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  • Articles  (23)
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  • Springer  (23)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • Cambridge University Press
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of different phosphate fertilizers on yield of barley and rape seed on reddish brown soils of the Ethiopian highlands (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 34 (1993), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Agronomic effectiveness ; barley ; basic slag ; magmatic rock phosphate ; P uptake ; rape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of six phosphorus sources at 4 rates were tested for two seasons on reddish brown soil at Holetta, Ethiopia, using barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and rape (Brassica napus L.) as test crops. The fertilizer sources include: basic slag (BS), bone meal (BM), Ethiopian rock phosphate (ERP), Gafsa rock phosphate (GRP), triple superphosphate (TSP) and mixture of TSP and GRP in the ratio 1:4 (MIX). Yield, P uptake by both crops as well as available soil P showed a marked response to the application of the various P sources. On continuously cropped field, grain yield increase over the unfertilized plot ranged from 2.5 to 16.4 dt ha−1 for barley and rape respectively. On newly cleared field no significant effects of the different P sources on barley were observed. On the other hand for rape, a grain yield increase over the unfertilized plot ranging from 10.6 to 17.8 dt ha−1 was recorded. The highest agronomic effectiveness relative to TSP (RAE) for both crops was obtained with BS. Rape was found to utilize P not only from the reactive rock phosphate (RP) but also from the unreactive one, which had a total P content of only 3% and 0.4% ammonium citrate soluble P. Barley, on the contrary, could not utilize P from this magmatic rock phosphate and failed to grow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750570
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and development of seminal and crown root systems in N-limited barley, and their contributions to nitrate acquisition during vegetative and generative growth (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 239-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; crown roots ; growth ; nitrate reductase ; nitrate uptake ; seminal roots ; solution culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cvs Golf and Laevigatum) was grown under nitrogen limitation, controlled by the relative rate of nitrate-N addition (RA), in solution culture. The seminal and crown root systems were kept apart, but in contact with the same nutrient solution throughout culturing. Growth, nitrate uptake, and in vitro nitrate reductase (NR) activity in the different root parts were studied at plant ages from 40 (late vegetative stage) to 110 (mid grain-filling) days. The RA was during this time interval stepwise decreased from 0.08 day−1 to 0.005 day−1. The ratio between seminal root dry weight and total plant dry weight decreased drastically during post-anthesis growth, whereas the contribution by crown roots remained unchanged. Tissue nitrogen concentrations in seminal roots did not change with time, but decreased in crown roots after day 80. The NR activity decreased with age in both seminal and crown roots. The Vmax for net nitrate uptake decreased throughout the experiment in the seminal root system, but not in the crown root system. The kinetic properties (Vmax and KM) were used to calculate the nitrate concentration required to maintain a relative rate of nitrate-N uptake that equals the relative addition rate. These concentrations (2 to 5 mmol m−3) were found to closely match actually measured nitrate concentrations in the nutrient solution (1 to 6 mmol m−3). From uptake kinetics, it was deduced that the contribution by seminal roots to total nitrate uptake at these concentrations decreased from more than 50% in vegetative plants, to about 20% just after main shoot anthesis, and to less than 5% during grain-filling. ei]Section editor: H Lambers
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016289
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using a chelate-buffered nutrient solution to establish the critical solution activity of Mn2+ required by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 195-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; chelation ; chemical speciation ; HEDTA ; Hordeum vulgare L. ; hydroponics ; ion uptake ; manganese ; micronutrients ; nutrient requirement ; plant nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Relatively little is known about the responses of plants to micronutrients when these nutrients are maintained at the very low levels found in soils of low fertility. We have determined the requirement of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Herta) for ionic Mn2+ in plant culture solutions using the chelating agent HEDTA as a buffer for micronutrient metal ions. The chemical activity of Mn2+ was varied approximately 10,000-fold from log(Mn2+)=−10.8 to −6.8 (pMn 10.8 to pMn 6.8), while holding constant the activities of the other micronutrient cations. Growth, appearance, and composition of ‘Herta’ barley indicated that log(Mn2+) of approximately −8.3 would permit optimal dry matter production and normal plant development. The specific accumulation rate of Mn by 15 to 23 day old seedlings was a linear function of the Mn2+ activity in solution. At log(Mn2+) of about −9.8 or below, barley seedlings were unable to accumulate significant amounts of Mn, and at some harvests, suffered a net loss of Mn to solution. Seedlings younger than 11 days old were ineffective accumulators of several cations, including Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mg, and Ca. Differences in Mn availability did not influence uptake of other cations, except that Cu uptake by roots increased with increasing Mn uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012992
