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  • Articles  (343)
  • Chemical Engineering  (343)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1985-1989  (343)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1986  (343)
  • 1957
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (343)
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  • Articles  (343)
Source
Keywords
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1985-1989  (343)
  • 1955-1959
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spun-On contour coating characterizations for advanced optical lithography (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1135-1139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Spun-on contour coating properties are characterized for two absorptive undercoats, AUCs, and a contrast-enhanced layer, CEM-388. A low-pass frequency filter contour modeling procedure is used to simulate the coating contours on a real silicon-on-sapphire epi-island layout. The computed thickness variations are used to estimate the variation in optical densities of these spun-on films on the topography. The variations in optical densities arc discussed in terms of the expected dimensional deviations introduced into the patterned resist layer. At the same spun-on thickness, one absorptive undercoat offers improvement in dimensional control when compared to the other. Changes in the thickness of the CEM-388 layer may also introduce significant dimensional deviations in the underlying positive resist layer. In, both cases the more conformal spun-on contour coating properties produce improved resist imaging.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261611
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Limits of optical lithography (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1145-1145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261613
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Submicron lithography in Japan (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1140-1144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: 1Mbit D-RAM. the most advanced VLSI device, is realized by a high performance stepper with the conventional optical techniques. However, as the optical lithography has an inherent limit of resolution, new technologies are being developed rapidly for the development of new generation VLSI devices (4M-16Mbit D-RAM) using shorter wavelength photons of i-line. Electron beam (EB) lithography is already in practical mask making products, but the resolution limit is about 0.5 μm because of proximity effects. In order to make higher resolution and higher precision masks, high voltage EB technique is being developed to minimize the proximity effect, and fabricated 0.25 μm line and space by a single scan at 50kV. X-ray technology 1; becoming practical after a long laboratory-level study, using high performance X-ray resists (CPMS: chlorinated polymetylstylene). Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technology has been anticipated for its capability of submicron lithography due to a reduced proximity effect. High speed submicron Si MOSFET and GaAs MESFET with 0.25 μm gate have been fabricated using FIB technology. Activities of submicron lithography technology in Japan (optical stepper, EB, X-ray, and FIB) are described.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261612
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synchrotron lithography: The way to sub-micron features with single layer resists (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1153-1157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Soft X-ray radiation is affected neither by scattering in the resist nor by reflection from the substrate surface, so that a one-layer resist system can be maintained even in the sub-micron range. This holds primarily for the parallel synchrotron radiation avoiding all the geometrical distortions connected with X-ray tubes and even plasma sources. It has been shown that a minimum feature size of 0.2 μm can be achieved in this case. Different resist systems applicable in X-ray lithography have been tested regarding resolution, sensitivity, and etch stability. The optical resists Kodak ‘HPR 204’ shows very high process stability, good resolution, but low sensitivity. It is, therefore, suitable for an X-ray pilot process but not for high throughput production. The high sensitive X-ray resist TBM 120′ a fluorized poly(methyl methacrylate) which shows originally a very poor etch stability can be stabilized by post exposure with synchrotron radiation.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261616
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excimer laser projection patterning with and without resistsThis work was sponsored by the Department of the Air Force, in part under a specific program supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and by the Army Research Office (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1146-1147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Projection imaging with the deep-UV (193 nm) and VUV (157 nm) output of an excimer laser has been applied to submicrometer patterning of thin films by injected-defect, surface-chemical, and solid-transformation processing. The methods have been designed to take advantage of the short-wavelength, high-peak-intensity pulsed radiation from these sources. Examples are described of pattern definition by exposure of multilayer organic resists, by maskless etching and doping of solids in reactive vapors, and by solid-state chemical transformations in inorganic Al/0 films. Well-resolved 0.4-μm lines and spaces have been achieved. Required doses, between 0.04 and 1 J/cm2, are compatible with single- or multi-pulse step-and-repeat projection patterning with a small excimer laser.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261614
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dry developable resist in e-beam and sr lithography (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1148-1152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dry developable resists comprised of poly(methyl isopropenyl ketone) (PMIPK) and 4-methyl-2,6-dI-(4′-azldoben-zylidene)-cyclohexanone-1 gave excellent results in SK lithography, i. e., high aspect ratio resist patterns with vertical walls were easily obtained by maskless dry etching in the single layer resist process. Because of the simplicity of single layer resist processing and the high etch rate in maskless dry etching for the formation of thick resist patterns, the dry developable resist in SR lithography may be advantageous to the multilayer resist for the purpose of generating high resolution, thick resist patterns with vertical walls. The resolution limit of the dry developable resist which reproduces the designed dimensions was 100 nm line and 200 nm space when a conventional e-beam apparatus was used at 20 KV in the dry developable multilayer resist process.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261615
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261701
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimal developer selection for negative acting resists (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1158-1164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A methodology for determining the optimal single component developer/rinse pair for a negative acting resist is described. This method is applicable to any resist basing its negative action on crosslinking and development in organic based solvents. Within the method, initial developer/rinse candidates are identified by utilizing the Hansen 3-dimensional solubility parameter model. This model provides a thermodynamic solubility picture of the resist, and determines those developers which will only minimally contribute towards swelling of defined features. Developer/rinse pairs are subsequently evaluated for acceptable resist dissolution kinetics, and compatibility with existing spray development processes. The optimum developer/rinse pair will only minimally effect changes in temperature which result in a minimum sensitivity to relative humidity variations. The use of this method is illustrated by choosing an optimal developer/rinse system for a chlorine containing, styrene based negative acting resist. The overall electron beam lithographic performance of this resist is shown to be improved with respect to a previously used 2-component ketone based developer.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261617
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The reduction of reflective notches using “dyed” resist (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1165-1170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Variation in line width caused by light scattered from the substrate (reflective notching) is a major problem in VLSI lithography. This paper demonstrates the reduction of reflective notches using a resist with increased absorptivity (a dyed resist). The optimal set of process conditions which minimize line width variations is explored.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261618
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fracture behavior of surface embrittled polymers (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1173-1179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Normally ductile polymers may exhibit unexpected brittle fractures because of a phenomenon termed surface embrittlement. The problem may arise whenever a thin brittle layer is present on the surface, which may result from the application of brittle paint or, more commonly, from surface degradation caused by exposure to elevated temperatures, ultra-violet radiation, and stress-cracking agents. In rubber-modified polymers such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and high-impact polystyrene, exposure to the outdoor environment inevitably results in the formation of a thin surface layer containing cross-linked rubber particles in a matrix of reduced molecular weight. Although the depth of material adversely affected is typically small compared to the bulk, a drastic reduction in ductility nonetheless has been observed. To better understand the mechanism of embrittlement, this paper examines the criterion for embrittlement by considering the mechanism for enhanced energy absorption of rubber-toughened plastics and elementary concepts of fracture mechanics. It has been shown that a critical coating thickness exists when multiple crazing is essentially inoperative and the deformation is localized, to the tip of a fast moving sharp crack restricting strain energy dissipation to a relatively small region.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261702
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential scanning calorimetry investigation of curing of bisphenolfurfural resins (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1186-1190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Bisphenolic resins have been prepared by alkali catalyzed condensation of bisphenol-F, bisphenol-A, and bisphenol-C, respectively, with furfural. The resin samples have been characterized by elemental analysis, dilute solution viscosity measurement, and measurement of number-average molecular weight. Curing reactions of these bisphenolic resins with hexamine have been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The overall apparent activation energies for the curing have been found to be 24 ± 2, 34.2 ± 1.9, and 36.8 ± 2.3 kcal/mole for bisphenol-F-furfural, bisphenol-A-furfural, and bisphenol-C-furfural resin, respectively. The curing reactions have been found to follow an overall first-order kinetics.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261704
