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  • General Chemistry  (2.666)
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  • 1
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    Measurements of the cosmic background radiation (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Data on the cosmic microwave background radiation obtained with a maser at 12 mm and a Schottky diode mixer at 3 mm are presented. The dipole anisotropy, apparently due to our motion, has been measured sufficiently well to determine our direction of motion within two degrees. The results show that the Galaxy is moving in a direction that is about 44 deg from the center of the Virgo cluster.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 2
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    Gravitino decay and the cosmic gamma-ray background (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: It is argued that the cosmic gamma-ray background (CGB) spectrum does not exhibit evidence for the decay of light gravitinos, in contradiction to the suggestion by Olive and Silk (1985), who observed a bump near 1 MeV in the CGB radiation spectrum. It is suggested that better fits to the CGB spectrum would be provided by mechanisms generating a power-law spectrum which is flattened below about 2 MeV. Olive and Silk maintain that the decays of a long-lived particle such as the gravitino may be responsible for features in the gamma-ray spectrum near 1 MeV.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 56; 2551; Au
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  • 3
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    Average transverse momentum and energy density in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Emulsion chambers were used to measure the transverse momenta of photons or pi(0) mesons produced in high-energy cosmic-ray nucleus-nucleus collisions. A group of events having large average transverse momenta has been found which apparently exceeds the expected limiting values. Analysis of the events at early interaction times, of the order of 1 fm/c, indicates that the observed transverse momentum increases with both rapidity density and energy density.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 57; 3249-325
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  • 4
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    Enhancement of high-energy cosmic-ray spectrum by type-II supernovae (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The cosmic-ray spectrum has an intensity enhancement in the energy range 10 to the 14th to 10 to the 16th eV per nucleus. Recent observations of heavy cosmic rays in this energy range indicate that the Ca/Fe ratio may be as large as 10 times the solar value. It is suggested that pulsars in type-II supernova remnants are the origin of this component of the cosmic-ray spectrum.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 321; 839-841
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  • 5
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    The effect of the heliospheric current sheet on cosmic ray intensities at solar maximum - Two alternative hypotheses (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The capabilities of two alternative models for accounting for the reversal of the solar magnetic field polarity at the point of solar maximum and for the associated modulation of cosmic ray intensities at 1 AU are assessed. One model posits a continuous increase in the inclination of the heliospheric current sheet to a point of verticality at maximum, when it overturns and the reversal occurs. The alternative view is that the sun sheds the magnetic field of the previous cycle and generates a new field of opposite polarity. Some data do exist for a tilted current sheet which increases its tilt with proximity to the solar maximum. However, coronal data also support the presence of isolated regions of anomalous polarity which spread over the surface of the sun as maximum approaches, a condition commensurate with flux shedding. Both models predict heliospheric current sheet configurations which would produce some cosmic ray modulations observed over the course of the solar cycle.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 2889-289
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  • 6
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    Secondary antiproton production in relativistic plasmas (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Angular and energy spectra of bremsstrahlung have been calculated from anisotropic electron distributions in solar flares. Results have been compared to observations of gamma-ray limb-brightening and the data on the variation of the gamma-ray spectrum with flare position on the sun.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 319; 205
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  • 7
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    Observations of cosmic gamma-ray bursts (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Recent observational progress in gamma ray burst research is reviewed. Findings concerning burst temporal and spectral characteristics, source direction and size spectrum studies, and transient event classification are discussed. The theories concerning the origin of the bursts are examined in the light of the recent evidence.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 6; 4, 19
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  • 8
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    Proton acceleration in gamma-ray bursts (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Proton acceleration and subsequent secondary electron production are proposed as the process responsible for the radiation emission in gamma-ray bursts. In this mechanism electrons are naturally injected at energies much larger than m(e) x c-squared and emission above 10 MeV is expected to be one of their common features, in agreement with observations showing that most of the luminosity of these events is emitted in gamma-rays. This mode of injection guarantees copious e(+)-e(-) pair production at the source and implies a relationship between the luminosity and the spectra of the bursts, the soft bursts being, in general, the most (intrinsically) luminous and hence the most distant. This, in turn, implies that bursts with soft spectra should show a galactic distribution, a fact consistent with the limited available data. It is also argued that the observed red-shift of the e(+)-e(-) annihilation feature may not always be gravitational.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 6; 4, 19
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  • 9
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    Anisotropy of the cosmic blackbody radiation (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The universe is filled with thermal radiation having a current temperature of 2.75 K. Originating in the very early universe, this radiation furnishes strong evidence that the Big Bang cosmology best describes our expanding universe from an incredibly hot, compacted early stage until now. The model can be used to extrapolate our physics backward in time to predict events whose effects might be observable in the 2.75 K radiation today. The spectrum and isotropy are being studied with sophisticated microwave radiometers on the ground, in balloons, and in satellites. The results are as predicted by the simple theory: the spectrum is that of a blackbody (to a few percent) and the radiation is isotropic (to 0.01 percent) except for a local effect due to our motion through the radiation. However, a problem is emerging. Primordial fluctuations in the mass density, which later became the great clusters of galaxies that we see today, should have left an imprint on the 2.75 K radiation - bumpiness on the sky at angular scales of about 10 arc minutes. They have not been seen.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 232; 1517-152
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  • 10
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    Latitudinal extent of the heliospheric current sheet and modulation of galactic cosmic rays (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Possible correlations were investigated between the modulation of galactic cosmic rays and changes in the maximum heliographic latitude of the heliospheric current sheet during solar maximum. Solar photospheric magnetic field data from 1976-82 were extrapolated by means of potential theory to obtain the maximum latitudinal extent of the current sheet in the northern and southern hemispheres. The latitudinal differences were compared with terrestrial neutron flux data and Pioneer 10 data on cosmic rays with energies below 200 MeV at heliocentric distances of 10-30 AU. Account was taken for the time delay for the solar wind to propagate out to the spacecraft location. The current sheet maxima were nearly symmetrical about the solar equator except during sunspot maxima, when the solar poles were reversing. Significant changes in the latitudinal symmetry were highly correlated with the neutron data and cosmic fluctuations at Pioneer 10. The sensitivity of cosmic rays to the polarity reversals is in accordance with predictions of the gradient drift model.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 2933-294
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  • 11
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    Phase propagation of the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The phase of the 11-yr galactic cosmic ray variation, due to a varying rate of emission of long-lived, propagating regions of enhanced scattering, travels faster than the scattering regions themselves. The radial speed of the 11-yr phase in the quasi-steady force field approximation is exactly twice the speed of the individual episodic decreases. A time-dependent numerical solution for 1-GeV protons at 1 and 30 AU gives a phase speed which is 1.85 times the propagation speed of the individual decreases.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 2914-291
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  • 12
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    Simulation of cosmic irradiation conditions in thick target arrangements (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: One approach to simulate 2-pi irradiation conditions of planetary surfaces which has been widely applied in the past are bombardments of so called thick targets. A very large thick target was exposed recently to 2.1 GeV protons at the Bevatron-Bevalac in Berkeley. In a 100x100x180 cm steel-surrounded granodiorite target radioactive medium and high energy spallation products of the incident primary and of secondary particles were analyzed along the beam axis down to depths of 140 g/cm(2) in targets such as Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, T, Si, SiO2 and Al. Activities of these nuclides were exclusively determined via instrumental gamma-ray spectroscopy. Relative yields of neutron capture and spallation products induced in Co and Cu targets during the thick target bombardment are shown as a function of depth. The majority of the medium energy products such as Co-58 from Co targets exhibit a maximum at shallow depths of 40-60 g/cm(2) and then decrease exponentially. In a comparable 600 MeV proton bombarded thick target such a slight maximum for medium energy products was not observed. Rather, Co-58 activities in Co decreased steadily with the highest activity at the surface. The activities of the n-capture product Co-60 increase steadily starting at the surface. This indicates the rapidly growing flux of low energy neutrons within the target.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Workshop on Cosmogenic Nuclides; 3 p
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  • 13
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    Cosmic ray interactions in the ground: Temporal variations in cosmic ray intensities and geophysical studies (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Temporal variations in cosmic ray intensity have been deduced from observations of products of interactions of cosmic ray particles in the Moon, meteorites, and the Earth. Of particular interest is a comparison between the information based on Earth and that based on other samples. Differences are expected at least due to: (1) differences in the extent of cosmic ray modulation, and (2) changes in the geomagnetic dipole field. Any information on the global changes in the terrestrial cosmic ray intensity is therefore of importance. In this paper a possible technique for detecting changes in cosmic ray intensity is presented. The method involves human intervention and is applicable for the past 10,000 yrs. Studies of changes over longer periods of time are possible if supplementary data on age and history of the sample are available using other methods. Also discussed are the possibilities of studying certain geophysical processes, e.g., erosion, weathering, tectonic events based on studies of certain cosmic ray-produced isotopes for the past several million years.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Workshop on Cosmogenic Nuclides; 3 p
