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  • Springer Nature  (2,485)
  • Nature Publishing Group  (2,324)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 2020-2024  (44)
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  • 2020  (44)
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  • 1
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    Springer Nature | Springer
    Publication Date: 2021-12-24
    Description: In diesem Open-Access-Buch untersucht die Autorin die Fortentwicklung des Datenschutzrechts zu einem Datenhandelsrecht. Sie stellt dar, wie Personendaten bereits heute gehandelt werden können und wo sich Problemfelder insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund von Big Data ergeben. Außerdem veranschaulicht sie bestehende Reformvorschläge, wie z. B. die Einführung eines sogenannten „Dateneigentums“, und misst dies an einer vertieften Analyse des Interessendreiecks beim Datenhandel. Aus der Einordnung in eine Gesamtanalyse lassen sich wichtige Handlungsempfehlungen ableiten.
    Keywords: IT Law, Media Law, Intellectual Property ; Civil Law ; Public Law ; Big Data ; Persönlichkeitsrecht ; Datenverarbeitung ; Datenhandelsrecht ; Immaterialgüterrecht ; Open Access ; Entertainment & media law ; Systems of law: civil codes / civil law ; Private or civil law: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNJ Entertainment & media law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LA Jurisprudence & general issues::LAF Systems of law::LAFD Civil codes / Civil law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LND Constitutional & administrative law
    Language: German
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  • 2
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    Springer Nature | Springer
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: This open access volume is the first academic book on the controversial issue of including spiritual care in integrated electronic medical records (EMR). Based on an international study group comprising researchers from Europe (The Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland), the United States, Canada, and Australia, this edited collection provides an overview of different charting practices and experiences in various countries and healthcare contexts. Encompassing case studies and analyses of theological, ethical, legal, healthcare policy, and practical issues, the volume is a groundbreaking reference for future discussion, research, and strategic planning for inter- or multi-faith healthcare chaplains and other spiritual care providers involved in the new field of documenting spiritual care in EMR. Topics explored among the chapters include: Spiritual Care Charting/Documenting/Recording/Assessment Charting Spiritual Care: Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Aspects Palliative Chaplain Spiritual Assessment Progress Notes Charting Spiritual Care: Ethical Perspectives Charting Spiritual Care in Digital Health: Analyses and Perspectives Charting Spiritual Care: The Emerging Role of Chaplaincy Records in Global Health Care is an essential resource for researchers in interprofessional spiritual care and healthcare chaplaincy, healthcare chaplains and other spiritual caregivers (nurses, physicians, psychologists, etc.), practical theologians and health ethicists, and church and denominational representatives.
    Keywords: Health Services Research ; Religion and Health ; Religion and Psychology ; Theory of Medicine/Bioethics ; Health Sciences ; Sociology of Religion ; Psychology of Religion and Spirituality ; healthcare chaplaincy ; spiritual care ; spirituality and health ; professionalization of spiritual care ; integration of spirituality in health care ; electronic medical records (EMR) ; pastoral confidentiality ; models of recording spiritual care ; outcome-oriented chapliancy ; digital health ; health ethics ; religion and health ; interprofessional spiritual care ; legal and theoretical perspectives ; open access ; Health systems & services ; Religious issues & debates ; Psychology ; Religion: general ; Bioethics ; Medicine: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBP Health systems and services ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general::QRAM Religious issues and debates ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JM Psychology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAD Bioethics
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This open access book provides an exhaustive picture of the role that annulment conflicts play in the EU multilevel system. Based on a rich dataset of annulment actions since the 1960s and a number of in-depth case studies, it explores the political dimension of annulment litigation, which has become an increasingly relevant judicial tool in the struggle over policy content and decision-making competences. The book covers the motivations of actors to turn policy conflicts into annulment actions, the emergence of multilevel actors’ litigant configurations, the impact of actors’ constellations on success in court, as well as the impact of annulment actions on the multilevel policy conflicts they originate from.
    Keywords: Political science ; European Union ; Public policy ; Law—Europe ; Political science ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPH Political structure and processes ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPP Public administration ; thema EDItEUR::L Law::LB International law ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPH Political structure and processes ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPP Public administration ; thema EDItEUR::L Law::LB International law
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Springer Nature | Springer
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book presents a collection of the most up-to-date research results in the field of steel development with a focus on pioneering alloy concepts that result in previously unattainable materials properties. Specifically, it gives a detailed overview of the marriage of high-performance steels of the highest strength and form-ability with damage-tolerant zirconia ceramics by innovative manufacturing technologies, thereby yielding a new class of high-performance composite materials. This book describes how new high-alloy stainless TRIP/TWIP steels (TRIP: TRansformation-Induced Plasticity, TWIP: TWinning-induced Plasticity) are combined with zirconium dioxide ceramics in powder metallurgical routes and via melt infiltration to form novel TRIP-matrix composites. This work also provides a timely perspective on new compact and damage-tolerant composite materials, filigree light-weight structures as well as gradient materials, and a close understanding of the mechanisms of the phase transformations. With a detailed application analysis of state-of-the-art methods in spatial and temporal high-resolution structural analysis, in combination with advanced simulation and modelling, this edited volume is ideal for researchers and engineers working in modern steel development, as well as for graduate students of metallurgy and materials science and engineering.
    Keywords: Structural Materials ; Metallic Materials ; Ceramics, Glass, Composites, Natural Materials ; Materials Engineering ; Mathematical Modeling and Industrial Mathematics ; Metals and Alloys ; Ceramics ; Steel-Matrix Composite ; Austenitic Stainless Steels ; Powder Metallurgy ; Fracture Toughness ; Mechanical Modeling ; Melt Flow Behavior ; CrMnNi Steels ; Ceramic Casting ; Melt Infiltration ; Open Access ; Materials science ; Structural engineering ; Metals technology / metallurgy ; Industrial chemistry & chemical engineering ; Mathematical modelling ; Maths for engineers ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDP Other manufacturing technologies::TDPM Metals technology / metallurgy ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering::TDCQ Ceramic and glass technology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBW Applied mathematics::PBWH Mathematical modelling
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: This open access book chronicles the rise of a new scientific paradigm offering novel insights into the age-old enigmas of existence. Over 300 years ago, the human mind discovered the machine code of reality: mathematics. By utilizing abstract thought systems, humans began to decode the workings of the cosmos. From this understanding, the current scientific paradigm emerged, ultimately discovering the gift of technology. Today, however, our island of knowledge is surrounded by ever longer shores of ignorance. Science appears to have hit a dead end when confronted with the nature of reality and consciousness. In this fascinating and accessible volume, James Glattfelder explores a radical paradigm shift uncovering the ontology of reality. It is found to be information-theoretic and participatory, yielding a computational and programmable universe.