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solute diffusion in swollen membranes. Part V: Solute diffusion in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1180-1185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies with phenylalanine diffusing in well-characterized poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) membranes swollen in water at 37°C were conducted. Films were prepared by reaction of HEMA monomer with the cross-linking agent ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) at cross-linking ratios, X, of 0.005, 0.01, 0.0128, 0.025, and 0.050 mole EGDMA/mole HEMA in the presence of 40 weight percent water at 60°C for 12 hours. These membranes were subsequently swollen in water at 37°C and their structure analyzed using a modified Gaussian distribution equation of swelling. The calculated values of M̄c varied between 1,700 and 3,425 daltons, which corresponded to a correlation length of the mesh size, egr, of 24 to 35 A. The phenylalanine solute diffusion coefficient varied from 0.17 × 10-6 to 0.97 × 10-6 cm2/s, and depended on the aforementioned structural parameters of the membranes.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261703
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of silicon carbide-silicon nitride fibers by the pyrolysis of polycarbosilazane precursors: A review (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1191-1194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The development of silicon carbide-silicon nitride (SiC-Si3N4) fibers by the pyrolysis of polycarbosilazane precursors that was carried out in this laboratory is reviewed. Precursor resin, which was prepared by heating tris(N-methylamino)methylsilane or tris(N-methylamino)phenyl-silane to about 520°C, was drawn into fibers from the melt and then made unmeltable by humidity conditioning at 100°C and 95 percent relative humidity. The humidity-treated precursor fibers were pyrolyzed to ceramic fibers with good mechanical properties and electrical resistivity. For example, SiC—Si3N4 fibers derived from tris(N-methyl-amino)-methylsilane had a tensile rupture modulus of 29 × 106 psi and electrical resistivity of 6.9 × 108 Ω-cm, which is 1012 times greater than a value obtained for graphite fibers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261705
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Notes on chlorinated polyethylene: Its preparation, some mechanical and thermal properties (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1195-1199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Low density polyethylene was chlorinated via a mixed solution-suspension technique at three different temperatures. The products obtained at different conditions had properties ranging from hard brittle to tough elastomeric consistencies. Static mechanical, chemical, and thermal characterization of the products were made and the possibility of two different crystal structures is pointed out, one of which is consumed preferentially during chlorination.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261706
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase decomposition phenomena in polystyrene/(polyvinylmethylether) (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1208-1212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper reports studies on polystyrene/poly-(vinylmethylether) blends to elucidate phase decomposition phenomena. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and temperature jump light scattering (TJLS) techniques were used to study both static and kinetic properties. The SANS methods were used to characterize the blends with respect to phase diagram, the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, and the critical fluctuation length as a function of temperature. From the TJLS experiments, we have demonstrated the possibility of two kinds of phase decomposition mechanisms which should lead to distinct morphology and material properties.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261708
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance prediction of weldline structure in amorphous polymers (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1200-1207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The presence of a weldline generally reduces the mechanical strength of injection molded parts. A typical remedy to eliminate the problem of weak weldline structure has been to increase the melt temperature. This, however, is not an acceptable solution in some situations. A general solution to the weak weldline problem requires an in-depth understanding of the thermomechanical history of the injection molding process. A theoretical model for the strength of weldlines is presented that provides a comprehensive physical insight of the bonding process at the weldline interface. The model is based on the self-diffusion of molecular chains across the polymer-polymer interface and the frozen-in orientation that remains parallel to the interface. Both factors are analyzed separately and then superimposed to predict the strength of weldlines from known processing conditions and geometry. Experimental results show good correlation with predictions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261707
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress development in supported polymer films during thermal cycling (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1213-1217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple and in-situ bending-beam technique has been used to investigate the stress-temperature relationships for three different polymer coatings (viz, poly(methyl methacrylate), FR-4 epoxy resin, and an amide-imide polymer) during thermal cycling. With this technique, we were able to detect stress relaxation near the polymer's glass transition or caused by cracking of the polymer. Knowing the Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus for the polymer, this technique also allows calculation of the polymer's thermal expansion coefficient from measured thermal stress data. The calculated thermal expansion coefficient of poly(methyl methacrylate) (7 × 10-5/°C) is in good agreement with literature values (5 to 9 × 10-5/°C).
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261709
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261801
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  • 19
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    Sorption equilibria and kinetics of ethanol in miscible poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1218-1227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: At 35°C miscible blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVF2), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), may be semicrystalline or wholly amorphous and rubbery or glassy depending on composition and prior history. Ethanol is rather soluble in PMMA and plasticizes it, while sorption into PVF2 is rather small. The equilibrium sorption of ethanol into these blends decreases in a well defined manner as the PVF2 content increases and is only slightly affected by prior history of the sample. On the other hand, the kinetics of ethanol sorption varies in a complex manner with composition, ranging from Case II kinetics for glassy blends to Fickian diffusion for rubbery ones, and is a strong function of prior history. Quantitative descriptions are given and discussed in terms of the various mechanistic processes known to occur.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261710
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Throughput-pressure relationships for power law fluids in single screw extruders (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1240-1244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple expression is presented describing the volumetric throughput in a single screw extruder as a function of the pressure gradient with the dependence on the power law index included. Analytical expressions have also been developed for the optimum channel depth and helix angle for power law fluids.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261803
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  • 21
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    A study on polymer blending microrheology part 3: Deformation of newtonian drops submerged in another newtonian fluid flowing through a converging cone (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1229-1239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The theory of drop deformation in steady elongational flow is extended to the non-steady elongational flow in a converging cone, Experiments with different fluid viscosities were carried out and compared with the theory, which is valid only for low deformations. The theory describes the drop deformation satisfactorily and under certain conditions even for higher deformations than expected.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261802
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  • 22
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    Extruder screws with barrier sections (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1245-1253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper presents a functional analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of several types of barrier section extruder screws, indicating preferred geometrical configurations for certain applications. In addition, aspects of barrier mixing sections are discussed and analytical expressions for optimizing channel depth and helix angle to minimize the pressure drop over the barrier mixing section are presented.
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    Simulation of reacting flow during filling in reaction injection molding (RIM) (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1264-1275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper deals with computer simulation of the filling stage of the Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) process for cavities of rectangular, cylindrical, and disc shapes. The computer model is in two parts: the main flow and the flow by the moving front. In the main flow part, the transient equations of axial momentum, energy and species conservation and also the continuity equation are solved numerically by finite-difference methods using a moving, changing mesh. In the flow front part, which is quite novel, the transient (parabolic) vorticity, energy and species conservation equations and the elliptic streamfunction equation are again solved by finite-difference methods. An important feature of both parts is that convection along and across the flow is included in all the transient equations. Results are presented for all three cavity shapes and those for rectangular cavities are compared with the experimental results of previous investigators.
