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  • GEOPHYSICS  (2,353)
  • Organic Chemistry  (930)
  • General Chemistry  (921)
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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
  • ddc:330
  • 2015-2019  (45)
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  • 2015-2019  (45)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (4,199)
  • 1945-1949  (277)
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  • 1
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Phil Szuromi
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-07-08
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-07-15
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-07-22
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-07-01
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-06-10
    Description: Transition metal–catalyzed arylation of C–H bonds has been intensively studied for forming C–C bonds in complex-molecule synthesis (1). An acidic C–H bond (for example, one near a double bond or an O atom) is cleaved to form a carbon–metal bond, which then couples to arene. Many of these organometallic species can be generated catalytically. Much less research has dealt with unreactive nonacidic sp3 C–H bond functionalization (3). On page 1304 of this issue, Shaw et al. (3) report an efficient and general method that focuses on arylation of sp3 C–H bonds at carbon atoms adjacent to amines and to cyclic ethers by combining nickel, visible-light photoredox, and hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) catalysis. Author: Corinne Fruit
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-06-10
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-09-07
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-05-20
    Description: Antibiotics have been taking it on the chin lately. Not only has resistance to the anti-infective medications been growing, but drug companies have been dropping antibiotic research programs, because the drugs are difficult and expensive to make. Now, new help is on the way. Researchers report this week that they've found a way to churn out new members of one of the most widely used classes of antibiotics. These drugs, called macrolides, were first developed in the 1950s and now represent a major bulwark against infections. A bevy of possible new drugs in this class could lead to new weapons against antibiotic-resistant infections, and possibly save millions of lives. Author: Robert F. Service
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-04-22
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-04-29
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-05-13
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-04-01
    Description: The SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction, X− + RY → XR + Y−, is a paradigm reaction in organic chemistry (1). The modern understanding of the SN2 reaction mechanism is based on work of Hughes and Ingold (2), who proposed that the nucleophile (X−) approaches the carbon atom that bears the leaving group (Y−). As a result, the bond between the carbon atom and the leaving group becomes weakened. As this bond breaks and a new bond forms between the nucleophile and the carbon atom, the configuration of the carbon atom is inverted. Analyses of gas-phase reaction rates led to the suggestion of a potential energy surface (PES) with two wells connected by a central barrier transition state (3). Electronic structure calculations have confirmed this picture for some SN2 reactions (4), but recent studies have shown that the actual reaction dynamics may be considerably more complex (see the figure) (5–8). Authors: Jing Xie, William L. Hase
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-04-01
    Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-11-18
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-11-18
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-12-09
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 21
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-10-21
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Organic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2020-10-13
    Description: Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den strukturkonservierenden Regime-Elementen der deutschen Energieversorgung. Methodisch wird dabei der Transitionsansatz von Geels genutzt. Mithilfe der Multi-Level-Perspektive wird am Beispiel der örtlichen Stromverteilnetze gezeigt: Innovationen finden in Nischen statt und müssen die Hemmnisse und das Beharrungsvermögen des nuklear-fossilen Altregimes überwinden, Anhand empirischer Analysen wird gezeigt, dass die Widerstandsfähigkeit sowie die kollektive Marktmacht des etablierten Regimes auf der Stromverteilnetzebene die zur Transformation der Energiewirtschaft erforderliche Dezentralisierung entscheidend ausbremst. Auf der anderen Seite wird dargelegt, dass Stadtwerke als örtliche Verteilnetzbetreiber wichtige Schlüsselakteure der deutschen Energiewende sind und zahlreiche Voraussetzungen erfüllen, einen grundlegenden Strukturwandel voranzutreiben. Der Trend zur Rekommunalisierung und zur Neugründung von Stadtwerken belegt dabei den Wunsch einer Verstärkung kommunalpolitischer Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten. In diesem Kontext werden Zielvorstellungen formuliert und auf erfolgversprechende Strategien zur Veränderung des Altregimes eingegangen.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2020-10-13
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 34
