport aircraft is presented. Initially, three different STOL concepts are to be examined with a goal to arrive at a generalized set of standards. The Breguet 941 deflected-slipstream STOL has been initially evaluated on a piloted motion simulator and in flight. Confidence in establishing criteria for airworthiness standards for STOL transport aircraft has been obtained from these studies.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 345-351
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  • 47
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    Preliminary results of flight tests of the augmentor-wing jet STOL research aircraft (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The Augmentor-Wing Jet STOL Research Aircraft has been developed and has started flight tests. The objectives of the program are to compare aerodynamic characteristics predicted from wind-tunnel data with data obtained in flight, to determine flight dynamic characteristics and limitations of the augmentor-wing concepts, and to contribute to the development of STOL design and operational criteria. Initial flight test results have shown that the aerodynamic characteristics are close to values predicted from wind-tunnel tests. The lateral-directional stability and control characteristics are satisfactory for research STOL missions with stability augmentation, but the longitudinal control require improvement. STOL take-off distance over 11 m is about 290 m, and landing approach speeds are between 60 and 65 knots. The investigation of the STOL operational and performance characteristics is continuing.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 259-282
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  • 48
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    Comparisons of simulator and flight results on augmentor-wing jet STOL research aircraft (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The considerations involved in making a piloted simulator an effective research tool in the design and development of new aircraft are discussed. An assessment of the limitations of the simulator in depicting real flight as well as the problem of recognizing erroneous results when the simulator is supplied with incorrect input data is made. Examples of the ways in which the simulator is used to design and develop the augmentor-wing aircraft are presented. Four areas of investigation are: (1) to design the lateral control system for proper feel and response, (2) determine the effect of engine failure during approach, (3) develop the best technique for controlling flight path during approach, and (4) the significance of lift loss in ground effect and how to compensate for such loss.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: Stol Technol.; p 283-290
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  • 49
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    Status of STOL ride quality and control (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: A STOL ride-control development program has been initiated with the objective of generating ride-control technology through development and evaluation of an active control system specifically designed to provide ride smoothing on a STOL vehicle. Although much can be learned through analysis, there are deficiencies in technology for translating analysis results into operating hardware. The general approach being followed is to select an existing STOL vehicle for trial and then carry out a study to establish feasibility of a control system or systems to smooth the ride and generate system trade-off data.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 215-226
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  • 50
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    A flight evaluation of curved landing approaches (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The development of STOL technology for application to operational short-haul aircraft is accompanied by the requirement for solving problems in many areas. One of the most obvious problems is STOL aircraft operations in the terminal area. The increased number of terminal operations needed for an economically viable STOL system as compared with the current CTOL system and the incompatibility of STOL and CTOL aircraft speeds are positive indicators of an imminent problem. The high cost of aircraft operations, noise pollution, and poor short-haul service are areas that need improvement. A potential solution to some of the operational problems lies in the capability of making curved landing approaches under both visual and instrument flight conditions.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 245-258
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  • 51
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    Flight-path and airspeed control for the STOL approach and landing (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Analytical investigations and piloted moving base simulator evaluations were conducted for manual control of flight path and airspeed for the approach and landing of a powered lift jet STOL aircraft. Flight-path and airspeed response characteristics were described analytically and were evaluated for the simulation experiments which were carried out on a large motion simulator. The response characteristics were selected and evaluated for a specified path and speed control technique. These characteristics were the initial flight-path response, flight-path overshoot, flight-path-airspeed coupling in response to a change in thrust, and the sensitivity of airspeed to pitch-attitude changes. Results are presented in the form of pilot opinion ratings and commentary, substantiated where appropriate by response time histories and aircraft states at the point of touchdown.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 181-198
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  • 52
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    Study of ground proximity effects on powered-lift STOL landing performance (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Data from wind-tunnel measurements are presented to show the magnitude of adverse ground effects on the longitudinal aerodynamic coefficients of a powered-lift STOL airplane. A steady-state analysis shows the changes in thrust and angle of attack required during the landing approach and flare as the airplane flies close to the ground. The piloting problems that these ground effects may create were investigated with an in-flight simulator to find the consequences of lift loss during the landing-flare maneuver for a STOL transport. Flight tests were made using the variable stability Navion setup with STOL transport aerodynamics and control responses and were flown at design approach speeds and descent conditions.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 199-213