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    Molecular orientation of polydimethylsiloxane induced by elongational and shearing strains (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1276-1281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study examining the molecular orientation of poly(dimethylsiloxane) for different combinations of elongational and shear strains is presented. Three different cases were studied: (1) pure elongational strain; (2) increasing shear and decreasing elongational strains; (3) increasing shear and increasing elongational strains. The experiments were performed in a converging flow cell (at room temperature), where elongational and shearing strain rates achieved values of 370 s-1 and 640 s-1 respectively. Values of the Hermans orientation function were obtained from measurements of birefringence and polarization angles while strain rates were estimated from laser Doppler anemometry velocity measurements. Prospects for predicting molecular orientation from the stress-optical laws and rheological flow models are outlined and commented on.
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    Fabrication of high modulus films by solid state rolling (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1254-1263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Solid state rolling of semicrystalline polymers represents a high speed process for producing oriented, high modulus films, tapes, and sheets. The important process variables include roll temperature, thickness of initial sheet, roll speed, take-up tension, roll diameter, and initial morphological state of the polymer. Roll temperature controls both the extent of maximum deformation and the rate of rolling. A minimum temperature exists for each polymer below which the orientation process is sharply limited. This condition is similar to the limitation present in the hydrostatic extrusion process, in which the alpha crystallization temperature limits the orientation process. Roll speeds as high as 20 m/min have been realized. It is apparent that film thickness and thickness reduction ratio have a strong effect on the ultimate rolling rate. The process, as currently practiced, is adiabatic, and therefore, heat transfer limited. The take-up tension influences the extant of orientation in the amorphous phse of of the polymer. This in turn affects its thermal and chemical stability. The effect of roll diameter is to limit the extent of thickness reduction by causing roll-film slippage when the roll dianmeter to thickness reduction ratio is below some as yet undetermined value. The initial morphological state of the polymer affects the amount of crystalline deformation possible, the surface texture of the rolled film, and the tear resistant of the oriented film.
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    Pressure losses in the packing stage of injection molding (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1282-1289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The pressure loss between the mold and the nozzle in the injection molding of bar and box moldings has been monitored. The pressure drop observed during filling of the mold is reduced during the packing stage but remains finite. This has been attributed in the literature to solidification of polymer across the cavity transducer and to melt relaxation phenomena. Experiments have been carried out with hot molds to prolong the packing stage at the expense of the ‘cooling’ stage. Under these circumstances the pressure drop is reduced but not eliminated. The observed pressure drop may be related to the viscosity of the melt and its dependence on pressure and temperature although strain-induced crystallization and the pressure dependence of the melting point can confer effects similar to the cooling stage.
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    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261901
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    The effect of rolling orientation on the brittle-ductile transition in polycarbonate fracture (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1290-1292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of orientation on the brittle-ductile transition in rolled polycarbonate was examined. It has been believed that the brittle-ductile transition is governed by the residual stress at low reduction and the orientation at high reduction. But, our experimental results revealed that the brittle-ductile transition is caused by neither the residual stress nor orientation. It is proposed that the brittle-ductile transition may be ascribed to the morphological change which is produced during plastic deformation on rolling.
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    The dynamic properties of glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene subjected to pure bending (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1293-1296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic tensile properties of glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene have been measured for pure bending. The specimens were cut from the injection molded outer drum of a washing machine. Fiber orientation within the specimens was investigated using a scanning electron microscope, and was observed to be predominantly in the direction of flow, throughout the thickness of the material. It was found that the stiffness was greater in the direction of fiber orientation, while the damping was greater in the transverse direction. The results were in general agreement with values obtained from torsion pendulum experiments.
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    A computer interface for the fabrication and testing of surfactant films (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1310-1313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A computer interface was developed for a commercially available film balance to aid in the fabrication and characterization of surfactant films spread on water substrates. The interface is compatible with other commercially available systems, easily programmable, and able to perform a variety of tasks. This interface aided in following chemical reactions which occurred in the films, describing the morphology of the films, monitoring the process of film deposition, and also studying the mechanical properties of the films.
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    Characterization of stress relaxation curves of plastic foams (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1305-1309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stress relaxation curves of plastic foams can be normalized and presented as a linear function of time. The two parameters derived from this model provide information about the residual modulus and relaxation rate. This simple method was found to describe relaxation curve as well as the more complex successive residuals method. It was found that the residual relaxation modulus as determined by the normalization and linearization technique depends on the strain history of the samples.
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    A kinetic approach to multifunctional polymerization with cyclization (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1297-1304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A kinetic model for the step growth polymerization of multifunctional monomers RAf valid up to the gel point has been presented which accounts for the intramolecular reactions. From the Jacobson-Stockmeyer equation, the average rats constant for this step has been derived and is found to be chain length dependent. A computation scheme has been evolved by which the molecular weight distribution of the linear, branched as well as cyclized polymer can be determined up to the gel point. It is found that even though the molecular weight distribution of cyclic oligomers is little affected for the range of the values of the intramolecular rate constant (kc) studied, the average chain length μn and the polydispersity index p of the polymer formed are extremely sensitive to kc near the gel point. Numerical computations confirm that as the gel point is approached, larger polymer chains are formed which have a higher tendency to react intramolecularly. However, even at high conversions the number of the cyclic rings per polymer chain remains small, which is consistent with experimentally observed results.
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    Effect of intramolecular reactions in multifunctional step growth polymerizations in cascades of continuous-flow, stirred-tank reactors (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1314-1322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple kinetic model describing intramolecular reactions in multifunctional step growth polymerizations of RAj monomers is presented. The model is far simpler than more detailed kinetic or Monte Carlo models which pose severe numerical difficulties close to gelation. The formulation presented is quite general, but it requires a relationship for the ensemble-cum-time average number of rings, rn, per molecule having n RAj units. A very simple yet intuitively correct equation has been chosen for rn, which involves an empirical parameter A Results on cascades of homogeneous continuous-flow stirred-tank reactors (HCSTRs) show trends which are physically expected. The present formulation could possibly be used for scale-up of HCSTRs, with A obtained experimentally. It is hoped that future studies using rigorous models would lead to more fundamental and improved relationships for rn.
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    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262001
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    Structural studies on ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer: III. Deformation mechanism of row-crystallized film (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1323-1331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Wide-angle X-ray diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering, density, stress-strain, and dynamic viscoelastic measurements have been applied to a row-crystallized ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer film prepared by extrusion from the melt under extension to investigate the deformation mechanism upon stretching. It is shown that the deformation below the temperature of the phase transition (the order-disorder transition from the crystal phase to the mesophase) (Th) is somewhat like that of “hard” elastic materials which is associated with micro-void formation, and that the deformation above Th is rubber-like, associated with bending of the lamellae. Gas permeability measurements have also been used for the stretched films to investigate the supermolecular structure, and the results support the above description.
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    A study on polymer blending microrheology: Part IV. The influence of coalescence on blend morphology origination (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1332-1338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of shear induced coalescence on the origination of morphologies in polymer blending processes is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. In the theoretical part a route is proposed to estimate the fraction of collisions between disperse phase domains in simple shear flow that result in an actual coalescence. It was shown that under polymer blending conditions this “coalescence probability” is only substantial if the polymer/polymer interfaces exhibit a high degree of mobility. In the experimental part, the phenomenon of gravity induced droplet/planar interface coalescence is utilized to show the high degree of mobility of molten polymer interfaces. Seoul experiments on the relation between domain size and disperse phase concentration in polymer blends prepared on a single screw extruder were carried out. For extremely low concentration (〈½ %) the domain size could be predicted satisfactorily by means of Taylor's classical criterion for Newtonian liquids, while at higher concentration coalescence increased the average domain size manifold.