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    Bonn : Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Description: Die Europäische Kommission hat ihren Aktionsplan zur Kreislaufwirtschaft vorgelegt, der stark auf die wirtschaftlichen Vorteile geschlossener Stoffkreisläufe abzielt. Die potenziellen Beiträge zur verbesserten Ressourceneffizienz sollten dabei nicht als selbstverständlich angenommen werden.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Description: Technologische Innovationen können dazu beitragen, unser auf fossilen Energieträgern basierendes Energiesystem schneller und kostengünstiger zu einem nachhaltigen Energiesystem zu transformieren. Venture Capital-Investoren spielen dafür eine wichtige Rolle. Sie stellen jungen Technologiefirmen Kapital und Expertise zur Verfügung, um innovative Technologien erfolgreich zu entwickeln und zu kommerzialisieren. Wieso aber tätigen Venture Capital-Investoren in Deutschland bisher nur einen geringen Anteil ihrer Investitionen im Erneuerbare-Energien-Sektor? Gibt es Investitionshemmnisse, die speziell diesen Sektor für sie unattraktiv machen oder sind sie einfach nur ineffizient darin, einem vergleichsweise jungen Technologiesektor Kapital zur Verfügung zu stellen? Oliver Keilhauer geht diesen Fragen nach. Seine empirischen Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen, dass sektorspezifische Besonderheiten wie die Ungewissheit der staatlichen Förderung und ein nur geringes finanzielles Renditepotential die Investitionstätigkeit im Erneuerbare-Energien-Sektor einschränken. Sie zeigen aber auch, dass Investoren mit zunehmender Erfahrung besser mit diesen Hindernissen umgehen können. Hieraus ergeben sich erstmals klare Handlungsempfehlungen, wie sich das Investitionsumfeld für Venture Capital-Investoren zielgerichtet verbessern lässt.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2018-11-23
    Description: Die Analphabeten des einundzwanzigsten Jahrhunderts werden nach Alvin Toffler diejenigen sein, die nicht lernen, verlernen und umlernen können. In kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen ist jedoch gerade der Faktor Qualifikation bzw. Lernen häufig eine zentrale Schwachstelle. Ausgehend von Projekterfahrungen werden Strategien zu ihrer Behebung vorgestellt.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 41
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    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2021-05-07
    Description: This article reviews the literature on the past cost dynamics of various renewable, fossil fuel and nuclear electricity generation technologies. It identifies 10 different factors which have played key roles in influencing past cost developments according to the literature. These 10 factors are: deployment-induced learning, research, development and demonstration (RD&D)-induced learning, knowledge spillovers from other technologies, upsizing, economies of manufacturing scale, economies of project scale, changes in material and labour costs, changes in fuel costs, regulatory changes, and limits to the availability of suitable sites. The article summarises the relevant literature findings for each of these 10 factors and provides an overview indicating which factors have impacted on which generation technologies. The article also discusses the insights gained from the review for a better understanding of possible future cost developments of electricity generation technologies. Finally, future research needs, which may support a better understanding of past and future cost developments, are identified.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Businesses are under increasing pressure to improve the resource efficiency of their products and services. There is a need for practical tools that enable businesses to implement resource efficiency in their value chains. In this paper, a mixed-method approach for assessing the life-cycle-wide use of natural resources in products and services is applied in a case study on a coffee value chain of the company Mars Incorporated. Material inputs along the entire chain were assessed quantitatively using the Material Input Per unit of Service method, while a semi-quantitative Hot Spot Analysis was performed to identify environmental hot spots. This mixed-method approach has been implemented for the first time in practice to assess the value-chain-wide resource consumption and environmental impacts within a specific value chain of Mars Incorporated. The paper concludes that combining the methods provides better insights into the value chain than using just one of either of the methods alone. For the company, the approach has proven to be practicable because it identifies improvement options and their value-chain-wide resource efficiency potential.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: This chapter discusses the question of ecologically differentiated value added taxes (VAT) as a tool to overcome tax-related cognitive barriers by connecting to an existing tax system. This is elaborated along several aspects: (a) The role indirect of consumption taxes for the economy, (b) the legal issues of the VAT system, (c) the EU harmonization efforts in this context, (d) the distributional implications of value added taxes. Following this, the chapter develops a proposal for a VAT reform (e). To this end, it looks at potential and existing differentiations between sectors, products and services, and product and service groups and turns to those consumption areas that are widely identified as particularly resource and carbon intensive and sets out how a harmonization of the overall system and an ecological differentiation in single consumption areas could be brought together. Potential impacts and effects are briefly discussed (f) and some conclusions are drawn (g). The subject addressed in the chapter is relevant from a policy perspective but mainly descriptive: It does not use innovative qualitative and quantitative tools.