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  • 53
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    Overview of technology sessions (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Short takeoff aircraft technology development related to the requirements for an expanded and improved short-haul air transportation system is discussed. Systems requirements are summarized, principal aircraft requirements are identified, the status of STOL technology is analyzed, and the scope of the technology efforts covered by the conference are outlined. Charts and diagrams are provided to explain system requirements, lift capability trends, and terminal airspace requirements.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 35-42
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  • 54
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    Future short-field aircraft (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The application of short takeoff and landing aircraft for improving short-haul air transportation is examined. The contracts with industry to study quiet turbofan short-field aircraft in the short-haul air transportation system are identified. Studies of appropriate propulsion systems are conducted in parallel with the aircraft studies. The objectives of the studies are to: (1) determine economic and social viability of short-haul air transportation, (2) identify critical technology and technology-related problems, (3) define representative aircraft configurations and characteristics to include development and operational costs, and (4) to establish desirable technology advances for improving short-haul transportation systems.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 9-22
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  • 55
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    Short-haul transportation in the 1980's (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The requirements for short-haul air transportation services in the 1980 time period are analyzed. The identification of short takeoff and landing aircraft to perform this service is reviewed. The adequacy of technical programs for developing short-haul aircraft is examined. The characteristics of several candidate short-haul aircraft are described. A system analysis, to include the economic and environmental factors, is developed.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 1-8
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  • 56
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    Comparison of the sensitivity to rotation of pilots and nonpilots. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Thirty-six airline pilots and 56 nonpilots were tested to determine their sensitivity to rotation. A staircase procedure was used to determine oculogyral illusion and perception of rotation thresholds, in a precision rotation device. The results indicated that (1) there were no significant differences between the two groups for either threshold measure, (2) the thresholds for the oculogyral illusion were significantly lower than the perception of rotation thresholds for both groups, and (3) changes in threshold as a function of age were minimal for 91 of the men. The validity and results of the tests are discussed with regard to the pilot's use of motion information in control tasks for aircraft and simulators.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 43; Jan. 197
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    Passenger fluid volumes measured before and after a prolonged commercial jet flight. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Interstitial and intracellular fluid volumes were calculated from measured plasma volume, extracellular volume and total body water of six subjects before and after a 24-hour commercial overseas flight. No change occurred in these spaces or in peripheral hematocrit or total serum protein concentration. The subjective feeling of dehydration and the actual swelling of the lower extremities characteristically found among passengers at the end of a long trip of this type seems to represent a shift in body fluids to the dependent portions of the body rather than water retention or a decrease in the intravascular water volume.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 43; Jan. 197
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  • 58
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    The effect of secondary autoionization on dielectronic recombination. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Demonstration that, during the process of dielectronic recombination, the energy of a recombined ion after a resonance capture and subsequent stabilization may still be higher than the first ionization limit. If that happens, a secondary autoionization can take place and reduce the recombination coefficient. The importance of this effect is considered for iron ions Fe(9+) to Fe(13+).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Letters; 10; Apr. 197
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  • 59
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    S.T.O.L., V.T.O.L., and V./S.T.O.L. - Where do they fit in. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The problems and potential of V/STOL transportation are examined. A detailed review is given of the development, characteristics, and requirements of V/STOL, STOL, and VTOL systems. The problem of whether V/STOL is worth the effort is considered, and it is concluded that such aircraft have a role in meeting real transport requirements, and that their development should be pursued. Finally, a forecast of V/STOL economics is presented, and implementation problems are discussed.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: Technology Review; 74; May 1972
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  • 60
