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  • General Chemistry  (1,169)
  • SPACE VEHICLES  (556)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (543)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (435)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (393)
  • Deutschland
  • 1970-1974  (2,651)
  • 1945-1949  (452)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1973  (2,651)
  • 1949  (340)
  • 1945  (112)
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  • 1970-1974  (2,651)
  • 1945-1949  (452)
  • 1920-1924
Year
  • 1
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    Radiography (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Radiography is discussed as a method for nondestructive evaluation of internal flaws of solids. Gamma ray and X-ray equipment are described along with radiographic film, radiograph interpretation, and neutron radiography.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nondestructive Testing; p 63-99
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  • 2
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    Ultraviolet spectrometer experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The original scientific objectives and the achieved results are discussed. The upper atmosphere was found to have a variable temperature, with a mean exospheric temperature of 325 K; composed predominantley of CO2. Measurements of hydrogen and ozone are analyzed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 53-61
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  • 3
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    Zodiacal light photography (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Polarized and red- and blue-filter photographs of zodiacal light obtained by Apollo 17 are analyzed. Attempts were made to identify the cause of subtle change in the observed light and determine the dust composition of the light. A comparison of red and blue images indicates such changes may be caused by particle size distribution and range, number of particles along any given line of sight, particle surface characteristics including dielectric compared to metallic properties, and variations of the parameters as a function of distance from the sun.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 3 p
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  • 4
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    Effect of photogrammetric reading error on slope-frequency distributions (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The effect of reading error on two hypothetical slope frequency distributions and two slope frequency distributions from actual lunar data in order to ensure that these errors do not cause excessive overestimates of algebraic standard deviations for the slope frequency distributions. The errors introduced are insignificant when the reading error is small and the slope length is large. A method for correcting the errors in slope frequency distributions is presented and applied to 11 distributions obtained from Apollo 15, 16, and 17 panoramic camera photographs and Apollo 16 metric camera photographs.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 5
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    Biocore experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Apollo 17 biological cosmic ray experiment to determine the effect of heavy cosmic ray particles on the brain and eyes is reported. The pocket mouse was selected as the biological specimen for the experiment. The radiation monitors, animal autopsy and animal processing are described, and the radiation effects on the scalp, retina, and viscera are analyzed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 6
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    Ultraviolet spectrometer experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS) onboard the Apollo 17 orbiting spacecraft was used to measure emissions from the lunar atmosphere. The UVS and calibration are discussed along with the lunar atmosphere observations and lunar albedo measurements.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelimin. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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  • 7
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    The nature of interplanetary heavy ions with 0.1 less than E less than 40 MeV/nucleon (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The populations of interplanetary particles were studied by examining the energy spectra in a cosmic ray detector placed in the shade, facing away from the sun. Suprathermal ions of solar origin, and low-energy galactic cosmic rays are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 5 p
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  • 8
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    Quiet time energy spectra of heavy nuclei from 20 to 400 keV/amu (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Glass track detectors were exposed to cosmic rays on the moon from December 11 to 13, 1972, during a period of relatively quiet sun activity as inferred from satellite proton counters. From 80 to 400 keV/amu, the differential flux of heavy cosmic ray nuclei decreases roughly as E to the -2nd power; this result together with the greater flux from the solar than the antisolar direction identify these nuclei as solar in origin.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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  • 9
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    Near-terminator and earthshine photography (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Photographic results obtained during the Apollo 17 flight for the near terminator and earthshine conditions are discussed. Lunar surface photographs taken in the vicinity of the sunshine terminator provide important information that is not obtained on photographs taken at higher sun evaluation angles. Earthshine photography also provides data on low relief, crater morphology, and small scale structures. Examples of photographs of the lunar surface taken under both conditions are provided.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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  • 10
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    Theory of microwave and X-ray emission (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The behaviour of the nonthermal electrons created at the impulsive phase of flares has been deduced from the microwave impulsive bursts and hard X-ray burst by many researchers. There is almost no doubt of the emission mechanisms that radio emissions are due to gyrosynchrotron emission and hard X-rays are collisional bremsstrahlung. However, there remain three controversial problems. One is whether the emission sources of the microwave impulsive burst and hard X-ray burst are common or not. Another is whether the injection of the nonthermal electrons into the source is impulsive or continuous. The other is the relation among the nonthermal electrons, soft X-rays, EUV flash, H-alpha kernels, and white light flares. These three problems are not independent of each other.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 179-187
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  • 11
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    Energetic particles as a source of flare energy (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The production of solar flares by the reservoir of energy generated by sunspot magnetic fields is discussed. Electrons play an important part in the flare process since high energy electrons are responsible for X-ray and radio emission. The energy required in the form of protons trapped in sunspot magnetic fields to produce large solar flares is analyzed. A trigger mechanism is described where the particles can be rapidly dumped into the chromosphere when fast electrons are produced by Coulomb collisions and through pion production by the highest energy protons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 12-18
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  • 12
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    Analysis of the dynamics and frequency spectrum synthesis of an optical-mechanical scanning device (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: A two-coordinate optical-mechanical scanning device (OMSD), the operating unit of which is a scanning disk, with directional and focusing optics and a board, on which the data carrier is placed, is examined. The disk and board are kinematically connected by a transmission mechanism, consisting of a worm and complex gear drive and a tightening screw-nut with correcting device, and it is run by a synchronous type motor. The dynamic errors in the system depend, first, on irregularities in rotation of the disk, fluctuations in its axis and vibrations of the table in the plane parallel to the plane of the disk. The basic sources of the fluctuations referred to above are residual disbalance of the rotor and other rotating masses, the periodic component of the driving torque of the synchronous motor, variability in the resistance, kinematic errors in the drive and other things. The fluctuations can be transmitted to the operating units through the kinematic link as a flexural-torsional system, as well as through vibrations of the housing of the device.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 301-305
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  • 13