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  • 14
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    Diffusive electron acceleration at SNR shock fronts and the observed SNR radio spectral indices (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: The radio synchrotron emission from relativistic electrons in shell supernova remnants (SNRs) provides a unique opportunity to probe the energy distribution of energetic electrons at their acceleration site (SNR shock fronts). This information provides insight into the acceleration mechanism(s). The implications of these observations for the diffusive (first-order Fermi) acceleration of electrons at the SNR shock fronts are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 4 p
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  • 15
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    Elemental abundances in corotating events (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Large, persistent solar-wind streams in 1973 and 1974 produced corotating interaction regions which accelerated particles to energies of a few MeV/nucleon. The proton to helium ratio (H/He) reported was remarkably constant at a value (22 + or - 5) equal to that in the solar wind (32 + or - 3), suggesting that particles were being accelerated directly out of the solar wind. Preliminary results from a similar study approximately 11 years (i.e., one solar cycle) later are reported. Corotating events were identified by surveying the solar wind data, energetic particle time-histories and anisotropies. This data was all obtained from the ISEE-3/ICE spacecraft. These events also show H/He ratios similar to that in the solar wind. In addition, other corotating events were examined at times when solar flare events could have injected particles into the corresponding corotating interaction regions. It was found that in these cases there is evidence for H/He ratios which are significantly different from that of the solar wind but which are consistent with the range of values found in solar flare events.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 2 p
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  • 16
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    High energy electrons beyond 100 GEV observed by emulsion chamber (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Much efforts have been expended to observe the spectrum of electrons in the high energy region with large area emulsion chambers exposed at balloon altitudes, and now 15 electrons beyond 1 TeV have been observed. The observed integral flux at 1 TeV is (3.24 + or - 0.87)x10(-5)/sq m sec sr. The statistics of the data around a few hundred GeV are also improving by using new shower detecting films of high sensitivity. The astrophysical significance of the observed spectrum are discussed for the propagation of electrons based on the leaky box and the nested leaky box model.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA: Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 4 p
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  • 17
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    Cosmic ray anisotropies at high energies (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: The directional anisotropies of the energetic cosmic ray gas due to the relative motion between the observers frame and the one where the relativistic gas can be assumed isotropic is analyzed. The radiation fluxes formula in the former frame must follow as the Lorentz invariance of dp/E, where p, E are the 4-vector momentum-energy components; dp is the 3-volume element in the momentum space. The anisotropic flux shows in such a case an amplitude, in a rotating earth, smaller than the experimental measurements from say, EAS-arrays for primary particle energies larger than 1.E(14) eV. Further, it is shown that two consecutive Lorentz transformations among three inertial frames exhibit the violation of dp/E invariance between the first and the third systems of reference, due to the Wigner rotation. A discussion of this result in the context of the experimental anisotropic fluxes and its current interpretation is given.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 4 p
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  • 18
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    Studies of air showers produced by primaries 10(16) eV using a combined scintillation and water-Cerenkov array (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: An array of 8 x 1.0 sq m plastic scintillation counters and 13 water-Cerenkov detectors (1 to 13.5 sq m) were operated at the center of the Haverah Park array to study some features of air showers produced by 10(16) eV primaries. Measurements of the scintillator lateral distribution function, the water-Cerenkov lateral distribution function, and of the distance dependence of the Cerenkov/scintillator ratio are described.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 4 p
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  • 19
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    The homestake surface-underground scintillators: Initial results (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: The first 70 tons of the 140-ton Large Area Scintillation Detector (LASD) have been operating since Jan. 1985 at a depth of 4850 ft. (4200 m.w.e.) in the Homestake Gold Mine, Lead, S.D. A total of 4 x 10(4) high-energy muons (E sub mu is approx. 2.7 TeV at the surface) have been detected. The remainder of the detector is scheduled to be in operation by the Fall of 1985. In addition, a surface air shower array is under construction. The first 27 surface counters, spaced out over an area of 270' x 500', began running in June, 1985. The LASD performance, the potential of the combined shower array and underground muon experiment for detecting point sources, and the initial results of a search for periodic emission from Cygnus X-3 are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 4 p
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  • 20
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    The cosmic ray spectrum above 10(17) eV (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: The final analysis of the data obtained by the Sydney University Giant Airshower Recorder (SUGAR) is presented. The data has been reanalysed to take into account the effects of afterpulsing in the photomultiplier tubes. Event data was used to produce a spectrum of equivalent vertical muon number and from this a model dependent primary energy spectrum was obtained. These spectra show good evidence for the Ankle: a flattening at 10(19) eV. There is no sign of the cut-off which would be expected from the effects of the universal black body radiation.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 9 p
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  • 21
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    Measuring the energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays with the Yakutsk EAS array (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: The Yakutsk Extensive Air Showers (EAS) array was designed for detecting the showers generated by the 10 to the 47th power to 10 to the 20th power eV primary cosmic rays and consists of numerous electron, muon, and Cerenkov light detectors arranged on a 20 sq km area terrain. The array is featured by the feasibility to detect the EAS-produced Cerenkov light, hence, as will be shown, to find the mean energy of the primary particles generating an ensemble of EAS of given size. Date collected is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 11 p
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  • 22
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    The cosmic ray spectrum above 10(19) EV at Volcano Ranch and Haverah Park (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: The cosmic ray energy per particle spectrum above 10 to the 19th power eV is measured the same way that energy spectra are measured at much lower energies, by counting all of the particles in a specified energy range that are incident per unit time with trajectories within specified geometrical limits. Difficulties with background or poorly known detection efficiency are markedly less than in some other cosmic ray measurements. The fraction of primary energy given to muons, neutrinos, and slow hadrons is less than 10% in this region, so the primary energy equals the track length integral of the secondary electrons with only a small correction for the energy given to other kinds of particles. Results from Volcano Ranch and Haverah Park are compared with results from the Yakutsk experiment.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 12 p
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  • 23
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    Search for a periodic signal from Cygnus X-3 usingmuons observed underground in the Frejus detector (4800 mwe) (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Periodic signals from Cygnus X-3 in the ultra high energy range were recently reported by air shower arrays and attributed to gamma rays. Although gamma rays are expected to produce muon-poor showers, the preceding observations have stimulated similar studies based on underground muons. Two groups have claimed a significant underground signal coming from Cygnus X-3. The results are, however, extremely difficult to explain in the present framework of particle physics, and clearly need confirmation. The preliminary results obtained from the Frejus underground detector during its first 16 months of operation (March 1984 to June 1985) are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 9 p
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  • 24
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    Evidence from the Soudan 1 experiment for underground muons associated with Cygnus X-3 (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: The Soudan 1 experiment has yielded evidence for an average underground muon flux of approximately 7 x 10 to the minus 11th power/sq cm/s which points back to the X-ray binary Cygnus X-3, and which exhibits the 4.8 h periodicity observed for other radiation from this source. Underground muon events which seem to be associated with Cygnus X-3 also show evidence for longer time variability of the flux. Such underground muons cannot be explained by any conventional models of the propagation and interaction of cosmic rays.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 10 p
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  • 25
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    Observation of muons from Cygnus X-3 in the NUSEX experiment (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Ground based observations by means of Cerenkov light detectors and air shower arrays have established that Cyngus X-3 is a powerful source of high energy particles. The detection of a 10 to the 15th power eV signal was first reported by the Kiel experiment. Air showers with large age parameter were accepted in order to select those generated by primary gamma rays. At variance with the expectation, the muon density associated with these events was found to be surprisingly high. This puzzling result stimulated a temporal analysis of the muons recorded in Nucleon Stability Experiment (NUSEX) coming from the region around the source. A positive signal was found suggesting the presentation of this result. The analysis of the data recorded during the 2.4 years of effective working time is presented with a fine tuning of the period and the energy spectrum of the muons from the Cygnus X-3 direction derived assuming consistency between NUSEX and SOUDAN results.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 10 p
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  • 26