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    Metagalactic gamma rays from relativistic-electron bremsstrahlung interactions. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Evaluation of gamma-ray spectra calculated for relativistic-electron bremsstrahlung interactions at cosmological distances under the assumption of a single power-law source spectrum for the electrons. It is concluded that such spectra cannot match the form of the observed cosmic gamma-ray spectrum above 1 MeV, as has previously been suggested.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 171; Jan. 15
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  • 61
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    The new civil aviation within our grasp. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Noise and congestion present the two main technological constraints on air-transportation growth. Although some of the noise reduction will come with improved flight-path control and steep approaches, the main requirement remains quiet propulsion systems. Higher engine temperatures will compensate for efficiency losses due to noise suppression. Composite structures can reduce structural weight by 20%. New developments in rotorcraft transports are discussed together with advanced subsonic transports of the 1980s and the possibilities for further evolution of the SSTs, leading to a hypersonic aircraft.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 10; Jan. 197
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  • 62
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    Contamination threats to critical surfaces from handling and storage practices. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of the procedures and results of a program designed to remove the threat of sources of molecular and particulate contamination of critical optical, electrical, and mechanical elements in spacecraft. The results of recent contamination-probing thermal-vacuum tests indicate that some of the materials and practices commonly used to protect critical surfaces from molecular or particulate contamination can themselves represent significant threats. These contamination sources include clean-room and clean-tent materials, gloves, tissues, and covering or packaging materials. Mass and infrared spectral analyses of these materials and the environments and instruments exposed to them show that the contaminants are mostly plasticizers, slip or antistatic agents, and binders used in the manufacture of these products. Products of particular threat include vinyl gloves, boots, clean-tent walls, and some polyethylene sheets and bags. Techniques for reducing these threats are discussed.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 63
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    Heavy ions from interplanetary dust. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Most atoms that are evaporated from interplanetary dust near the sun are quickly ionized and are probably carried away by the interplanetary magnetic field and the solar wind. The contribution of these heavy ions to the solar-wind flux has been estimated by using estimates of the mass required to maintain the zodiacal cloud. This contribution appears to be small compared with the heavy-ion flux of coronal origin. Many ions from dust remain singly ionized; some of these, such as Ca(+), can resonantly scatter solar radiation. The contribution of this interplanetary glow to the background of twilight glow has been estimated. Interplanetary glow may be detectable. Some atoms from dust may be accelerated by radiation pressure before being ionized. Estimates of velocities and fluxes for Fe indicate that this acceleration is not very effective.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Apr. 1
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  • 64
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    Explorer 35 observations of solar-wind electron density, temperature, and anisotropy. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of the solar wind electron integral spectrum yielding electron temperatures ranging from 100,000 to 400,000 K and having an average value of 182,000 K, electron densities having an average value of 4.6 per cu cm, and electron-temperature anisotropies ranging from 1 to 1.4. The electron temperature is found to be independent of solar-wind speed over the range from 290 to 675 km/sec. Comparison of the simultaneous alignment of the local magnetic-field vector with the direction of the electron-temperature anisotropy reveals a high correlation. Necessary conditions for the fire-hose instabilities were satisfied in the electron and proton components of the solar-wind plasma immediately behind an interplanetary shock.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Apr. 1
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  • 65
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    A high-sensitivity search for X-rays from supernova remnants in Aquila. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A high-sensitivity scan of the galactic plane from 70 to 30 deg was performed to search for 2-20-keV X rays from supernova remnants. The spectra of five X-ray sources detected between 44 and 31 deg longitude are presented, of which only two might be associated with suggested supernova remnants. Upper limits are given for the 19 possible supernova remnants scanned.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 173; Apr. 15
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  • 66
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    Cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra above 50 GeV. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Differential energy spectra of cosmic-ray protons and He nuclei have been measured for the first time by an ionization spectrometer flown at balloon altitudes. The energy range extended from 50 to more than 1000 GeV. The observed differential intensities can be represented with power-law spectra with a slope of -2.75 (plus or minus 0.03) for protons and of -2.77 (plus or minus 0.05) for He nuclei. The proton-to-He ratio is 26 (plus or minus 3) at 40 GeV/nucleon and is constant within errors up to 400 GeV/nucleon.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 28; Apr. 10