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    Experimental research on aerostatic suspensions (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: Suspensions for carrying out experimental investigations, for the purpose of studying a number of problems in dynamics and stability of a suspended cylindrical body at various dynamic loads were investigated in the work. The results of the experimental investigations served as a basis for building a stand with a variable resonator. The experimental stand for suspension of cylindrical object, with a comparatively high natural free vibration frequency in the vertical direction, coinciding with the axis of the suspended object, is distinguished by the possibility of regulating the size of the clearance and is intended for carrying out preliminary experimental studies, for the purpose of selection of optimum aerostatic suspension parameters.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 289-291
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  • 14
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    Measurement of the vibration of structures with a three-component vibration sensor (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The effects of transverse waves and longitudinal displacements on transverse displacements in a plate are studied using a three component vibration sensor. Limitations of using the sensor in such measurements are: (1) sensor connection to the plate leads to changes in transverse displacement points on the plate surface, (2) the sensor has a finite magnitude of selectivity with respect to vibrations in the direction of the different channel axes, (3) longitudinal displacements of plate surface create restrictions on relative sensitivity of sensor to longitudinal-transverse waves, and (4) tranverse displacement of plate surface during longitudinal wave propagation also creates a restriction on sensor sensitivity to transverse waves.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 190-192
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  • 15
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    Vibrational sensitivity of a measuring instrument and methods of increasing the accuracy of its determinations (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The properties and peculiarities of two groups of measuring systems reacting to vibrations are discussed. Specifically, results of the action of a three dimensional, cophasal, monoharmonic vibration on the linear system of a measuring instrument was analyzed. Data are also given on the connection between vibration sensitivity and vibration resistance for instruments, methods for estimating vibration resistance, and formulas for expressing test results of vibration resistance. Experimental data are also given for decreasing errors in nonlinear systems during vibrations.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 188-189
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  • 16
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    New principles of construction of electromechanical vibration inducers (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: Electromechanical vibration inducers with high reliability and low noise level were created to study premature operating losses in their support bearings. An investigation was also made of the feasibility of developing stable synchronous operation of two vibrational inducers, rigidily fastened to a solid body with and without flexible suspension.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 176-178
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  • 17
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    The use of correlation receiving systems for detection of noise sources at short distances (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The use of a directional receiving system to detect noise sources masked by isotropic noise field interference at distances comparable with the distance between the two receivers, was discussed. Wide band noise was also examined. Results indicate the following limitations must be considered when using the method: (1) the system is directional only in the plane of the base, (2) directional power of the system is impaired with a decrease in the bandwidth of the noise source spectrum, (3) the system does not permit unambiguous determination of the direction to noise sources, located on both sides of the base line, and (4) the system has a comparatively low output signal-to-noise ratio.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 171-175
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  • 18
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    The use of film actinometry in low intensity ultraviolet irradiation measurement (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: High resolution film was used to measure solar ultraviolet irradiation at a wavelength of 254 nanometers between energy levels of 3 x 10 to the minus 7 power and 130 x 10 to the minus 7 power joules (3 and 130 ergs). The results imply that the film recorded exposure to energy levels from 2.5 to 13 times the expected values. These high values are being evaluated for the influences of other factors that could affect the recorded values.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 155-168
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  • 19
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    Cuvette loading and unloading procedures (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The cuvettes for the flight hardware used in the Microbial Response to Space Environment Experiment (M191) were loaded with the biological test systems according to the methods described. After the flight, the experiment package was returned and dismantled. Then, the individual cuvettes were removed from the hardware and unloaded according to the procedures described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 41-48
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  • 20
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    Description of the microbial ecology evaluation device, flight equipment, and ground transporter (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Exposure of test systems in space required the fabrication of specialized hardware termed a Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device that had individual test chambers and a complex optical filter system. The characteristics of this device and the manner in which it was deployed in space are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 21-39
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  • 21
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    High Energy Phenomena on the Sun Symposium - summary and outlook (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: A brief summary of the symposium is presented along with an outlook for developments in solar physics.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 625-630
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  • 22
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    Regular pulsations from the solar corona (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Meter-wave pulsations observed at Culgoora are discussed. The characteristics of recorded pulsation events are summarized.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 589-593
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  • 23
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    Modulation of solar cosmic rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Consideration is given to whether the modulation of low energy solar cosmic ray nuclei between the sun and earth can be so extreme that the fluxes observed at 1 AU imply (1) that the cosmic ray energy density in the solar atmosphere is comparable to the thermal energy density, and/or (2) that the cosmic ray intensity is sufficient in the solar atmosphere to produce detectable fluxes of secondary particles such as low energy positrons. It was found that such large modulation is compatible with observations, provided that the modulation occurrence is confined within a solar envelope lying within approximately 0.2 to 0.3 AU of the sun. There is, however, no compelling observational evidence to require that the modulation is this large.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 418-438
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  • 24
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    Decay time of type 3 solar bursts (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Type 3 solar bursts observed by OGO-5, below 600 kHz, were analyzed. Decay times were measured, and collisional decay times were computed for distances out to 1 AU. By fitting power functions to the computed and observed decay times, and using local plasma hypothesis, it was found that the ratio rho of computed observed values varies with heliocentric radial distance according to a power function rho = 3r to the 0.7th power, assuming fundamental emission, and rho = 2r to the 0.7th power, assuming second harmonic emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 537-539
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  • 25
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    Soft X-ray flare spectra (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Large solar flares produce intense soft X-ray emission, indicating the existence of high temperature plasmas that coexist in time with the plasmas responsible for the normally observed brightenings in H-alpha. The time behavior of the X-ray flux, as revealed, for example, by ion chamber detectors on the series of Solrad monitoring satellites, appears to roughly mimic the intensity-time behavior of the H-alpha flare, insofar as start times, times of maximum flux, and approximate decay times are concerned. In recent years, soft X-ray spectra of both active regions and solar flares have been obtained by instruments flown on spacecraft such as the Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) series. The disbursing elements used were Bragg crystals, and in the 8 Angstrom region the resolution is typically approximately 1200. This paper discusses the observed characteristics of X-ray flare spectra and spectroscopic diagnostics for determining electron temperatures, electron densities, and departures from ionization equilibrium within the soft X-ray emitting plasma.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 262-275