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mobilization of different phosphate fractions in the rhizosphere (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 91-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; Ca-P ; organic P ; P depletion ; P fractions ; P mobilization ; rhizosphere ; ryegrass ; sorbed P ; white lupin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Availability of soil P fractions and mechanisms of acquisition by plants were studied. Plants mobilize soil P by desorption via depletion of P solution concentration around roots. In an oxisol, the process was enhanced by nitrate N nutrition of ryegrass, which increased soil pH, and by carboxylate release by white lupin. Ligand exchange and Fe/Al solubilization are assumed to be the mechanisms. Ammonium N nutrition of ryegrass decreased pH and allowed P mobilization in a luvisol but had no such effect in an oxisol, due to acid solubility of P in these soils. Organic P dissolved in soil solution contributed one third to the P uptake of field-grown barley on a luvisol. Laboratory experiments suggest that organic P is hydrolyzed by phosphatases at the root surface and replenished by micro-organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024991
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigations of boron uptake at the cellular level (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 143-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; cell wall ; Hordeum vulgare ; pollen selection ; protoplasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The nature of expression of the tolerance of barley to high levels of B at the cellular level was investigated with a view to identifying ways by which this level of expression might be exploited in a breeding programme. Using protoplasts derived from leaf tissue, it was found that genetic differences between B tolerant and intolerant barleys were not expressed in the absence of cell walls. Barley genotypes differing in their tolerance to B were subjected to high levels of B in the growth medium from pollen formation onwards. The genetic distribution of segregating populations in the next generation was not changed for tolerance to high B. Results also suggested that genetic tolerance to B is expressed by pollen in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025004
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus allocation in P-efficient and inefficient barley cultivars as affected by mycorrhizal infection (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 277-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: allocation ; barley ; efficiency ; Glomus etunicatum ; phosphorus ; VA mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A glasshouse experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal infection on the allocation of phosphorus (P) in agronomically P-efficient (i.e. high yields at low P supply) and inefficient barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars. Four barley cultivars differing in agronomic P-efficiency were inoculated or not inoculated with Glomus etunicatum. Cultivars did not differ in percentage of root length infected. The concentration of P in roots of the inefficient cultivars was higher than that of the efficient cultivars. However, because of changes in root to shoot dry weight ratio and below-ground productivity, mycorrhizal infection significantly reduced the percentage of total plant P in roots of the inefficient cultivars. The distribution of P between root and shoot of P-efficient cultivars was not affected by mycorrhizal infection. Root to shoot dry weight ratio of the P-efficient cultivars was lower than that of the inefficient cultivars, and the decrease in the ratio following infection was significant in inefficient but not in P-efficient cultivars. This study indicates that mycorrhizal infection alters the allocation of P in inefficient cultivars and effectively improves the efficiency of P utilization with respect to shoot growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025036
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of pH on Mn absorption by barley genotypes in a chelate-buffered nutrient solution (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 437-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: absorption ; barley ; chelate ; genotype ; HEDTA ; MES ; Mn ; pH ; Tris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A new chelate-buffering technique was used to investigate the effect of pH (6.00, 6.85 and 7.70) on manganese (Mn) absorption from nutrient solution by three genotypes of barley plants differeing in Mn efficiency. The nutrient composition was adjusted such that the calculated activities of Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ were similar in each pH, thus eliminating any effect of the pH treatment on Mn2+ supply. Increasing pH from 6.00 to 7.70 increased the rate of Mn absorption and decreased the external Mn requirement for optimal growth rate. With increasing pH, Mn concentrations in roots rose markedly, and were higher than those in shoots at pH 7.70. Genotypic differences in Mn concentration of roots appeared only at higher pH. We suggest that higher Mn concentration in roots of inefficient plants may be related to Mn immobilisation in roots, and this may be a factor in the mechanism of Mn efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025077
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A color composite technique for detecting root dynamics of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) from minirhizotron images (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 275-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; change detection ; color composite ; digital image analysis ; Hordeum vulgare ; minirhizotron ; root dynamics ; technique ; Typic Cryoboroll