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    The use of magnetometers on balloon-borne X-ray astronomy experiments. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of magnetometers for azimuth determination of balloon-borne X-ray astronomy payloads is examined, with special emphasis placed on the experiments of the University of Adelaide Cosmic Ray Group. A critical evaluation is made of the effectiveness of the magnetometers, including discussion of effects due to geomagnetic field variations, magnetometer misorientation and spurious contaminant magnetic fields. Calibration techniques and details of in-flight performance are also presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Mar. 197
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  • 68
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    Remarks about X-rays from Eta Carinae. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two current models for Eta Carinae are discussed. It is shown that the recently observed soft X-ray flux seems to indicate a surprisingly high density for the ambient gas around Eta Carinae, and that some useful constraints on models of this object may result from X-ray observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 236; Mar. 20
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  • 69
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    Lunar fossil magnetism and perturbations of the solar wind. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Perturbations of the solar wind downstream of the moon and lying outside of the rarefaction wave that defines the diamagnetic cavity are used to define possible source regions comprised of intrinsically magnetized areas of the moon. A map of the moon is constructed showing that a model in which the sources are exposed to the grazing solar wind during the lunation yields a selenographically invariant set of regions strongly favoring the lunar highlands over the maria. An alternative model with the source due to electromagnetic induction is explored. The ages of the field sources should be consistent with those based on the basalt ages and possibly far older if the sources are connected with the formation of the highland rocks themselves. The perturbations are tentatively identified as weak shock waves, and a Mach angle in accord with nominal values for the solar wind is found.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Feb. 1
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  • 70
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    Analog analysis of a tracked air-cushion vehicle. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The dynamics of tracked air-cushion vehicles considered for high-speed ground transportation systems are examined using a vehicle model represented by a one-degree-of-freedom system. The respective equations of motion are derived, and the control system is discussed. The equations obtained for the cushion are solved using an analog computer. The computer showed the effect of the control technique on the relative motion between vehicle and guideway.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: Instruments and Control Systems; 45; Apr. 197
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  • 71
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    Search for antimatter in primary cosmic rays. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data from two flights of a new superconducting magnetic spectrometer are reported. This instrument was capable of a direct matter-antimatter separation in the cosmic rays. Antimatter events would appear in the spectrometer as trajectories which curve in the opposite direction to common matter, because of their negative charge. A brief description of the equipment and of the characteristics of the instrument is presented, along with the data processing techniques used. A new upper limit on the amount of antimatter in primary cosmic rays has been established. The limits are considerably lower than those for any previous experiment.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 236; Apr. 14
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  • 72
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    Mechanism for the X-ray pulsations in Cyg X-1. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The mechanism proposed involves the occurrence of a flare in a region of high magnetic field on the surface of a star. The flare produces oscillations in the magnetic field structure. The oscillations lead to heating of the plasma in a flux tube which emits thermal radiation. The heating may be caused by magnetic pumping or particles accelerated in periodic bursts by the flare. Synchrotron radiation from high energy particles accounts for the hard X-ray emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 235; Jan. 14
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  • 73
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    Gamma-ray absorption for a beam model of NP0532. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The model involves an assessment of the effect of beaming as indicated by the pulsations themselves rather than by assuming gamma-ray absorption by interaction with an isotropic photon field. The chief absorption process to be taken into account is that of pair production in the intense photon field. Most important is the pair production in the intense photon field which occurs during the pulse.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 235; Jan. 3
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  • 74
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    Rocket observations of solar UV radiation during the eclipse of 7 March 1970. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of observations of the solar eclipse of Mar. 7, 1970, with photometers sensitive to narrow bands of radiation at Lyman-alpha (1216 A) and at 2600 A included in the payloads of four Nike Apache rockets flown before and during the eclipse. At the center of totality, the flux of Lyman-alpha from the solar corona is 0.15% of the flux from the unobscured sun. The flux at second contact is 0.64%; at third contact, two observations give 0.52 and 0.59%. The brightness of the chromosphere in Lyman-alpha decreases exponentially over the range from 5 to 30 arc-sec from the limb with a scale height of 3835 plus or minus 70 km. In addition to the coronal and chromospheric Lyman-alpha a diffuse source is found. This is restricted to within 20 deg of the earth's horizon and is nearly uniform in azimuth at 170 km, the flux is about 3% of that from the unobscured sun. The flux of Lyman-alpha during the eclipse is considered in relation to the observed variation in electron density. It is concluded that, in totality, the ionosphere near 80 km is not in equilibrium with the ionizing radiation and that the production rate for electrons is not negligible if the loss process is recombination; it is negligible if the loss process is attachment-like.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 75