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  • 26
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    Theory of solar microwave bursts (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The theory of solar microwave bursts is discussed in terms of gyrosynchrotron emission and absorption in a magnetoactive plasma and other absorption processes by the background medium. Simplified formulas for all turnover frequencies are given. Above about 2 GHz the most likely absorption processes for large bursts are free-free absorption and gyrosynchrotron self-absorption. The former process is capable of producing flux densities which are flat or slowly varying functions of frequency. The latter process sets absolute upper limits on the intensities of microwave bursts, which at a given frequency, depend only on the magnetic field in the source region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 188-197
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  • 27
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    Electrical and acoustical resonances of vibrators (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The basic sources of vibration in electrical machines are identified as: (1) unbalanced masses of the rotor, (2) condition of the bearings, and (3) the electromagnetic field gap. Methods for improving the vibration characteristics of electrical machines are proposed. A mathematical model is developed for calculating the damping elements located between the bearings and the mounts.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 235-238
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  • 28
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    A silicon vidicon camera for slow scan operation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: A silicon vidicon camera was designed, built, and tested to determine its potential for use aboard future Mariner spacecraft. Slow scan operation is made possible by cooling the vidicon to -40 C. Cooling is achieved by a simple thermal condition path between the vidicon and a radiator mounted on top of the camera head. The camera was successfully operated under simulated space flight conditions and has survived vibration designed to simulate the launch of a Mariner spacecraft. A description of the camera and its operation along with the results of the testing is presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 3, No. 2 (NASA-CR-133863); p 27-36
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  • 29
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    Probabilities for the peak flux and fluence of energetic solar protons incident on interplanetary spacecraft (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: Energetic protons injected into interplanetary space in solar particle events can interfere with spacecraft operations and experiments and can cause permanent degradation of some components. For future long term interplanetary and planetary missions, techniques were developed which use solar particle event data from 1956 through 1970 to predict the probability of exceeding any value of peak proton intensity or mission proton fluence. Dependences on proton energy (near 10 to 100 MeV), heliocentric distance, and phase of the solar cycle are included. The techniques are described and applied to the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 mission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 3, No. 2 (NASA-CR-133863); p 37-44
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  • 30
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    Biostack experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Apollo 17 biostack experiment to establish the biological efficiency of individual heavy nuclei particles of galactic cosmic radiation are reported. The experiment theory, interaction of heavy nuclei particles with biologic matter, and the total dose of cosmic ionizing radiation are discussed along with the radiation effects of heavy nuclei on Artemia salina eggs, and Bacillus subtilis.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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  • 31
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    Gamma ray spectrometer experiment, NaI(Tl) detector crystal activation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Preliminary results are presented of data on the extent of the cosmic ray-induced activity obtained by a sodium iodide thallium-activated crystal flown onboard the Apollo 17 command module. Qualitative identification is reported for the following: Na-24, I-123, I-124, I-125, I-126, and Xe-127.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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  • 32
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    Measurements of heavy solar wind and higher energy solar particles during the Apollo 17 mission (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The lunar surface cosmic ray experiment, consisting of sets of mica, glass, plastic, and metal foil detectors, was successfully deployed on the Apollo 17 mission. One set of detectors was exposed directly to sunlight and another set was placed in shade. Preliminary scanning of the mica detectors shows the expected registration of heavy solar wind ions in the sample exposed directly to the sun. The initial results indicate a depletion of very-heavy solar wind ions. The effect is probably not real but is caused by scanning inefficiencies. Despite the lack of any pronounced solar activity, energetic heavy particles with energies extending to 1 MeV/nucleon were observed. Equal track densities of approximately 6000 tracks/cm sq 0.5 microns in length were measured in mica samples exposed in both sunlight and shade.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 33
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    Solar corona photography (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An analysis was made of Apollo 17 solar corona photographs in an effort to identify coronal streamers observed from earth. The photographs corroborate earth based observations; moreover, visual observations made by the Apollo crew indicate clearly identifiable streamers which extend to approximately 100 solar radii.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 3 p
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  • 34
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    Apollo 17 laser altimeter (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The performance and operation of the Apollo 17 laser altimeter after several modifications are discussed. Functions of the instrument include precise altitude measurement of the CSM above the lunar surface, and measurement of broad scale topographic relief around the entire circumference of the moon.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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    Repeatability of elevation measurements: Apollo photography (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Sun elevation angle effects on repeatability, using Apollo 15 photographs are analyzed and results extended to slope related effects. Preliminary results indicate repeatibility of elevation measurement is related to contrast in the stereoscopic image.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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  • 36
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    Photographic summary (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The photographic objectives of the Apollo 17 mission are discussed. The photographic requirements are divided into lunar surface photographs and orbital photographic tasks. The cameras used during the mission are listed and a general description of the tasks for which each was used is provided. Examples of photographs taken during lunar orbit and on the lunar surface are included. The cameras used and the photographic coverage obtained during specific phases of the mission are reported.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 32 p
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  • 37
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    A storm of type 3 bursts observed by RAE-1 in August 1968 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Curves of the number of type 3 bursts as a function of time are presented for six fixed frequencies (2.8, 1.65, 1.31, 0.995, 0.700, and 0.54 MHz). The curves peak at approximately 0500 UT August 20, 1968, and are symmetrical on both sides. Sakurai (1971) has shown that this time correlates well with the CMP of the McMath Region 9597. The maximum rate of bursts is approximately 150 per hour at the higher frequency of 2.8 MHz. Over 20,000 bursts were counted during the 15-day period from August 13 to August 27 when the active region was visible to the earth. A least-squares normal curve has been fitted to the observational data and calculations of variance and standard deviation are given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 552-557
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  • 38