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Quantification of root dynamics by destructive methods is confounded by high coefficients of variation and loss of fine roots. The minirhizotron technique is non-destructive and allows for sequential root observations to be made at the same depth in situ. Observations can be stored on video tape which facilitates data handling and computer-aided image processing. A color composite technique using digital image analyses was adapted in this study to detect barley root dynamics from sequential minirhizotron images. Plants were grown in the greenhouse in boxes (80 × 80 × 75 cm) containing soil from a surface horizon of a Typic Cryoboroll. A minirhizotron was installed at a 45°C angle in each box. Roots intersecting the minirhizotron were observed and video-recorded at tillering, stem extension, heading, dough and ripening growth stages. The images from a particular depth were digitized from the analog video then registered to each other. Discrimination of roots from the soil matrix gave quantitative estimates of root appearance and disappearance. Changes in root appearance and disappearance were detected by assigning a separate primary color (red, green, blue) to selected growth stages, then overlaying the images to create red-green and red-green-blue color composites. The resulting composites allowed for a visual interpretation and quantification of barley root dynamics in situ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011056
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of bread wheat, durum wheat and barley cultivars adapted to dry areas of Southern Italy (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 68 (1993), S. 131-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: mediterranean stress ; small grain cereals ; susceptibility index ; yield ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; Hordeum vulgare ; bread wheat ; durum wheat ; barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Among the cultivars of bread wheat, durum wheat and barley grown in the South of Italy, genetic variation for adaptation to the high temperature and drought stress conditions typical of the Mediterranean environment has been found. The basic data have been extrapolated from 5 years of Italian national network cultivar trials, where 20–30 cultivars were grown in replicated plot trials in 30–50 locations per year, including some where stress strongly affected grain yield. After careful identification of the most representative years and testing sites it was possible to characterise the cultivars on the basis of the grain yield in stress conditions and the Fischer & Maurer (1978) susceptibility index and to find genotypic differences sufficiently repeatable in years. The cultivars giving the best yield under stress associated with low susceptibility indices were in bread wheat: Etruria, Spada, Pandas, Centauro, Oderzo, Costantino and Gladio, in durum wheat: Aldura, Arcangelo, Adamello, Vespro and Capeiti, in barley: Fleuret, Barberousse, Jaidor, Express, Trebbia, Georgie, Dahlia, Criter and Magie.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024162
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synchronising diagnosis and correction of nitrogen deficiency in barley grown in semi-arid environments (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 363-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; nitrogen deficiency ; nitrogen fertilizer ; plant analysis ; plant nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In field experiments conducted from 1986 to 1989, nitrogen (N) deficiency in barley crops was corrected with the same efficiency by applying N fertilizer at sowing or by broadcasting it at early tillering. Four plant tests for diagnosing and predicting N deficiency in barley were evaluated. Of these the basal stem nitrate-N test was best with a calibrated critical range of 12 000 to 15 000 mg kg-1 when sampling was during early tillering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025058
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon and nitrogen in the root-zone of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) supplied with nitrogen fertilizer at two rates (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 51-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; 14C ; C distribution ; gross immobilization ; gross mineralization ; 15N fertilizer ; N transformations ; rhizosphere ; root-derived C ; simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Below-ground carbon (C) production and nitrogen (N) flows in the root-zone of barley supplied with high or low amounts of N-fertilizer were investigated. Interest was focused on the effect of the level of N-fertilizer on the production of root-derived C and on gross immobilization (i) and gross mineralization (m) rates. The plants were grown for 46 days in a sandy loam soil. Principles of pool dilution and changes in15N pool abundances were used in conjunction with mathematical modelling to calculate the flows of N. N was applied at a high or a low rate, as (15NH4)2SO4 solution (17.11 atom%15N excess), before sowing. Nitrification was inhibited by using nitrapyrin (N-Serve). Pots were sampled four or five times during the experimental period, i.e. 0, 22, 30, 38 and 46 days after germination. On the three last sampling occasions, samples were also collected from pots in a growth chamber with14C-labelled atmosphere. The release of14C, measured as the proportion of the total14C translocated below ground, was higher in the high-N treatment, but the differences between treatments were small. Our results were not conclusive in demonstrating that high-N levels stimulate the decomposition and microbial utilization of root-released materials. However, the internal circulation of soil-N, calculated N fluxes (m), which were in accordance with C mineralization rates and amounts of unlabelled N found in the plants (PU), suggested that the decomposition of native soil organic matter was hampered in the high-N treatment. Apparently, towards the end of the experimental period, microorganisms in the low-N treatment used C from soil organic matter to a greater extent than C they used from root released material, presumably because lower amounts of mineral N were available to microorganisms in the low-N treatment. Immobilization of N appeared to be soil driven (organisms decomposing soil organic matter account for the N demand) at low-N and root-driven (organisms decomposing roots and root-derived C account for the N demand) at high-N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02390227