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    Rocket observations of solar X-rays during the eclipse of 7 March 1970. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of the absorption profiles and residual fluxes of three bands of solar X-rays before and during the eclipse of Mar. 7, 1970. In the bands 2 to 8 A, 8 to 20 A, and 44 to 60 A the residual flux in totality is found to be respectively 5, 7, and 16% of the flux from the uneclipsed sun. It is shown that the radiation maintaining the E-layer varies in proportion to the 44- to 60-A flux. In the D-layer, ionization by the residual flux of 2 to 8 A is less important in totality than is ionization of nitric oxide by Lyman-alpha.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 76
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    Nuclear composition and energy spectra in the 1969 April 12 solar-particle event. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of the charge composition for several of the multicharged nuclei and the energy spectra for hydrogen, helium, and medium (6 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 9) nuclei in the Apr. 12, 1969, solar-particle event. The energy/nucleon spectral shape of the medium nuclei was again the same as that of the helium nuclei, and the ratio of these two species was consistent with the present best average of 58 plus or minus 5. By combining the results obtained here with previous work, improved estimates of the Ne/O and Mg/O values of 0.16 plus or minus 0.03 and 0.056 plus or minus 0.014, respectively, were obtained. Silicon and sulfur abundances relative to O were determined to be 0.208 plus or minus 0.008 plus or minus 0.006, respectively, and 85% confidence upper limits for Ar and Ca relative to O of 0.017 and 0.010 were obtained. Previously, these last four nuclei had only been listed as a group.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 171; Jan. 1
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  • 77
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    Physical examinations of workers exposed to trichlorotrifluoroethane. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A group of 50 workers, exposed for an average of 2.77 years in an environment, samples of which contained from 46 to 4700 ppm of trichlorotrifluoroethane (Freon 113), was examined. There were no subjective complaints, other than one case of dryness of the skin, referable to this occupational exposure. At this time, it is our opinion that there is no evidence of adverse effects from exposure to trichlorotrifluoroethane under the conditions encountered by these personnel. We believe that continued, periodic, follow-up examinations of these workers will be helpful in further evaluating any possible long-range effects of this material.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Archives of Environmental Health; 24; Apr. 197
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  • 78
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    An all-sky X-ray monitor for the UK-5 satellite. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An X-ray imaging system using a pin-hole camera and a position sensitive proportional counter at the image plane has been designed for an all-sky X-ray monitor for UK-5 satellite. This high-sensitivity device with real-time coverage of the entire celestial sphere would aid in programming satellite maneuvers such that transient events in the X-ray sky could be investigated in detail by the other primary satellite experiments. Discussion of design criteria for the camera geometry, the position sensitive proportional detector, and electronics to handle the data is presented in this paper.
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    Effects of atmospheric irregularities on sonic-boom propagation. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A review is given of information obtained in recent years concerning the effects on sonic-boom signatures of departures of the atmosphere from a perfectly stratified time invariant model. These effects include the observed random variations in boom overpressures from those expected for a stratified atmosphere, the anomalously large and variable rise times, and the occurrence of spiked or rounded waveforms rather than the characteristic N waves. The extent of the variability in data recorded during actual flight tests is summarized in the form of histograms, representing experimentally obtained probability density functions. The physical mechanisms believed to be responsible for the variations and the anomalous features in the signatures are described. These include refraction and subsequent wavefront rippling by turbulence, the possible focusing or defocusing of rays, the formation of caustics, and the phenomenon of wavefront folding, diffraction, and scattering. Recent statistical theories of shock propagation through a turbulent atmosphere proposed by Crow, George and Plotkin, Pierce, Horning, and others are reviewed.
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    Review of sonic-boom generation theory and prediction methods. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The prediction techniques reviedi he present paper permit the calculation of sonic booms produced by rather complex conventional supersonic aircraft designs performing level nonaccelerated flight in a quiet atmosphere. Basic concepts of supersonic flow analysis, for representation of an airplane as a linear distribution of disturbances and for determination of the resultant pressure field complete with shocks, are outlined. Numerical techniques for implementation of the theory are discussed briefly, and examples of the correlation of theory with experimental data from wind tunnel and flight tests are presented. Special attention is given to presentation of a simplified method for rapid 'first-cut' estimation of farfield bow-shock overpressure. Finally, some problems encountered in attempts at applying the prediction techniques for the nearfield at high supersonic Mach numbers are recognized, and the need for further refinement of present techniques or the development of new systems is discussed.