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    Flare-induced MHD disturbances in the corona - Moreton waves and type 2 shocks (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The propagation in the corona of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) disturbance possibly emitted at the explosive stage in the initial phase of a flare is considered. The behavior of the MHD fast-mode wavefront, whose source is located at the flare, is calculated by using eiconal-characteristic method in the High Altitude Observatory (HAO) realistic models of coronal magnetic field and density for the days of some particular flare events. It is shown as the result that the peculiar behavior of Moreton's surface wave and the peculiar appearance in the shape and position of the type 2 burst sources can be consistently understood by considering the refraction, focussing, and formation of shocks of MHD fast-mode disturbance in the actual distribution of Alfven velocity in the corona. Moreton waves seem to appear only when the flare explosion happens to occur at the edge of an active region and faces a low-Alfven-velocity region lying on the surface. The wave, which is initially emitted isotropically is refracted into a direction in which the condition for down-refraction holds to allow chromospheric reentrance of disturbance.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 577-588
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  • 39
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    Solar flare observations and solar flare models (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The use of solar flare models based on specific and detailed observations of solar flares is discussed. A process for determining the validity of various solar models is analyzed. The process relegates the infall-impact model for flares to a secondary role in high energy solar events. The strictly thermal infall-impact model cannot lead to temperatures greater than five million degrees K. Another process is needed to explain the high energy aspects of solar flares which are related to temperatures equal to or greater than 10 to the 7th power degrees K, nonthermal X-ray and radio emissions, white light flares, high energy particles from the sun, and gamma ray producing particles in the sun.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 19-25
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  • 40
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    Identification of a mechanical vibration system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The actual values of the parameters of a precision instrument assembly vibration system are determined according to experimental amplitude-frequency characteristics. The assembly is considered as a complex mechanical vibrating system, consisting of elements with concentrated and distributed parameters. A calculation procedure was compiled.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 36-37
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  • 41
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    Automatic measuring device for octave analysis of noise (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: An automatic decoder is described that counts noise levels by pulse counters and forms audio signals proportional in duration to the total or to one of the octave noise levels. Automatic ten fold repetition of the measurement cycle is provided at each measurement point before the transition to a new point is made.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 25-27
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  • 42
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    Use of the mathematical modelling method for the investigation of dynamic characteristics of acoustical measuring instruments (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The schematic diagram of a noise measuring device is presented that uses pulse expansion modeling according to the peak or any other measured values, to obtain instrument readings at a very low noise error.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 10-12
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  • 43
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    System for automated measurement of full-scale noises and vibrations (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: On-line devices are described for measuring the electrical spectrum of a signal in the presence of full scale noise and vibrations. The system includes a set of parallel filters with detectors at the filtration channel outlet. A reciprocal spectral density matrix is used to process the information contained in the interacting signals from various noise and vibration sources.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 3-6
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  • 44
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    Multiple-point unit for remote automatic spectral analysis (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: An experimental model of a mechanical spectrometer is reported that permits vibration measurements at 297 points on a mechanical device and processes this information by digital computer for automatic printout.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 1-2
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  • 45
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    Photogrammetric evaluation of Mariner 9 photography (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Some attempts to produce, with an AP/C analytical plotter, stereo models using Mariner 9 pictures are reported. The first attempt using geometrically uncorrected mission test video system (MTVS) imagery failed; the second, using corrected reduced data record (RDR) pictures also failed, probably because they were reconstructed through a vidicon display which introduces additional distortion. By using images obtained from RDR tape data through the Optronics Photowrite device, models were successfully obtained.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 587-592
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  • 46
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    Plasma column changes at small solar elongations (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: The differenced range versus integrated Doppler (DRVID) technique was used to study charged particle changes in the ray path between earth and Mariner 9. For plasma activity near the sun, DRVID data were obtained from August 10 to October 24, 1972, surrounding the Mariner 9 superior conjunction on September 7. If the records are viewed in terms of range change or range change rate, the day-to-day fluctuations in these quantities mask the changes expected due to the varying solar elongation. Thus, while the steady-state total electron content varies by a factor of 4, the columnar content changes show no systematic variations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 471-472
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  • 47
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    Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer experiment: Mars atomic oxygen 1304-Angstrom emission (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Selected results are presented for a considerable quantity of Mariner 9 1304-A data for the first 100 revolutions from both the bright limb and disk of Mars. The limb data suggest that the exospheric temperature is less than it was in 1969 when Mariners 6 and 7 encountered the planet. Similar (O) concentrations (0.5 to 1%) are derived for a temperature of about 300 K. Structure in the limb profiles below 200 km suggests the possibility that about 0.2 kR of the observed approximately 0.8 kR near 150 km is due to dissociative excitation of CO2. Significant differences in selected limb profiles suggest that local as well as random variations in (O) occur.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 355-368
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  • 48
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    Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer experiment: Seasonal variation of ozone on Mars (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: On Mars, the Mariner observations show a twenty-fold variation in the amount of ozone, depending on the presence or absence of another minor constituent, water vapor, in the atmosphere. In the evolution of earth's primitive atmosphere, the formation of an ozone layer may have played an important role in the prebiotic chemistry that took place on the surface. The seasonal formation and disappearance of ozone in the contemporary Martian atmosphere may be of consequence in any prebiotic chemistry that may be occurring there.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 369-372
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  • 49
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    Passive microwave images of lake ice (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Photographic data and microwave emission images from the Great Lake ice formation are compared for their applicability to commercial shipping interests. A synoptic view of the microwave radiation from the lake area ice shows a large variation in brightness temperature. The snow ice appears to have the highest microwave brightness temperatures, whereas the thick clear ice shows up some 30 degrees kelvin colder, and the thin clear ice is colder still with a 1.55 cm radiation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 187-189
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  • 50
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    Apollo orbital geochemistry: Gamma rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Lunar gamma ray spectra obtained during Apollo-15 and -16 flights show a natural radioactivity due to potassium, thorium, and uranium as well as a cosmic ray induced activity in the lunar surface due to high neutron interactions produced by (p,n) reaction in the lunar surface. The radioactivity is at a low in the highlands on the backside of the moon; most of the radioactivity is confined to the Oceanus Procellarum/Mare Imbrium region and to the Van de Graff area on the lunar backside.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 132-135
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  • 51