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    Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution from dynamic measurements of polymer meltsPartially presented at the 57th Annual Meeting of the Society of Rheology at Ann Arbor, Michigan in October, 1985 (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1339-1347 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method for determining the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of a polymer melt has been developed using the dynamic elastic modulus (G'), plateau modulus (GoN), and zero shear complex viscosity (η*o). The cumulative MWD was found to be proportional to a plot of (G'/GoN)0.5 vs. measurement frequency (ω). Frequency (ω) was found to be inversely proportional to (MW)3.4, as expected. Results were scaled to absolute values using the empirical relationship η*o ∝ (M̄w)3.4, where M̄w is the weight-average MW. M̄w, M̄n (number-average MW) and M̄w/M̄n calculated from melt measurements were found to agree with size exclusion chromatography usually well within 10 percent for broad and bimodal distribution samples. M̄w/M̄n tended to be approximately 20 percent higher for narrow distribution samples (M̄w/M̄n 〈 1.2) because we did not account for a finite distribution of relaxation times from a collection of monodisperse polymer chains. We also did not account for the plasticizing effect of short chains mixed with long ones which caused peak positions to be closer together for Theological vs, size exclusive chromatography (SEC) determinations of MW for bimodal distribution blends.
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    Bryce Maxwell (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1349-1350 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262002
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    Forty years amongst the large moleculesThe article by C. W. Macosko contains a complete list of Bryce Maxwell's publications (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1351-1354 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Forty years of the polymer materials program at princeton (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1359-1361 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    On bryce maxwell's contributions to polymer science and engineering (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1362-1370 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    Bryce maxwell: Scientist, innovator, teacherPresented at a Symposium “Forty Years of Polymeric Materials at Princeton,” dedicated to Professor Bryce Maxwell on the Occasion of his Retirement from Princeton University (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1355-1358 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We first discuss two scientific publications by Maxwell: a pioneering paper on the nature and kinetics of crazing on atactic polystyrene; and his development of a new mechanical spectrometer with a frequency range from 6 × 10-4 to 1.6 × 102 Hz, and storage and loss modulus obtained with it on atactic poly(methyl methacrylate). An informal association with Maxwell and his group starting in 1970 has permitted us to appreciate him as an inventor and an innovator with a broad impact on the polymer field; and also to follow him in his role of teacher/professor.
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    Publisher's message (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1-1 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    Static and kinetic studies of polystyrene/poly(vinylmethylether) blends (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 3-8 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A systematic study of static and kinetic phase behavior of deuterated polystyrene/poly(vinylmethylether) blends is presented in this paper. The static properties are studied by the small angle neutron scattering techniques and the kinetics of phase decomposition are studied by the temperature jump light scattering; technique. This procedure provides detailed information about phase behavior with regard to both thermodynamics and kinetics.
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    Melt rheology of high density polyethylene/polyamide-6 blends (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 34-44 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Commercial high density polyethylene and polyamide-6 (PA) resins were melt blended in the Brabender Plasticorder twin-screw extruder. The blends containing zero to 30 wt percent of polyamide-6 were examined in dynamic and steady state shear at 150, 200, and 250°C. The Theological test results are discussed in terms of morphology of the samples as observed under scanning electron microscope. Microscopy of the extrudates has shown a temperature dependent movement of the polyamide in the capillary during the extrusion and that fibrillation of the PA phase in the extensional field occurred at all temperatures.
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    A structure-oriented computer simulation of the injection molding of viscoelastic crystalline polymers part II: Model predictions and experimental results (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 103-110 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical model proposed for simulation of the injection molding of partially crystalline thermoplastics can predict fill time, velocity, temperature and pressure distributions, the distribution of shear and normal stresses, crystallinity, amorphous birefringence, and tensile moduli. In this paper, experimental data will be compared to the predictions of the model.
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    Techniques for the viscometry of suspensions (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 121-126 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Techniques are presented for the rotational viscometry of suspensions, using modified cone/plate and parallel plate configurations. For displaced cone-and-plate geometry an analysis considers the torque developed on the cone as a function of its angular velocity and the displacement at its apex. The two situations of constant angular velocity and of constant displacement present alternative methods for computing viscosity/shear-rate data from torque/displacement or torque/angular velocity measurements. Neither method involves any assumption regarding the rheological properties of the test fluid and both can be extended to parallel plate geometry. An alternative and simpler approach uses an annular cone/plate configuration, in which conditions of uniform shear rate can be maintained with an operating gap of the order of 1 mm. The validity of the different techniques is tested by comparison with conventional cone-and-plate measurements, using a non-Newtonian solution of polyisobutylene as a test fluid.
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    A new approach to capillary viscometry of thermoset transfer molding compounds (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1399-1404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new capillary rheometer incorporated in an instrumented transfer molding press has been developed. This rheometer is effective for determining the viscosity characteristics of thermoset molding compounds under both isothermal and typical molding conditions. In examples of the rheometer's utility, the power law indices of two commercial epoxy molding compounds have been determined to be approximately 0.7. Additionally it has been shown that preconditioning typical epoxy compounds at 47 percent relative humidity causes a viscosity decrease of about 40 percent owing to plasticization of the epoxy resin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262008
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    Small angle x-ray studies of siloxane-urea segmented copolymers (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1371-1398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Novel segmented copolymers were synthesized using aminopropyl terminated linear poly(dimethylsiloxane) oligomers as the soft component and various diisocyanates as the hard segments. As a result of the large differences in the cohesive energy density (solubility parameter) between the two components, phase separation occurs to form a microdomain structure at relatively low oligomer molecular weights. Since chain extenders were not employed during the synthesis, the “hard” segments are strictly related to the length of the diisocyanate moiety utilized in the reaction, In this paper we utilize these copolymers as reasonable models for investigating the various methods available for determining the interfacial layer thickness between the hard and soft phase. Specifically, in these systems there is no hard segment length distribution as is the usual case for segmented urethanes. Utilizing Porod's law, and appropriate analysis, both positive and negative deviations were found in the systematic series of copolymers. The degree of positive and negative character was found to be dependent upon copolymer composition. Negative deviations were accounted for in terms of a finite interfacial thickness, which turned out to be relatively small as anticipated, while the positive deviations were assigned to isolated hard segments that reside within the soft segment matrix, i.e., concentration fluctuations. In calculating the interfacial thickness, several methods were applied and in general, close agreement was obtained. Finally, correlation function analysis in conjunction with determination of the coherent Porod lengths, etc. were determined and discussed accordingly. Cautionary comments are also provided for researchers who apply less complete small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis to related block or segmented copolymers with regard to phase separation behavior.
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    The determination of polymer interfacial tension by drop image processing: Comparison of theory and experiment for the pair, poly(dimethyl siloxane)/polybutndieneThis paper is dedicated to Prof. Bryce Maxwell on the occasion of his retirement from Princeton University (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1410-1418 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The interfacial tensions of immiscible binary blends of poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) and polybutadiene (PBD) have been determined as a function of molecular weight and temperature. The technique employed for these measurements takes advantage of recent advances in the determination and analysis of pendant fluid drop profiles. The experimental data are compared to the predictions of square gradient theories and theories based on the diffusion equation approach as developed by Helfand and co-workers. Qualitative agreement is obtained with both types of theory when the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter is taken to be comprised of two terms: a temperature independent term of entropic origin; and an enthalpic term that is inversely dependent upon the temperature.
