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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 60 (1998), S. 492-497 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: yeast ; inulin ; inulase ; fructose ; secretion ; hexokinases ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The gene encoding inulase of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus (INU1Km) was cloned and expressed in the inulin-negative yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells of S. cerevisiae transformed with the INU1Km gene have acquired extracellular inulase activity and were able to grow in the medium with inulin as a sole carbon source. The S. cerevisiae strain was constructed that is capable of heterologous expression of secreted K. marxianus inulase and is defective in fructose uptake due to null-mutations of the hexokinase structural genes HXK1 and HXK2. When grown in inulin-containing media, this strain is capable of accumulating at least 10% glucose-free fructose in the culture liquid. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 60: 492-497, 1998.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 445-450 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: on-line control ; pH control ; growth monitoring ; proton titration ; yeast ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The amount of acid or base consumed in yeast cultures has been recently assigned to the pathway of nitrogen assimilation under respiratory conditions with no contribution by carbon metabolism (Castrillo et al., 1995). In this investigation, experiments under respirofermentative conditions have shown that production or consumption of ethanol does not contribute significantly to the specific rate of proton production (qH+), thus extending the previously obtained relationships for all aerobic conditions in which other major acid/base contributions are not involved. Tests in batch and chemostat culture confirm the validity of qH+ as a formal control parameter in aerobic fermentations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:445-450, 1998.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 72 (1998), S. 8-17 
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: eukaryote ; DNA replication ; replication origin ; pre-replication complex ; initiation proteins ; origin recognition complex ; DNA unwinding ; nuclear structure ; chromatin structure ; DNA methylation ; animal development ; metazoa ; mammal ; frog ; fly ; yeast ; Xenopus ; Drosophila ; Sciara ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Our understanding of the process by which eukaryotes regulate initiation of DNA replication has made remarkable advances in the past few years, thanks in large part to the explosion of genetic and biochemical information on the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. At least three major concepts have emerged: 1) The sequence of molecular events that determines when replication begins and how frequently each replication site is used are conserved among most, if not all, eukaryotes; 2) specific replication origins are used in most, if not all, eukaryotes that consist of a flexible modular anatomy; and 3) epigenetic factors such as chromatin structure and nuclear organization determine which of many potential replication origins are used at different stages in animal development. Thus, the current state of our knowledge suggests a simple unifying concept - all eukaryotes utilize the same basic proteins and DNA sequences to initiate replication, but the metazoa can change both the number and locations of replication origins in response to the demands of animal development. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppls. 30/31:8-17, 1998.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 59 (1998), S. 647-650 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: biomass separation ; flocculation ; biomass measurement ; yeast ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We introduce the ratio of nonflocculent versus total biomass as a criterion for starting cell separation from the medium. This criterion can be applied for the automation of the process regardless of the process dynamics. Its minimum indicates the optimum period of time for the start of the separation process with regard not only to nonflocculent cell concentration, but also medium attributes. In contrast to the concentration of nonflocculent cells, which has two minima, first at the beginning of the process and another broader one in the period during which maximum flocculation is present, the ratio has a single minimum and can therefore be implemented as a criterion for cell separation. To calculate the ratio value, in addition to an on-line method for nonflocculent biomass measurement described elsewhere, an on-line method for the total biomass of flocculent yeast is proposed. It is based on the absorbency measurement of the cell biomass, previously deflocculated by EDTA. Therefore, it can be applied in bioprocesses with transparent media and yeast that can be deflocculated by EDTA. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:647-650, 1998.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 58 (1998), S. 133-138 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: metabolic modeling ; model selection ; parameter estimation ; identification ; yeast ; stoichiometry ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A metabolic network model is one of the cornerstones of the emerging Metabolic Engineering methodology. In this article, special attention is therefore, given to the phase of model building. A five-stage structured approach to metabolic network modeling is introduced. The basic steps are: (1) to collect a priori knowledge on the reaction network and to build candidate network models, (2) to perform an a priori check of the model, (3) to estimate the unknown parameters in the model, (4) to check the identified model for acceptability from a biological and thermodynamic point of view, and (5) to validate the model with new data. The approach is illustrated with a growth system involving baker's yeast growing on mixtures of substrates. Special attention is given to the central uncertainties in metabolic network modeling, i.e., estimation of energetic parameters in the network and the choice of the source of anabolic reducing equivalents NADPH. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:133-138, 1998.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: UWB ; recombination ; mutagenesis ; yeast ; ultraviolet light ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Cell samples of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were exposed to 100 J/m2 of 254 nm ultraviolet (UV) radiation followed by a 30 min treatment with ultra-wide band (UWB) electromagnetic pulses. The UWB pulses (101-104 kV/m, 1.0 ns width, 165 ps rise time) were applied at the repetition rates of 0 Hz (sham), 16 Hz, or 600 Hz. The effect of exposures was evaluated from the colony-forming ability of the cells on complete and selective media and the number of aberrant colonies. The experiments established no effect of UWB exposure on the UV-induced reciprocal and non-reciprocal recombination, mutagenesis, or cell survival. Bioelectromagnetics 19: 128-130, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: polyphosphatase ; cytosol ; yeast ; purification ; kinetic model ; Mg2+ ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A homogenous polyphosphatase preparation was obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytosol with a 3·8% yield and 3540-fold purification. The enzyme hydrolysed polyphosphate (polyP) with various chain lengths, including polyP3, and split Pi off the end of the chain. It was inactive with respect to ATP, PPi, and p-nitrophenylphosphate. Its specific activity with polyP15 was 283 U/mg protein. The polyphosphatase was a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 40 kDa. This enzyme was inactive without divalent cations and with Cu2+ and Ca2+. The ability of other divalent cations to activate the enzyme decreased in the following order: Co2+〉Mn2+〉Mg2+〉Zn2+. A kinetic model of the hydrolysis of polyP3 and action of Mg2+ is proposed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 401-407 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; Kluyveromyces marxianus ; malic acid transport ; mutants ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In malic acid-grown cells of the strains ATCC 10022 and KMS3 of Kluyveromyces marxianus the transport of malic acid occurred by a malate-proton symport, which accepted l-malic, d-malic, succinic and fumaric acids, but not tartaric, malonic or maleic acids. The system was inducible and subjected to glucose repression. Mutants of the strain KMS3, unable to grow in a medium with malic acid, were isolated and checked for their capacity to utilize several carbon sources and to transport dicarboxylic acids by the malate-proton symport. Two distinct clones affected on malate transport were obtained. Both were able to grow on a medium with glycerol or ethanol but not with dl-malic, succinic, oxoglutaric and oxaloacetic acids as the sole carbon and energy sources. However, while one of the mutants (Mal7) displayed activity levels for the enzymes malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase similar to those of the wild strain, in the other mutant type (Mal6) the activities for the same enzymes were significantly reduced. Plasma membranes from derepressed cells of the wild strain and of the mutants Mal6 and Mal7 were isolated and the protein analysed by SDS-PAGE. The electrophoretic patterns of these preparations differed in a polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of about 28 kDa, which was absent only in the mutant Mal7. The results indicated that Mal7 can be affected in a gene that encodes a malate carrier in K. marxianus. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; elongation factor-3 ; EF-3 ; homolog ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A paralog (intraspecies homolog) of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae YEF3 gene, encoding elongation factor-3, has been sequenced in the course of the yeast genome project, and identified by database searching; this gene has been designated HEF3. Bioinformatic and Northern blot analysis indicate that the HEF3 gene is not expressed during vegetative growth. Deletion of the HEF3 gene reveals no growth defects, nor any defects in mating or sporulation. A high copy 2μ clone of HEF3 was constructed, and was shown to be unable to complement a null allele of yef3. Finally, an in vitro assay for ribosome-stimulated ATPase activity was performed with isogenic HEF3 and Δhef3 strains; no difference in biochemical activity could be detected in these strains. From these results, we conclude that the HEF3 gene does not encode a functional homolog of YEF3. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: cell walls ; protease ; β-glucanase ; lysis ; yeast ; antifungal drugs ; glucan ; mannoprotein ; S. cerevisiae ; C. albicans ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The rate of formation of spheroplasts of yeast can be used as an assay to study the structural integrity of cell walls. Lysis can be measured spectrophotometrically in hypotonic solution in the presence of Zymolyase, a mixture of cell wall-digesting enzymes. The optical density of the cell suspension decreases as the cells lyse. We optimized this assay with respect to enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, and growth conditions for several strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The level of variability (standard deviation) was 1-5% between trials where the replications were performed on the same culture using enzyme prepared from the same lot, and 5-15% for different cultures of the same strain. This assay can quantitate differences in cell wall structure (1) between exponentially growing and stationary phase cells, (2) among different S. cerevisiae strains, (3) between S. cerevisiae and Candida albicans, (4) between parental and mutated lines, and (5) between drug- or chemically-treated cells and controls. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: carbocyanine fluorescent probes ; membrane potential ; yeast ; cell wall ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Membrane-potential-dependent accumulation of diS-C3(3) in intact yeast cells in suspension is accompanied by a red shift of the maximum of its fluorescence emission spectrum, λmax, caused by a readily reversible probe binding to cell constituents. Membrane depolarization by external KCl (with or without valinomycin) or by ionophores causes a fast and reproducible blue shift. As the potential-reporting parameter, the λmax shift is less affected by probe binding to cuvette walls and possible photobleaching than, for example, fluorescence intensity. The magnitude of the potential-dependent red λmax shift depends on relative cell-to-probe concentration ratio, a maximum shift (572→582 nm) being found in very thick suspensions and in cell lysates. The potential therefore has to be assessed at reasonably low cell (≤5×106 cells/ml) and probe (10-7 M) concentrations at which a clearly defined relationship exists between the λmax shift and the potential-dependent accumulation of the dye in the cells. The redistribution of the probe between the medium and yeast protoplasts takes about 5 min, but in intact cells it takes 10-30 min because the cell wall acts as a barrier, hampering probe penetration into the cells. The barrier properties of the cell wall correlate with its thickness: cells grown in 0·2% glucose (cell wall thickness 0·175±0·015 μm, n=30) are stained much faster and the λmax is more red-shifted than in cells grown in 2% glucose (cell wall thickness 0·260±0·043 μm, n=44). At a suitable cell and probe concentration and under standard conditions, the λmax shift of diS-C3(3) fluorescence provides reliable information on even fast changes in membrane potential in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; Candida utilis ; URA3 ; orotidine 5′-monophosphate decarboxylase ; transformation system ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The URA3 gene of Candida utilis encoding orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase enzyme was isolated by complementation in Escherichia coli pyrF mutation. The deduced amino-acid sequence is highly similar to that of the Ura3 proteins from other yeast and fungal species. An extensive analysis of the family of orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase is shown. The URA3 gene of C. utilis was able to complement functionally the ura3 mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The sequence presented here has been deposited in the EMBL data library under Accession Number Y12660. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; Debaryomyces ; transport ; physiology ; salt tolerance ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Debaryomyces hansenii showed an increased growth in the presence of either 1m KCl or 1m NaCl and a low acidification of the medium, higher for the cells grown in the presence of NaCl. These cells accumulated high concentrations of the cations, and showed a very fast capacity to exchange either Na+ or K+ for the opposite cation. They showed a rapid uptake of 86 Rb+ and 22 Na+ . 86 Rb+ transport was saturable, with Km and Vmax values higher for cells grown in 1m NaCl. 22 Na+ uptake showed a diffusion component, also higher for the cells grown with NaCl. Changes depended on growth conditions, and not on further incubation, which changed the internal ion concentration. K+ stimulated proton pumping produced a rapid extrusion of protons, and also a decrease of the membrane potential. Cells grown in 1m KCl showed a higher fermentation rate, but significantly lower respiratory capacity. ATP levels were higher in cells grown in the presence of NaCl; upon incubation with glucose, those grown in the presence of KCl reached values similar to the ones grown in the presence of NaCl. In both, the addition of KCl produced a transient decrease of the ATP levels. As to ion transport mechanisms, D. hansenii appears to have (a) an ATPase functioning as a proton pump, generating a membrane potential difference which drives K+ through a uniporter; (b) a K+/H+ exchange system; and (c) a rapid cation/cation exchange system. Most interesting is that cells grown in different ionic environments change their studied capacities, which are not dependent on the cation content, but on differences in their genetic expression during growth. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 1529-1566 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: G protein ; mating ; pheromone ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; receptor ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast ; gene disruption ; S288C ; bacteria-yeast shuttle vectors ; auxotrophic markers ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A set of yeast strains based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C in which commonly used selectable marker genes are deleted by design based on the yeast genome sequence has been constructed and analysed. These strains minimize or eliminate the homology to the corresponding marker genes in commonly used vectors without significantly affecting adjacent gene expression. Because the homology between commonly used auxotrophic marker gene segments and genomic sequences has been largely or completely abolished, these strains will also reduce plasmid integration events which can interfere with a wide variety of molecular genetic applications. We also report the construction of new members of the pRS400 series of vectors, containing the kanMX, ADE2 and MET15 genes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Crabtree effect ; yeast ; biomass ; Kluyveromyces lactis ; oxygen ; pyruvate decarboxylase ; regulation ; fermentation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Kluyveromyces lactis is an important industrial yeast, as well as a popular laboratory model. There is currently no consensus in the literature on the physiology of this yeast, in particular with respect to aerobic alcoholic fermentation (‘Crabtree effect’). This study deals with regulation of alcoholic fermentation in K. lactis CBS 2359, a proposed reference strain for molecular studies. In aerobic, glucose-limited chemostat cultures (D=0·05-0·40 h-1) growth was entirely respiratory, without significant accumulation of ethanol or other metabolites. Alcoholic fermentation occurred