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    Apollo orbital geochemistry: X-rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Aluminum/silicon and magnesium/silicon concentration measurements along Apollo-15 and -16 lunar groundtracks by X-rays show that the highlands are very rich in aluminum, and that mare basalts cover large areas.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 127-131
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  • 52
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    Low-intensity optical emissions from the interstellar medium (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Spectrometric scans of faint optical emissions from interstellar gas are reported. Systematic variations along the galactic plane in both the intensity and radial velocity of the galactic H alpha suggest that the diffuse emission is strongly associated with three nearby galactic spiral arms.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 88-91
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  • 53
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    The study of solar flares during the next sunspot maximum (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Scientific goals and the instrumentation package for the OSO-K/solar flare mission are reported. The problem of determining origin and energetics of solar flares is considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 63-68
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  • 54
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    Spatial structure of a two-phase solar flare observed in the EUV by OSO-7 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Soft X-ray and hydrogen alpha observations on the structure of a solar flare show the typical flare behavior - a rapid rise to maximum and a gradual exponential decay, with good time correlation between the soft X-rays and H alpha. The emission is identified by Fe XI ion, and the emitting region is contoured on EUV maps.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 54-57
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  • 55
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    Solar flare produced pulsations in meter and X-ray wavelengths (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: The mechanism responsible for the modulation of synchrotron radiation in the meter wave range by a solar flare is examined. The proposed explanation is based on the interaction of a flare generated shock front with a magnetic flux tube extending out into the corona over the flare. As the shock wave propagates through the flux tube, Alfven waves are developing and travelling up the tube toward each other, thereby accelerating electrons and protons by the Fermi mechanism and thus filling the top of the flux tube with energetic electrons. Radial oscillations develop as the shock front becomes parallel to the magnetic field direction and the intensity of the synchrotron radiation is modulated by these oscillations. An OSO-5 experiment detected a hard X-ray burst associated with the flare that produced modulated radio emission and X-ray modulations that are attributed to density fluctuations in the X-ray bursts.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 49-53
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  • 56
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    Ground-based flare studies at Sacramento Peak (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: The structure of an isolated solar flare point observed by vacuum telescope and multichannel spectrophotometer is considered. The tiny bright spot in H alpha photos lasted less than 30 seconds and coincided with a Type-III solar burst; a soft X-ray burst peaked at the time of this event. The small scale structure of the flare point exhibited in miniature the characteristics of a true flare event.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 58-62
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  • 57
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    Observations of solar cosmic rays at 2 AU (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Solid state low-energy telescopic observations on solar and galactic cosmic rays from 2 AU outward by satellites are evaluated. Plots of solar events leading to large injections of particles from the sun show that low energy slower protons arrive first by many hours before the higher energy protons, and that the higher energy particles are falling off more rapidly.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 38-44
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  • 58
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    Radial gradients of galactic cosmic ray protons and helium nuclei (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Variation of the cosmic ray intensity as a function away from the sun and its radial derivative is studied by plotting satellite cosmic ray measurements against sea level neutron monitor data. Results show that the solar modulation cavity extends well beyond 2 AU and that irregularities in the sun's magnetic field are carried outward radially by the solar wind, thus sweeping low energy cosmic rays out of the solar system and at the same time cooling cosmic rays reaching the earth.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 45-48
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  • 59
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    Progress in the measurement of high-energy galactic cosmic ray electrons (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Cosmic ray electron measurements by individual threshold detector elements show that about 30 percent of observed electron-like galactic cosmic showers are really proton initiated events. The cosmic electron spectrum at about 10 GeV exhibits a consistent dropoff in intensity leading to a best fit at a power law of spectral index -3.2; a break in the spectrum should occur above 10 GeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 24-28
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  • 60
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    Modulation of low-energy galactic cosmic rays over the present solar cycle (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Explorer satellite observations of modulations in the cosmic ray spectrum during the entire period of the solar cycle show intensity variations in the proton and alpha modulated spectra. A positive correlation between plasma density and variation in cosmic ray intensity is found that breaks during the transition period when higher energy intensity is decreasing as the solar activity increases. It is suggested that the alpha particles lead the proton particles during transition periods and thus make the lag time shorter for high rigidity near the solar maximum and the solar minimum.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 34-37
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  • 61
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    The first integrated interplanetary electron spectrum (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Observations of a quiet-time interplanetary electron component in the 20 keV to 2 MeV energy range are reported. The measurements fill in the gap between the highest-energy known solar wind and the lowest-energy previously observed electron populations, and connect for the first time the entire solar-quiet interplanetary electron spectrum over a dynamic range of nearly 10 to the 12th power in energy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 29-33
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    Atmospheric secondary gamma radiation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: A theoretical model in the form of a three-dimensional Monte Carlo calculation is developed that starts with known cosmic ray flux at the top of the atmosphere and follows particles as they interact with the atmosphere for a schematic representation of how atmospheric secondary gamma rays are produced. The model predicts atmospheric secondary gamma radiation as a function of altitude, energy, and zenith angle.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 16-19
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  • 63
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    Primary and secondary nuclei in high-energy cosmic rays (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Charge and particle trajectory measurements during a balloon-borne experiment observing the composition of cosmic rays, are interpreted by plotting differential intensities of various nuclei of both primary and secondary origin above 3 GeV/nucleon. The large spectral difference between carbon plus oxygen and iron is confirmed in the difference between their secondary products. This large difference cannot be explained as being solely due to propagation effects and it is concluded that preferential acceleration of heavy nuclei due to a source effect is present.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 20-23
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  • 64
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    Positron annihilation radiation from neutron stars (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Balloon observations of a low energy flux line at 2 x 0.001 photons cm/2 s/1 from the galactic center region around 470 keV are interpreted as the positron annihilation radiation that occurs on the surface of old neutron stars and is redshifted by their gravitational fields. An astrophysical model is formulated to explain the observed flux that provides for about 0.2 neutron stars per 3 x 10 to the 49th power cubic meters assuming that the disk thickness is about 1.5 x 10 to the 19th power meters.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 9-11
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  • 65