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    Is the signal from Cyg X-3, as recorded in some underground experiments, real? (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Most of the excitement concerning the underground detection of signals from Cyg X-3 comes not from astrophysical grounds, but from the contradiction with surface experimental data. Believing in the Cyg X-3 signal underground and also that the main processes of muon production are well knownm the conclusion was drawn that the signal in EAS Cherenkov or counter experiments could be remarkably high, which is not the case. Possible solutions to this discrepancy are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 4 p
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  • 27
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    Observations of shock acceleration processes in the solar wind (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Substantial evidence was accumulated over more than two decades that ion acceleration occurs at all collisionless shocks sampled directly in the solar system. The various shock waves in the heliosphere and the associated energetic particle phenomena are shown schematically. Three shocks have attracted considerable attention in recent years: corotating shocks due to the interaction of fast and slow solar wind streams during solar minimum, travelling interplanetary shocks due to coronal mass ejections, and planetary bow shocks. The signatures of these shocks and of their energetic particles are briefly reviewed. The most prominent theoretical models for shock acceleration are also reviewed. Recent observations at the earth's bow shock and at quasi-parallel interplanetary shocks are discussed in detail.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Misacellaneous, Volume 9; 10 p
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  • 28
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    Observational properties of cosmic gamma-ray bursts (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: A brief overview of the major observational results obtained in gamma-ray burst studies is presented. Also discussed is to what extent the thermonuclear model, which appears at present to be the most plausible, can account for the observed properties of the bursts. The investigation of gamma-ray bursts should cover observations of the time histories of events, energy spectra, and their variablility, source localization, and inspection of the localization regions during the active and quiescent phases of the source in other wavelengths, as well as, evaluation of the statistical distributions of the data obtained.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, MIscellaneous, Volume 9; 16 p
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  • 29
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    Why is Cygnus X-3 (with related sources) a highlight of cosmic-ray astrophysics? (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Cygnus X-3 and some apparently related systems have sprung into remarkable prominence. The reasons for this great interest are summarized. Some recent developments in the picture of these sources are also outlined.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 8 p
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  • 30
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    Ground-based very high energy gamma ray astronomy: Observational highlights (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: It is now more than 20 years since the first ground based gamma ray experiments involving atmospheric Cerenkov radiation were undertaken. The present highlights in observational ground-based very high energy (VHE) gamma ray astronomy and the optimism about an interesting future for the field follow progress in these areas: (1) the detection at increased levels of confidence of an enlarged number of sources so that at present claims were made for the detection, at the 4 to 5 sd level of significance, of 8 point sources; (2) the replication of the claimed detections with, for the first time, confirmation of the nature and detail of the emission; and (3) the extension of gamma ray astronomy to the ultra high energy (UHE) domain. The pattern, if any, to emerge from the list of sources claimed so far is that X-ray binary sources appear to be copious emitters of gamma rays over at least 4 decades of energy. These X-ray sources which behave as VHE and UHE gamma ray emitters are examined.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 8 p
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  • 31
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    Emulsion chamber observations and interpretation (HE 3) (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Experimental results from Emulsion Chamber (EC) experiments at mountain altitudes or at higher levels using flying carriers are examined. The physical interest in this field is concentrated on the strong interaction at the very high energy region exceeding the accelerator energy, also on the primary cosmic ray intensity and its chemical composition. Those experiments which observed cosmic ray secondaries gave information on high energy interaction characteristics through the analyses of secondary spectra, gamma-hadron families and C-jets (direct observation of the particle production occuring at the carbon target). Problems of scaling violation in fragmentation region, interaction cross section, transverse momentum of produced secondaries, and some peculiar features of exotic events are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 19 p
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  • 32
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    High energy interactions of cosmic ray particles (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: The highlights of seven sessions of the Conference dealing with high energy interactions of cosmic rays are discussed. High energy cross section measurements; particle production-models of experiments; nuclei and nuclear matter; nucleus-nucleus collision; searches for magnetic monopoles; and studies of nucleon decay are covered.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 14 p
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  • 33
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    Extensive air showers (HE-4) (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Ultra high energy (UHE) gamma ray astronomy is an exciting area which has added a new sense of purpose to ground based array work. There is much to be done before UHE gamma ray showers can be understood properly and it is important to remain conservative with claims while the properties of such showers are still not clear. The muon content is only one of the properties that needs to be clarified. It remains to be seen how well progress occurs on the second order problem of detailed interaction parameters once the gross features are clarified. The shower disk thickness has become an area of intense study with interest in Linsley's technique for measuremnts of giant showers and in the study of structure near the core for improving fast timing and studying delayed subshowers. Perhaps the most significant area of promise for the future is individual shower develpments with Cerenkov and, particularly, air fluorescence techniques. The importance and potential of having relatively complete information on a complete set of individual showers can hardly be overestimated. A complete understanding of the observation process is needed to determine whether or not the recorded data set is complete at a given energy, apparent core distance, and zenith angle.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 26 p
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  • 34
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    Forbush decreases geomagnetic and atmospheric effects cosmogenic nuclides (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: An overview and synthesis is given of recent developments that have occurred in the areas of Forbush decreases, geomagnetic and atmospheric effects, and cosmogenic nuclides. Experimental evidence has been found for substantial differences in the effects of the various types of interplanetary perturbations on cosmic rays, and for a dependence of these effects on the three-dimensional configuration of the interplanetary medium. In order to fully understand and to be able to simulate the solar cosmic ray particle access to the polar regions of the earth we need accurate models of the magnetospheric magnetic field. These models must include all major magnetospheric current systems (in particular the field aligned currents), and they should represent magnetically quiet time periods as well as different levels of geomagnetic activity. In the evolution of magnetospheric magnetic field models, cosmic ray and magnetospheric physicists should work closely together since cosmic ray measurements are a powerful additional tool in the study of the perturbed magnetosphere. In the field of cosmogenic nuclides, finally, exciting new results and developments follow in rapid succession. Thanks to new techniques and new isotopes the analysis of cosmic ray history has entered into a new dimension.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 21 p
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  • 35
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    Coronal and interplanetary propagation, interplanetary acceleration, cosmic-ray observations by deep space network and anomalous component (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: The purpose is to provide an overview of the contributions presented in sessions SH3, SH1.5, SH4.6 and SH4.7 of the 19th International Cosmic Ray Conference. These contributed papers indicate that steady progress continues to be made in both the observational and the theoretical aspects of the transport and acceleration of energetic charged particles in the heliosphere. Studies of solar and interplanetary particles have placed emphasis on particle directional distributions in relation to pitch-angle scattering and magnetic focusing, on the rigidity and spatial dependence of the mean free path, and on new propagation regimes in the inner and outer heliosphere. Coronal propagation appears in need of correlative multi-spacecraft studies in association with detailed observation of the flare process and coronal magnetic structures. Interplanetary acceleration has now gone into a consolidation phase, with theories being worked out in detail and checked against observation.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 13 p
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  • 36
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    Galactic cosmic ray composition (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: An assessment is given of the galactic cosmic ray source (GCRS) elemental composition and its correlation with first ionization potential. The isotopic composition of heavy nuclei; spallation cross sections; energy spectra of primary nuclei; electrons; positrons; local galactic reference abundances; comparison of solar energetic particles and solar coronal compositions; the hydrogen; lead; nitrogen; helium; and germanium deficiency problems; and the excess of elements are among the topics covered.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 73 p
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  • 37
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    Cosmic ray sources, acceleration and propagation (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: A review is given of selected papers on the theory of cosmic ray (CR) propagation and acceleration. The high isotropy and a comparatively large age of galactic CR are explained by the effective interaction of relativistic particles with random and regular electromagnetic fields in interstellar medium. The kinetic theory of CR propagation in the Galaxy is formulated similarly to the elaborate theory of CR propagation in heliosphere. The substantial difference between these theories is explained by the necessity to take into account in some cases the collective effects due to a rather high density of relativisitc particles. In particular, the kinetic CR stream instability and the hydrodynamic Parker instability is studied. The interaction of relativistic particles with an ensemble of given weak random magnetic fields is calculated by perturbation theory. The theory of CR transfer is considered to be basically completed for this case. The main problem consists in poor information about the structure of the regular and the random galactic magnetic fields. An account is given of CR transfer in a turbulent medium.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 21 p
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  • 38