in glucose-grown shake-flask cultures, but was absent during batch cultivation on glucose in fermenters under strictly aerobic conditions. This indicated that ethanol formation in the shake-flask cultures resulted from oxygen limitation. Indeed, when the oxygen feed to steady-state chemostat cultures (D=0·10 h-1) was lowered, a mixed respirofermentative metabolism only occurred at very low dissolved oxygen concentrations (less than 1% of air saturation). The onset of respirofermentative metabolism as a result of oxygen limitation was accompanied by an increase of the levels of pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase. When aerobic, glucose-limited chemostat cultures (D=0·10 h-1) were pulsed with excess glucose, ethanol production did not occur during the first 40 min after the pulse. However, a slow aerobic ethanol formation was invariably observed after this period. Since alcoholic fermentation did not occur in aerobic batch cultures this is probably a transient response, caused by an imbalanced adjustment of enzyme levels during the transition from steady-state growth at μ=0·10 h-1 to growth at μmax. It is concluded that in K. lactis, as in other Crabtree-negative yeasts, the primary environmental trigger for occurrence of alcoholic fermentation is oxygen limitation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 14 (1998), S. 1471-1510 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; S. cerevisiae ; lipids ; phospholipids ; sterols ; sphingolipids ; fatty acids ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a powerful experimental system to study biochemical, cell biological and molecular biological aspects of lipid synthesis. Most but not all genes encoding enzymes involved in fatty acid, phospholipid, sterol or sphingolipid biosynthesis of this unicellular eukaryote have been cloned, and many gene products have been functionally characterized. Less information is available about genes and gene products governing the transport of lipids between organelles and within membranes, turnover and degradation of complex lipids, regulation of lipid biosynthesis, and linkage of lipid metabolism to other cellular processes. Here we summarize current knowledge about lipid biosynthetic pathways in S. cerevisiae and describe the characteristic features of the gene products involved. We focus on recent discoveries in these fields and address questions on the regulation of lipid synthesis, subcellular localization of lipid biosynthetic steps, cross-talk between organelles during lipid synthesis and subcellular distribution of lipids. Finally, we discuss distinct functions of certain key lipids and their possible roles in cellular processes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; PMR1 ; Hansenula polymorpha ; Ca2+-ATPase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A gene homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae PMR1 has been cloned in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. The partial DNA fragment of the H. polymorpha homologue was initially obtained by a polymerase chain reaction and used to isolate the entire gene which encodes a protein of 918 amino acids. The putative gene product contains all ten of the conserved regions observed in P-type ATPases. The cloned gene product exhibits 60·3% amino acid identity to the S. cerevisiae PMR1 gene product and complemented the growth defect of a S. cerevisiae pmr1 null mutant in the EGTA-containing medium. The results demonstrate that the H. polymorpha gene encodes the functional homologue of the S. cerevisiae PMR1 gene product, a P-type Ca2+-ATPase. The DNA sequence of the H. polymorpha homologue has been submitted to GenBank with the Accession Number U92083. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: I-Sce I fragmentation ; yeast ; genome ; cosmids ; colinearity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The high resolution complete physical maps of chromosomes VII and XV were constructed to form the basis for sequencing these chromosomes as part of the European systematic sequencing programme of the yeast genome, using a unique cosmid library from strain FY1679, and an original top-down mapping strategy involving I-Sce I chromosome fragmentation. A total of 138 and 196 cosmid clones were used to construct the maps for VII and XV, respectively, forming two unique contigs that cover the entirety of chromosomes (1091 kb each), except the telomeric repeats. Colinearity of the cosmid inserts with yeast DNA was verified, and the physical maps were eventually compared with the independently generated genetic maps. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; S. cerevisiae ; genetics ; karyotypes ; chromosomal rearrangements ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In order to study meiotic segregation of chromosome length polymorphism in yeast, we analysed the progeny of a cross involving two laboratory strains FL100trp and YNN295. Analysis of the parental strains led us to detect an important length polymorphism of chromosomes I and III in FL100trp. A reciprocal translocation involving 80 kb of the left arm of chromosome III and 45 kb of the right arm of chromosome I was shown to be the cause for the observed polymorphism in this strain. The characterization of the translocation breakpoints revealed the existence of a transposition hot-spot on chromosome I: the sequence of the translocation joints on chromosomes I and III suggests that the mechanism very likely involved homologous recombination between Ty2 transposable elements on each chromosome. Analysis of FL100, FL200 and FL100trp ura, which are related to FL100trp, shows that this reciprocal translocation is present in some of the strains of the FL series, whereas the parental strain FL100 does not carry the same rearrangement. We evidenced instead the duplication of 80 kb of chromosome III on chromosome I and a deletion of 45 kb of the right arm of chromosome I in this strain, indicating that secondary events might have taken place and that the strain currently named FL100 is not the common ancestor of the FL series. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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