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 46
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Apollo 17 infrared scanning radiometer (ISR) experiment for mapping lunar surface thermal emission is reported. The instrument, lunar surface coverage, and the data obtained are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: On the Apollo 17 mission, a miniature mass spectrometer, called the lunar atmospheric composition experiment (LACE), was carried to the moon as part of the Apollo lunar surface experiments package (ALSEP) to study the composition of and variation in the lunar atmosphere. The instrument was successfully deployed in the Taurus-Littrow valley with its entrance aperture oriented upward to intercept and measure the downward flux of gases at the lunar surface. Initial activation of the LACE instrument occurred on December 27, 1972, approximately 50 hr after sunset, and operation continued throughout the first lunar night. Sunrise brought a high background gas level and necessitated discontinuing operation during lunar daytime except for a brief check near noon. Near sunset, operation was resumed and continued throughout the night. This sequence was repeated for the second and third lunations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 48
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-02
    Description: Atmospheric electricity must be considered in the design, transportation, and operation of aerospace vehicles. The effect of the atmosphere as an insulator and conductor of high voltage electricity, at various atmospheric pressures, must also be considered. The vehicle can be protected as follows: (1) By insuring that all metallic sections are connected by electrical bonding so that the current flow from a lightning stroke is conducted over the skin without any gaps where sparking would occur or current would be carried inside; (2) by protecting buildings and other structures on the ground with a system of lightning rods and wires over the outside to carry the lightning stroke into the ground; (3) by providing a zone of protection for launch complexes; (4) by providing protection devices in critical circuits; (5) by using systems which have no single failure mode; and (6) by appropriate shielding of units sensitive to electromagnetic radiation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Terrest. Environ. (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Develop., 1973 Rev.; 28 p
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2006-04-02
    Description: Earth viewing space missions offer exciting new possibilities in several earth resources disciplines - geography, hydrology, agriculture, geology, and oceanography, to name a few. A most useful tool in planning experiments and applying space technology to earth observation is a statistical description of atmospheric parameters. Four dimensional atmospheric models and a world wide cloud model are used to produce atmospheric attenuation models to predict degradation effects for all classes of sensors for application to earth sensing experiments from spaceborne platforms. To insure maximum utility and application of these products, the development of an interaction model of microwave energy and atmospheric variables provides a complete description of the effects of atmospheric moisture upon microwaves.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Terrest. Environ. (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Develop., 1973 Rev.; 21 p
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  • 50
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: An elastic plate model is used to describe the origin of intermediate and deep earthquakes. It is shown that the earth is covered by about eight tectonic plates that have relative motions; along plate boundary lines, one plate thrusting under the other, causes deflection and buckling of the elastic plate structure in regions of maximum curvature that may trigger earthquakes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 220-223
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  • 51
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Tracking of the Beacon Explorer-C satellite by a precision laser system was used to measure the polar motion and solid earth tide. The tidal perturbation of satellite latitude is plotted as variation in maximum latitude in seconds of arc on earth's surface as a function of the date, and polar motion is shown by plotting the variation in latitude of the laser in seconds of arc along the earth's surface as a function of date
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 216-219
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: A computer program was developed for the calculation of a goid based upon a combination of satellite and surface gravity data. A detailed gravimetric geoid of North America, the North Atlantic, Eurasia, and Australia was derived by using this program.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 212-215
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  • 53
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Satellite applications in earth and ocean dynamic studies are considered for: earthquake hazard assessment and alleviation; prediction of general ocean circulation, surface currents, and heat transport; monitoring of transient phenomena of the ocean surface, such as sea state and wave conditions, wind-surface interactions and storm searches; and refinement of the global geoid, the gravity and magnetic fields of the earth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 211
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Diurnal temperature variations in the upper atmosphere are caused by heating resulting from the absorption of solar energy by ozone near the stratopause and by water vapor in the troposphere. Theoretical temperature variations given as a function of time and height show a discrepancy for the maximum temperature variation. A comprehensive set of acoustic grande soundings establish phase changes with altitude in agreement with the theory although times of maximum and minimum are not aligned at all altitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 205-208
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  • 55
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Atmospheric radiation models and methods of computing radiation effects are reported that are important both in the meteorological and Earth Resources Satellite programs. Results of using them to compute the atmospheric effects on just the ERTS observations are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 193-195
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Medium resolution infrared radiometer observations at the 6.7 micrometer and the 11 micrometer regions by satellite during the maximum intensification phase of hurricane Camille show increasing black body temperatures near the center. This is attributed to increased upward vertical motion in the interior of the cyclone, which is an indication of rapid intensification.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 196-200