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of potentially mineralisable nitrogen in soil by KCl extraction (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 175-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; extraction ; malting quality ; mineralisation ; nitrogen ; 15N-labelling ; potassium chloride ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The potentially mineralisable nitrogen extracted from 10 soils by two methods involving boiling with dilute KCl were compared with the actual uptake of soil N by spring barley in the field, as determined with the use of 15N-labelled fertiliser. Generally good correlations were found for those soils which had previously been cropped with cereals (defined in Great Britain as either ‘N-Index zero’, or ‘low nitrogen status’ soils, for fertiliser recommendations), with the results obtained by the more severe of the two methods being somewhat better than by the other method. When organic matter content was also taken into account, correlations were improved. Mineral nitrogen in the soil at sowing was highly correlated with potentially mineralisable nitrogen, and with uptake, but this relationship did not hold for soil samples taken in January, well before the likely sowing date. This suggested that early measurement of soil mineral nitrogen (when decisions on cropping are normally made) was not a practicable method for determinining spring fertiliser applications, and that the measure of potentially mineralisable nitrogen appeared more promising in this regard.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011046
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of minirhizotron, core and monolith methods for quantifying barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and fababean (Vicia faba L.) root distribution (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 148 (1993), S. 29-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; core ; fababean ; minirhizotron ; monolith ; root density ; root distribution ; Typic Cryoboroll
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root research has been hampered by a lack of good methods and by the amount of time involved in making measurements. The use of the minirhizotron as a quantitative tool requires comparison with conventional destructive methods. This study was conducted in the greenhouse to compare the minirhizotron technique with core and monolith methods in quantifying barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and fababean (Vicia faba L.) root distribution. Plants were grown in boxes (80 cm long × 80 cm wide × 75 cm deep) in a hexagonal arrangement to minimize the effects of rooting anistrophy. Minirhizotron observations and destructive sampling to a depth of 70 cm using core and monolith methods were performed at the ripening growth stage. Total root length for the entire depth interval was generally higher in barley (159–309 m) than fababean (110–226 m). Significant correlation coefficients between monolith and core methods for root length density (RLD, cm cm−3) was observed in both crops (p ≤ 0.01). A method and depth interaction showed no significant differences in fababean RLD distribution measured by core and monolith methods. However, the RLD was different for the uppermost 40 cm depth in barley. The relationship for RLD between minirhizotron and core methods was significant only in barley (r=0.77*). For both crops, estimates of RLD in the top 10-cm layer by the minirhizotron technique were lower than those by core and monolith techniques. In contrast, estimates of RLD were higher in fababean at a depth 〉30 cm. Destructive sampling still remains the method to quantify root growth in the 0–10 cm soil layer. ei]B E Clothier
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185382
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf area and crop growth in relation to phenology of barley in Mediterranean environments (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 148 (1993), S. 223-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: adaptation ; barley ; growth rate ; leaf area duration ; phenology ; specific leaf area ; temperature ; terminal drought
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a barley/livestock farming system of northern Syria, high biomass production in addition to high grain yield is desirable. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of environment and phenology on growth and yield of barley in northern Syria. Leaf area duration (LAD), specific leaf area (SLA), crop growth rate (CGR) on a thermal time basis, and biological and grain yields were compared for entries representing three contrasting development patterns: early heading spring types (pattern A), medium early heading winter types (pattern B), and late heading spring types (pattern C). The experiment was conducted in 1988/89 at two sites: Tel Hadya (TH, 250 mm precipitation) and Breda (BR, 180 mm). Cold damage occurred in winter and, especially at BR, drought stress developed in spring. At the two sites, development was similar, but yields at TH were twice those at BR. This was related to a longer LAD and a faster CGR in spring. Development pattern affected growth. A long vegetative phase (pattern B) resulted in small leaves with a low SLA in winter, probably due to a slow leaf extension rate. Since cold tolerance and profuse tillering compensated for the small leaf size, pattern B had on average a longer LAD than pattern A. Pattern C had a longer LAD than pattern A because of a longer crop duration. This long duration had a negative effect on yield, so LAD was poorly related to yield. Development in spring was associated with CGR. Pattern C had a slow CGR and low yields; pattern B had the fastest CGR, but the yield advantage over pattern A was not significant. These results suggest that early heading winter barley, which combines long LAD with fast spring CGR, may give the best performance in a barley/livestock farming system in northern Syria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012860