    Keywords: Popular works ; Physics ; Epistemology ; Physics ; Statistical physics ; Dynamical systems ; Philosophy and science ; Philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTK Philosophy: epistemology and theory of knowledge ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDX Popular philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDA Philosophy of science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDZ Popular science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHS Statistical physics ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTK Philosophy: epistemology and theory of knowledge ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDX Popular philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDA Philosophy of science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDZ Popular science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHS Statistical physics
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Springer Nature | Springer
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: This open access book is about exploring interesting borderline cases of art. It discusses the cases of gustatory and olfactory artworks (focusing on food), proprioceptive artworks (dance, martial arts, and rock climbing qua proprioceptive experiences), intellectual artworks (philosophical and scientific theories), as well as the vague limits between painting and photography. The book focuses on the author’s research about what counts as art and what does not, as well as on the nature of these limits. Overall, the author defends a very inclusive view, 'extending' the limits of art, and he argues for its virtues. Some of the limits discussed concern our senses (our different perceptual modalities), some concern vagueness and fuzzy boundaries between different types of works of art, some concern the amount of human intention and intervention in the process of creation of an artwork, and some concern the border between art and science. In these various ways, by understanding better such borderline cases, Benovsky suggests that we get a better grip on an understanding of the nature of art.
    Keywords: Analytic Philosophy ; Aesthetics ; Fine Arts ; Fine Art ; Proprioceptive art ; Gustatory art ; Olfactory art ; Visual art ; Intellectual art ; Sensory dependence ; Art and Photography ; Art and Philosophy ; Types of art ; Non-visual and non-auditory artworks ; analyzing paintings and photographs ; borderline cases of art ; vague limits between painting and photography ; Open Access ; Analytical philosophy & Logical Positivism ; Philosophy: aesthetics ; Fine arts: art forms ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPC History of Western philosophy::HPCF Western philosophy, from c 1900 -::HPCF5 Analytical philosophy & Logical Positivism ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPN Philosophy: aesthetics ; bic Book Industry Communication::A The arts::AF Art forms ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDH Philosophical traditions and schools of thought::QDHR Western philosophy from c 1800::QDHR9 Analytical philosophy and Logical Positivism ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTN Philosophy: aesthetics ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AF The Arts: art forms
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: Diese Open-Access-Publikation mit dem Titel "Affe und Affekt" untersucht anhand populärwissenschaftlicher Forschungsmemoiren die Form und Funktion von Emotionen, Affekten und Gefühlen in der Feldforschung mit Affen – und wie gerade Literatur und Film das Verhältnis von Mensch, Affe und Affekt für die Wissenschaft produktiv reflektieren und analysieren. Der Mensch ist evolutionär betrachtet ein Affe unter anderen. Doch nennt er sich selbst homo sapiens, die anderen Affen im besten Fall die ‚Menschenaffen‘ - sonst aber pans, pongos oder papios. Diese Unterscheidung ist nur ein kleines Puzzlestück in einer emotionsgetriebenen Rhetorik der Primatologie, der Wissenschaft von den Affen.
    Keywords: Literature ; Literature ; Ethnology ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHM Anthropology::JHMC Social and cultural anthropology
    Language: German
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2021-12-16
    Description: Diese Open-Access-Publikation beleuchtet die komplexen Beziehungen zwischen Tourismus und Klimawandel für die Tourismusdestination Österreich und basiert auf einer umfassenden Erhebung, Zusammenfassung und Bewertung des aktuellen Standes der Forschung zu diesem Thema. Für diesen Bericht haben 40 Wissenschaftler*innen führender Forschungseinrichtungen, unterstützt durch ein internationales Team an Begutachter*innen, mehr als zwei Jahre intensiv zusammengearbeitet. Die dargestellten Forschungsarbeiten zum Einfluss des Klimawandels auf den Tourismus gehen davon aus, dass sich die in den nächsten Jahrzehnten zu erwartenden Veränderungen des Klimas sehr stark auf die österreichische Tourismusbranche auswirken werden. Allerdings fällt dem Sektor auch eine nicht unerhebliche Rolle als Mitverursacher des Klimawandels zu. Aktuellen Untersuchungen zufolge verursacht der Tourismus rund 8% aller globalen CO2-Emissionen. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden für die verschiedenen Teilaspekte des touristischen Angebots geeignete Minderungs- und Anpassungsmaßnahmen vorgestellt und diskutiert. Der Bericht verdeutlicht insbesondere die spezifische Betroffenheit der touristischen Outdoor-Aktivitäten vom Wintersport bis zum Golftourismus, beschreibt die neuen Herausforderungen für den Städtetourismus und die Organisation von Events und beleuchtet ausführlich, wie Anpassungsmöglichkeiten, insbesondere im Bereich der Mobilität, der Beherbergung, touristischer Indoor-Angebote, sowie der Gastronomie und Kulinarik, ausgestaltet und umgesetzt werden können. Dabei werden die Verantwortung und die Möglichkeiten des Reisenden ebenso dargestellt, wie die Handlungsoptionen von Betrieben, Destinationen und der rahmensetzenden nationalen Politik. Das Buch macht deutlich, dass, um die Pariser Klimaziele erreichen zu können, ein veränderter Lebensstil und rasche Umsetzungsschritte notwendig sind. Wie dieser „Paris-Lifestyle“ erreicht werden könnte und welche Herausforderungen auf diesem Weg bewältigt werden müssen, verdeutlichen die zusammenfassenden Schlusskapitel. Die vorliegende differenzierte Aufbereitung des Themas für alle Reisenden, die Tourismusbranche und die Politik war nur durch eine gezielte Förderung aus Mitteln des Klima- und Energiefonds im Rahmen des Programms „Austrian Climate Research Programme – ACRP“ möglich.
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Change Management and Policy ; Tourism Management ; Environmental Sciences ; Earth System Sciences ; Industries ; Klimawandel ; Tourismus ; Klima ; Mobilität ; Transport ; Fremdenverkehr ; Beherbergungsbetriebe ; Gastronomie ; Outdoor-Aktivitäten ; Wirtschaft ; The environment ; Hospitality, leisure & tourism industries ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNP Pollution & threats to the environment::RNPG Climate change ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RND Environmental policy & protocols ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNS Service industries
    Language: German
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  • 9
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2021-07-20
    Description: This open access book analyses migration and its relation to socio-political transformation in Switzerland. It addresses how migration has made new forms of life possible and shows how this process generated gender innovation in different fields: the changing division of work, the establishment of a nursery infrastructure, access to higher education for women, and the struggle for female suffrage. Seeing society through the lens of migration alters the perspective from which our past and thus our present is told—and our future imagined.
    Keywords: Political science ; Europe—Politics and government ; Emigration and immigration ; Comparative politics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFN Migration, immigration & emigration ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPB Comparative politics
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Publication Date: 2021-12-24
    Description: This open access book questions the stereotype depicting all Gulf (GCC) economies as not sustainable, and starts a critical discussion of what these economies and polities should do to guarantee themselves a relatively stable future. Volatile international oil markets and the acceleration of the energy transition has challenged the notion that oil revenues are sufficient to sustain oil economies in the near to medium term. But what is the meaning of economic sustainability? The book discusses the multiple dimensions of the concept: economic diversification, continuing value of resources, taxation and fiscal development, labor market sustainability, sustainable income distribution, environmental sustainability, political order (democracy or authoritarianism) and sustainability, regional integration. The overarching message in this book is that we should move on from the simplistic branding of the Gulf economies as unsustainable and tackle the details of which adaptations they might need to undertake.