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    Biological experiments - The Viking Mars Lander. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: From the biological point of view, the Viking 1975 mission might be regarded as a test of the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis concerning the chemical evolution of living systems. Mars is a planet whose early history was probably similar to that of the earth and whose present environmental conditions may be compatible with the maintenance of living organisms. Thus, the biological experiments aboard the Viking I spacecraft are primarily concerned with the question of whether chemical evolution on Mars took place, and, if so, whether the process reached a level of complexity characteristic of replicating systems.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Icarus; 16; Feb. 197
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  • 82
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    Effects of n-dominance and group composition on task efficiency in laboratory triads. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Task-oriented triads were formed into various homogeneous and heterogeneous combinations according to their scores on the n-dominance personality trait of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. Five group categories were used. The group task required a consensus decision on each trial. High cooperation and interdependence were reinforced by partially restricting the communication network. Results showed heterogeneous groups significantly better at organizing their group communication processes. They consequently performed the task more efficiently than homogeneous triads.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Organizational Behavior and Human Performance; 7; Apr. 197
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    External auditory canal temperature as an estimate of core temperature. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of rectal (T sub re), auditory canal (T sub ac), positioned 8 to 10 mm from the tympanic membrane, and mean skin temperature (mean T sub sk) in five men during various exercise regimens at an ambient temperature (T sub a) of 25 C (phase one) and in two men during rest and exercise at 5, 15, 25, and 35 C T sub a (phase two). The purpose was to determine if T sub ac can be used as an accurate estimate of core temperature. Previous observations that T sub ac was highly correlated with T sub re but T sub ac was consistently lower than T sub re are confirmed; the mean difference varied from 0.4 C at rest to 1.1 C at the end of exercise. It is concluded that auditory canal temperature cannot be utilized as an estimate of core temperature, but T sub ac may be used to estimate mean body temperature where very accurate measurements are not required.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology; 32; Feb. 197
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  • 84
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    Multifarious temporal variations of low-energy relativistic cosmic-ray electrons. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Detailed examination of the intensity variations of 3- to 12-MeV interplanetary electrons. The data are from the Goddard cosmic-ray experiment on the Imp satellites and cover the period from just before the last solar minimum through the onset of the present solar maximum (i.e., from December 1963 through August 1969). A morphology for the intensity changes is tentatively proposed that includes solar-flare-associated events, solar co-rotating increases, Forbush decreases, quiet-time increases, and the long-term 11-year variation. It is contended that the electron components observed both during quiescent times and during quiet-time increases are galactic in origin. The quiet-time increases represent a completely new phenomenon that appears to be unique to the low-energy electron population. During a quiet-time increase the electron intensity is enhanced by a factor of 3 to 5 over a period of days, and, in general, these periods anticorrelate with low-energy solar particle events. Qualitatively, their amplitude diminishes with increasing solar activity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; May 1
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  • 85
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    Quiet-time electron increases - A measure of conditions in the outer solar system. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of a possible explanation for the increases in the intensity range of 3- to 12-MeV interplanetary electrons that McDonald et al. (1972) have labeled as 'quiet-time electron increases.' It is argued that the electrons in quiet-time increases are galactic in origin but that the observed increases are not the result of any variation in the modulation of these particles in the inner solar system. It is suggested instead that quiet-time increases may occur when more electrons than normal penetrate a modulating region that lies far beyond the orbit of the earth. The number of electrons penetrating this region may increase when field lines that have experienced an unusually large random walk in the photosphere are carried by the solar wind out to the region. As evidence of this increased random walk, it is shown that five solar rotations before most of the quiet-time increases occur there is an extended period when the amplitude of the diurnal anisotropy (measured by the Deep River neutron monitor) is relatively low. A delay time of five rotations implies that the proposed modulating region lies at about 30 AU from the sun if the average solar-wind speed is assumed to be constant at about 400 km/sec over this distance. The implications for the correlation between periods of low-amplitude diurnal anisotropy and quiet-time increases on interplanetary conditions out to about 30 AU and some possible models for the proposed modulating region are also considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; May 1
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    Automatic surface inoculation of agar trays. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a machine and technique for the automatic inoculation of a plastic tray containing agar media with a culture, using either a conventional inoculation loop or a cotton swab. The design of the machine is simple, it is easy to use, and it relieves the operator from the manual task of streaking cultures. The described technique makes possible the visualization of the overall qualitative and, to some extent, quantitative relationships of various bacterial types in a sample tested.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Applied Microbiology; 24; Nov. 197
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    New design goals and a new shape for the SST. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Considerations are given to demonstrate that a wing which pivots as a whole would permit supersonic aircraft which avoid sonic boom and reduce noise around airports. Several such wing designs are discussed. Wind-tunnel tests results are given to support the soundness of this wing design.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 10; Dec. 197
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  • 88
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    Life detection systems. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Some promising newer approaches for detecting microorganisms are discussed, giving particular attention to the integration of different methods into a single instrument. Life detection methods may be divided into biological, chemical, and cytological methods. Biological methods are based on the biological properties of assimilation, metabolism, and growth. Devices for the detection of organic materials are considered, taking into account an instrument which volatilizes, separates, and analyzes a sample sequentially. Other instrumental systems described make use of a microscope and the cytochemical staining principle.