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    The chromospheric association of the metric type 3 bursts - implications concerning the acceleration of solar electrons and the active streamers (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: In two recent papers it was shown that the metric type 3 emission is closely related to a transient perturbation seen in absorption in the H alpha line. In addition, this perturbation sometimes triggers a flare, sometimes not. This can explain why the type 3 have a poor H alpha flare correlation rate and still are a typical flash phase emission when flare-associated. The characteristics are summarized of the new association proposed. It is assumed that 10 to 100 keV electrons are accelerated in connection with a particular kind of transient H alpha absorbing feature. For as yet undetermined reasons, this process would often, but not always, result in a more efficient acceleration coincident with the early phase of the optical flare. The possibilities that this process could lead occasionally to long lasting subrelativistic particle emissive region are explored.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 615-622
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  • 66
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    Time profile of type 3 bursts in decameter and hectometer range (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The following new hypothesis is proposed. The decay time of plasma waves is much shorter than the time scale of type 3 bursts especially at low frequencies. Accordingly, the time variation of radio flux at a given frequency merely corresponds to the flux of fast electrons passing through the corresponding plasma layer.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 573-576
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  • 67
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    Type 2 and type 3 burst theory (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The present state of the theory of type 3 bursts is reviewed by dividing the problem into the exciting agency, radiation source, and propagation of radiation between the source and the observer. In-situ measurements indicate that the excitors are electron streams of energy about 40 keV which are continuously relaxing. An investigation of neutralization of an electron stream indicates that n sub s is much less than 100,000 n sub e, where n sub s is the stream density and n sub e the coronal electron density. In situ observations are consistent with this result. An analysis of propagation of electrons in the current sheets of coronal streamers shows that such propagation at heights greater than 1 solar radius is impossible. The mechanisms for radiation are reviewed; it is shown that fundamental radiation at high frequencies (approximately 100 MHz) is highly beamed in the radial direction and that near the earth second harmonic radiation must be dominant. Because of beaming of the fundamental at high frequencies, it can often be quite weak near the limb so that the second harmonic is dominant. In considering propagation to the observer, the results of scattering of radiation are discussed. The present state of the theory of type 2 bursts is reviewed in the same manner as type 3 bursts.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 558-572
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  • 68
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    Further results on cooling mechanisms for soft X-ray flares (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: Analysis of data from the soft X-ray proportional counter spectrometer on OSO-4 has been continued along the lines of earlier work. It was noticed that the time profiles of X-ray counts from the OSO-4 instrument's 1 to 3 Angstrom detectors for two events showed a very rapid initial decay after maximum, followed by a much more slowly falling section. At least in the case of the larger of the two events, the change of slope seems quite definitely to be discontinuous. Temperatures and emission measures for both flares have been derived, by fitting an emission function to eight-channel count histograms which form the output of the 1 to 3 Angstrom detectors, analyzed into eight energy intervals by pulse-height analysis. The computer program is described. It employs temperature and continuum emission measures in the Culhane-Acton formula and the flux in the 6.7 KeV iron-line feature as free parameters, adjusting them by small amounts in successive iterations until the original historgram is approximately reproduced. A chi-squared is used to examine the agreement between histograms and terminates the iteration accordingly. Account is taken of the proportional counters' energy resolution in the fitting process.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: High Energy phenomena on the Sun; p 276-282
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    Nuclear gamma rays from solar flares (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-05
    Description: The theory of gamma-ray line emission from solar flares is reviewed and revised. It is shown that the line emissions at 0.5, 2.2, 4.4, and 6.1 MeV are due to positron annihilation, deuterium deexcitation following neutron capture on hydrogen, and the deexcitation of excited states in carbon and oxygen. From the observed relative line intensities it is possible to determine the spectrum of accelerated protons in the flare region. This spectrum is found to be very similar to that of charged particles from the flare observed near earth. The total number of protons at the sun is deduced from the observed absolute line intensities for various interaction models.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: High Energy Phenomena on the Sun; p 301-314
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  • 70
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    A new method of measurement of tension on a moving magnetic tape (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The possibility of no-contact measurement of the tension on a moving magnetic tape, assuming the tape is uniform, is discussed. A scheme for calculation of the natural frequency of transverse vibrations of magnetic tape is shown. Mathematical models are developed to show the relationships of the parameters. The method is applicable to the analysis of accurate tape feed mechanisms design.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 229-231
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  • 71
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    Method of accounting for instrumental distortions during observation of signals (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: A method is proposed for accounting for instrumental distortions in linear systems with known dynamic characteristics.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 193-194
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  • 72
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    Attitude control of a spinning flexible spacecraft (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The dynamics of rotational motion of a spinning orbiting spacecraft consisting of two rigid bodies connected by a flexible joint and arbitrary number of flexible appendages (two of which are flexible massless booms having masses on their tips) is analyzed. Active attitude control is provided by momentum exchange devices (e.g. control moment gyroscopes) or a mass expulsion system. The linearized equations of motion describing the vehicle are presented, and a large scale digital simulation that has been developed at the Marshall Space Flight Center is presented. A simplified model of the geometrically complex vehicle is selected to make it analytically tractable. The simplified model consists of a single rigid core body with two attached flexible massless booms having tip masses. The states of the vehicle are defined as small perturbations about its steady-state spin. An analysis is performed to determine the domain of stability.
    Keywords: SPACE VEHICLES
    Type: Computer and Electrical Engineering; 1; Dec. 197
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  • 73
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    Low frost-point humidity generator (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A low frost-point humidity generator has been developed at NBS to provide a capability for calibration, testing, and research at very low levels of water vapor content in such gases as atmospheric air, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The generator produces frost points from -30 to -100 C at ambient pressures from 500 to 200,000 pascals (0.005 to 2 atm.). This is equivalent to mixing ratios of 4 micrograms to 51 grams of water vapor per kilogram of dry air and to vapor pressures of .0014 to 38 pascals. The generated test gas can be fed to a test chamber with independent temperature control between +25 and -100 C. The uncertainty of the frost point in the test chamber is estimated not to exceed 0.05 deg C.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Research; vol. 77A
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  • 74
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    X-ray spectral features of the Crab Nebula and NP0532 (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 246; Dec
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  • 75
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    Hot-wire coil probe for high-speed flows (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Small-diameter-wire coil probes developed for use in a hypersonic helium tunnel are discussed. The springlike properties of the coil minimize strain-gauge effects, and allow to use a higher length-to-diameter ratio for a given flow. In addition, the coil is more rugged for sudden flow changes, and since it can be mounted straight across the support tips, there is less support interference in cross flows. In addition to measuring fluctuating quantities in a boundary layer, the probes were used with a constant temperature anemometer for measuring mean mass flow profiles, and with a constant current anemometer for measuring mean total temperature profiles.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; Dec. 197