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    Cosmic gamma-rays and cosmic nuclei above 1 TeV (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Work on cosmic gamma rays and cosmic nuclei above I TeV is described and evaluated. The prospect that gamma ray astronomy above I TeV will give new insights into high energy cosmic ray origin within our galaxy is particularly bright.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 30 p
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  • 39
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    Gamma ray astronomy from satellites and balloons (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: A survey is given of gamma ray astronomy topics presented at the Cosmic Ray Conference. The major conclusions at the Cosmic Ray Conference in the field of gamma ray astronomy are given. (1) MeV-emission of gamma-ray bursts is a common feature. Variations in duration and energy spectra from burst to burst may explain the discrepancy between the measured log N - log S dependence and the observed isotropy of bursts. (2) The gamma-ray line at 1.809 MeV from Al(26) is the first detected line from a radioactive nucleosynthesis product. In order to understand its origin it will be necessary to measure its longitude distribution in the Milky Way. (3) The indications of a gamma-ray excess found from the direction of Loop I is consistent with the picture that the bulk of cosmic rays below 100 GeV is produced in galactic supernova remnants. (4) The interpretation of the large scale distribution of gamma rays in the Milky Way is controversial. At present an extragalactic origin of the cosmic ray nuclei in the GeV-range cannot be excluded from the gamma ray data. (5) The detection of MeV-emission from Cen A is a promising step towards the interesting field of extragalactic gamma ray astronomy.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 17 p
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  • 40
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    Extragalactic astronomy (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Components of the active extragalactic universe are examined to discover what extragalactic objects exhibit physical processes of the same kind as those thought to be important within the galaxy. Radio galaxies; quasars; bulk ejection from galactic objects such as novae supernovae, and other galactic nuclei; the red shifts of quasars; and the possibility of non-cosmological red shifts are among the topics discussed. It is concluded that the highest energy cosmic rays may have an extragalactic or extragalactic origin.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 6 p
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  • 41
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    Cosmogenic nuclei (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Cosmogenic nuclei, nuclides formed by nuclear interactions of galactic and solar cosmic rays with extraterrestrial or terrestrial matter are discussed. Long lived radioactive cosmogenic isotopes are focused upon. Their uses in dating, as tracers of the interactions of cosmic rays with matter, and in obtaining information on the variation of primary cosmic ray flux in the past are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 13 p
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  • 42
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    Elementary particle physics (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Elementary particle physics is discussed. Status of the Standard Model of electroweak and strong interactions; phenomena beyond the Standard Model; new accelerator projects; and possible contributions from non-accelerator experiments are examined.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 18 p
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  • 43
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    Gamma-ray line astrophysics (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: Recent observations of gamma-ray line emission from solar flares, gamma-ray bursts, the galactic center, the interstellar medium and the jets of SS433 are reviewed. The implications of these observations on high energy processes in these sources are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 23 p
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  • 44
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    Cosmic jets (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: The evidence that active galactic nuclei produce collimated plasma jets is summarised. The strongest radio galaxies are probably energised by relativistic plasma jets generated by spinning black holes interacting with magnetic fields attached to infalling matter. Such objects can produce e(+)-e(-) plasma, and may be relevant to the acceleration of the highest-energy cosmic ray primaries. Small-scale counterparts of the jet phenomenon within our own galaxy are briefly reviewed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 17 p
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  • 45
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    The search for reference sources for delta VLBI navigation of the Galileo spacecraft (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: A comprehensive search was made in order to identify celestial radio sources that can be used as references for navigation of the Galileo spacecraft by means of VLBI observations. The astronomical literature was seached for potential navigation sources, and several VLBI experiments were performed to determine the suitability of those sources for navigation. The results of such work performed since mid-1983 is reported. A summary is presented of the source properties required, the procedures used to identify candidate sources, and the results of the observations of these sources. The lists of souces presented are not meant to be taken directly and used for VLBI navigation, but they do provide a means of identifying the radio sources that could be used at various positions along the Galileo trajectory. Since the reference sources nearest the critical points of Jupiter encounter and probe release are rather weak, it would be extremely beneficial to use a pair of 70-m antennas for the VLBI measurements.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report; p 152-163
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  • 46
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    Observation of a strong gamma-ray burst on the Spacelab 2 mission (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The observation of MeV gamma radiation from a burst on August 5, 1985 is reported. The burst was dominated by a single peak about 2 s wide, with softer, lower-level emission lasting about 20 s anywhere in the burst in any energy range. In the energy range from about 560 keV to about 10 MeV, the burst peaked about 0.3 s before the peak at lower energies. Radiation in the 10-16 MeV energy range was detected about 3 s before the lower-energy radiation, with roughly the same pulse width. This radiation was not detected during the main part of the burst. The energy of this burst in the range above 1 MeV was a significant fraction of the total burst energy, confirming earlier SMM results. If the appearance of high-energy photons prior to those at low energies is a ubiquitous feature of bursts or a class of bursts, current theoretical models may require considerable revision.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 6; 4, 19
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  • 47
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    Some atmospheric scattering considerations relevant to BATSE: A model calculation (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-08-31
    Beschreibung: The orbiting Burst and Transient Source Experiement (BATSE) will locate gamma ray burst sources by analysis of the relative numbers of photons coming directly from a source and entering its prescribed array of detectors. In order to accurately locate burst sources it is thus necessary to identify and correct for any counts contributed by events other than direct entry by a mainstream photon. An effort is described which estimates the photon numbers which might be scattered into the BATSE detectors from interactions with the Earth atmosphere. A model was developed which yielded analytical expressions for single-scatter photon contributions in terms of source and satellite locations.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Research Reports: 1986 NASA(ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program; 26 p
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  • 48
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    High-energy and ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The nature of the source and history of Galactic cosmic rays is examined in the light of new measurements on cosmic rays and related astronomical measurements. The possibility of both a Galactic center source and sources of one type distributed throughout the Galaxy is addressed. The concept of escape first from a Galactic plane trapping region and then from the larger region of the Galaxy as a whole is addressed. Two types of sources are considered, along with the reasons that at least two types appear to be necessary. Among the combinations considered are two distributed Galactic sources, one distributed source type and a Galactic center source, and one distributed source type and an extragalactic source. The constraints are seen to be fairly restrictive, leading to the conclusion that there must be two Galactic source types with quite different characteristics.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 300; 474-487
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  • 49
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    Methods of galactic heavy ion transport (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Two methods of calculating the transition of galactic heavy ions in the earth's atmosphere are compared with respect to accuracy, generality, and computer efficiency. The most general method is shown to have the highest accuracy and is a simple numerical procedure.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Radiation Research (ISSN 0033-7587); 108; 231-237
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  • 50
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    Cosmic ray records in Antarctic meteorites (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-07
    Beschreibung: The cosmogenic radionuclides Be(10), Al(26), and Mn(53) and noble gases were determined in more than 28 meteorites from Antarctica by nuclear analytical techniques and static mass spectrometry, respectively. The summarized results are listed. The concentrations of Al(26) and Mn(53) are normalized to the repective main target elements and given in dpm/kg Si sub eq and dpm/kg Fe. The errors stated include statistical as well as systematical errors. For noble gas concentrations estimated errors are 5% and for isotopic ratios 1.5%. Cosmic ray exposure ages T sub 21 were calculated by the noble gas concentrations and the terrestrial residence time (T) on the basis of the spallogenic nuclide Al(26). The suggested pairing of the LL6 chondrite RKPA 80238 and RKPA 80248 and the eucrites ALHA 76005 and ALHA 79017 is confirmed not only by the noble gas data but also by the concentrations of the spallation produced radionuclides. Futhermore, ALHA 80122, clasified as an H6 chondrite, has a noble gas pattern which suggest that this meteorite belongs to the ALHA 80111 shower.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Lunar and Planetary Inst. International Workshop on Antarctic Meteorites; p 55-57
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  • 51
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    The anomalous component, its variation with latitude and related aspects of modulation (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Consideration is given to the origin of the anomalous cosmic ray component as well as to the mechanism and location for the acceleration of these particles. The following three theories for anomalous component acceleration are discussed in detail: (1) transit-time damping, (2) the termination shock over the solar poles, and (3) the termination shock near the equatorial plane. It is noted that observations from Ulysses should provide important constraints on the likely locations for the acceleration, and that acceleration of interstellar H, along with the He, N, O, and Ne could have serious consequences for possible acceleration mechanisms.