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    Formation and properties of thermosetting and high Tg polymeric materials (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1429-1433 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Interrelationships between reaction conditions and material properties of thermosetting and high Tg polymers are discussed from the point of view of a generalized time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram.
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    Glass transition relations in ionomeric “comb” polymers (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1451-1456 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The glass transition temperatures (Tg) and dynamic mechanical properties of random copolymers of styrene-4-vinylpyridine quaternized with iodoalkanes are presented for vinylpyridine contents up to ten percent and pendant alkyl chains up to ten carbons in length. Two linear relationships, between ion content and glass transition temperature and between pendant alkyl chain length and the Tg, are observed. An equation is presented that can be used to predict the Tg for such copolymers based on their ion contents and alkyl chain lengths.
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    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760262101
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    Thermal stability and compatibility of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) with an oxidizer and pyrotechnic blend (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1469-1477 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a relatively new high temperature engineering thermoplastic. The stability of neat and fiberglass reinforced PEEK towards air, KClO4, and TiH1.65/KClO4 blend was studied by the surface sensitive technique of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and bulk technique of thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Both of these examinations revealed no oxidation in the presence of air or KClO4 at temperatures of 60 or 120°C. In addition, no reduction of PEEK was observed in the presence of a reducing agent such as TiH1.65. The TG results also showed no air oxidation between 120 and 500°C.
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    Polycarbonate/phenoxy blends: Physical behavior and development of interchange reactions in melt-processing conditions (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 1478-1482 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The miscibility of the polycarbonate of bisphenol A with the polyhydroxyether of bisphenol A was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry and the, results are compared with the torque data obtained using a Brabender Plasticorder. The possibility of interchange reactions was analyzed by means of the observation of the melt-viscosity variation versus processing time in the mixer-bowl. These reactions form graft-copolymers that develop into crosslinked copolymers at higher residence times. It was also shown that the speed of these reactions depends on the processing temperature. The variation produced on the glass-transition temperature because of branching was also analyzed.
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    Viscoelastic properties of highly loaded ferrite-filled polymeric systems (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 441-445 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Viscoelastic properties in terms of complex viscosity |η*| and storage modulus G' have been studied for highly filled polymer composites. The viscous response and elastic response to changes in the frequency of dynamic oscillations have been fitted through an appropriate Theological model. A relationship between |η*| and G' is shown to exist, and the model parameters determined through the correlation have been shown to be useful in estimating the viscoelastic properties of commercially important ferrite-filled polymeric systems with loading in the range of 87-94 weight-percent.
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    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260701
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    Finite element simulation of fountain flow in injection molding (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 449-454 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fountain flow is the phenomenon of deceleration and outward motion of fluid particles as they approach a slower moving interface. The use of a general purpose finite element program for the appropriate boundary conditions made possible the detailed flow description behind an advancing liquid front moving at constant speed inside two-dimensional channels and tubes. The results were qualitatively the same for both Newtonian and shear-thinning fluids.
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    Two directional coextrusion flow of two molten polymers in flat dies (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 455-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical study has been carried out of the two directional isothermal flow of two molten polymers in a flat die. The viscous behavior of each fluid is described by a power-law. Using an iterative finite difference method, a numerical program predicts the influence of geometrical and Theological parameters on the variations of the interface position. Theoretical values are in good agreement with experimental results obtained on a fish-tail die. In the case of a coat hanger-die, the mean value of the interface position is correct, but the general shape may be quite different.
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    Causes of edge beads in cast filmsDirector of Packaging Research and Development, Kraft, Incorporated, 301 Waukegan Road, Glenview, Illinois 60025 (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 462-467 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cast polymer films are extruded through a uniform thin slit onto a quench roll. Between the die and the quench roll, thick edges called edge beads form, which have to be trimmed from the film, and are often scrapped. The relation between edge beads and neck-in is shown. Three causes of edge beads are discussed: surface tension, die swell, and an edge stress effect. Surface tension and die swell effects can be important in low viscosity and elastic materials respectively. The predominant cause of edge beads is an edge stress effect which occurs because the film is stretched between the die and the roll. The edge elongates in uniaxial stress while the center material elongates in plane strain.
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    Design of dies for the extrusion of sheets and annular parisons: The distribution problem (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 543-553 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A systematic design of the classical “coat hanger” die is proposed and tested experimentally. The objectives of the design are 1. distribution of the polymer over the width of the die before it reaches the final lip section for thickness adjustment, 2. invariance of distribution to flow rate, 3. invariance to changes in polymer viscosity, and 4. uniform average residence time. The die design is based on a flow model which assumes power-law viscosity, steady shear flow In each cross-section, uniform temperature, and separation of the flows into a manifold component and a component in a slit section of uniform height. The design corrects for an oversimplification of the pressure gradient that was applied in previous studies; and it differs from previous designs by suggesting a rectangular cross-section for the manifold. Applications to side-fed dies for extrusion blow molding and to a sheet extrusion die achieved uniform distribution and did not require any additional flow corrections (such as choker bars or flexible lips). With the new design, the lip region of the die can freely be used for thickness control, fine tuning, or further shaping of the extrudate.
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    Tensile yield in polyethylenePresented in part at the American Physical Society Meeting in Detroit, Michigan, March 1984 (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 554-559 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Uniaxial tension tests to the yield point were performed on polyethylene as a function of temperature from 21 to 117°C at a strain rate of 2 min-1. At 21, 45, and 69°C, measurements were also made at strain rates from 0.02 to 8 min-1. Yield energy was found to be a linear function of temperature extrapolating to zero at the melting point (140°C). The ratio of thermal to mechanical energy to produce yielding is about three times smaller than for glassy amorphous polymers. The ratio of yield stress to (initial) Young's modulus is 0.021 at room temperature and increases to 0.059 at 117°C. Also this ratio was found to decrease with log strain rate. For instance, at 21°C for a strain rate of 0.02 min-1 the value was 0.023, while at 8 min-1 this value decreased to 0.020.
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    A mechanistic kinetic model for the initiated anionic polymerization of∊-caprolactam (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 560-568 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The preparation of Nylon-6 via the initiated anionic polymerization of EE-caprolactam is characterized by rapid reaction rates displaying marked auto-acceleration. A mechanistic approach has been taken to analyze the kinetics of this system and has resulted in the postulation that the auto-acceleration is directly linked to a polymer chain degradation reaction. This reaction is significant even in the early stages of the polymerization and in many cases becomes the dominant mechanism for the production of reactive end groups, thereby controlling the overall reaction rate. A kinetic model is presented which is capable of differentiating between polymerizations carried out with different levels and ratios of catalyst and initiator, and contains but two rate constants - one for the propagation reaction and one for the degradation reaction. Predictions of the model are compared to experimental rate data derived from using both mono-and difunctional initiators and close agreement is found.