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Spectral signatures of phytoplankton and other obscuring effects are considered in order to determine how to best use satellite data. The results of this study were then used to analyze the spectral data obtained from the ERTS-1 multispectral scanner (MSS). The analyzed satellite data were finally compared with surface ship measurements of chlorophyll concentration. It was found that the effects of water turbidity on the multispectral imagery can be discriminated by rationing the two shortest wavelength channels so that the effect of phytoplankton is enhanced.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 190-192
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  • 58
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Remote sensing by ERTS-1 provides overlapping coverage on sequential days of dynamic changes in Arctic Sea ice and allows for route planning of shipping in the polar region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 182-186
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  • 59
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: The applicability of multispectral ERTS-1 imagery to polar ice detection, local current effects, map corrections, relative lake depth measurements, and estimates of ice breakup is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 178-181
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  • 60
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: An overview is given of research and development activities at the Laboratory for Meteorology and Earth Sciences. Highlights of satellite techniques in earth observation missions and projects are outlined, as are remote sensing methods by aircraft overflights; most noteworthy among these is the development of multispectral scanners that monitor both the reflected infrared solar radiation and the emitted terrestrial radiation. The application of observations to the survey of environmental conditions and resource management is emphasized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 161-177
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  • 61
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A review is presented of theories and observations of current sheets in the magnetosphere, emphasizing the magnetopause and tail current sheets. Theoretical models of the magnetopause current sheet can be divided into two types: specular reflection and fluid models containing no external magnetic field, and models with an interplanetary/magnetosheath magnetic field. Our understanding of the first type is much better than of the second, although magnetospheric observations indicate that the external magnetic field plays an important role. Most of the theoretical models of the tail current sheet attempt to arrive at an understanding of the reconnection process or start with the assumption that reconnection is important. Observations are reviewed and implications for the models are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 62
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is shown that the fields of velocity, eddy viscosity, potential temperature, and specific humidity in a planetary boundary layer are decoupled by the introduction of a free parameter, Q, which combines the effects of thermal and humidity stratification. Solutions of the whole system are shown to be obtainable by the method of trial and error on Q. Results show good agreement when both the thermal and humidity stratification are accounted for.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 101; Aug. 197
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  • 64
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of the magnetospheric morphology, using the method of the Delta B topology, where Delta B is the difference between the observed and a reference field. It is confirmed that Delta B continuously decreases inward to close distances from the earth at all local times. Extrapolating the statistical relation between Dst at the ground and the equatorial Delta B obtained from OGO-5 near perigee, it is shown that Dst is 54 gammas, when Delta B is zero at approximately 2 to 3 earth radii. Conversely, for a magnetically quiet condition as defined by Dst = 0, the average equatorial Delta B at these distances is -45 gammas. These results demonstrate the significance of the effects of the magnetospheric equatorial current that exists even at quiet times. A preliminary study of inclination shows that the field lines on the dusk side are more stretched out than on the dawn side. A comparison of declination on both sides indicates that the bending of the field lines toward the tail is greater near dusk than near dawn. These results suggest an appreciable dawn-dusk asymmetry in the configuration of the inner magnetospheric field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 21; Dec. 197
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  • 66
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recently, Svalgaard and Heppner reported two separate features of the polar electromagnetic field that correlate with the dawn-dusk component of the interplanetary magnetic field. This work attempts to explain these findings in terms of properties of the open magnetosphere. The topology and qualitative properties of the open magnetosphere are first studied by means of a simple model, consisting of a dipole in a constant field. Many such properties are found to depend on the separation line, a curve connecting neutral points and separating different field line regimes. In the simple model it turns out that the electric field in the central polar cap tends to point from dawn to dusk for a wide variety of external fields, but, near the boundary of the polar cap, electric equipotentials are deformed into crescents.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Nov. 1
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A computer program is developed which predicts the vertical distribution of an absorbing species in an isotropically-scattering, finite planetary atmosphere from measurements of the upwelling band radiance determined by a vertically traversing 2-channel radiometer. Comparison is made with experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; 13; Dec. 197
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of the altitude profile of electron temperature in the ionospheric D region with the aid of a symmetric double probe flown on a Nike-Cajun payload launched on Oct. 13, 1971. The procedure for determining the electron temperature from the parameters of the double probe's current-voltage characteristic under conditions of nonnegligible ion-atom collision frequencies is described. It is shown that in its first lower ionospheric application the technique of the symmetric double probe has yielded the lowest values of electron temperature yet measured and has provided the very first direct measurement of electron temperature in the D region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Nov. 1