    Keywords: International Political Economy ; Sustainable Development ; Natural Resource and Energy Economics ; Energy Policy, Economics and Management ; Middle Eastern Politics ; Middle Eastern and North African Economics ; International Relations ; Environmental Social Sciences ; Environmental Economics ; Economy-wide Country Studies ; Open Access ; Sustainability of GCC Development ; New Global Oil Order ; Economic sustainability in resource-rich states ; Gulf Economic Diversification and Sustainable Development ; Political Economy of Diversification ; Economic Transformation vs. Diversification ; Oil and Economic Diversification ; Fiscal dimensions of Economic Sustainability ; Labour Market dimensions of Economic Sustainability ; Hydrocarbon Endowment in the Gulf Region ; Normalizing the Saudi Economy ; Inclusive Growth in the Gulf Region ; Saudi Private Sector’s Contribution to Fiscal Sustainability ; Economic Sustainability and the Energy Transition ; Economic Diversification in the MENA ; Peak Oil and the Energy Transition in the MENA ; Economic Diversification Through Energy Sector Reform ; Energy Pricing Reform in the Gulf Region ; Climate Strategy for Producer Countries ; Political economy ; Sustainability ; Environmental economics ; Energy technology & engineering ; Energy industries & utilities ; Politics & government ; Middle East ; Economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TH Energy technology & engineering ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Springer Nature | Springer
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures, FOSSACS 2020, which took place in Dublin, Ireland, in April 2020, and was held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2020. The 31 regular papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 98 submissions. The papers cover topics such as categorical models and logics; language theory, automata, and games; modal, spatial, and temporal logics; type theory and proof theory; concurrency theory and process calculi; rewriting theory; semantics of programming languages; program analysis, correctness, transformation, and verification; logics of programming; software specification and refinement; models of concurrent, reactive, stochastic, distributed, hybrid, and mobile systems; emerging models of computation; logical aspects of computational complexity; models of software security; and logical foundations of data bases.​
    Keywords: Mathematical Logic and Foundations ; Discrete Mathematics in Computer Science ; Programming Languages, Compilers, Interpreters ; Programming Techniques ; Logic in AI ; Computer Systems Organization and Communication Networks ; categorical models and logics ; language theory, automata, and games ; modal, spatial, and temporal logics ; type theory and proof theory ; concurrency theory and process calculi ; rewriting theory ; semantics of programming languages ; program analysis, correctness, transformation, and verification ; logics of programming ; software specification and refinement ; emerging models of computation ; logical aspects of computational complexity ; models of software security ; logical foundations of data bases ; mathematics ; artificial intellegence ; formal logic ; linguistics ; Mathematical foundations ; Mathematical logic ; Discrete mathematics ; Maths for computer scientists ; Programming & scripting languages: general ; Compilers & interpreters ; Computer programming / software engineering ; Artificial intelligence ; Computer networking & communications ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBC Mathematical foundations ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBD Discrete mathematics ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering::UMX Programming and scripting languages: general ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This Open Access volume provides in-depth analysis of the wide range of ethical issues associated with drug-resistant infectious diseases. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely recognized to be one of the greatest threats to global public health in coming decades; and it has thus become a major topic of discussion among leading bioethicists and scholars from related disciplines including economics, epidemiology, law, and political theory. Topics covered in this volume include responsible use of antimicrobials; control of multi-resistant hospital-acquired infections; privacy and data collection; antibiotic use in childhood and at the end of life; agricultural and veterinary sources of resistance; resistant HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria; mandatory treatment; and trade-offs between current and future generations. As the first book focused on ethical issues associated with drug resistance, it makes a timely contribution to debates regarding practice and policy that are of crucial importance to global public health in the 21st century.
    Keywords: Bioethics ; Drug Resistance ; Infectious Diseases ; Moral Philosophy and Applied Ethics ; Medical Microbiology ; Internal Medicine ; antimicrobial resistance ; public health ethics ; collective responsibility ; infectious disease ; global health ; hospital acquired infection ; animal ethics ; animal epidemiology ; TB resistance and human rights ; TB resistance in developing countries ; privacy and data collection ; ethics and AMR regulation ; ethics of drug development ; Pharmacology ; Infectious & contagious diseases ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAD Bioethics ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKG Pharmacology ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJC Diseases and disorders::MJCJ Infectious and contagious diseases
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: 16th Italian Research Conference on Digital Libraries, IRCDL 2020, Bari, Italy, January 30–31, 2020, Proceedings
    Keywords: Digital libraries ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Springer Nature | Springer
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human Haptic Sensing and Touch Enabled Computer Applications, EuroHaptics 2020, held in Leiden, The Netherlands, in September 2020. The 60 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 111 submissions. The were organized in topical sections on haptic science, haptic technology, and haptic applications. This year's focus is on accessibility.
    Keywords: User Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction ; Robotics ; Special Purpose and Application-Based Systems ; Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet) ; Image Processing and Computer Vision ; Computer and Information Systems Applications ; Computer Vision ; communication systems ; computer networks ; data communication systems ; display devices ; engineering ; haptic devices ; haptic interfaces ; human engineering ; Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) ; mobile computing ; network protocols ; robotics ; signal processing ; telecommunication networks ; user interfaces ; virtual reality ; wireless telecommunication systems ; User interface design & usability ; Artificial intelligence ; Expert systems / knowledge-based systems ; Information retrieval ; Internet searching ; Image processing ; Computer vision ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYZ Human–computer interaction::UYZG User interface design and usability ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence::UYQE Expert systems / knowledge-based systems ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UN Databases::UNH Information retrieval ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYT Image processing
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Springer Nature
    Publication Date: 2021-12-24
    Description: This open access edited volume offers an analysis of the entangled histories of education and development in twentieth-century Africa. It deals with the plurality of actors that competed and collaborated to formulate educational and developmental paradigms and projects: debating their utility and purpose, pondering their necessity and risk, and evaluating their intended and unintended consequences in colonial and postcolonial moments. Since the late nineteenth century, the “educability” of the native was the subject of several debates and experiments: numerous voices, arguments, and agendas emerged, involving multiple institutions and experts, governmental and non-governmental, religious and laic, operating from the corridors of international organizations to the towns and rural villages of Africa. This plurality of expressions of political, social, cultural, and economic imagination of education and development is at the core of this collective work.