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    The kinetics of the in situ polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate in wood using dynamic mechanical measurements (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 576-582 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The in situ polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate in wood, in the presence of uranyl nitrate, (UN), and/or 2,2′-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile, (AIBN), has been investigated in the temperature range 55°-72°C. The course of the polymerization reaction was followed by measurement of tan 5 in an automated Rheovibron viscoelastometer. The kinetics, studied by applying the Guggenheim method to the data, showed the polymerization to be first order whether catalyzed by UN or initiated by AIBN. The activation energy (Eα) for AIBN-initiated polymerization was 121 kJ/mol, and was unaffected by varying monomer concentration in acetone. On the other hand, Eα for the UN-catalyzed polymerization was found to be 59.1 and 73.5 kJ/mol respectively for the neat and 50 percent monomer concentration reaction mixture. The enhancement in Eα is attributed to the complexatton of the dioxouranium (VI) ion in the presence of solvent acetone, with consequent reduction in catalytic activity.
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    Phase structure of polyetherpolyol-4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate-based reaction injection molded (RIM) polyurethanesThis paper was presented in part at the annual meeting of the Society of Polymer Science in Japan in 1981 (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 585-592 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of polyetherpolyol-4,4/-diphenylmethane diisocyanate based polyurethanes were prepared by reaction injection molding (RIM). The degree of phase separation and morphology, which govern the mechanical properties, was investigated by X-ray scattering, dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. The phase reversion occurred at just a 70 weight percent concentration of the based reagent. The degree of phase separation increased with the molecular weight of polypropyleneglycol and decreased with the ethyleneoxide capping content. Morphology was influenced by injection rates.
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    Dimensional stability of polystyrene/polymeric liquid crystal blends (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 600-604 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Recovery experiments above Tg have been performed on polymeric liquid crystal (PLC) - polystyrene (PS) blend sheets obtained from extrusion and subsequent hot drawing. The data reported show that a significant improvement of the dimensional stability of a drawn thermoplastic material can be obtained by adding a low percentage of non-compatible polymeric liquid crystals that are oriented during the hot drawing process. The fibrils formed act as a constraint for a certain amount of polymer surrounding them and consequently these highly oriented sheets, once exposed to high temperature, will mainly stress relax and do not creep. This effect disappears when the melting temperature of the oriented crystalline phase is reached. Compatible PLC-PS blends do not show any improvement on the dimensional stability compared to the unfilled matrix.
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    A mass transfer model for a twin-screw extruder (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 647-652 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mass transfer model was developed to represent the desorption of a volatile species from a molten polymer in an extruder consisting of co-rotating twin screws in a figure-eight bore. The melt undergoes a series of alternating exposure and mixing processes while being transported axially through the device. The model relates the ratio of entrance to exit concentrations of the volatile species to the dimensions of the screws, the rate of their rotation, the rate of polymer flow, and the diffusion coefficient of the volatile species in the polymer. Experimental data, obtained with a halocarbon-polybutene system in a twin-screw extruder, were compared with predictions of the model. For the observed performance, the model predicts a process screw length about 14 percent below the actual screw length in the experimental extruder.
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    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261001
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    The effect of initial morphology on the mechanical properties of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 658-661 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies of the physical and mechanical properties of melt crystallized ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene morphologies from melts with different thermal histories indicate that their properties depend on the degree of fusion of the powder particles during their processing and can be enhanced by heating the polymer above 220°C. The degree of cohesion of the powder particles and their initial morphology also have a significant effect on the deformability of the polymer in the solid state forming methods used to prepare high modulus and strength products.
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    Relationship between electron sensitivity and chemical structures of polymers as EB resists: Poly(lactam thioether) as new positive EB resists (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 653-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(lactam thioether) was synthesized from tetrahydro-1,4-thiazepine-5(4H)-one by a ring opening reaction under various conditions and was evaluated as positive electron beam(EB) resist. It was found that poly(lactam thioether) was easily decomposed by EB irradiation. The decomposition by EB exposure may be attributed to cleavage of C—S bonds in the polymer chains. The sensitivity of poly(lactam thioether) was influenced by prebake temperature, molecular weight, and developer, a high sensitivity of 5.3 × 10-6 coulomb/cm2 was observed with a good resolution of less than 1 μm. Poly(lactam thioether) showed a high sensitivity and a high resolution, and is suitable as a positive EB resist.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261002
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    New polyisobutylene-based model elastomeric ionomers: RheoLogical behavior (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 662-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rheological behavior of sulfonated polyisobutylene based elastomeric ionomers has been studied. The effects of molecular architecture, type of cation, and addition of excess neutralization agent were investigated. The effect of temperature was studied to a limited extent. In a specific case, the influence of an ionic plasticizer, zinc stearate was also examined. It was found that in these telechelic ionomers where the ionic groups are located exclusively at the chain ends, significant Ionic interactions may persist even at 180°C. The zinc-neutralized ionomers had the lowest viscosity as compared to the corresponding potassium- or calcium-neutralized ionomers. The covalent character of zinc is believed responsible for this behavior. Other factors being constant, the triarm based ionomers are more viscous than the monofunctional ionomers. A mixture of monofunctional ionomers with the triarm, species is a model for dangling chain ends, and results in a slight lowering of the viscosity under the conditions studied. Zinc stearate acts as an ionic plasticizer. Upon the addition of 15 percent by weight of zinc-stearate to the ionomer, the low shear rate viscosity drops by several orders of magnitude and renders the ionomer thermally processable at moderate temperatures.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261004
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    The mechanism of foam devolatilization in partially filled screw devolatilizers (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 673-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental investigation was conducted into elucidating the mechanism of foam devolatilization. For the investigation, we have constructed two separate apparatuses of Plexiglas - one simulating the partially filled flow channel in a single-screw devolatilizer, and the other simulating the partially filled, closed-chamber (often referred to as the “C-chamber),” in a twin-screw devolatilizer. The test fluids employed were aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide having various concentrations. During the preparation of the test fluids, we controlled the amount of air entrapped in the liquid phase by varying the level of vacuum applied. The entrapped air stayed as fine gas bubbles dispersed in the polymer solution, and mixtures of the polymer solution and air bubbles were subjected to devolatilization experiments. In the use of a single-screw devolatilizer, we have observed that: 1. The streamlines show circulatory flow patterns forming a singular point at a position slightly below the free surface, where small gas bubbles are trapped initially and become stationary, and 2. The small gas bubbles trapped at the stationary position coalesce later to form large gas bubbles, which then move slowly toward the free surface and are removed under vacuum from the system. In the use of twin-screw devolatilizers, we have found that the degree of fill, the rotational direction of the screws, and the degree of intermeshing, (i. e., partially or fully intermeshing) greatly influence the amount of free surface available for the removal of volatiles, as well as the flow patterns in the liquid pool, and thus the devolatilization efficiency.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261005
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    Effect of bulk structure of amino silane primer on the strength and durability of aluminum/epoxy joints (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 768-775 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The strength and durability in wet environment of aluminum/epoxy/aluminum joints are investigated as a function of structural changes of γ aminopropyltriethoxy silane (γ-APS) primer at the interface. Both dry and wet strengths exhibit strong dependencies on both the thickness and the extent of drying of γ-APS prior to joint formation. Generally, dry strength decreases with increasing thickness of γ-APS primer, and increases with dehydration of γ-APS at any given thickness. Strength retention of the joints after exposure to water at 55°C also improves dramatically when the adsorbed γ-APS is extensively dried. These results are analogous to earlier observations with α-Al2O3/polyethylene joint system. In aluminum joints, porous oxide substrate facilitates the mechanical interlocking mechanism, and its interplay with both the thickness and the extent of cure of γ-APS is analyzed by characterizing the fractured surfaces using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261108
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    Creep analysis of polymer structures (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 776-780 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: One of the important aspects in designing polymer structures and predicting their lifetime is the computation of time-dependent deformation. A tensile creep law for constant uniaxial stress was developed using talc-filled polypropylene as an example. A simplified finite-element creep analysis technique for polymer structures was developed with only one time step, an isochronous stress-stress formulation, and a deformation plasticity-type analysis, With an elastic analysis and this one-step nonlinear analysis for a given time and temperature, the displacement of a critical location in the polymer structure can be calculated for any time and temperature without further finite-element analysis. Comparisons of calculations with this one-step analysis and with the standard time-stepping analysis and experimental results for a beam in bending and a plate with a hole demonstrate the usefulness of this approach.