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of the temperature-density phase anomaly on the basis of a quasi-three-dimensional model in which the thermosphere dynamics associated with wind circulation is considered in a self-consistent form. Included in this analysis are the first three harmonics, which involve nonlinear coupling between diurnal and semidiurnal tides. It is shown that the phase anomaly with exospheric temperature peaks near 1600 LT and mass density peaks between 1400 and 1445 LT can be reproduced in a self-consistent theory without invoking ad hoc assumptions and boundary conditions that would mask the physical processes to be explored. A number of factors and processes are found to contribute to the phase anomaly, including the semidiurnal and particularly the terdiurnal components, heat advection, diffusion, and energy coupling with the lower atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Nov. 1
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  • 70
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The fundamental physical and chemical processes in an idealized planetary ionosphere are considered as a general abstraction, with actual planetary ionospheres representing special cases. After describing the structure of the neutral atmospheres (the barosphere, the thermosphere, and the exosphere) and noting the principal ionizing radiations responsible for the formation of planetary ionospheres, a detailed study is made of the thermal structure of these ionospheres and of the chemical processes and plasma-transport processes occurring in them. The features of equilibrium and realistic models of planetary ionospheres are discussed, and an attempt is made to determine the extent of these ionospheres. Considering the ionosphere as a plasma, a plasma kinetic approach is developed for determining the effects of interactions between individual particles and waves in this plasma. The use of remote-sensing radio techniques and direct measurement or in situ techniques is discussed. Finally, the observed properties of the ionospheres of the Earth, Mars, Venus, and Jupiter are reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The meaning and characteristics of basic and average convection (i.e., electric field) patterns are described. The continuous existence of the basic convection pattern argues against treating magnetic field merging mechanisms as the fundamental cause of magnetospheric convection. However, whether related to merging or to some other mechanism, interplanetary magnetic field conditions significantly modulate the distribution, magnitudes, and boundaries of the convection pattern. A previous correlation between azimuthal angles of the interplanetary magnetic field and asymmetries in polar cap electric field distributions as seen by OGO-6 is reviewed. A new approach is taken to reveal correlations with the north-south angle and magnitude of the interplanetary field as well as additional features which correlate with the azimuthal angle. Both significant correlations and conditions which show a lack of correlation are found. Several aspects of the correlations appear to be particularly important.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations, from the Apollo 16 Spacecraft, in lunar orbit, of the total radiance of the K + F corona, from 3 to 55 solar radii are presented and discussed. The logarithmic slope of the K + F coronal radiance, at distances greater than 20 solar radii, is found to be n equals 1.93, slightly less steep than previous determinations. The photometric axis of the radiance is found to be displaced 3 plus or minus 1 deg north of the ecliptic, at distances greater than 20 solar radii, and this displacement is interpreted as an annual variation due to non-coincidence of the ecliptic and the symmetry axis of the zodiacal cloud.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 21; Dec. 197
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  • 73
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Magnetic hysteresis loops and the derived hysteresis ratios R sub H and R sub I are used to classify the various natural dilute magnetic materials. R sub I is the ratio of saturation isothermal remanence (I sub R) to saturation (I sub S) magnetization, and R sub H is the ratio of remanent coercive force (H sub R) to coercive force (H sub C). The R sub H and R sub I values depend on grain size, the characteristics of separate size modes in mixtures of grains of high and low coercivity, and the packing characteristics. Both R sub H and R sub I are affected by thermochemical alterations of the ferromagnetic fraction. Hysteresis loop constriction is observed in lunar samples, chondrite meteorites, and thermochemically altered basaltic rocks, and is due to mixtures of components of high and low coercivity. Discrete ranges of R sub H and R sub I for terrestrial and lunar samples and for chondrite meteorites provide for a classification of these natural materials based on their hysteresis properties.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 20; 1, Se; Sept
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The ultraviolet earth radiance data from the backscatter ultraviolet experiment on Nimbus 4 have been inverted to infer ozone profiles using a single Rayleigh scattering model. Two methods of solution give essentially the same results. Comparison of these profiles with simultaneous rocket sounding data shows satisfactory agreement at low and middle latitudes. Vertical cross-sections of ozone mixing ratio along the orbital tracks indicate that while the gross characteristics of the ozone field above 10 mb are under photochemical control, the influence of atmospheric motions can be found up to the 4 mb level.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of some of the procedures and results of the double monochromator and colinear photometer Nimbus-4 satellite experiment that measures ultraviolet terrestrial radiance, Lambert reflectivity of the lower boundary of the scattering atmosphere, and extraterrestrial solar irradiance. The experiment has produced nearly three years of almost continuous data which are being used to infer the high-level ozone distribution and total ozone on a global basis. The high-level ozone data have been verified by independent coincident rocket ozone soundings, and the total ozone values show good agreement with Dobson spectrophotometer determinations. An increase has been observed in equatorial radiance at 2550 A relative to 2900 A, which seems to indicate that the amount of ozone in the upper stratosphere is related to the eleven-year solar cycle.