    Keywords: Education ; Educational policy ; Education and state ; International education  ; Comparative education ; Education—History ; Economic development ; Imperialism ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTF Development studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBT History: specific events & topics::HBTQ Colonialism & imperialism ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNB History of education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: The zooplankter Calanus finmarchicus is a member of the so-called “Calanus Complex”, a group of copepods that constitutes a key element of the Arctic polar marine ecosystem, providing a crucial link between primary production and higher trophic levels. Climate change induces the shift of C. finmarchicus to higher latitudes with currently unknown impacts on its endogenous timing. Here we generated a daily transcriptome of C. finmarchicus at two high Arctic stations, during the more extreme time of Midnight Sun, the summer solstice. While the southern station (74.5 °N) was sea ice-free, the northern one (82.5 °N) was sea ice-covered. The mRNAs of the 42 samples have been sequenced with an average of 126 ± 5 million reads (mean ± SE) per sample, and aligned to the reference transcriptome. We detail the quality assessment of the datasets and the complete annotation procedure, providing the possibility to investigate daily gene expression of this ecologically important species at high Arctic latitudes, and to compare gene expression according to latitude and sea ice-coverage.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 17
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    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Maritime Studies, Springer Nature, 19(2), pp. 207-221, ISSN: 1872-7859
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Blue economy initiatives have emerged along marine and coastal areas, seeking to bring the green economy into a ‘blue world’. Often defined as a global policy agenda, blue economy discourses and practices aim to generate ‘blue growth’ by linking poverty reduction, social equality, and marine conservation. While global and national policies have spent decades addressing coastal resource management, broader blue economy discourses and practices seem, on the surface, to promote economic growth strategies for marine conservation. Increasingly, new market-oriented programs and projects aim to tap the financial value of the ocean’s ‘blue capital’, ostensibly fostering income generation and sustainable solutions for conservation finance. Drawing on critical discourse analysis and key-informant interviews across scales, we examine the meanings and practices of the blue economy in Southeast Asia and in the Philippines. As an archipelagic nation, millions of coastal dwellers in the Philippines depend on oceans as a major source of livelihood, food security, and well-being. We examine how multilateral institutions, bilateral organisations, state agencies, civil society organisations, and other key actors represent and enact the blue economy discursively and in practice. We find that oceans are being imagined as an open frontier that must be managed and utilised for both conservation and economic purposes. New territorialisation processes are creating new borders and management structures that often bypass social and environmental safeguards, posing a major threat to coastal dwellers. We conclude that by foregrounding economic development and coastal management, more socially just and environmentally sustainable governance approaches are neglected.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Publication Date: 2020-12-01
    Description: The human brain organoids derived from pluripotent cells are a new class of three-dimensional tissue systems that recapitulates several neural epithelial aspects. Brain organoids have already helped efficient modeling of crucial elements of brain development and disorders. Brain organoids’ suitability in modeling glioma has started to emerge, offering another usefulness of brain organoids in disease modeling. Although the current state-of-the organoids mostly reflect the immature state of the brain, with their vast cell diversity, human brain-like cytoarchitecture, feasibility in culturing, handling, imaging, and tractability can offer enormous potential in reflecting the glioma invasion, integration, and interaction with different neuronal cell types. Here, we summarize the current trend of employing brain organoids in glioma modeling and discuss the immediate challenges. Solving them might lay a foundation for using brain organoids as a pre-clinical 3D substrate to dissect the glioma invasion mechanisms in detail.
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2020-11-17
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-15
    Description: Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) activation via autophosphorylation is the central cellular response to stress that promotes cell death or apoptosis. However, the key factors and mechanisms behind the simultaneous activation of pro-survival signaling pathways remain unknown. We have discovered a novel regulatory mechanism for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis that relies on the phosphorylation interplay between sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) and PKR during exogenous stress. We identified SPHK1 as a previously unrecognized PKR substrate. Phosphorylated SPHK1, a central kinase, mediates the activation of PKR-induced pro-survival pathways by the S1P/S1PR1/MAPKs/IKKα signal axis, and antagonizes PKR-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signal transduction under stress conditions. Otherwise, phosphorylated SPHK1 also acts as the negative feedback factor, preferentially binding to the latent form of PKR at the C-terminal kinase motif, inhibiting the homodimerization of PKR, suppressing PKR autophosphorylation, and reducing the signaling strength for cell death and apoptosis. Our results suggest that the balance of the activation levels between PKR and SPHK1, a probable hallmark of homeostasis maintenance, determines cell fate during cellular stress response.
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    Publication Date: 2020-12-14
    Description: While inner ear disorders are common, our ability to intervene and recover their sensory function is limited. In vitro models of the inner ear, like the organoid system, could aid in identifying new regenerative drugs and gene therapies. Here, we provide a perspective on the status of in vitro inner ear models and guidance on how to improve their applicability in translational research. We highlight the generation of inner ear cell types from pluripotent stem cells as a particularly promising focus of research. Several exciting recent studies have shown how the developmental signaling cues of embryonic and fetal development can be mimicked to differentiate stem cells into “inner ear organoids” containing otic progenitor cells, hair cells, and neurons. However, current differentiation protocols and our knowledge of embryonic and fetal inner ear development in general, have a bias toward the sensory epithelia of the inner ear. We propose that a more holistic view is needed to better model the inner ear in vitro. Moving forward, attention should be made to the broader diversity of neuroglial and mesenchymal cell types of the inner ear, and how they interact in space or time during development. With improved control of epithelial, neuroglial, and mesenchymal cell fate specification, inner ear organoids would have the ability to truly recapitulate neurosensory function and dysfunction. We conclude by discussing how single-cell atlases of the developing inner ear and technical innovations will be critical tools to advance inner ear organoid platforms for future pre-clinical applications.
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2020-11-22
    Description: Gastric cancer ranks as the fifth most common human malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer related deaths. Depending on tumor stage, endoscopic or surgical resection supported by perioperative chemotherapy is the only curative option for patients. Due to late clinical manifestation and missing reliable biomarkers, early detection is challenging and overall survival remains poor. Organoids are cell aggregates cultured in three-dimensions that grow with similar characteristics as their tissue-of-origin. Due to their self-renewal and proliferative capacity, organoids can be maintained long term in culture and expanded in many cases in an unlimited fashion. Patient-derived organoid (PDO) libraries function as living biobanks, allowing the in depth analysis of tissue specific function, development and disease. The recent successful establishment of gastric cancer PDOs opens up new perspectives for multiple translational clinical applications. Here, we review different adult stem cell derived gastric organoid model systems and focus on their establishment, phenotypic and genotypic characterizations as well as their use in predicting therapy response.
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2020-11-18
    Description: The intestinal epithelium harbors a remarkable adaptability to undergo injury-induced repair. A key part of the regenerative response is the transient reprogramming of epithelial cells into a fetal-like state, which drives uniform proliferation, tissue remodeling, and subsequent restoration of the homeostatic state. In this review, we discuss how Wnt and YAP signaling pathways control the intestinal repair response and the transitioning of cell states, in comparison with the process of intestinal development. Furthermore, we highlight how organoid-based applications have contributed to the characterization of the mechanistic principles and key players that guide these developmental and regenerative events.