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of the root contact concept, an empirical leaf conductance model and pressure-volume curves in simulating crop water relations (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 149 (1993), S. 1-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; crop water relations ; dynamic simulations ; pressure-volume curves ; root contact model ; shaded and sunlit leaves ; stomatal conductance model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A simulation model “DanStress” was developed for studying the integrated effects of soil, crop and climatic conditions on water relations and water use of field grown cereal crops. The root zone was separated into 0.1 m deep layers of topsoil and subsoil. For each layer the water potential at the root surface was calculated by a single root model, and the uptake of water across the root was calculated by a root contact model. Crop transpiration was calculated by Monteith's combination equation for vapour flow. Crop conductance to water vapour transfer for use in Monteith's combination equation was scaled up from an empirical stomatal conductance model used on sunlit and shaded crop surfaces of different crop layers. In the model, transpirational water loss originates from root water uptake and changes in crop water storage. Crop water capacitance, used for describing the water storage, was derived from the slope of pressure-volume (PV) curves of the leaves. PV curves were also used for deriving crop water potential, osmotic potential, and turgor pressure. The model could simulate detailed diurnal soil-crop water relations during a 23-day-drying cycle with time steps of one hour. During the grain filling period in spring barley (Hordeum distichum L.), grown in a sandy soil in the field, measured and predicted values of leaf water and osmotic potential, RWC, and leaf stomatal conductance were compared. Good agreement was obtained between measured and predicted values at different soil water deficits and climatic conditions. In the field, measured and predicted volumetric soil water contents (θ) of topsoil and subsoil layers were also compared during a drying cycle. Predicted and measured θ-values as a function of soil water deficits were similar suggesting that the root contact model approach was valid. From the investigation we concluded: (I) a model, which takes the degree of contact between root surface and soil water into account, can be used in sandy soil for calculation of root water uptake, so that the root conductance during soil water depletion only varies by the degree of contact; (II) crop conductance, used for calculation of crop transpiration, can be scaled up from an empirical single leaf stomatal conductance model controlled by the level of leaf water potential and micrometeorological conditions; (III) PV curves are usable for describing crop water status including crop water storage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010759
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon and nitrogen in the root-zone of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) supplied with nitrogen fertilizer at two rates (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 51-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; 14C ; C distribution ; gross immobilization ; gross mineralization ; 15N fertilizer ; N transformations ; rhizosphere ; root-derived C ; simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Below-ground carbon (C) production and nitrogen (N) flows in the root-zone of barley supplied with high or low amounts of N-fertilizer were investigated. Interest was focused on the effect of the level of N-fertilizer on the production of root-derived C and on gross immobilization (i) and gross mineralization (m) rates. The plants were grown for 46 days in a sandy loam soil. Principles of pool dilution and changes in 15N pool abundances were used in conjunction with mathematical modelling to calculate the flows of N. N was applied at a high or a low rate, as (15NH4)2SO4 solution (17.11 atom% 15N excess), before sowing. Nitrification was inhibited by using nitrapyrin (N-Serve). Pots were sampled four or five times during the experimental period, i.e. 0, 22, 30, 38 and 46 days after germination. On the three last sampling occasions, samples were also collected from pots in a growth chamber with 14C-labelled atmosphere. The release of 14C, measured as the proportion of the total 14C translocated below ground, was higher in the high-N treatment, but the differences between treatments were small. Our results were not conclusive in demonstrating that high-N levels stimulate the decomposition and microbial utilization of root-released materials. However, the internal circulation of soil-N, calculated N fluxes (m), which were in accordance with C mineralization rates and amounts of unlabelled N found in the plants (PU), suggested that the decomposition of native soil organic matter was hampered in the high-N treatment. Apparently, towards the end of the experimental period, microorganisms in the low-N treatment used C from soil organic matter to a greater extent than C they used from root released material, presumably because lower amounts of mineral N were available to microorganisms in the low-N treatment. Immobilization of N appeared to be soil driven (organisms decomposing soil organic matter account for the N demand) at low-N and root-driven (organisms decomposing roots and root-derived C account for the N demand) at high-N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038748