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent Jimsphere/Jimsonde measurements of tropospheric temperature profile spectra in the wavelength band from 50 to 2000 meters above the atmospheric boundary layer, taken over Cape Kennedy, Florida, are summarized. The results suggest that the spectra can be represented in the nondimensional form (omega sub g/sigma sub w)phi(k)/sigma sub T squared = S(K), where phi(k) is the temperature profile spectrum at wave number k, omega sub g is the Brunt-Vasala frequency, sigma sub w and sigma sub T denote the standard deviations of the vertical velocity and temperature profiles, and S is a universal function of nondimensional wave number K = k sigma sub w/omega sub g.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 20
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  • 77
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Since May 1970, personnel on several campuses of the University of California have been conducting investigations which seek to determine the usefulness of modern remote sensing techniques for studying various components of California's earth resources complex. Emphasis has been given to California's water resources as exemplified by the Feather River project and other aspects of the California Water Plan. This study is designed to consider in detail the supply, demand, and impact relationships. The specific geographic areas studied are the Feather River drainage in northern California, the Chino-Riverside Basin and Imperial Valley areas in southern California, and selected portions of the west side of San Joaquin Valley in central California. An analysis is also given on how an effective benefit-cost study of remote sensing in relation to California's water resources might best be made.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 7 p
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The areas of focus of the Santa Barbara and Riverside groups in conducting water demand studies are the central and southern California regional test sites, respectively. Within each test site, sub-areas have been selected for use in the making of detailed investigations. Within each of these sub-areas an in-depth evaluation is being made as to the capability of remote sensing systems to provide pertinent data relative to water demand phenomena. These more limited sub-areas are: (1) Kern County and the San Joaquin Basin; (2) Chino-Riverside Basin; and (3) the Imperial Valley. Rational for the selection of these subareas included the following: Much of the previous remote sensing research had been conducted in these areas and therefore a great deal of remote sensing imagery and pertinent ground truth for the areas was already available.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 71 p
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The primary test site for water supply investigations continues to be the Feather River watershed in northeastern California. This test site includes all of the area draining into and including the Oroville Reservoir. The principal effort is to determine the extent to which remote sensing techniques, when properly employed, can provide information useful to those persons concerned with the management and planning of lands and facilities for the production of water, using the Oroville Reservoir and the California Water Project as the focus for the study. In particular, emphasis is being placed on determining the cost effectiveness of information derived through remote sensing as compared with that currently being derived through more conventional means.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 110 p
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  • 80
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The barium cloud injection deep into the magnetosphere of Sept. 21, 1971, has revealed that the quiet-time near-equatorial nightside magnetic field is significantly different from that predicted by existing quite-time models. The influence of currents flowing on or near the geomagnetic equator gives the field a more tail-like structure at a distance as close as 5 earth radii. Several models have been tried out to obtain a best fit to the experimental observations of the shape of the field-aligned ion cloud. Although this method does not lead to a unique solution, the most acceptable option emerging from this analysis is a quiet-time tilted image-dipole model with a Williams-Mead tail field and a disclike ring current on the geomagnetic equator.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper reviews the optical data obtained by NASA in the joint NASA-MPE experiment conducted on September 21, 1971, involving the release of a barium cloud at an altitude of about 31,500 km over Colombia, South America. The data indicated an anomalously high rate of elongation and an unexpectedly large rate of deceleration of the main core of the ion cloud. The outermost striational features achieved a steady velocity within a few minutes, thus indicating that they had acquired the velocity of the ambient plasma. From the observed drift of these striations, one deduces an electric field that, when referred to a coordinate system rotating with the earth, has a meridional component directed toward the interior of the magnetic loop of 0.14 mV/m and a component perpendicular to the meridional plane of 0.15 mV/m directed to the west.