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    Observational evidence relating to a recent theory on the origin of the universal X-ray background /Research note/. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 16; May 1972
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  • 90
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    Search for a visible counterpart of the September 2, 1972 radio outburst in Cygnus. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 239; Oct. 23
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    Some characteristics of microwave type IV radio bursts and the acceleration of solar cosmic rays. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 84
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  • 92
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    Free oscillations of the sun and their possible stimulation by solar flares. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The main characteristics of free oscillations of the sun are described, and the sources and sinks of energy are estimated. Adiabatic oscillations and damping are considered. It is shown how a large solar flare can exert a significant mechanical impulse on the sun by causing a wave of compression to move subsonically into the interior. The solar interior does not easily dissipate low-amplitude acoustical energy, and therefore a relatively large fraction of the energy should remain available to go into the normal modes. An estimate is made of how this energy might be distributed among the more interesting modes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 176; Sept. 15
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  • 93
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    Observation of several X-ray sources in 1970 September. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Position and intensity measurements made with proportional counters in the 2 to 12 keV band are described. The instruments were launched from Johnson Atoll, and four scans were carried out during the 525 sec spent above 200 km. In comparing the results with the Uhuru survey, only a few differences are noted. One variable source, 2U 1908+0, was weaker. The case of the Magellanic Cloud sources is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 176; Sept. 15
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    Upper limit of the torque of the solar wind on the earth. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An upper limit is presented for the torque exerted on the earth by the solar wind. It is found that the maximum possible torque is 3 or 4 orders of magnitude too small to be responsible for the slowing of the earth's rotation, contrary to Coleman's (1971) suggestion.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Sept. 1
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  • 95
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    Magnetic field structure in flare-associated solar-wind disturbances. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of the solar-wind disturbance models proposed by Piddington (1958), Gold (1959, 1962), Parker (1961), and De Young and Hundhausen (1971), in an attempt to determine what information and conclusions can be drawn about these models by examining the interplanetary magnetic field. The conclusions reached suggest that little, if any, flux is permanently ejected during the average solar-wind disturbance.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Sept. 1
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  • 96
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    Relativistic electrons associated with solar flares. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Solar flares which produce relativistic electrons generally occur within sunspot groups which are active in the emission of meter type I noise storms. It is suggested that relativistic electrons in solar flares are accelerated from the keV-energy electrons responsible for the type I noise storms. The relationship between flare developments and the ejection of keV-electrons is briefly considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Aug. 197
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  • 97
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    Search for 1/3e and 2/3e charged quarks in the cosmic radiation at 2750-m altitude. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A scintillation counter telescope consisting of eight liquid scintillation counters and four wide-gap spark chambers was used to search for particles with electric charge 1/3e and 2/3e in cosmic rays at 2750 m above sea level. No such particles were detected during the 1500-hr experimental run. Upper limits on the vertical fluxes are established, and estimates of the corresponding sea-level fluxes are made for comparison with previous results.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 6
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    An integrated medical system for long-duration space missions. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A description is given of the Integrated Medical and Behavioral Laboratory Measurement System (IMBLMS) being developed for onboard medical support of the crew and for medical research during space missions. The system is suitable for use during early extended space flights and for accommodating measurement and diagnostic apparatus as well as treatment and surgical facilities developed for later missions.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 9; Aug. 197
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  • 99
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    Solar wind heating. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The difference in objectives, physical assumptions, and results among the most recent detailed models aimed at understanding energy transport in the solar wind are analyzed. Models have been judged primarily by comparing their predictions against spacecraft observations near 1 AU. However, the observed values of flow speed, density, and temperature fluctuate over a wide range so that the criteria for agreement between theory and observation are necessarily somewhat subjective.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Electrodynamics; 3; July 197
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    Stardust. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Rocket experiments were conducted to collect particles from noctilucent clouds at Kiruna, Sweden. The Pandora II inflight shadowing technique considered by Hallgren and Hemenway (1971) was used in the experiments. This technique makes it possible to study the collected particles as a function of time and altitude intervals. The particles observed consisted of an irregular electron-opaque core surrounded by a rounded, low density material. X-ray and electron opacity data suggest that the abundances of the heavy elements, such as Hf and Ta, in the particles are comparable to those of the light elements, such as Al and Si.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 238; Aug. 4
    Format: text
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