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  • 52
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    Measurement of radial and latitudinal gradients of cosmic ray intensity during the decreasing phase of sunspot cycle 21 (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The cosmic ray radial and latitudinal gradients during the 1981-1984 decreasing phase of sunspot cycle 21 are investigated based on data from Voyagers 1 and 2, with a detector threshold of not less than 70 MeV/nuc, and IMP-8, with a detector threshold of not less than 35 MeV/nuc. During the interval, the heliolongitudinal separation between the Voyager spacecraft changed from about 4 to 26 deg, and comparison of the 26-day means of the cosmic ray intensities obtained show that the data is consistent on the average with a long-term zero latitudinal gradient. Comparison at 1 AU of Voyager and IMP-8 data illustrate that the radial gradient decreased over this period at the rate of about 0.4 percent per AU per year, reaching a value of about 2.0 percent/AU between 16 and 22 AU, and a value of about 0.6 percent/AU between 16 and 22 AU, a pattern which would locate both Voyagers during 1977 outside the principal cosmic ray modulation at solar minimum within 22 AU.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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    Effects of three-dimensional heliospheric structures on cosmic-ray modulation (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The theory of cosmic-ray transport in the heliosphere contains four distinct physical processes - diffusion, convection, adiabatic cooling, and drifts. The last of these has only recently been evaluated. Extrapolation of present understanding of the regions near the heliospheric equator to high heliographic latitudes leads to the conclusion that particle drift in the large-scale magnetic field plays an important role in cosmic-ray modulation. The large-scale, three-dimensional structure of the interplanetary magnetic field is therefore very important in understanding cosmic rays. Several key observed modulation effects are summarized, each of which is a natural consequence of drift, but which requires special assumptions if drift plays no role. It is concluded that particle drifts play an important and possibly dominant role in transport in the heliosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 54
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    Modulation of galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Observations of the intensity of galactic cosmic rays and anomalous components near earth and in the outer heliosphere are providing important tests for theories of solar modulation. The most recent observations show effects that seem to require that models for modulation include gradient and curvature drifts as well as the conventional processes of convection, adiabatic deceleration, and diffusion. New observations are required to define the interplay of these processes in the three-dimensional heliosphere.
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  • 55
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    Neutron and antineutron production in accretion onto compact objects (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Nuclear reactions in the hot accretion plasma surrounding a collapsed star are a source of neutrons, primarily through spallation and pion-producing reactions, and antineutrons, principally through the reaction p+p yields p+p+n+anti-n. We calculate spectra of neutrons and antineutrons produced by a variety of nonthermal energetic particle distributions in which the target particles are either at rest or in motion. If only neutral particles are free to escape the interaction site, a component of the proton and antiproton fluxes in the cosmic radiation results from the neutrons and antineutrons which leave the accretion plasma and subsequently decay in the interstellar medium. This additional antiproton component could account for the enhanced flux of antiprotons in the cosmic radiation, compared to values expected from the standard leaky-box model of cosmic-ray propagation and confinement. Moreover, the low-energy antiproton flux measured by Buffington et al. (1981) could result from target-particle motion in the accretion plasma. This model for the origin of antiprotons predicts a narrow 2.223 MeV line which could be observable.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA-TM-89264 , NAS 1.15:89264
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  • 56
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    A multidisciplinary study of planetary, solar and astrophysical radio emissions (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Combination of the related fields of planetary, solar, and astrophysical radio emissions was attempted in order to more fully understand the radio emission processes. Topics addressed include: remote sensing of astrophysical plasma turbulence; Alfven waves; astrophysical shock waves; surface waves; very long base interferometry results; very large array observations; solar magnetic flux; and magnetohydrodynamic waves as a tool for solar corona diagnostics.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA-CR-177166 , NAS 1.26:177166
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  • 57
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    Electromagnetic dissociation effects in galactic heavy-ion fragmentation (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Methods for calculating cross sections for the breakup of galactic heavy ions by the Coulomb fields of the interacting nuclei are presented. By using the Weizsacker-Williams method of virtual quanta, estimates of electromagnetic dissociation cross sections for a variety of reactions applicable to galactic cosmic ray shielding studies are presented and compared with other predictions and with available experimental data.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA-TP-2527 , L-16033 , NAS 1.60:2527
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  • 58
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    Two component model for X-ray emission of radio selected QSO's (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Using a large database of radio, optical, and x ray luminosities of AGNs with survival analysis, it was found that the x ray emission of the radio selected quasars has two components. One is related to the optical luminosity and the other is related to the radio luminosity.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA-CR-179923 , NAS 1.26:179923
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  • 59
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    Disappearance of periodic X-ray minima in AM Her (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Optical, soft X-ray, and medium energy X-ray measurements taken during an unusual high state of AM Her are reported. The X-ray and secondary optical minima disappeared from the light curve. The X-ray flux varied periodically. In each X-ray band, the flux during the expected phase of minimum was approximately the same as the average during the rest of the cycle. The optical and medium energy X-ray fluxes were at all-time highs; however, the soft X-ray flux was low by a factor of 3 compared to the nominal high state. This change in the ratio of medium to soft X-ray flux is difficult to fit into the standard scenario for AM Her, where soft X-rays are interpreted as reprocessed optical and medium energy X-ray flux. The peculiar light curve of AM Her was probably caused by a small shift in the position of the accretion column with respect to the rotation axis, so that the normal grazing eclipse of the accretion column did not take place.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: MPE-PREPRINT-52
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  • 60
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    Cross sections for production of the 15.10 MeV and other astrophysically significant gamma-ray lines through excitation and spallation of sup 12 C and sup 16 O with protons (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The ratio of the flux of 15.10-MeV gamma rays to the flux of 4.438-MeV gamma rays resulting from excitation of the corresponding states in C-12 as a sensitive measure of the spectrum of the exciting particles produced in solar flares and other cosmic sources. These gamma rays are produced predominantly by interactions with C-12 and O-16, both of which are relatively abundant in the solar photosphere. Gamma ray production cross sections for proton interactions have been reported previously for all important channels except for the production of 15.10-MeV gamma rays from O-16. The first reported measurement of the 15.10-MeV gamma ray production cross section from p + O-16 is presented here. The University of Maryland cyclotron was employed to produce 40-, 65-, and 86-MeV protons which interacted with CH2 and BeO targets. The resultant gamma ray spectra were measured with a high-purity germanium semiconductor detector at 70, 90, 110, 125, and 140 degrees relative to the direction of the incident beam for each proton energy. Other gamma ray lines resulting from direct excitation and spallation reactions with C-12 and 0-16 were observed as well, and their gamma ray production cross sections described.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA-TM-87787 , REPT-86B0418 , NAS 1.15:87787
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  • 61
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    Automated scanning of plastic nuclear track detectors using the Minnesota star scanner (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The problems found in an attempt to adapt an automated scanner of astronomical plates, the Minnesota Automated Dual Plate Scanner (APS), to locating and measuring the etch pits produced by ionizing particles in plastic nuclear track detectors (CR-39) are described. A visual study of these pits was made to determine the errors introduced in determining positions and shapes. Measurements made under a low power microscope were compared with those from the APS.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 4 p
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  • 62
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    High energy nucleus-nucleus collisions (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Experimental results on high energy nucleus-nucleus interactions are presented. The data are discussed within the framework of standard super-position models and from the point-of-view of the possible formation of new states of matter in heavy ion collisions.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 10 p
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  • 63
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    Lead, platinum and other heavy elements in the primary cosmic radiation: HEAO-3 results (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: An observation of the abundances of cosmic-ray lead and platinum-group nuclei using data from the HEAO-3 Heavy Nuclei Experiment (HNE) which consisted of ion chambers mounted on both sides of a plastic Cherenkov counter (Binns et al., 1981) is reported. Further analysis with more stringent selections, inclusion of additional data, and a calibration at the LBL Bevalac, have allowed the determination of the abundance ratio of lead and the platinum group of elements for particles that had a cutoff rigidity R(c) 5 GV. The observed ratio for Pb/Pt is distinctly lower than that predicted by any of the standard models for cosmic ray sources. It is possible that the difference is not an indication that the cosmic ray source composition is greatly different from that of the solar system, but rather that there is less Pb in the solar system and in the r-process than is assumed in the standard models.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, MIscellaneous, Volume 9; 4 p
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  • 64
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    Muons and neutrinos (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The first generation of large and precise detectors, some initially dedicated to search for nucleon decay has accumulated significant statistics on neutrinos and high-energy muons. A second generation of even better and bigger detectors are already in operation or in advanced construction stage. The present set of experimental data on muon groups and neutrinos is qualitatively better than several years ago and the expectations for the following years are high. Composition studies with underground muon groups, neutrino detection, and expected extraterrestrial neutrino fluxes are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 16 p