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-21
    Description: p53 plays a pivotal role in controlling the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by regulating genes involved in cell cycle and early steps of differentiation process. In the context of osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and bone homeostasis, the osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of NF-κB ligand/receptor activator of NF-κB (OPG/RANKL/RANK) axis is a critical signaling pathway. The absence or loss of function of p53 has been implicated in aberrant osteogenic differentiation of MSCs that results in higher bone formation versus erosion, leading to an unbalanced bone remodeling. Here, we show by microCT that mice with p53 deletion systemically or specifically in mesenchymal cells possess significantly higher bone density than their respective littermate controls. There is a negative correlation between p53 and OPG both in vivo by analysis of serum from p53+/+, p53+/−, and p53−/− mice and in vitro by p53 knockdown and ChIP assay in MSCs. Notably, high expression of Opg or its combination with low level of p53 are prominent features in clinical cancer lesion of osteosarcoma and prostate cancer respectively, which correlate with poor survival. Intra-bone marrow injection of prostate cancer cells, together with androgen can suppress p53 expression and enhance local Opg expression, leading to an enhancement of bone density. Our results support the notion that MSCs, as osteoblast progenitor cells and one major component of bone microenvironment, represent a cellular source of OPG, whose amount is regulated by the p53 status. It also highlights a key role for the p53-OPG axis in regulating the cancer associated bone remodeling.
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-19
    Description: Anthracyclines are a class of conventional and commonly used frontline chemotherapy drugs to treat breast cancer. However, the anthracycline-based regimens can only reduce breast cancer mortality by 20–30%. Furthermore, there is no appropriate biomarker for predicting responses to this kind of chemotherapy currently. Here we report our findings that may fill this gap by showing the AQP1 (Aquaporin1) protein as a potential response predictor in the anthracycline chemotherapy. We showed that breast cancer patients with a high level of AQP1 expression who underwent the anthracycline treatment had a better clinical outcome relative to those with a low level of AQP1 expression. In the exploration of the underlying mechanisms, we found that the AQP1 and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) competitively interacted with the 12 armadillo repeats of β-catenin, followed by the inhibition of the β-catenin degradation that led to β-catenin’s accumulation in the cytoplasm and nuclear translocation. The nuclear β-catenin interacted with TopoIIα and enhanced TopoIIα’s activity, which resulted in a high sensitivity of breast cancer cells to anthracyclines. We also found, the miR-320a-3p can attenuate the anthracycline’s chemosensitivity by inhibiting the AQP1 expression. Taken together, our findings suggest the efficacy of AQP1 as a response predictor in the anthracycline chemotherapy. The application of our study includes, but is not limited to, facilitating screening of the most appropriate breast cancer patients (who have a high AQP1 expression) for better anthracycline chemotherapy and improved prognosis purposes.
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-19
    Description: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are promising candidate for regenerative medicine to repair non-healing bone defects due to their high and easy availability. However, the limited osteogenic differentiation potential greatly hinders the clinical application of ADSCs in bone repair. Accumulating evidences demonstrate that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in stem/progenitor cell fate determination, but their specific role in stem/progenitor cell osteogenesis, remains mostly undescribed. Here, we show that circRNA-vgll3 originating from the vgll3 locus markedly enhances osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs; nevertheless, silencing of circRNA-vgll3 dramatically attenuates ADSC osteogenesis. Furthermore, we validate that circRNA-vgll3 functions in ADSC osteogenesis through a circRNA-vgll3/miR-326-5p/integrin α5 (Itga5) pathway. Itga5 promotes ADSC osteogenic differentiation and miR-326-5p suppresses Itga5 translation. CircRNA-vgll3 directly sequesters miR-326-5p in the cytoplasm and inhibits its activity to promote osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, the therapeutic potential of circRNA-vgll3-modified ADSCs with calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffolds was systematically evaluated in a critical-sized defect model in rats. Our results demonstrate that circRNA-vgll3 markedly enhances new bone formation with upregulated bone mineral density, bone volume/tissue volume, trabeculae number, and increased new bone generation. This study reveals the important role of circRNA-vgll3 during new bone biogenesis. Thus, circRNA-vgll3 engineered ADSCs may be effective potential therapeutic targets for bone regenerative medicine.
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-13
    Description: SEPN1-related myopathy (SEPN1-RM) is a muscle disorder due to mutations of the SEPN1 gene, which is characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue leading to scoliosis and life-threatening respiratory failure. Core lesions, focal areas of mitochondria depletion in skeletal muscle fibers, are the most common histopathological lesion. SEPN1-RM underlying mechanisms and the precise role of SEPN1 in muscle remained incompletely understood, hindering the development of biomarkers and therapies for this untreatable disease. To investigate the pathophysiological pathways in SEPN1-RM, we performed metabolic studies, calcium and ATP measurements, super-resolution and electron microscopy on in vivo and in vitro models of SEPN1 deficiency as well as muscle biopsies from SEPN1-RM patients. Mouse models of SEPN1 deficiency showed marked alterations in mitochondrial physiology and energy metabolism, suggesting that SEPN1 controls mitochondrial bioenergetics. Moreover, we found that SEPN1 was enriched at the mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM), and was needed for calcium transients between ER and mitochondria, as well as for the integrity of ER-mitochondria contacts. Consistently, loss of SEPN1 in patients was associated with alterations in body composition which correlated with the severity of muscle weakness, and with impaired ER-mitochondria contacts and low ATP levels. Our results indicate a role of SEPN1 as a novel MAM protein involved in mitochondrial bioenergetics. They also identify a systemic bioenergetic component in SEPN1-RM and establish mitochondria as a novel therapeutic target. This role of SEPN1 contributes to explain the fatigue and core lesions in skeletal muscle as well as the body composition abnormalities identified as part of the SEPN1-RM phenotype. Finally, these results point out to an unrecognized interplay between mitochondrial bioenergetics and ER homeostasis in skeletal muscle. They could therefore pave the way to the identification of biomarkers and therapeutic drugs for SEPN1-RM and for other disorders in which muscle ER-mitochondria cross-talk are impaired.
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    Publication Date: 2020-11-08
    Description: Axonal degeneration and neuronal cell death are fundamental processes in development and contribute to the pathology of neurological disease in adults. Both processes are regulated by BCL-2 family proteins which orchestrate the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). MOM permeabilization (MOMP) results in the activation of pro-apoptotic molecules that commit neurons to either die or degenerate. With the success of small-molecule inhibitors targeting anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins for the treatment of lymphoma, we can now envision the use of inhibitors of apoptosis with exquisite selectivity for BCL-2 family protein regulation of neuronal apoptosis in the treatment of nervous system disease. Critical to this development is deciphering which subset of proteins is required for neuronal apoptosis and axon degeneration, and how these two different outcomes are separately regulated. Moreover, noncanonical BCL-2 family protein functions unrelated to the regulation of MOMP, including impacting necroptosis and other modes of cell death may reveal additional potential targets and/or confounders. This review highlights our current understanding of BCL-2 family mediated neuronal cell death and axon degeneration, while identifying future research questions to be resolved to enable regulating neuronal survival pharmacologically.