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    The course of 15N-ammonium nitrate in a spring barley cropping system (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 150 (1993), S. 167-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium nitrate ; barley ; fertilizer efficiency ; 15N field experiment ; N recovery ; 15N ; plant uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate was applied to spring barley growing on a Cambisol soil in western Switzerland. Immobilization, plant uptake and disappearance of inorganic nitrogen were followed at frequent intervals. Fertilizer nitrogen disappeared shortly after its application, mainly through immobilization by soil microorganisms and absorption by the crop. Some of the added nitrogen was probably denitrified as a result of humid conditions during the first days after fertilizer application. At the end of the growing season, 31% of the added nitrogen was recovered from the aerial barley plants, and 56% was immobilized by microorganisms. Most of the fertilizer nitrogen not used by the crop was immobilized in the upper 0–30 cm soil layer. This prevented downward movement of nitrate and limited nitrogen losses. Fertilizer efficiency was mainly determined by the competition between crop uptake and microbial immobilization. Careful consideration of the time of fertilization, taking into account plant growth and weather conditions, can result in an increase in fertilizer efficiency and minimal pollution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013014
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  • 18
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    Biologically active secondary metabolites of barley. II. Phytotoxicity of barley allelochemicals (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2231-2244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; allelochemicals ; phytotoxin ; gramine ; hordenine ; HPLC ; TEM ; micrograph ; autophagy ; barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; Sinapis alba
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The release of alkaloids by barley was quantified by HPLC. Hordenine was released from the roots of barley in a hydroponic system for up to 60 days. The amount reached a maximum, 2μg/plant/day, at 36 days, then declined. Effects on white mustard by hordenine and gramine included reduction of radicle length and apparent reduction in health and vigor of radicle tips. Transmission electron microscopic examination of white mustard radicle tips exposed to hordenine and gramine showed damage to cell walls, increase in both size and number of vacuoles, autophagy, and disorganization of organelles. The evidence of the morphological and primary effects of barley allelochemicals at the levels released by living plants indicates that the biologically active secondary metabolites of barley may lead to a significant role in selfdefense by the crop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979660
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  • 19
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    Biologically active secondary metabolites of barley. I. Developing techniques and assessing allelopathy in barley (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2217-2230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; germination ; bioassay ; siphoning apparatus ; hydroponics ; stairstep assay ; barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; Sinapis alba
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Allelopathic effects of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) were assessed using modified bioassays that reduced other environmental influences. In a Petri dish bioassay, germination of white mustard was delayed and the radicle lengths were significantly inhibited at a density of 0.5 barley seed/cm2. In a ‘siphoning’ bioassay apparatus, when the two species were sown together, radicle elongation of white mustard was not inhibited one day after sowing but became increasingly inhibited as bioassay time increased. Barley allelochemicals were released from the roots in a hydroponic system for at least 70 days after commencement of barley germination. Solutions removed from the hydroponic system of growing barley delayed germination and inhibited growth of white mustard. The allelopathic activity of barley was further confirmed at a density of 0.3 barley seed/cm2 in a modified stairstep apparatus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979659
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  • 20
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    In vitro selection for improved chlorsulfuron tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 151-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; chlorsulfuron ; herbicide tolerance ; in vitro selection ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study was conducted to determine if the chlorsulfuron tolerance existing in barley could be improved with the use of in vitro tissue culture. Differential herbicide concentration led to variable culture response for callus culture. Plants regenerated from callus culture were evaluated for chlorsulfuron tolerance in the greenhouse. Regenerants showed improved tolerance when compared to the control or unselected tissue culture-derived lines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022738