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Amplitudes and phases for the diurnal and semidiurnal variations of thermospheric molecular nitrogen density and temperature are determined from data obtained by six rocket-launched thermosphere probes. The semidiurnal tide is significant for the lower thermosphere variations, where it could dominate in the N2 density at 140 km and in the temperature for altitudes between 170 and 200 km. At exospheric heights, the magnitudes of the semidiurnal modes in density and temperature are significantly smaller than those of the diurnal mode. The temperature phase is height-dependent in both diurnal and semidiurnal components below 200 km, thus contributing to phase differences between N2 density and temperature in both modes. No significant phase differences are apparent between N2 density and thermospheric temperature above 250 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The atomic oxygen emission line at 6300 A as measured in the nadir direction by a photometer on the polar-orbiting satellite Ogo 4 has been plotted between 40 deg N and 40 deg S latitude on a series of maps for the moon-free periods between Aug. 30, 1967, and Jan. 10, 1968. Readily apparent are the longitudinal and local time variations that occur during the northern fall-winter season. The northern tropical arc is more widespread; the southern arc is not present at all longitudes. The arcs in early evening are strong and distinct, separated by very low emission rates at the magnetic equator. The arcs lie generally along magnetic parallels, move toward the magnetic equator as the night progresses, and, in the early morning hours, decrease in emission rate and degenerate into patches.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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  • 84
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Photoelectric observations are reported of two occultations of Jupiter's satellite Europa by the satellite Io. The reductions in the intensity during these events exceeds predicted values by 80% and 55% for the nights of June 17, 1973, and June 24, 1973, respectively. It is concluded that Europa has a bright polar cap extending from the north pole to latitude 30 deg. The light curves for the Europa occultations are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 244; Aug. 31
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  • 85
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A technique is given for obtaining exact analytical solutions for wind-driven currents in a shallow lake or sea with a large class of bottom topographies which may or may not contain an island. Welander's second-order partial differential equation for the lake's surface displacement is used for determining the lake circulation. The technique, together with some results based on conformal mapping, is used to reduce the problem of finding solutions to Welander's equation for a closed body of water to the problem of solving an ordinary differential equation. The method is applied to an elliptically shaped lake and a circular lake containing an eccentrically located circular island.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics; 26; Aug. 197
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Simultaneous rocket measurements of electric field and optical aurora during a weak PCA event are presented. The aurora consisted of faint structures superposed on a homogeneous glow, and on-board photometers showed that the rocket passed through two discrete auroral forms. These enhanced auroral emissions coincided with variations in the dc electric field and an increase in the ac field. A detailed comparison between electric fields and optical emissions shows that the relation is quite complex. The results are compared with earlier electric field and optical auroral measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 35; Oct. 197
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  • 87
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Numerical calculations for the electric current in the polar ionosphere have been made by assuming some realistic distributions of the electric field and conductivity. Two dynamo actions are taken into account; one of which is induced by ionospheric winds and the other by the solar wind. For the solar wind dynamo action, it is found that the secondary polarization field caused by nonuniform distribution of ionospheric conductivity is much larger than the primary field induced by the solar wind, suggesting its important effect on charged particles in the magnetosphere, and that the irrotational current having a source and sink is of the same order of magnitude as the solenoidal current closing its circuit in the ionosphere. It is also found that the solar wind is, in general, more effective than the ionospheric winds in producing polar current systems such as DP 1 and 2, but in some cases the ionospheric winds have a significant effect on the current distribution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 21; Aug. 197
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A photochemical model with vertical transport is employed to compute profiles of CO, CH4, CH3, CH2, CHO, CH2O, CH3O, CH3O2, and CH4O2 from 10- to 90-km altitude. The upper boundary condition is taken as diffusive equilibrium at 120 km, and the lower boundary condition as chemical equilibrium or a flux condition at 10 km. The results are in reasonable agreement with observations and with the results of other model studies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Aug. 20
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  • 89
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent high-resolution observations by Reynolds, Roesler, and Scherb identify the low-intensity nighttime H-alpha and H-beta emission components that originate in the geocorona. They suggest that a Balmer-line-producing mechanism such as the one proposed by Kondo and Kupperian is perhaps responsible for generating the H-alpha and H-beta components of the geocorona. A theoretical calculation was performed using this model in which the geocorona hydrogen is excited through collision with the electrons. The results agree well with the observed intensity ratio, H-alpha/H-beta = 4 to 5. Other consequences of this excitation mechanism are also discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 184; Aug. 15