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  • 76
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    Expansion pattern of flare-associated disturbances near the earth's orbit during October 23 to November 4, 1968 (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A series of solar flares accompanying type II and type IV radio bursts were observed while the active region McMath No. 9740 was on the solar disk. Most of these flares were also associated with solar cosmic rays and SSC geomagnetic storms. The expansion pattern of these disturbances near the earth's orbit is considered. This pattern appears to be useful for studying the propagation of interplanetary shock waves which are generated by solar flares.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 246; Dec. 3
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  • 77
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    Increase in transmittance of unbacked aluminum filters exposed to RF or dc discharges in oxygen (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of an experimental study of the effect of discharges in oxygen on the oxide thickness and transmittance of aluminum filters. The studies were performed by exposing the filters to RF discharges and dc glow discharges in oxygen. In all experiments except one in which an aluminum ring was used as the cathode an increase in the transmittance of the filters is noted. It is thus demonstrated that the transmittance of aluminum filters increases on exposure to electrical discharges in oxygen, although it is not certain whether this phenomenon is caused by atomic oxygen.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 12; Dec. 197
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  • 78
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    X ray analysis of balloon-collected particles erroneously considered as an October influx into the lower stratosphere (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Individual particles were analyzed on the collection screens in a Jeolco scanning electron microscope using a Kevex Li-drifted silicon energy dispersive X ray detector. It was found that the bulk of the stratospheric samples studied comes from explosive squib devices. It is pointed out that this finding does not invalidate the extensive results obtained by Bigg et al. (1970, 1971) in previous sampling experiments.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Nov. 20
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  • 79
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    K alpha line emission during solar X-ray bursts (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The expected flux of K alpha line emission from sulfur, argon, calcium, and iron is calculated during both thermal and nonthermal solar X-ray events. Such emission is shown to be weak during the course of most of the nonthermal hard X-ray bursts that Kane and Anderson (1970) have observed. If Compton backscattering is significant at high energies, the flux is reduced still further for disk flares, but it is noted that the strong, near-limb burst of June 26 would have produced about 100 photons /sq cm/sec of sulfur and iron K alpha emission. The impulsive hard X-ray bursts may in general be too short-lived for much K alpha emission. It may be noted that sulfur K alpha emission in particular depends sensitively on the lower-energy limit of the nonthermal electron spectrum, assuming such a sharply defined boundary exists. During soft X-ray bursts, when temperatures of a few 10 to the 7th power K are obtained, K alpha emission from certain iron ions, specifically Fe XVIII-XXIII, may be important.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 32; Sept
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  • 80
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    Effects of solar wind composition, anisotropy, and streaming on ordinary mode electromagnetic instability (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The stability of the low-frequency waves propagating transverse to the magnetic field of a plasma composed of electrons, protons, and alpha particles with anisotropic electron and ion temperatures is explored. The threshold for the ordinary mode instability and the growth rates have a very strong dependence on the electron temperature anisotropy but have a comparatively weaker dependence on the ion temperature anisotropy, on the relative abundance of helium to hydrogen, and on the relative streaming of two ion species. The threshold for the instability of these low-frequency waves is (m sub e/m sub p) to the 1/2 power times smaller than the one corresponding to high-frequency waves; however, for a relative abundance of helium to hydrogen up to 20% for the relevant known magnetic fields, particle densities, temperatures, and drifts, the solar wind remains below the threshold for this instability.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Dec. 1
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  • 81
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    Performance characteristics of proximity focused ultraviolet image converters (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Performance characteristics of Bendix type BX 8025-4522 proximity focused image tubes for UV to visible light conversion are presented. Quantum efficiency, resolution, background, geometric distortion, and environmental test results are discussed. The converters use magnesium fluoride input windows with Cs-Te photocathodes and P-11 phosphors on fiber optic output windows.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 12; Dec. 197
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  • 82
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    Molecular beam techniques applied to mass spectrometric thermospheric density measurements (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 44; Oct. 197
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  • 83
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    Variations of the relative abundances of He, /C, N, O/ and Fe-group nuclei in solar cosmic rays and their relationship to solar particle acceleration (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 31; July 197
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  • 84
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    Use of LEED, Auger emission spectroscopy and field ion microscopy in microstructural studies (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 85
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    Jupiter's radiation belts - Can Pioneer 10 survive (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent calculations suggest that three of the Galilean satellites are very effective in limiting the fluxes of energetic electrons and protons diffusing inward from Jupiter's outer magnetosphere. Electron and proton densities with and without lunar effects are plotted as functions of the distance from the center of the planet in units of Jupiter radii. Both electrons and protons in the model come from the solar wind. The trajectory of Pioneer 10 in magnetic coordinates is examined and the period of greatest danger to the spacecraft is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Science; 182; Dec. 7
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  • 86
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    Pioneer-10 measurements of the differential and integral cosmic-ray gradient between 1 and 3 astronomical units (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 185; Nov. 1
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  • 87
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    Celestial diffuse gamma radiation above 30 MeV observed by SAS-2 (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 186; Dec. 15
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  • 88
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    SAS-2 observations of gamma rays from the galactic plane (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 186; Dec. 15
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  • 89
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    Skylab's photographic workhorse (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: There are ten Data Acquisition Cameras (DAC) aboard the Skylab workshop, and one additional is aboard each of the three command modules that ferry astronauts to Skylab. These cameras will transport approximately 40,000 feet of 16-mm film at frame rates from time exposures to 24 frames per second (fps). The heart of the 16-mm DAC system is a unique sequence camera. Approximately 80% of the Skylab 16-mm film will be exposed at 2 fps to maximize data acquisition time and remain within spacecraft return weight limitations. Of the approximately 225 accessories, the most unique item is the 400-foot magazine system.-
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Spectra; 7; Dec. 197
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  • 90
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    Expansion pattern of helium-enriched shells associated with solar flares (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The dependence of the thickness of the helium-enriched shell on the longitudinal position of the parent flares is considered along with the large-scale configuration of the expanding shell in interplanetary space. It is found that shock waves, magnetic bottles, and helium-enriched shells appear to expand eastwards of the meridian plane which crosses the flare region. It seems that the formation of the observed pattern of the shells is influenced by the interplanetary magnetic field between the sun and the earth.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 246; Dec. 3