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-31
    Description: Necroptosis is mediated by signaling complexes called necrosomes, which contain receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3) and upstream effectors, such as RIP1. In necrosomes, the RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) of RIP3 and RIP1 forms amyloidal complex. But how the amyloidal necrosomes control RIP3 activation and cell necroptosis has not been determined. Here, we showed that RIP3 amyloid fibrils could further assemble into large fibrillar networks which presents as cellular puncta during necroptosis. A viral RHIM-containing necroptosis inhibitor M45 could form heteroamyloid with RIP3 in cells and prevent RIP3 puncta formation and cell necroptosis. We characterized mutual antagonism between RIP3–RHIM and M45–RHIM in necroptosis regulation, which was caused by distinct inter-filament interactions in RIP3, M45 amyloids revealed with atomic force microscopy. Moreover, double mutations Asn464 and Met468 in RIP3–RHIM to Asp disrupted RIP3 kinase-dependent necroptosis. While the mutant RIP3(N464D/M468D) could form amyloid as wild type upon necroptosis induction. Based on these results, we propose that RIP3 amyloid formation is required but not sufficient in necroptosis signaling, the ordered inter-filament assembly of RIP3 is critical in RIP3 amyloid mediated kinase activation and cell necroptosis.
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    Publication Date: 2020-06-01
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    Publication Date: 2020-06-03
    Description: Both the proper functioning of the female reproductive tract (FRT) and normal placental development are essential for women’s health, wellbeing, and pregnancy outcome. The study of the FRT in humans has been challenging due to limitations in the in vitro and in vivo tools available. Recent developments in 3D organoid technology that model the different regions of the FRT include organoids of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, endometrium and cervix, as well as placental trophoblast. These models are opening up new avenues to investigate the normal biology and pathology of the FRT. In this review, we discuss the advances, potential, and limitations of organoid cultures of the human FRT.
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    Publication Date: 2020-12-17
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-23
    Description: The multiplicity of systems affected in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains calls for multi-target therapies. Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are promising candidates, their clinical application is limited because of risks related to their direct implantation in the host. This could be overcome by exploiting their paracrine action. We herein demonstrate that in vivo systemic administration of secretome collected from MSC exposed in vitro to AD mouse brain homogenates (MSC-CS), fully replicates the cell-mediated neuroreparative effects in APP/PS1 AD mice. We found a complete but transient memory recovery by 7 days, which vanished by 14 days, after a single MSC-CS intravenous administration in 12-month or 22–24-month-old mice. Treatment significantly reduced plaque load, microglia activation, and expression of cytokines in astrocytes in younger, but not aged, mice at 7 days. To optimize efficacy, we established a sustained treatment protocol in aged mice through intranasal route. Once-weekly intranasal administration of MSC-CS induced persistent memory recovery, with dramatic reduction of plaques surrounded by a lower density of β-amyloid oligomers. Gliosis and the phagocytic marker CD68 were decreased. We found a higher neuronal density in cortex and hippocampus, associated with a reduction in hippocampal shrinkage and a longer lifespan indicating healthier conditions of MSC-CS-treated compared to vehicle-treated APP/PS1 mice. Our data prove that MSC-CS displays a great multi-level therapeutic potential, and lay the foundation for identifying the therapeutic secretome bioreactors leading to the development of an efficacious multi-reparative cocktail drug, towards abrogating the need for MSC implantation and risks related to their direct use.
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: Microglia are the primary immune cells in the central nervous system, which plays a vital role in neuron development and neurodegenerative diseases. Microglial precursors in peripheral hematopoietic tissues colonize the central nervous system during early embryogenesis. However, how intrinsic and extrinsic signals integrate to regulate microglia’s differentiation remains undefined. In this study, we identified the cerebral white matter hyperintensities susceptibility gene, programmed cell death protein 11 (PDCD11), as an essential factor regulating microglia differentiation. In zebrafish, pdcd11 deficiency prevents the differentiation of the precursors to mature brain microglia. Although, the inflammatory featured macrophage brain colonization is augmented. At 22 h post fertilization, the Pdcd11-positive cells on the yolk sac are distinct from macrophages and neutrophils. Mechanistically, PDCD11 exerts its physiological role by differentially regulating the functions of nuclear factor-kappa B family members, P65 and c-Rel, suppressing P65-mediated expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as tnfα, and enhancing the c-Rel-dependent appearance of tgfβ1. The present study provides novel insights in understanding microglia differentiation during zebrafish development.
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-19
    Description: NF-κB signaling plays a critical role in tumor growth and treatment resistance in GBM as in many other cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying high, constitutive NF-κB activity in GBM remains to be elucidated. Here, we screened a panel of tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins and identified TRIM22 as a potential activator of NF-κB using an NF-κB driven luciferase reporter construct in GBM cell lines. Knockout of TRIM22 using Cas9-sgRNAs led to reduced GBM cell proliferation, while TRIM22 overexpression enhanced proliferation of cell populations, in vitro and in an orthotopic xenograft model. However, two TRIM22 mutants, one with a critical RING-finger domain deletion and the other with amino acid changes at two active sites of RING E3 ligase (C15/18A), were both unable to promote GBM cell proliferation over controls, thus implicating E3 ligase activity in the growth-promoting properties of TRIM22. Co-immunoprecipitations demonstrated that TRIM22 bound a negative regulator of NF-κB, NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα), and accelerated its degradation by inducing K48-linked ubiquitination. TRIM22 also formed a complex with the NF-κB upstream regulator IKKγ and promoted K63-linked ubiquitination, which led to the phosphorylation of both IKKα/β and IκBα. Expression of a non-phosphorylation mutant, srIκBα, inhibited the growth-promoting properties of TRIM22 in GBM cell lines. Finally, TRIM22 was increased in a cohort of primary GBM samples on a tissue microarray, and high expression of TRIM22 correlated with other clinical parameters associated with progressive gliomas, such as wild-type IDH1 status. In summary, our study revealed that TRIM22 activated NF-κB signaling through posttranslational modification of two critical regulators of NF-κB signaling in GBM cells.
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-18
    Description: Mitotic catastrophe (MC) is an important oncosuppressive mechanism that serves to eliminate cells that become polyploid or aneuploid due to aberrant mitosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that the activation and catalytic function of caspase-2 are key steps in MC to trigger apoptosis and/or cell cycle arrest of mitotically defective cells. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate caspase-2 activation and its function are unclear. Here, we identify six new phosphorylation sites in caspase-2 and show that a key mitotic kinase, Aurora B kinase (AURKB), phosphorylates caspase-2 at the highly conserved residue S384. We demonstrate that phosphorylation at S384 blocks caspase-2 catalytic activity and apoptosis function in response to mitotic insults, without affecting caspase-2 dimerisation. Moreover, molecular modelling suggests that phosphorylation at S384 may affect substrate binding by caspase-2. We propose that caspase-2 S384 phosphorylation by AURKB is a key mechanism that controls caspase-2 activation during mitosis.