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    Processing of polyurethane/polyester interpenetrating polymer networks by reaction injection molding (RIM). Part I: Design of a high pressure RIM system (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 781-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This is the first of a three-part paper investigating the feasibility of processing polyurethane/polyester Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPN) by Reaction Injection Molding (RIM). The fundamental mixing process is discussed. Various approaches reported to analyze mixing are also critically reviewed. Good part quality in RIM mixing activated systems suggests the need for the creation of a rapid and intense turbulent state within the small impingement chamber. In order to generate the conditions of reactive components intermingling down to submicron dimensions, a high pressure RIM unit was built and tested. The device can inject reactants at high stream Reynolds numbers (around 10,000) and impingement pressures (up to 100,000 psi, 6,895 bar.).
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261202
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    An injection molding study. Part I: Melt and barrel temperature dynamics (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 854-866 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamics of the key variables in the plastication phase of injection molding were studied using a microcomputer controlled laboratory scale injection molding machine. Interfaces for the measurement and manipulation of suitable variables were developed. An approximate theoretical analysis provided a preliminary understanding of the effect of a step input in heating power on melt and barrel temperatures. Deterministic and stochastic models were derived from experimental data for the melt and the front and rear zone barrel temperatures with heater power manipulation. Experiments were performed for evaluating the effects of back pressure manipulation, heating zone interaction, and process disturbances on the melt and barrel temperatures. Experiments showed that it is desirable to directly control the melt temperature rather than the barrel temperatures.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261205
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    General consequences of the packing phase in injection molding (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 886-892 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The post-filling phase in injection molding was analyzed via simple heat-transfer and P-v-T models. An expression for the evolution of (volume-averaged) pressure in a molding cavity during the cooling phase of the process was derived from the empirical Tait model combined with the transient heat-conduction equation. This expression was used to establish general optimization criteria for the packing phase in injection molding, based on simple heuristics, and to assess the effects of various process and material parameters on the packing response of the system. The effects of gate geometry, part geometry, mold temperature, and melt temperature on the packing characteristics of a simple part are examined, and the general implications to the dimensional integrity of the part are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261208
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    Measurements of cycle time in injection molding of filled thermoplastics (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 877-885 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This study presents the results of measurements of the sealing and cooling periods of the injection molding cycle of filled thermoplastics, both periods constituting a major part of the cycle. The compounds used were based on HDPE, PP, and PS. The fillers were calcium carbonate, carbon black, and magnesium oxide. The latter two materials were chosen for their high thermal conductivity. The sealing time was determined by a gravimetric method, while the measurement of the cooling time was based on the assessment of the recovery of the ejector marks for samples ejected after varying times of cooling. Increasing filler content produced significant and reproducible reductions of the cycle time. Such effects were especially pronounced with the high thermal conductivity fillers. The cooling process was also treated theoretically, starting from the heat conduction equation and producing a fully satisfactory description of the experimental data. Furthermore, the value of the thermal diffusivity, exemplified by the HDPE/MgO compounds, was in good agreement with the values obtained from current composite expressions.
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    The biaxial deformation and yield behavior of bisphenol-a polycarbonate: Effect of anisotropy (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 920-930 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The biaxial tension stress-strain-yield behavior of glassy bisphenol A-polycarbonate has been investigated at constant octahedral shear stress rate and at 25°C and -40°C. The specimens possess a small amount of anisotropy. Hill′s criterion for yielding of anisotropic materials is modified to take into account the sensitivity of the yield locus to the hydrostatic stress component. This modified yield criterion fits the 25°C data quite well. However, the data at -40°C cannot be fitted using reasonable parameters.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261303
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    Adhesion and the surface behavior of the silicone elastomer RTV-142 (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 931-939 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The silicone elastomer RTV-142 is often used as a particle-getter material inside electronics packages. The adhesion mechanism that forms the bond between the particle and the cured adhesive has been investigated. One expects, theoretically, that polymer chains exhibit a temperature-dependent mobility. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the flow of polymer chain segments around asperities on the foreign particles causes adhesion. Calculations of the surface energy of an idealized polymer system are presented which support the concept of a free-energetically driven flow of chain segments into pores and around asperities. Polymer surface-chain mobility is investigated experimentally by the scanning electron microscope analysis of a fractured, cut, and particle-decorated surface. Surface appearance changes were noted as a function of temperature. Scanning electron micrographs indicate that polymer chain movement is temperature dependent. Such findings support the proposed adhesion mechanism.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261304
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    Mechanisms for variations in electrical properties of silicone rubber vulcanized by the condensation reaction (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 940-946 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The electrical conductivity and the dissipation factor of silicone rubber vulcanized by the condensation reaction of α,ω-dihydroxypolysiloxane with ethoxysilane, using dibutyltin dilaurate as a catalyst, were studied. Rubber specimens, with different amounts of catalyst, were prepared using various vulcanization times and then heat treated in dry or wet atmospheres containing oxygen and nitrogen. The electrical properties of these specimens were measured at 20 to 200°C in dry air. The amounts of residual catalysts and unreacted ethoxy groups were analyzed by colorimetric and gas chromatographic methods. Factors influencing the specimen electrical properties were discussed in terms of preparation conditions and amount of residual compounds.
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    Wire coating extrusion-an approximate solution (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 957-961 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An approximation method is proposed to predict the Mow rate-pressure drop relation for isothermal laminar flow of any time-independent fluid in wire coating extrusion. A geometric parameter method proposed earlier is used in predict the pressure-driven flow in the annulus. The method is demonstrated for Newtonian, power law, and Ellis fluids. The accuracy of the method is shown by comparing the predictions with the theoretical and experimental results of Han and Rao. An expression for wire coating thickness is also given.
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    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261401
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    Vibrational analysis of functionalized polyolefins/poly(vinylchloride) blends (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyolefins functionalized with diethylmaleate were mixed with poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) in different compositions. Intermolecular interactions involving the carbonyl groups of the side chains of the functionalized polyolefins and methine hydrogens of PVC were investigated by means of infrared spectroscopy. The major flexibility of the ester groups attached to the backbone chains, with respect to polyesters, seems to increase the capability of such groups to interact with groups of more polar polymers, thus allowing prediction of easier miscibility, which however also depends on the starting polyolefin structure and function-alization degree.