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  • 91
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    Evaluation of Raman scattering as a sensor of temperature and molecular density (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The performance of the Raman scattering technique for the remote monitoring of temperature and molecular number density in various wind tunnel and engine testing facilities has been experimentally evaluated. Temperature measurements were made by monitoring the pure rotational spectrum of nitrogen and the rotational branch separations of nu2 of CF4 for temperatures in the range 300 to 1000 K. These measurements yielded an average error of 2.6 and 7.6%, respectively, for temperature measurements at pressures near 1 atm. Molecular number density measurements with 20% error could be made at densities as low as 3.5 times 10 to the 22-nd power per cu m by monitoring the 6 to 8 rotational transition of nitrogen, 3.5 times 10 to the 23-rd power per cu m by monitoring the Q-branch of the fundamental vibrational transition of nitrogen, and 7 times 10 to the 22-nd power per cu m by monitoring the nu1 fundamental vibrational transition of CF4.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Spectroscopy; 27; Nov
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  • 92
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    Preparation of ultra small samples for optical and microprobe analysis (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper describes a simple but satisfactory new method for the preparation of tiny, varied and specialized specimens for electron or ion-microprobe analysis developed over the past five years. Microtektites, individual chondrules, single grains, blebs from lunar samples and meteoritic minerals have been prepared by this technique. A description of the preparation of these usually difficult samples from the initial mounting through the various polishing steps to their final polish is presented in detail. The procedures used to prevent any contamination of these specimens by the polishing agents and to prevent cross contamination to the other samples used for geochronology studies are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Meteoritics; 8; Sept. 30
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  • 93
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    The diffuse X-ray spectrum from 14 to 200 keV as measured on OSO-5 (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Evaluation of OSO-5 measurements of the energy spectrum of the diffuse component of the cosmic X-ray flux in the energy range from 14 to 200 keV. A detailed description is given of the X-ray detector employed and of the method of selection and pulse-height analysis of X-ray events. The method employed in eliminating noncosmic X-ray contributions to the total counting rate is discussed. The final energy spectrum is found to be best fitted by a power law which is in essential agreement with that obtained from OSO-3 by Schwartz et al. (1970), in spite of what is regarded as an erroneous correction procedure used by them. In particular, it is suggested that the break in the energy spectrum at 40 keV which they reported may have been produced by an erroneous correction for the radioactivity induced in the detector during each passage through the intense charged-particle fluxes in the South Atlantic Anomaly.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 186; Nov. 15
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  • 94
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    A diode-quad bridge circuit for use with capacitance transducers (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 44; Oct. 197
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  • 95
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    Primary cosmic ray electrons above 10 GeV - Measurements using a thick detector (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A balloon-borne measurement of the cosmic ray electron spectrum from 10 to 200 GeV is reported in which two new techniques have been used to remove proton background contamination. First, the depth of the spectrometer was more than 40 radiation lengths, the equivalent of more than 3 mean free paths of material, enabling hadronically and electromagnetically induced cascades to be differentiated for a subset of the data. Second, electromagnetic cascade starting points were determined to within plus or minus 0.1 radiation lengths on the basis of a calibration with electrons from 5.4 to 18 GeV at the Stanford Linear Accelerator, greatly reducing the chances for a proton to simulate an electron. The resulting spectrum, when fitted with a power law, is quite steep, -3.2 plus or minus 0.1, but the fit to a power law is marginal.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Nov. 1
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  • 96
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    A short-lived chromospheric flare-point with a lifetime of 20 seconds and rise and fall times of 5 seconds (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: We have observed a chromospheric brightening in the H alpha and Ca II K lines with a diameter of about 1 arc second. The time structure of this event, obtained with a relative resolution of 1 second, shows the rise time to be 4 seconds, the lifetime (FWHM) to be 20 seconds, and the decay time to be 5 seconds. This imposes new constraints on flare-point models. These restrictions can be accommodated easily by either an infall-impact flare model or a model invoking the precipitation of high-energy particles from the corona.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 185; Nov. 1
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  • 97
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    Noble gas concentrations and cosmic ray exposure ages of eight recently fallen chondrites (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Abundances and isotopic compositions of He, Ne, Ar, and Xe have been measured in eight recently fallen chondrites. Ratios of concentrations of cosmic ray-produced He-3, Ne-21, Ne-22, and Ar-38 indicate that all eight samples experienced less than average cosmic ray shielding. He-3 and Ne-21 exposure ages were calculated using shielding corrected chondritic production rates and the measured Ne-22/Ne-21. Exposure ages calculated from Na-22/Ne-22 and Al-26/Ne-21 ratios and constant relative production rates show a bias between the two ages due to variations in Na-22/Al-26. Arguments are presented that this bias is due to irradiation hardness differences, and therefore the use of constant values for both the Na-22/Ne-22 and Al-26/Ne-21 production ratios is not permitted.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 37; Nov. 197
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  • 98
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    Results on the energy dependence of cosmic-ray charge composition (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of measurements by a balloon-borne ionization spectrometer of the energy dependence of high-energy cosmic-ray charge composition. The results presented are greatly improved over those obtained earlier by Ormes et al. (1971) by the use of a multidimensional charge analysis with more efficient background rejection, and a more accurate energy determination. Complex couplings between the charge, energy, and trajectory information were taken into account and are discussed. The spectra of individual elements up to oxygen and of groups of nuclei up through iron were measured up to almost 100 GeV per nucleon. The energy spectrum of the secondary nuclei, B + N, is found to be steeper than that of the primary nuclei, C + O, in agreement with Smith et al. (1973). The most dramatic finding is that the spectrum of the iron nuclei is flatter than that of the carbon and oxygen nuclei by 0.57 plus or minus 0.14 of a power.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 186; Nov. 15
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  • 99
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    Solar flare line emission between 6 A and 25 A (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A list of emission lines in the spectra of solar flares between 6 and 25 A has been compiled using data obtained with a KAP crystal spectrometer on the OSO-5 satellite. The emission lines have been classified according to their sensitivity to flare activity. This classification provides a method for discriminating between iron in high stages of ionization (Fe XX-Fe XXV) and lower stages (Fe XVII-Fe XIX), the lines of which are both present in the same spectral region during flares. Identifications consistent with these classifications are proposed. Anomalous intensities in the spectra of Fe XVII and Fe XX are pointed out, and implications of the observations for models of the X-ray emitting regions are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 31; July 197
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  • 100
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    Consistency of cosmic-ray source abundances with explosive nucleosynthesis (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Certain results regarding the ratio of cosmic-ray sources (CRS) and Solar System abundances are the same as those obtained from explosive nucleosynthesis. Such a model is consistent with the fact that in the Solar System Mg, Si, and Fe are believed to be produced by explosive nucleosynthesis, whereas C and O are mainly products of other processes. The model considered explains the carbon-to-oxygen ratio in the cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 246; Nov. 26
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