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    Publication Date: 2020-07-31
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 809-810 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ONE of the most difficult problems, either in botany as a pure science, or in forestry as applied biology, has always been, and still is, to assess the relationships which exist between the root of a tree and its environment in the soil. The reason for this lies, of course, in the fundamental ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 811-811 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THIS book is one of a series projected by the Young Communist League. After directing attention to the ways in which science has changed the world's outlook, the author compares the progress of science under various forms of social structure- capitalism, Fascism and in the U.S.S.R. The last chapter ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 811-811 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THIS edition of a useful publication has been enlarged in many sections. It includes a large number of detailed tables of physical data, properties of many kinds of materials, glossaries giving definitions of apparatus and products (with many clear diagrams), and ample sections on the most varied ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 814-816 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE term 'geochemistry', like many other scientific terms, has a variable connotation. If geochemistry means simply the chemical study of the earth or parts of the earth, then geochemistry must be as old as chemistry itself, and dates from the attempts of Babylonian and Egyptian metal-workers and ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 818-818 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] DR. JAMES N. SUGDEN, senior lecturer in inorganic chemistry in the Imperial College of Science and Technology, who was killed by a flying bomb on July 11, 1944, was born at Silsden, near Keighley, on March 27, 1894. As a pupil of the Trade and Grammar School, Keighley, he came under the influence ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 824-824 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A NUMBER of publications1,2,3,4 from this Laboratory have dealt with the acid character of hydrogen clays isolated from Indian soils as revealed from a study of their titration curves with bases, buffer indices and base-exchange capacities calculated at the inflexion points of ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 828-828 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Biesele, Poyner and Painter have shown1 that diplochromosomes and higher polytenes are often to be found in tumours and that these large chromosomes are the result of endomitosis. Biesele and Cowdry2 also found these abnormalities in the epidermis of mice painted ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 822-822 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In the article on the "Deciduous Cypress" in Nature of December 16, p. 775, for 12 ft. (line 8, col. 2) read 21 ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 826-827 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE experimental evidence summarized below has led us to the conclusion that the carbon dioxide produced by stored wheat, apparently by respiration of the grain itself, is in fact produced almost entirely by micro-organisms growing in the pericarp (‘bran’) of the grains. Respiration ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 827-827 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN previous papers1 from this laboratory it was shown that saline extracts of adult tissues and organs have a marked growth promoting effect on cell colonies in vitro. Under given experimental conditions, the growth-promoting activity of certain adult tissue extracts is several ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] H. Borsook and J. W. Dubnoff1 have discovered that phosphoereatine is changed into creatinine in water solution at 38° and pH 7, by splitting off phosphate, and they consider that this spontaneous reaction is the way in which creatinine is formed in the animal body. In connexion ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] ‘BOLTERS’ occur1,2 in many potato varieties and are distinguished from the normal plants of the variety by the following characteristics: the haulms are more vigorous, taller and with longer internodes, the tubers are coarser and the crop heavier at maturity, maturity is much ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 785-788 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THERE is a great voice in the world to-day, the voice of science and technology. It is a voice heard since ancient times but never until to-day has it spoken with such authority, have its words been so filled with promise, has it been listened to with such hope; and in no country in the world does ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 799-799 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN recent years we have made several attempts to infect tissue cultures of fibroblasts from chicks and fowls of various ages with the virus of Rous sarcoma No. 1. Although we were not satisfied that such infection can take place in vitro, we gained some experience in methods of obtaining tissue ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 801-801 
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    Notes: [Auszug] WITH regard to the cock house-sparrow reported in Nature of May 6, 1944, as continually attacking its own reflexion in a glass window, a peacock of mine was a great nuisance because he would fight himself, in windows and the bright parts of cars. I have seen a cock house-sparrow attacking a ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 802-802 
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    Notes: [Auszug] As one who has had contacts, through geology, with industry, mining and agriculture in Cumberland during a quarter of a century, may I be permitted to comment upon Dr. Stamp's article on “West Cumberland and its Utilization” in Nature of November 18. The basic causes of the depression in ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 802-802 
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    Notes: [Auszug] I HAVE no quarrel with most that Dr. Trotter says, but his letter strikes just that note of false optimism which it was my concern to avoid. Apart from the steady deflexion of the hæmatite reserves, the heavy iron and steel industry is naturally well sited, but to say the “need for new ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 805-806 
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    Notes: [Auszug] South African Journal of Medical Sciences, published quarterly by the University of Wit-watersrand and the South African Institute for Medical Research, is devoted to original work in any of the sciences represented in the medical curriculum. C. de V. Bevan contributes to the February 1944 issue ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 806-806 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Thursday, December 28 ROYAL INSTITUTION (at 21 Albemarle Street, London, W.I), at 2.30 p.m.-Sir Harold Spencer Jones, F.R.S.: "Astronomy in our Daily Life", 1: "The Spinning Earth" (Christmas Lectures). Saturday, December 30 NUTRITION SOCIETY (at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 748-748 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THERE is a well-known saying that great things arise from small beginnings, and this is true of modern bird photography, which began in those seemingly remote days when a stand camera was the only instrument for all types of photography. There is some dispute as to who took the first wild-life ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 751-751 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE story of the rise and development of twentieth century physics has been told so often and by so many 'leading world authorities', that, fascinating as it is, one's first reaction to any further author who proposes to guide the footsteps of the 'layman' along the now well-worn and familiar track ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 757-759 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE death on November 22, at the age of sixty-one, of Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington is a great loss to science. In these days of specialization in science, it is given to few to have so wide a range of interests and to make contributions of outstanding merit in such diverse fields as he did. He ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] (not included in the monthly Books Supplement) Great Britain and Ireland City and Guilds of London Institute. Report of the Council to the Members ofthe Institute for the Year 1943. Pp. xlix. (London: City and Guilds of London Institute.) [211 Religious Instruction in Schools. Preliminary ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 752-756 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Contrasts of Facies of Contemporaneous Formations in the Alps GEOLOGICAL formations may vary greatly in VJ character, or facies, from place to place. In the Swiss Alps the Mesozoic sediments show several facies associations, sufficiently definite to be given names. Of these the most commonly ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 760-760 
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    Notes: [Auszug] ALL physicists deplore in the death of Sir Arthur Eddington the passing of a great leader in their science, whose genius they acknowledge as freely as they admit, in many cases, their inability to follow him in his most daring and difficult advances. These particular advances, however, form only ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 762-762 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE remarkably comprehensive and suggestive paper recently read at the Royal Society of Arts by Mr. R. W. Moore, headmaster of Harrow, calls for special comment. The progressive teacher, he said, is alive to the uses of the epidiascope, and films have established themselves as an important ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 811-811 
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    Notes: [Auszug] MR. GILLIE'S book contains within its small compass all the information necessary for those who wish to understand the factors on which the efficiency of the magnetic compass depends. Among its merits, we may refer to its simplicity; it does not require a navigator to understand the nature of the ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 816-817 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE subject of crystal dynamics, which is concerned with the vibrati onal movement of atoms in the solid state, is now of respectable antiquity. The classic papers are perhaps those of Einstein1, Debye2 and Born and v. Karman3, which deduce the specific heat of metals from the vibrational energy ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 817-818 