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements of magnetic field variations and proton energy densities on Explorer 45 during the double magnetic storm of Dec. 16 through 19, 1971. Data are given for the magnetic signature of the ring current and for the proton ring current up to distances of 5.24 earth radii. Diagrams are included for orbits 99, 101, 102, and 103.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Aug. 1
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  • 91
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Model calculations are made to explain the behavior of the potential of a pair of symmetrical floating probes used for the measurement of dc electric fields inside the plasmapause on the S3-A satellite launched on Nov. 15, 1971, into an eccentric orbit. Data representing the behavior of three regions of the plasmapause on and around Dec. 17, 1971, are discussed. The behavior of the plasmapause is found to be generally similar to that determined by previous observations involving variable magnetic activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Aug. 1
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of the energy spectra and pitch angle distributions of ring current protons observed with the solid-state proton detector of Explorer 45 during the main and fast recovery phases of a storm on Dec. 17, 1971. Appearances of characteristic changes in the pitch angle distributions of roughly 100-eV protons are interpreted as pitch angle dispersion of rapidly injected protons during their azimuthal drift at L values above 5.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Aug. 1
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Proton density energy distributions during two magnetic storms on Dec. 16 and 18, 1971, are derived from proton detector data of the S3-A satellite and are analyzed to show the contrast in the ring current developments during the two events. Ground magnetograms are also used in the analysis to show the magnetic field variations during the storms. Satellite orbits 97 through 103 are covered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Aug. 1
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data from several Isis-2 spacecraft passes are described in which the 6300-A atomic oxygen red line photometer mapped intensity steps resembling the predawn enhancement. Comparison with the electron density measured at the spacecraft indicates a plasmapause influence on the 6300-A emission rate, in that the intensity varies roughly inversely with the electron density at 1400 km. A simple calculation demonstrates the idea that field line opacity differences for photoelectrons are significant across the plasmapause. The measured electron temperatures are inadequate to account for the 6300-A excitation, thus confirming that it must arise from another mechanism.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Aug. 1
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The electron temperatures that would be determined (using the conventional single-temperature analysis) by the electrostatic probe, the diffuse resonance, and the radar backscatter techniques in an isotropic two-temperature plasma are presented. Plasma models corresponding to the addition of a minor component of energetic electrons and models corresponding to a process that cools a fraction of the ionospheric electrons are considered. The diffuse resonance temperature is found to lie between the probe and radar backscatter temperatures. The isotropic models corresponding to the addition of energetic electrons cannot support the reported discrepancies between radio wave and probe electron temperature measurements. Temperature differences similar to the observed differences can be produced by models with a fraction of the electrons at a temperature cooler than that of the main component of electrons. These models, however, are difficult to explain in terms of present understanding of the ionospheric plasma.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Aug. 1
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 30; July 197
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 30; July 197
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The EOLE experiment with 480 constant-volume balloons distributed over the Southern Hemisphere approximately at the 200-mb level, has provided a unique, highly accurate set of tracer trajectories in the general westerly circulation. The trajectories of neighboring balloons are analyzed to estimate the horizontal divergence from the Lagrangian derivative of the area of one cluster. The variance of the divergence estimates results from two almost comparable effects: the true divergence of the horizontal flow and eddy diffusion due to small-scale, two-dimensional turbulence. Taking this into account, the rms divergence is found to be of the order of 0.00001 per sec and decreases logarithmically with cluster size. This scale dependence is shown to be consistent with the quasi-geostrophic turbulence model of the general circulation in midlatitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 30; July 197
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 244; July 13
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An airborne laser fluorosensor for the detection of algae in the sea has been developed. The system transmits dye laser radiation at 590 nm and monitors the fluorescent emission at 685 nm from chlorophyll-a bearing microorganisms. The system was successfully flown over the test areas of Lake Ontario and Chesapeake Bay. The device is sensitive to a fraction of mg/cu-M chlorophyll-a density in the water from an altitude of 30 m.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 12; July 197
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