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  • 65
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    Modulation and anisotropy of galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Modulation model are discussed with more time spent on two current ideas: episodic modulation and drift models. The various types of anisotropies are addressed. Finally, other time variations and correlation studies are reviewed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 25 p
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  • 66
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    Particle acceleration by the sun (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: A review is given of the analysis of new observations of energetic particles and energetic secondary emissions obtained over the solar maxium (approx. 1980) by the Solar Maximum mission, Hinotori, the international Sun-Earth Explorer, Helios, Explorer satellites, and Voyager spacecraft. Solar energetic particle events observed in space, He(3)- rich events, solar gamma rays and neutrons, and solar neutrinos are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 13 p
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  • 67
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    VLBI observations of 416 extragalactic radio sources (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The Deep Space Network is establishing a high-accuracy Very Long Base Interferometry (VLBI) celestial reference frame. Presented are the VLBI results of observations of 416 radio sources with declination north of -45 degrees which were conducted at frequencies of 2.3 GHz and 8.4 GHz. At 2.3 GHz 323 of 391 radio sources observed were detected with a fringe spacing of 3 milliarcsec and a detection limit of approximately 0.1 Jy. At 8.4 GHz, 278 of 416 radio sources were detected with a fringe spacing of 1 milliarcsec and a detection limit of approximately 0.1 Jy. This survey was conducted primarily to determine the strength of compact components at 8.4 GHz for radio sources previously detected with VLBI at 2.3 GHz. Compact extragalactic radio sources with strong correlated flux densities at both frequencies are used to form a high-accuracy reference frame.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report; 16 p
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  • 68
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    Observations of cosmic rays in the outer heliosphere (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: Outward propagating cosmic ray modulation features seen in the outer heliosphere include Forbush decreases, the minimum of the 11 year cycle, and intervals of set recovery rate. The best theoretical model may not be the same for all these features. Some modulation features have been modified or have disappeared between Pioneer 11 and Pioneer 10 as if by the action of an interpalnetary low-pass filter. Azimuthal symmetry still applies, and the radial gradient for nucleons is greater than approximately 500 MeV nucleon is approximately 1 percent AU.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA-CR-182942 , NAS 1.26:182942
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  • 69
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    Measurements of ultraheavy cosmic rays with HEAO-3 (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA-CR-181030 , NAS 1.26:181030
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  • 70
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    Temporal variations of cosmic rays over a variety of time scales (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-06-28
    Beschreibung: The variation of the intensity of Galactic cosmic rays in the inner solar system over a wide variety of time scales is discussed, and the generally accepted physical model which can account quantitatively for these modulations is reviewed. The use of direct measurements and of nuclear reactions to study the temporal intensity variations is summarized. It is demonstrated that all of the observed variations could easily be the result of solar variations on long and short time scales.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
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  • 71
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    On the Theory of Type 1 X-Ray Bursts: The Energetics of Bursts and the Nuclear Fuel Reservoir in the Envelope (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-14
    Beschreibung: The observed properties of type 1 X-ray bursts from 4U/MXB 1636-53 and those of models of thermonuclear flashes on accreting neutron stars are compared. Ways to explain variations in the burst recurrence properties without an apparent correlation with the accretion rate, including the rapid succession of bursts at intervals 10 min are discussed. The strongest X-ray bursts, which occur after a very long interval, are well described by thermonuclear flash models with simple accumulation of accreted fuel, and a spherically symmetric structure in the burning shell. The majority of observed bursts, however, occur after much shorter intervals, and radiate much smaller amounts of energy, by a factor of up to 10 times that predicted by the spherical models. An ignition mechanism of the bursts is proposed in terms of elemental mixing and dissipative heating associated with hydrodynamical instabilities in the neutron star envelope caused by angular momentum carried inward by accreted gas.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA-CR-180230 , NAS 1.26:180230 , MPE-PREPRINT-66
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  • 72
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    Space radiation studies (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Instrument design and data analysis expertise was provided in support of several space radiation monitoring programs. The Verification of Flight Instrumentation (VFI) program at NASA included both the Active Radiation Detector (ARD) and the Nuclear Radiation Monitor (NRM). Design, partial fabrication, calibration and partial data analysis capability to the ARD program was provided, as well as detector head design and fabrication, software development and partial data analysis capability to the NRM program. The ARD flew on Spacelab-1 in 1983, performed flawlessly and was returned to MSFC after flight with unchanged calibration factors. The NRM, flown on Spacelab-2 in 1985, also performed without fault, not only recording the ambient gamma ray background on the Spacelab, but also recording radiation events of astrophysical significance.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA-CR-179037 , NAS 1.26:179037
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  • 73
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    The Gamma-Ray Spectrometer Experiment on the Solar Maximum Mission Satellite (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Observations by the Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS) on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) are examined. This detector system is sensitive to high-energy X-rays, gamma-rays, and energetic neutrons. These neutral quanta provide a probe of the highest energy processes in a flare. The GRS has recorded over 150 flares since launch. In addition to the solar discoveries, the SMM GRS has made important discoveries about cosmic gamma-ray sources. These discoveries are summarized.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA-CR-177877 , NAS 1.26:177877
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  • 74
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    Neutron and antineutron production in accretion onto compact objects (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Nuclear reactions in the hot accretion plasma surrounding a collapsed star are a source of neutrons, primarily through spallation and pion-producing reactions, and antineutrons, principally through the reaction p+p yields p+p+n+anti-n. We calculate spectra of neutrons and antineutrons produced by a variety of nonthermal energetic particle distributions in which the target particles are either at rest or in motion. If only neutral particles are free to escape the interaction site, a component of the proton and antiproton fluxes in the cosmic radiation results from the neutrons and antineutrons which leave the accretion plasma and subsequently decay in the interstellar medium. This additional antiproton component could account for the enhanced flux of antiprotons in the cosmic radiation, compared to values expected from the standard leaky-box model of cosmic-ray propagation and confinement. Moreover, the low-energy antiproton flux measured by Buffington et al. (1981) could result from target-particle motion in the accretion plasma. This model for the origin of antiprotons predicts a narrow 2.223 MeV line which could be observable.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Accretion processes in astrophysics; Mar 09, 1986 - Mar 16, 1986; Les Arcs; France
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  • 75
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    Cosmic X-ray physics (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The analysis of the beryllium-filtered data from Flight 17.020 was completed. The data base provided by the Wisconsin diffuse X-ray sky survey is being analyzed by correlating the B and C band emission with individual velocity components of neutral hydrogen. Work on a solid state detector to be used in high resolution spectroscopy of diffuse or extend X-ray sources is continuing. A series of 21 cm observations was completed. A paper on the effects of process parameter variation on the reflectivity of sputter-deposited tungsten-carvon multilayers was published.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA-CR-177227 , NAS 1.26:177227
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  • 76
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    An investigation of the energy balance of solar active regions using the ACRIM irradiance data (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The correlation between the irradiance (as measured by the Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor and the Earth Radiation Budget) as corrected for sunspot flux deficit (which is responsible for most of the variance of the uncorrected signal) and both the 205 nm flux (as measured by Nimbus 7) and a photometric facular index is discussed. The computer program which simulates two-dimensional convection in a compressible, stratified medium is described. Equipment which was acquired to perform high precision, white-light observations of sunspot areas, and procedures were tested. Analysis of observations of large scale convective heat inhomogeneities which were obtained in May 1985 was begun.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA-CR-176797 , NAS 1.26:176797
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  • 77
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    Theoretical study of the X-ray emission from astrophysical shock waves (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Theoretical X-ray emission spectra are needed to interpret the X-ray emission observed by many low and moderate resolution X-ray instruments, and to provide diagnosis of physical conditions for high resolution spectra. Over the past decade, a set of model codes which compute the X-ray and XUV emission for a wide set of physical conditions, including high or low densities, photoionized gas, and time-dependent ionization balance was developed. In the past year, the atomic rate coefficients in the code was improved. Further capabilities were added, and applied to several astrophysical problems.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA-CR-177318 , NAS 1.26:177318 , SAPR-4 , SAPR-5
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  • 78
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    Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9 (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: Invited talks, rapporteur talks, and highlight talks are included. Topics of the invited and highlight talks include astrophysical jets, gamma-ray line astronomy, cosmic rays and gamma rays in astrophysics, the early universe, elementary particle physics, solar flares and acceleration of energetic particles, cosmogenic nuclei, extragalactic astronomy, composition of solar flare particles, very high energy gamma ray sources, gamma-ray bursts, shock acceleration in the solar wind, cosmic rays in deep underground detectors, spectrum of cosmic rays at 10 to the 19th power eV, and nucleus-nucleus interactions.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA-CP-2376-VOL-9 , NAS 1.55:2376-VOL-9 , Aug 11, 1985 - Aug 23, 1985; La Jolla, CA; United States