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    Notes: [Auszug] WE regret to record the death of Dr. George Arthur Tomlinson, a principal scientific Officer at the National Physical Laboratory, on December 1, after a short illness. Tomlinson was born on January 7, 1885, and educated at Nottingham High School, passing on to University College, Nottingham, where ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 819-819 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE annual report of the Council of the Royal Institute of International Affairs for the year ended June 30, 1944, gives a brief review of the growth of the work since the Institute was established in 1919 for the scientific study of international affairs. A committee was appointed by the Council ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 821-821 
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    Notes: [Auszug] AN article by A. J. Warner (Elec. Comm., 22, No. 1; 1944), in reviewing the physical and electrical properties of plastics, discusses the various types of plastic materials available, paying particular attention to their electrical properties, and also examines their physical limitations, since ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 822-822 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE director of the Nizamiah Observatory has communicated a paper, "Oecultations of Stars and Planets by the Moon observed at the Nizamiah Observatory, Hyderabad, during the Year 1943" (Mon, Not.,Roy. Astro. Soc, 104, 4; 1944), which gives the occultation results for 1943 from January 11 until ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 823-823 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE study of diffusion constants of proteins and other materials of high molecular weight has added much to our knowledge of the nature of these substances (Svedberg and Pederssen1, Polson2). These studies were made on materials which were obtained in the pure ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] A SEARCH for improved methods of prolonging the effect of the injection of morphine and other narcotics resulted in the observation that, for a given dose of morphine, the period of narcosis can be considerably extended if the base is administered in the form of mucate instead of the usual ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] SPECTROSCOPIC evidence1 shows that the maximum energy of excitation which a molecule of active nitrogen can impart to another molecule (or atom) is 9·45 eV. Lord Rayleigh, however, from a study of the incandescence of metals immersed in active nitrogen, finds2 that ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 831-832 
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    Notes: [Auszug] KING has shown1 that at low concentrations the diffusion constant of water in keratin becomes extremely small in comparison with its value at higher concentrations. This effect is already known from the behaviour of the hair hygrometer2, the response of which ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 833-834 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Logarithmic Series and the Index of Diversity as Applied to Ecological Problems IN a recent paper in the Journal of Animal Ecology (32, May 1944), Dr. C. B. Williams of the Rothamsted Experimental Station discusses this subject. He describes the application of a logarithmic series to a number of ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 840-840 
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    Notes: [Auszug] (not included in the monthly Books Supplement) Great Britain and Ireland Eighth Report from the Select Committee on National Expenditure, Session 1943-44. The Chemical Controls. Pp. 12. (London: H.M. Stationery Office.) 2d. net. [1611 Ministry of Education. Memorandum on the Draft Bui ng ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 784-784 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THIS book is written round the United States War Department's outline, "Fundamentals of Electricity", and provides a broad foundation for the fields of specialization suggested by the various technical and field manuals. But its use is not confined to war-time applications of electricity. It is ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 791-792 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE many friends of Prof. G. D. Birkhoff on the eastern side of the Atlantic are deeply grieved to hear of his death on November 12. For a whole generation he had been a commanding figure among mathematicians and a link between American men of science and their colleagues in both western and ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 793-793 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN an address to the Leicester Centre of the Institute of Industrial Administration on "Incentives for Indirect Workers" (J, Inst. Indust. Admin., 5, 14; 1944), Mr. Harold White gives an interesting analysis of the incentives affecting workers not directly engaged in manufacturing processes or the ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 794-794 
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    Notes: [Auszug] DURING August 1944, five strong earthquakes were registered by the seismographs at the Dominion Observatory, Wellington, New Zealand. The first of these, on August 8, from an estimated epicentral distance from Wellington of a little more than 48°, had a depth of focus near 80 km. Those of August ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 795-796 
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    Notes: [Auszug] PENICILLIN has not, up to the present, been extensively employed in tropical medicine. There is, however, evidence that, among other conditions, penicillin has an action in syphilis1,2, on Spirochæta recurrentis infections in mice and on Spirillum minus3 as well as ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 796-797 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE antibacterial agent benzylamine-4-sulphon-amide (I), which under the name of ‘Marfanil’ was supplied in quantity to Rommel's forces in North Africa, has given interesting results in Allied hands (cf. Mitchell, Rees and Robinson1). Organisms made resistant to sulphanilamide by ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 800-801 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IT is a well-known fact that most numbers in statistical tables start with a small digit. For example, in population tables almost one third of the entries begin with the digit 1. The same holds true for most tables of the type occurring in the World's Almanac. A rough qualitative ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN connexion with the interesting discovery by Barcroft et al.1 of the passage of molecules as large as serum albumin along the Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord of the sheep, I beg to offer the following comments. So far as the supply of nutriment (other than water) to ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 803-804 
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    Notes: [Auszug] PLAGUES of native species of rodent recur from time to time in the dry inland plains of Australia1'2"3'4. Palmer3 describes an outbreak of rats (apparently the long-haired rat, Rattus villosissimus Waite4) which occurred after continuous rains during 1869-70, and moved northwards across the Gulf ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 745-748 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE eighth report of the Select Committee on National Expenditure for the session 1945-44 arose out of an inquiry into the chemical controls of the Ministry of Supply, and should remove certain widespread misapprehensions by making plain their functions and responsibilities. Although primarily ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 750-751 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN his story of his visit to India, which has so arrested the attention of all of us, Prof. A. V. Hill has emphasized the need for biological research in particular in order to solve the many complex Indian problems. The "Annual Review" may serve as an indication of the extent to which chemistry ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 759-760 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THROUGHOUT his career as an astronomer, Sir Arthur Eddington's connexion with the Royal Astronomical Society, both formal and scientific, was close and intimate. He was elected a fellow in 1906, was president during 1921-23 (a period of office which included the celebration Of the centenary of the ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 761-761 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE presidents of the Royal Society and Of the Royal College of Physicians have awarded the Con-way Evans Prize to Sir Thomas Lewis, in recognition of his great contribution to medical knowledge on the normal and abnormal mechanisms of the heart and circulation of the blood. This prize, in ...
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    Notes: [Auszug] ONE of the most violent earthquakes of recent years was recorded by the seismographs at Kew, West Bromwich, New York and Bombay, and probably throughout the world, on December 7. At West Bromwich it was recorded at 4h. 48m. 38s. G.M.T., and the waves were so violent that the recording mechanism was ...
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    Nature 154 (1944), S. 762-763 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] FOR his presidential address to the Geological Section of the Congress of the South Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, held on October 14, Dr. K. P. Oakley took as his subject "Man and the Migrations of Phosphorus". For some time after the earth's formation, the phosphorus cycle in the sea was ...
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 154 (1944), S. 763-763 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN the issue for 1944 of the Boletin Astronomico Del Observatorio De Madrid, E. Gullon supplies a resume of the observations of solar prominences during September-December 1939. Owing to the removal of certain equipment from Valencia to Madrid and to other causes, observations could not commence ...
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 154 (1944), S. 763-763 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ACCOBDING to the August issue of the Anglo-Swedish Review, a new local anaesthetic has been discovered which in several respects far surpasses novocaine, which Sweden had hitherto to import. This new anaesthetic has been named LL 30, the letters standing for the names of two young scientific ...
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 154 (1944), S. 763-763 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE annotated catalogue issued by Schuman's, 30 East 70th Street, New York, under the name of "Medical Miscellany List \P ", includes, besides a large number of miscellaneous works on medicine and science, two sections devoted respectively to neurology and psychiatry and war medicine. The ...
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