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    Fluorescence studies of polymer blends: Anchoring stabilizer chain in non-aqueous dispersions (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 15-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Non-aqueous dispersions of poly(vinyl acetate) stabilized by a surface layer of poly(2-ethylhexyl methacrylate) (PEHMA) were prepared. We modified the recipe for particle synthesis, using as a stabilizer a copolymer of EHMA containing a small amount of either phenanthrene (Phe) or pyrene (Py) groups. These fluorescent labels permit us to assess different aspects of stabilizer chain morphology and dynamics. In the particles labeled with Phe groups, the ability of oxygen to quench Phe fluorescence is used as a monitor of O2 sorption at the stabilizer-particle interface. In these experiments, information about the location of the labels and the PEHMA polymer is obtained. In the particles labeled with Py, pyrene self-quenching and excimer formation serves as a sensor of conformational and mobility changes in the PEHMA polymer upon anchoring in the particle.
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    Polyethylene-polycarbonate blends: Interface modification, phase morphology and measurement of orientation development during cast film and tubular extrusion by infrared dichroism (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 45-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phase morphology and polymer chain orientation in polyethylene-polycarbonte blends is investigated. A blend with a dispersed polyethylene phase was found to exhibit phase growth under quiescent conditions. Addition of a styrene-(ethylene/butene) block copolymer controls the phase morphology and prevents phase growth. Melt spun tapes and tubular film have been prepared from polyethylene-polycarbonate blends. Orientation of the crystallo-graphic axes of the polyethylene and the chain axis of the polycarbonate were determined by infrared dichroism. The addition of polycarbonate to polyethylene is found to decrease chain orientation at the same drawdown stress.
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    A structure-oriented computer simulation of the injection molding of viscoelastic crystalline polymers part I: Model with fountain flow, packing, solidification (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 92-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A realistic simulation of the injection molding process should be capable of describing moldability parameters, such as pressure drop in the delivery system and cavity and melt-front progression during cavity filling, as well as predicting the characteristics of the final product, such as residual stresses and crystallinity distributions. After a brief review of the existing models for the mathematical modeling of the injection molding process, a new model, that meets the above requirements, is proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260114
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    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260201
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    Masthead (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260101
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    Flow properties of low density/linear low density polyethylenes (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 28-33 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rheological data have been collected both in shear and non-isothermal elongational flow on three different types of blends, made from one low density polyethylene sample and three linear low density polyethylene samples.In addition to the flow curves, data are presented on the extrudate-swell phenomenon, on the instability arising in capillary flow and on the tensile behavior in the molten state.
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    The effect of rubber particle size on the impact properties of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) blends (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 74-81 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The impact fracture of nominally identical high impact polystyrene resins having different and well-characterized rubber particle size distributions is discussed. A numerical model for craze termination is presented and its predictions are compared with experimental data. An alternative explanation for the observed effect of particle size on fracture energy is considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260112
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    Morphology and mechanical properties of amine-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile/epoxy blends (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 63-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Morphology and mechanical properties of (amine terminated butadiene acrylonitrile rubber/diglycidyl ether of bis-phenol-A epoxy resin) blends of different compositions, cured in wide range of temperatures, are described. Curing at low temperature promoted formation of homogeneous materials with poor fracture resistance. On the contrary, at high temperature tough heterogeneous blends were obtained. Such blends showed phase inversion above 20 percent of rubber. The volume fraction of precipitated phase, determined on SEM micrographs, was higher than the amount of added rubber. A fracture mechanism to account for this is proposed. Extensive voiding and interface damage were observed in the low temperature cured materials. Such phenomena did not contribute to the fracture energy.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260111
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  • 93
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    Financial incentive of linear low density polyethylene blends (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 111-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The key to successfully implementing polymer blends in end-use applications includes an understanding of performance requirements and the physical property balance of the blend, as well as the provision of financial incentive to the fabricator, The economic gain is calculated for two cases where blends were introduced to displace another material: a blend which gives higher productivity for blown film applications and a blend which allows for increased flow and a gage reduction for an injection molding application. As the resin cost usually accounts for more than seventy percent of the final product cost, the resin or blend cost affects the economic gain (if any) from the fabricator's point of view. Therefore, successful commercial implementation of a new resin or blend depends on its relative cost and benefit to other commercially available materials.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260116
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  • 94
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    Preamble (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 2-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260103
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase separation in crosslinked resins containing polymeric modifiers (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 54-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An analysis is made of the thermodynamic and kinetic factors affecting phase separation in blends of di-, tri- and tetrafunctional epoxy resins, cured with either diamino-diphenylsulphone (DOS) or with dicyanodiamide (Dicy), and modified with either poly(ethersulphone) (PES) or carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN) rubber. The applicability and limitations of the solubility parameter approach in predicting compatibility in reactive blends are considered.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260110
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  • 96
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    Effect of rheological parameters on phase morphology of poly blends: A route to computer aided design and development of industrial polyblends (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 82-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Set of procedures employing melt viscoelasticity functions for selecting components and composition of the binary polyblends and estimating minor phase domain size is introduced and illustrated with examples. The procedures intended for Computer Aided Manufacture of the polyblends (CAMOBLE) are based on shear stress dependent viscoelasticity ratios, and the selection of the composition exploits stress dependent synergism of the viscoelasticity functions. Also used is auxilary procedure for composition selection is based on verified blending laws accounting for interaction and shear effects. Evaluation of the performance characteristics (“mechanical properties”) is illustrated with a modified Kerner model.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260113
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  • 97
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    Panel and general discussion on the future of industrial polymer blends (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 116-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260117
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic behavior of a single screw plasticating extruder part I: Experimental study (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 144-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic responses of a 2-1/2 inch single screw plasticating extruder and extrusion line were investigated. Step changes in screw speed, take-up speed, back pressure, and processing materials were used to determine the transient responses of barrel pressures, die pressure, melt temperature, and extrudate thickness. Dynamic responses of the entire extrusion line can be explained by the flow mechanism of the extruder and the logical properties of the polymer used. A capillary rheometer was also used to determine if it could simulate pressure responses in the extruder for screw speed changes. Results showed that capillary rheometer was helpful in estimating the short term pressure responses in the die.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260206
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    The effect of radical desorption on the particle size distribution in vinyl acetate emulsion polymerization (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of free radical desorption is studied by using a mathematical model of particle size distribution in continuous emulsion polymerization. By comparing the theoretical prediction with experimental data, the value of Do for the vinyl acetate (VAc) system is best chosen as 0.19 × 10-7 cm2/h. The effect of radical desorption as well as mean residence time on the absolute particle size distribution, total concentration of polymer particles, conversion, and average number of radicals per polymer particle are analyzed by the model proposed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260203
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  • 100
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    Electrically conductive composites prepared from polymer particles coated with metals by electroless deposition (1986)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 26 (1986), S. 139-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polystyrene particles were coated by electroless deposition of copper, nickel or copper and nickel. The metal-coated polystyrene particles were molded at high temperature and pressure into plaques, in which the metallic shell continuity was preserved and a continuous conducting metal network was formed. Very high conductivities at low metal concentrations (less than 1 percent v/v) are obtained by this procedure. The resistivity, dielectric constant, and dissipation factor of these metal containing composites are presented as functions of the metal concentration, frequency, and temperature. The metal containing composites exhibit reasonable flexural properties.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760260205
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