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  • 79
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    A study of (OI) 63.2 and 145.5 micron emission from M17 and SGR A from the Lear jet (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-13
    Beschreibung: The Lear Jet Observatory was used to observe the 157.7 micron (C II) line from the galactic H II regions W3 and W51. These measurements established a lower limit in the 157.7 micron line for solar luminosity of 360 from W3, assuming adistance of 2 kpc, and a solar luminosity of 4100 from W51, assuming a distance of 7 kpc. The data indicated that the CII/far infrared continuum ratio for both W3 and W51 were within the range found for other galactic H II regions.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA-CR-177015 , NAS 1.26:177015
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  • 80
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    Characteristics of large Forbush-type decreases in the cosmic radiation. II - Observations at different heliocentric radial distances (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Beschreibung: Cosmic ray data from IMP 8, Voyager 1 and 2, Pioneer 10 are used to investigate the heliocentric radial dependence of the characteristics of about 20 Forbush-type transient decreases which occurred from 1978 to 1984. These characteristics include the recovery time, the amplitude, and the time to decrease to minimum. It is found that the average recovery time is about 5 times longer at R = 30 AU than at 1 AU. The magnitudes of the transient decreases are observed to decrease about 1.5 percent/AU on average so that the magnitude of the decrease is half as great at R about 30 AU as at 1 AU. The time for the cosmic ray intensity to decrease to the minimum in the transient decrease is found to be greater at larger distances and is about 5 times longer at R = 30 AU than at 1 AU. The behavior of these effects as a function of radius is obviously related to the evolution of the disturbances causing the transient decreases as they propagate outward. A model of the Forbush-type decrease is proposed to explain the observed radial dependence of the recovery time and time to minimum of the decrease. The implications of these results for understanding the relationship between Forbush-type decreases and the 11-year variation are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 4103-411
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  • 81
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    The recovery phase of galactic cosmic ray modulation in the outer heliosphere (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-28
    Beschreibung: Energetic hydrogen and helium nuclei from the galaxy (cosmic rays) enter the solar system with varying degrees of difficulty during the 11-year solar magnetic cycle, resulting in spatial and temporal variations of particle intensities in the heliosophere. Observations of these variations from the ISEE-3, Voyager 1 and 2, and Pioneer 10 spacecraft during the period from early 1981 to early 1986 and for heliocentric distances ranging from 1 to 37 AU are reported. During this time the high energy intensities in the outer heliosphere have been increasing exponentially at a rate of approximately 20 percent/year with occasional interruptions due to enhanced solar activity. The radial intensity gradients measured in the ecliptic plane are observed to remain constant or to decrease at the time of the reversal of the solar magnetic poles in 1980.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 13; 785-788
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  • 82
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    Measurements of hydrogen and helium isotopes in Galactic cosmic rays from 1978 through 1984 (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Beschreibung: The propagation of light cosmic rays is examined using measurements of the relative abundances of the isotopes H-1, H-2 and He-3 and He-4 made with the ISEE 3 instrumentation. It is believed that cosmic ray particles experience spallation in traveling through the interstellar medium, thereby producing the isotopes examined in the present study. The isotopic ratios are therefore expected to yield data on outward migrating particles, which lose energy while moving toward extragalactic space, i.e., the 'leaky box approximation'. The energy ranges covered are 26-138 MeV/nucleon for H-1 and He-4, 24-89 MeV/nucleon for H-2 and 43-146 MeV/nucleon for He-3. Solar activity ranged from minimum to maximum over the observational period. Details of the experimental strategies, instrumentation features and calibration techniques employed with the particle detectors are provided. Histograms were geneated of the energies attributable to each particle track and mass ratios of the various isotopes were calculated over the measured energy ranges. Account was taken of errors introduced by solar modulation, and an escape path length of 5.6-7.8 g/sq cm was estimated for particle propagation through the Galaxy. The projected path length agrees with previous estimates based on data from heavier cosmic ray nuclei.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 303; 816-828
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  • 83
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    Variation of cosmic rays and solar wind properties with respect to the heliospheric current sheet. II - Rigidity dependence of the latitudinal gradient of cosmic rays at 1 AU (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Beschreibung: The role which empirical determinations of the latitudinal variation of cosmic rays with respect to the current sheet may have in illuminating the importance of the cross-field drift of particles in the large-scale heliospheric magnetic field is discussed. Using K coronameter observations and measured solar wind speeds, the latitudinal gradients have been determined with respect to the current sheet for cosmic rays in four rigidity ranges. Gradients vary between approximately -2 and -50 pct/AU. The rigidity dependence of the decrease of cosmic ray flux with distance from the current sheet lies between the -0.72 to -0.86 power of the rigidity, with the exact dependence being determined by the definition used for the median rigidity of each monitor.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 2879-288
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    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 84
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    Differential measurement and model calculations of cosmic ray latitudinal gradient with respect to the heliospheric current sheet (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Beschreibung: Simultaneous magnetic field and charged particle measurements from the Voyager spacecraft with heliographic latitude separations of more than 10 deg are used to investigate the distribution of about 1-GeV galactic cosmic ray protons with respect to the heliospheric current sheet in the outer solar system. By comparing the ratio of cosmic ray flux at Voyager 1 to that at Voyager 2 during periods of relatively quiet interplanetary conditions when the spacecraft are either both north or both south of the heliospheric current sheet, an average latitude component of the gradient of the cosmic ray flux on opposite sides of the current sheet is derived under restricted interplanetary conditions of -0.22 + or - 0.03 pct/deg, equivalent to a decrease of about 1 percent/AU away from the current sheet at about 12 AU. The results for these limited periods are in qualitative agreement with propagation models incorporating particle drifts.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 2867-287
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  • 85
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    The dependence of solar modulation on the sign of the cosmic ray particle charge (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Beschreibung: ISEE-3 spacecraft cosmic ray telescope data on the modulation of cosmic ray electrons are compared with IMP-8 spacecraft data on low energy He atoms to evaluate the effects of solar maxima on cosmic ray modulation. The investigation is constrained to the modulation of 70-95 MeV He-4 nuclei and 600-1000 MeV electrons over the period 1965-1984, an interval covering solar maxima in 1970 and 1981. It is shown that the occurrences of solar maxima are associated with magnetic field polarity reversals. When the interplanetary magnetic field reverses polarity, oppositely charged particles flow in different directions, thereby permitting studies of drift effects and modulation. Data on the recovery periods after the solar maxima show that the He-4 nuclei recovered before the electron population in 1970, while the situation was reversed in 1981. Actual flux ratio reversals were recorded in the years surrounding the maxima. Although the data support a connection between modulation of cosmic rays and the sign of charged particles, current models cannot account for the deviation of electron intensities from the nuclei intensities.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 2858-286
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  • 86
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    Constraints on neutron star models of gamma-burst sources from the Einstein Observatory (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Beschreibung: Six Einstein observations of five gamma-ray burst sources are presented and discussed. With one possible exception, no point source was detected in any of the observations. The data are interpreted in the framework of neutron star models for gamma bursters. Upper limits are derived for the surface temperatures of the neutron stars assumed to be responsible for the bursts. It is shown that the lack of soft X-ray emission may impose stringent constraints on accretion rates onto neutron stars.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 301; 641-649
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  • 87
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    Interplanetary cosmic-ray radial and latitudinal gradients derived in 1984 using IMP 8, Voyager, and Pioneer data (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 302; 511-516
    Format: text
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  • 88
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    The radial distribution of galactic gamma rays. III - The distribution of cosmic rays in the Galaxy and the CO-H2 calibration (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Beschreibung: The cosmic ray (CR) distribution in the Galaxy inside the solar circle is determined by using the kinematics of both H I and CO to ascertain the spatial distribution of the interstellar gas. The conversion factor between integrated CO line intensity and the molecular hydrogen column density is found, and possible large-scale variations of this relationship throughout the Galaxy are investigated. The galactocentric CR distributions are shown to be described satisfactorily by exponential distributions for radii larger than about three, with a radial scale length of 4-11 kpc for electrons and a scale length greater than 18 kpc for nuclei.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 154; 1-2
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  • 89
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    Magnetospheric origin of energetic (at least 50 keV) ions upstream of the bow shock - The October 31, 1977, event (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Beschreibung: Energetic particle data gathered by the ISEE-1 and IMP-7 and -8 spacecraft on Oct. 31, 1977 while travelling inside the plasma sheet upstream of the earth's bow shock are analyzed for an indication of the source of the 30 keV-1 MeV particles observed. The IMP spacecraft also travelled through the magnetosphere and the dawn bow shock during the measurement data. The data included records of magnetospheric bursts of energetic protons, which had intensities about 2-8 times higher inside the plasma sheet than did the proton intensities. The magnetospheric bursts began about 40 min before the ISEE recorded an upstream ion event and 2 hr before its cutoff. Other data indicated that the appearance of upstream ions was controlled by the interplanetary magnetic field. The ions arose in the plasma sheet of the magnetosphere and in 'leaking' upstream experienced a separation of ions from electrons, a condition caused by the interplanetary magnetic field. A phenomenological model is developed for the process of injection of energetic particles upstream of the bow shock in a manner that is not commensurate with Fermi acceleration.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 3020-302