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  • 21
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    Intergenotypic competition and border effect in bread wheat and barley (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 69 (1993), S. 19-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; grain yield ; plot size ; variety trials ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A coordinated series of experiments aimed to estimate border effect and intergenotypic competition was carried out on bread wheat and barley in Italy and Germany. The performance of the varieties grown in alternate rows 14–17 cm apart proved to be strictly dependent on the bordering variety. The varieties grown in adjacent plots consisting of eight rows showed significant border effects: the two external rows yielded up to 40% more than the two innermost, and the two 30 cm end hills facing the alleys yielded 29% more than the central part of the plot. Is has been suggested that in variety trials the first 30–40 cm at both ends of each plot should be removed mechanically. In spite of the border effect detected in the outer rows of the plots, the varieties similarly exploited the extra space available at the borders, and the space of 30 cm left between adjacent plots seems to be sufficient to dilute the intergenotypic competition at plot level to an extent only marginally affecting variety performance. In conclusion, grain yield based on whole plot (8 rows, 6–10 m2) appears to provide a good estimate of ‘true yield’, providing that it is based on the actual area of the plot, including the uncropped strip between adjacent plots. By contrast, the reduction of plot size to 1–3 rows is not feasible without introducing considerable bias into the estimation of the yield potential of the varieties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021722
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  • 22
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    Interaction between zinc nutritional status of cereals and Rhizoctonia root rot severity (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; cereal root rot ; Rhizoctonia solani ; wheat ; Zn nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The severity of a root rot disease of cereals, caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn AG8, was inversely correlated to the Zn status of plants in field studies in 1989 and 1990. In 1989, a preliminary survey was conducted in a farmer's field in South Australia where Zn deficiency and disease were both widespread. Zn concentration in ‘Spear’ wheat plants at the 3-leaf to early tillering stage was negatively correlated with severity of the disease. For the elevent elements analysed, a correlation matrix showed that Zn had the highest, and only significant (R2=0.52**) association with disease. The effect of Zn applications and their residual value on disease severity was further studied in a long-term field experiment in 1989 and 1990 to which Zn had been applied in 1986. There was a decrease in the area of Rhizoctonia bare patch as Zn rate was increased, a result consistent with the field survey results; the recommended rate of 2.5 kg Zn ha−1 reduced the area affected by bare patch from 42% to 21% of the total crop area compared with no Zn application, overcame Zn deficiency and increased grain yield from 1.1 to 2.8 t ha−1. In 1990, fresh Zn application treatments were applied to trial plots designed for this purpose, in order to compare the response with the older Zn treatments applied in 1986. The areas of bare patch in the older Zn treatments were approximately 5% greater than those in the fresh Zn treatments. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that Zn deficient plants are more susceptible to root rot caused by R. solani. Testing this hypothesis is the subject of a companion paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012993
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Genetic constitution for spring growth habit and some other characters in barley cultivars in the Mediterranean coastal regions (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; brittle rachis ; geographical variety ; kernel-row ; regional adaptability ; spring genotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In the Mediterranean coastal region, spring barley cultivars are sown in the autumn, corresponding with the rainy season. Thirty eight cultivars out of 44 spring which were collected from North African countries including Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt were of a single dominant spring gene type (+Sh 2+). Almost the same situation was found in Spain, Italy and Greece, with exceptions for France and Turkey. Kernel row of North African cultivars was characterized by six-rowed type, though there was one exception in Egypt. In the South European countries of Spain, Italy and Greece, six-rowed type varieties were also prevalent. As to non-brittle rachis, in North African countries oriental type cultivars (Btbt 2) were much higher in frequency than occidental type cultivars (btBt 2), while in European countries, occidental type cultivars were rather dominant, except for Italian cultivars. In Turkey, located in the joint area between Europe and Asia, cultivars tested were mostly occupied by spring genotype other than +Sh 2+, and also characterized by tworowed head and occidental type for non-brittle rachis. In the Mediterranean coastal region, especially in North Africa, restricted genotypes, +Sh 2+ for spring growth habit and v for six-row may indicate adaptability favorable to the growth conditions in these areas. Furthermore, North African cultivars were characterized by the oriental type of non-brittle rachis. This may give us information about the migratory routes of the original landrace to North Africa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029644
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