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  • 90
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    Cosmic rays near the heliospheric current sheet. II - An ensemble approach to comparing theory and observation (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Beschreibung: A quantitative comparison is carried out between theoretical predictions and observations of the intensity of galactic cosmic rays near the interplanetary current sheet. Model calculations are compared with a statistical analysis of observations of galactic cosmic rays at the earth and the simultaneous position of the current sheet. Since the observations were made over a period of several years, the inclination of the current sheet varied considerably, and comparison with any one model calculation referring to a given inclination would not be appropriate. An ensemble of different current sheet inclinations are used to generate expected values with the model in order to make the analysis of the computations approximate the method used to analyze the data. Agreement is found between theory and observation at energies of the order of a few GeV.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 2885-288
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  • 91
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    Characteristic recovery times of Forbush-type decreases in the cosmic radiation. I - Observations at earth at different energies (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Beschreibung: Data on 30 asymmetric Forbush decreases recorded by the IMP spacecraft at 1 AU and the Mt. Washington neutron monitor over the period 1972-84 are examined to characterize the recovery characteristics of cosmic rays after the events. The spacecraft data are concentrated at energies of 1.7 GV, while the terrestrial instruments recorded events at 5 GV. Attention is paid to the relative amplitudes of the recorded transient decreases, the characteristic recovery times, and the energy dependence of the amplitudes and recovery time. The recovery times were found to be equal at both energy levels, supporting a concept of energy independence for the recoveries. Also, no correlations were found between the recovery times and the occurrences of a solar magnetic field reversal or with phase in the solar modulation cycle. A time-dependent, two-dimensional model is defined, which expresses the cosmic ray particle distributions as a function of the decay of the disturbance, with a small dependence on the transport parameters of the cosmic rays.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 2851-285
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  • 92
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    Cosmic ray variations and turbulent flow systems - 0.3-1.0 AU; 1977-1980 (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-28
    Beschreibung: Possible relationships among the cosmic ray intensity and magnetic fields and flows inside 1 AU are investigated using data gathered by instrumentation on the Helios 1 spacecraft during 1977-80. The data included nearly continuous simultaneous plasma and magnetic field measurements for periods of two months or more at heliocentric radii from 0.3-1 AU. Account was taken of fluctuations of the relative particle counting rates due to spacecraft motion. The passage of transient streams following solar wind shock waves was accompanied by Forbush decreases but not long term modulation. The extent and consistency of the data support a model of shell-like disturbances of diverse shapes and internal structures proceeding outward from the sun. Magnetic field fluctuation spectra (turbulence) calculated for the various types of flow observed permitted establishing power laws relationships between the variations observed and the frequency of the magnetic field. Transient flows were more turbulent than corotating flows. Turbulence was also present in mixed flows, possibly arising from shocks, and was usually confined to the spiral shaped structures of corotation.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 2917-292
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  • 93
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    Constraints on galaxy formation theories (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-28
    Beschreibung: The present theories of galaxy formation are reviewed. The relation between peculiar velocities, temperature fluctuations of the microwave background and the correlation function of galaxies point to the possibility that galaxies do not form uniformly everywhere. The velocity data provide strong constraints on the theories even in the case when light does not follow mass of the universe.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 11 p
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 94
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    Photon-deficient Compton scattering by nonthermal electrons - Comparison with gamma-ray burst spectra (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Beschreibung: The model of gamma-ray-burst spectra proposed by Zdziarski and Lamb (1986, 1987) is reviewed and compared with observed spectra. In the model, the spectrum arises from multiple Compton scatterings in a nonthermal source with a deficit of soft photons. The steady-state electron distribution in such a source is a nonthermal power law that joins at low energies onto a thermal distribution that may be either optically thick or thin. Both cases lead naturally to a two-component spectrum with a photon-energy index in the X-ray spectrum which is much less than one and a photon-energy index in the gamma-ray spectrum which is larger than the X-ray photon-energy index. Fits to the observed gamma-ray-burst spectra (where data exist for both X-ray and gamma-ray energies) show good agreement with the model.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 6; 4 19
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  • 95
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    Spectral evolution in gamma-ray bursts (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Beschreibung: The Hard X-ray Burst Spectrometer (HXRBS) and the Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS) on NASA's Solar Maximum Mission satellite have independently monitored cosmic gamma-ray bursts since launch in February 1980. Several bursts with relatively simple pulse structure and sufficient intensity have been analyzed for evidence of spectral variability on time scales shorter than the pulse durations. In many of these bursts pulse structures are found, ranging in duration from 1 to 10 seconds, which exhibit a trend of hard-to-soft spectral evolution. No significant evidence for soft-to-hard evolution has been found. The HXRBS data above 100 keV and the GRS data above 1 MeV indicate that the spectral evolution generally is not due to time-varying absorption features at energies below 100 keV.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 6; 4 19
    Format: text
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  • 96
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    SMM observation of a cosmic gamma-ray burst from 20 keV to 100 MeV (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Beschreibung: The Solar Maximum Mission gamma-ray spectrometer has detected an intense gamma-ray burst that occurred on August 5, 1984. The burst originated from a source in the constellation Hydra and lasted about 45 s. Its integral fluence at 20 keV was 0.003 erg/sq cm. Spectral evolution similar to other bursts detected by SMM was observed. The overall shape of the spectrum from 20 keV to 100 MeV, on timescales as short as 2 s, is relatively constant. This shape can be fitted by the sum of an exponential-type function and a power law. There is no evidence for narrow or broadened emission lines.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 6; 4 19
    Format: text
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  • 97
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    He-3 in galactic cosmic rays (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Beschreibung: Cosmic-ray He-3/He-4 observations, including a new measurement around 65 MeV per nucleon from ISEE-3, are compared with interstellar propagation and solar modulation calculations in an effort to understand the origin of cosmic-ray He nuclei. A survey of spacecraft and balloon observations of the He-3/He-4 ratio shows improved consistency among measurements in the 50-300 MeV per nucleon energy range when a previously neglected contribution from atmospheric secondary He-3 is taken into account. These low-energy observations imply a mean escape length of 6-8 g/sq cm in the standard 'leaky box' model for cosmic-ray propagation in the Galaxy, a value consistent with that derived from studies of heavier nuclei. No evidence is found for an excess of low-energy He-3 such as that reported at high energies.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 311; 979-983
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  • 98
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    Modeling of ion acceleration through drift and diffusion at interplanetary shocks (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Beschreibung: A test particle simulation designed to model ion acceleration through drift and diffusion at interplanetary shocks is described. The technique consists of integrating along exact particle orbits in a system where the angle between the shock normal and mean upstream magnetic field, the level of magnetic fluctuations, and the energy of injected particles can assume a range of values. The technique makes it possible to study time-dependent shock acceleration under conditions not amenable to analytical techniques. To illustrate the capability of the numerical model, proton acceleration was considered under conditions appropriate for interplanetary shocks at 1 AU, including large-amplitude transverse magnetic fluctuations derived from power spectra of both ambient and shock-associated MHD waves.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 13349-13
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  • 99
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    The isotopes of hydrogen and helium in the Galactic cosmic radiation - Their source abundances and interstellar propagation (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Beschreibung: A self-consistent model describing the interstellar propagation of Galactic cosmic radiation is developed using low-energy measurements and calculations of the effects of interstellar propagation and solar modulation. The source ratio H-1/He-4 at constant energy per nucleon is determined to be 12.2 + or - 1.5, and the mean path length for an exponential path length weighting function required to account for the data is 7.2 + or - 1.0 g/sq cm. The measured H-2/He-4 and He-3/He-4 ratios do not vary by more than about 30 percent over the solar cycle. The behavior of the ratios during the solar cycle reflects the energy dependence of the local interstellar ratios, and leads to an energy dependence of the mean path length below 1 GeV per nucleon weaker than that inferred from boron/carbon. The source ratio H-1/He-4 inferred from the low-energy data is consistent both with the value inferred from high-energy cosmic ray data using a model of rigidity-dependent confinement and with the solar system abundance ratio.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 311; 425-436
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  • 100
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    The origin of cosmic rays (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-12
    Beschreibung: Data related to the development of cosmic rays are discussed. The relationship between cosmic ray production and the steady-state Boltzmann equation is analyzed. The importance of the power-law spectrum, the scattering rate, the theory of shock acceleration, anisotropic instabilities, and cosmic ray diffusion in the formation of cosmic rays is described. It is noted that spacecraft observations at the earth's bow shock are useful for studying cosmic rays and that the data support the collisionless shock-wave theory of cosmic ray origin.
    Schlagwort(e): SPACE RADIATION
    Materialart: New York Academy of Sciences, Annals (ISSN 0077-8923); 470; 205-214
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