ALBERT

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. - (1) The purposes of the long-term plan report. - (2) The background and particulars of this report. - (3) Contents of this report. - 2.Changes in the Arctic environment to date and in the near future. - 3. History of Arctic environmental research. - 4. Abstracts of all themes. - (1) Elucidation of abrupt environmental change in the Arctic associated with the on-going global warming. - Theme 1: Arctic amplification of global warming. - Theme 2: Mechanisms and influence of sea ice decline. - Theme 3: Biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem changes. - Theme 4: Ice sheet, glaciers, permafrost, snowfall, snow cover and hydrological cycle. - Theme 5: Interactions between the Arctic and the entire earth. - Theme 6: Predicting future environmental conditions of the Arctic based on paleoenvironmental records. - Theme 7: Effects of the Arctic environment on human society. - (2) Elucidation of environmental change concerning biodiversity. - Theme 8: Effects on terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. - Theme 9: Influence on marine ecosystem and biodiversity. - (3) Broad and important subjects on the Arctic environment. - Theme 10: Geospace environment. - Theme 11: Interaction of surface environment change with solid earth. - Theme 12: Basic understanding on formation and transition process of permafrost. - (4) Development of methods enabling breakthroughs in environmental research. - Theme A: Sustainable seamless monitoring. - Theme B: Earth system-modeling for inter-disciplinary research. - Theme C: Data assimilation to connect monitoring and modeling. - 5. Improvement of research foundation. - Authors and reviewers.

Note: Contents: 1 General Introduction. - 1.1 The Climate System. - 1.2 The Atmosphere. - 1.3 Energy Budget and Atmospheric Composition. - 1.4 The Water Cycle. - 1.5 Aerosols and Climate Change. - 1.6 Outline of this Textbook. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles. - 2 Atmospheric Aerosols. - 2.1 Definitions. - 2.2 Sources of Aerosols and Aerosol Precursors. - 2.2.1 Marine Aerosols. - 2.2.2 Desert Dust. - 2.2.3 Volcanic Aerosols. - 2.2.4 Biogenic Aerosols. - 2.2.5 Biomass Burning Aerosols. - 2.2.6 Aerosols from Fossil Fuel Combustion. - 2.3 Spatial and Temporal Aerosol Distributions. - 2.4 Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Interactions. - 2.5 Climate Effects of Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 3 Physical, Chemical and Optical Aerosol Properties. - 3.1 Fine, Accumulation and Coarse Modes. - 3.2 Size Distribution. - 3.3 Chemical Composition. - 3.3.1 Aerosol Mixture. - 3.3.2 Inorganic Aerosols. - 3.3.3 Black Carbon Aerosols. - 3.3.4 Organic Aerosols. - 3.3.5 Geographic Distribution of Aerosol Chemical Composition. - 3.4 Refractive Index. - 3.5 Deliquescence, Efflorescence and Hysteresis. - 3.6 Definition of Aerosol Optical Properties. - 3.6.1 Absorption and Scattering Cross Sections. - 3.6.2 Phase Function. - 3.6.3 Upscatter Fractions. - 3.7 Calculation of Aerosol Optical Properties. - 3.7.1 Mie Theory. - 3. 7.2 Extinction, Scattering and Absorption. - 3.7.3 Optical Depth and Angström Coefficient. - 3.8 Optical Properties of Nonspherical Aerosols. - 3.9 Aerosols and Atmospheric Visibility. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 4 Aerosol Modelling. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Emissions. - 4.2.1 Generalities. - 4.2.2 Fossil Fuels, Biofuels, and Other Anthropogenic Sources. - 4.2.3 Vegetation Fires. - 4.2.4 Sea Spray. - 4.2.5 Desert Dust. - 4.2.6 Dimethylsulphide. - 4.2.7 Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds. - 4.2.8 Volcanoes. - 4.2.9 Resuspension. - 4.3 Atmospheric Processes. - 4.3.1 Nucleation. - 4.3.2 Condensation of Semi-Volatile Compounds. - 4.3.3 Coagulation. - 4.3.4 In-Cloud Aerosol Production. - 4.3.5 Wet Deposition. - 4.3.6 Dry Deposition. - 4.3.7 Sedimentation. - 4.3.8 Aerosol Transport. - 4.4 Modelling Approaches. - 4.4.1 Bulk Approach. - 4.4.2 Sectional Approach. - 4.4.3 Modal Approach. - 4.5 Example: The Sulphur Budget. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 5 Interactions of Radiation with Matter and Atmospheric Radiative Transfer. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Electromagnetic Radiation. - 5.2.1 Generalities. - 5.2.2 Definitions. - 5.3 Interactions of Radiation with Matter. - 5.3.1 Matter, Energy and Spectral Lines. - 5.3.2 Intensity of Spectral Lines. - 5.3.3 Spectral Line Profiles. - 5.3.4 Processes of lnteractions of Radiation with Matter. - 5.4 Modelling of the Interaction Processes. - 5.4.1 Molecular Absorption Coefficient. - 5.4.2 Scattering Phase Function. - 5.4.3 Molecular Scattering. - 5.4.4 Absorption and Scattering by Aerosols. - 5.4.5 Thermal Emission. - 5.5 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer. - 5.5.1 Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.5.2 Extinction Only. - 5.5.3 Scattering Medium. - 5.5.4 Plane-Parallel Atmosphere. - 5.5.5 Resolution of the Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.6 Absorption Bands, Energy, and Actinic Fluxes. - 5.6.1 Main Molecular Absorption Bands in the Atmosphere. - 5.6.2 Radiative Flux. - 5.6.3 Two-Flux Method. - 5.6.4 Stefan-Boltzmann Law. - 5.6.5 Radiative Budget. - 5.6.6 Actinic Fluxes. - 5.6.7 Polarization of Radiation. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 6 In Situ and Remote Sensing Measurements of Aerosols. - 6.1 Introduction to Aerosol Remote Sensing. - 6.2 Passive Remote Sensing: Measurement of the Extinction. - 6.2.1 General Principles. - 6.2.2 Ground-Based Photometry. - 6.2.3 Spaceborne Occultation Measurements. - 6.2.4 Retrieval of Aerosol Size Distribution. - 6.3 Passive Remote Sensing: Measurement of the Scattering. - 6.3.1 General Principles. - 6.3.2 Ground-Based Measurement of Scattered Radiation. - 6.3.3 Spaceborne Measurements of Scattered Radiation. - 6.4 Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.4.1 General Principles. - 6.4.2 Spaceborne Nadir Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.4.3 Spaceborne Limb Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.5 Active Remote Sensing: Lidar. - 6.5.1 General Principles. - 6.5.2 The Lidar Equation. - 6.5.3 Raman Lidar. - 6.6 In Situ Aerosol Measurements. - 6.6.1 Measurement of Aerosol Concentrations. - 6.6.2 Measurement of Aerosol Chemical Composition. - 6.6.3 Measurement of Aerosol Scattering. - 6.6.4 Measurement of Aerosol Absorption. - 6.7 Conclusions. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 7 Aerosol Data Assimilation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Basic Principles of Data Assimilation. - 7.3 Applications of Data Assimilation for Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 8 Aerosol-Radiation Interactions. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Atmospheric Radiative Effects Due to Aerosols. - 8.2.1 Simplified Equation for Scattering Aerosols. - 8.2.2 Simplified Equation for Absorbing Aerosols. - 8.2.3 Radiative Transfer Calculations. - 8.2.4 Global Estimates and Sources of Uncertainty. - 8.3 Rapid Adjustments to Aerosol-Radiation Interactions. - 8.4 Radiative Impact of Aerosols on Surface Snow and Ice. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 9 Aerosol-Cloud lnteractions. - 39.1 Introduction. - 9 .1.1 Cloud Formation. - 9 .1.2 Cloud Distribution. - 9 .1.3 Aerosol-Cloud Interactions. - 9.2 Aerosol Effects on Liquid Clouds. - 9 .2.1 Saturation Pressure of Water Vapour. - 9.2.2 Kelvin Effect. - 9.2.3 Raoult's Law. - . - 9.2.4 Köhler Theory. - 9.2.5 Extensions to the Köhler Theory. - 9.2.6 CCN and Supersaturation in the Cloud. - 9.2.7 Dynamical and Radiative Effects in Clouds. - 9.2.8 Principle of the Cloud Albedo Effect. - 9.2.9 Observations of the Cloud Albedo Effect. - 9.2.10 Adjustments in Liquid Water Clouds. - 9.2.11 Rapid Adjustments Occurring in Liquid Clouds. - 9.3 Aerosols Effects on Mixed-Phased and Ice Clouds. - 9.3.1 Elements of Microphysics of Ice Clouds. - 9.3.2 Impact of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Ice Clouds. - 9.4 Forcing Due to Aerosol-Cloud lnteractions. - 9.5 Aerosols, Contrails and Aviation-Induced Cloudiness. - 9.5.1 Formation of Condensation Trails. - 9.5.2 Estimate of the Climate Impact of Contrails. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 10 Climate Response to Aerosol Forcings. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Radiative Forcing, Feedbacks and Climate Response. - 10.2.1 Radiative Forcing. - 10.2.2 Climate Feedbacks. - 10.2.3 Rapid Adjustments and Effective Radiative Forcing. - 10.2.4 Climate Response and Climate Efficacy. - 10.3 Climate Response to Aerosol Forcings. - 10.3.1 Equilibrium Response. - 10.3.2 Past Emissions. - 10.3.3 Detection and Attribution of Aerosol Impacts. - 10.3.4 Future Emissions Scenarios. - 10.4 Nuclear Winter. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 11 Biogeochemical Effects and Climate Feedbacks of Aerosols. - 11 .1 Introduction. - 11.2 Impact of Aerosols on Terrestrial Ecosystems. - 11.2.1 Diffuse Radiation and Primary Productivity. - 11.2.2 Aerosols as a Source of Nutrients. - 11.2.3 Acidification of Precipitation. - 11.3 Impact of Aerosols on Marine Ecosystems. - 11.4 Aerosols-Atmospheric Chemistry Interactions. - 11.4.1 Interactions with Tropospheric Chemistry. - 11.4.2 Impact of Stratospheric Aerosols on the Ozone Layer and Ultravialet Radiation. - 11.5 Climate Feedbacks Involving Marine Aerosols. - 11.5.1 Sulphate Aerosols from DMS Emissions. - 11.5.2 Marine Aerosols. - 11.5.3 Other Aerosols of Maritime Origin. - 11.6 Climate Feedbacks Involving Continental Aerosols. - 11.6.1 Secondary Organic Aerosols. - 11.6.2 Primary Aerosols of Biogenic Origin. - 11.6.3 Aerosols from Vegetation Fires. - 11.6.4 Desert Dust. - 11.7 Climate Feedbacks Involving Stratospheric Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 12 Strato

Note: Table of Contents: List of contributors. - Cryosphere Science: Series Preface. - Preface. - Acknowledgments. - About the companion website. - 1 Remote sensing and the cryosphere. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Remote sensing. - 1.2.1 The electromagnetic spectrum and blackbody radiation. - 1.2.2 Passive systems. - 1.2.3 Active systems. - 1.3 The cryosphere. - References. - 2 Electromagnetic properties of components of the cryosphere. - 2.1 Electromagnetic properties of snow. - 2.1.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.1.2 Microwave region. - 2.2 Electromagnetic properties of sea ice. - 2.2.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.2.2 Microwave region. - 2.3 Electromagnetic properties of freshwater ice. - 2.4 Electromagnetic properties of glaciers and ice sheets. - 2.4.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.4.2 Microwave region. - 2.5 Electromagnetic properties of frozen soil. - 2.5.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.5.2 Microwave region. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 3 Remote sensing of snow extent. - 3.1 lntroduction. - 3.2 Visible/near-infrared snow products. - 3.2.1 The normalized difference snow index (NDSI). - 3.3 Passive microwave products. - 3.4 Blended VNIR/PM products. - 3.5 Satellite snow extent as input to hydrological models. - 3.6 Concluding remarks. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 4 Remote sensing of snow albedo, grain size, and pollution from space. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Forward modeling. - 4.3 Local optical properties of a snow layer. - 4.4 Inverse problem. - 4.5 Pitfalls of retrievals. - 4.6 Conclusions. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 5 Remote sensing of snow depth and snow water equivalent. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Photogrammetry. - 5.3 LiDAR. - 5.4 Gamma radiation. - 5.5 Gravity data. - 5.6 Passive microwave data. - 5.7 Active microwave data. - 5.8 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 6 Remote sensing of melting snow and ice. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 General considerations on optical/thermal and microwave sensors and techniques for remote sensing of melting. - 6.2.1 Optical and thermal sensors. - 6.2.2 Microwave sensors. - 6.2.3 Electromagnetic properties of dry and wet snow. - 6.3 Remote sensing of melting over land. - 6.4 Remote sensing of melting over Greenland. - 6.4.1 Thermal infrared sensors. - 6.4.2 Microwave sensors. - 6.5 Remote sensing of melting over Antarctica. - 6.6 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 7 Remote sensing of glaciers. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Fundamentals. - 7.3 Satellite instruments for glacier research. - 7.4 Methods. - 7.4.1 Image classification for glacier mapping. - 7.4.2 Mapping debris-covered glaciers. - 7.4.3 Glacier mapping with SAR data. - 7.4.4 Assessing glacier changes. - 7.4.5 Area and length changes. - 7.4.6 Volumetrie glacier changes. - 7.4.7 Glacier velocity. - 7.5 Glaciers of the Greenland ice sheet. - 7.5.1 Surface elevation. - 7.5.2 Glacier extent. - 7.5.3 Glacier dynamics. - 7.6 Summary. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 8 Remote sensing of accumulation over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. - 8.1 Introduction to accumulation. - 8.2 Spaceborne methods for determining accumulation over ice sheets. - 8.2.1 Microwave remote sensing. - 8.2.2 Other remote sensing techniques and combined methods. - 8.3 Airborne and ground-based measurements of accumulation. - 8.3.1 Ground-based. - 8.3.2 Airborne. - 8.4 Modeling of accumulation. - 8.5 The future for remote sensing of accumulation. - 8.6 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Website cited. - 9 Remote sensing of ice thickness and surface velocity. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.1.1 Electrical properties of glacial ice. - 9.2 Radar principles. - 9.2.1 Radar sounder. - 9.2.2 Radar equation. - 9.3 Pulse compression. - 9.4 Antennas. - 9.5 Example results. - 9.6 SAR and array processing. - 9.7 SAR Interferometry. - 9. 7.1 Introduction. - 9.7.2 Basic theory. - 9.7.3 Practical considerations of InSAR systems. - 9.7.4 Application of InSAR to Cryosphere remote sensing. - 9.8 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 10 Gravimetry measurements from space. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Observing the Earth's gravity field with inter-satellite ranging. - 10.3 Surface mass variability from GRACE. - 10.4 Results. - 10.5 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 11 Remote sensing of sea ice. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Sea ice concentration and extent. - 11.2.1 Passive microwave radiometers. - 11.2.2 Active microwave - scatterometry and radar. - 11.2.3 Visible and infrared. - 11.2.4 Operational sea ice analyses. - 11.3 Sea ice drift. - 11.4 Sea ice thickness and age, and snow depth. - 11.4.1 Altimetric thickness estimates. - 11.4.2 Radiometric thickness estimates. - 11.4.3 Sea ice age estimates as a proxy for ice thickness. - 11.5 Sea ice melt onset and freeze-up, albedo, melt pond fraction and surface temperature. - 11.5.1 Melt onset and freeze-up. - 11.5.2 Sea ice albedo and melt pond fraction. - 11.5.3 Sea ice surface temperature. - 11.6 Summary, challenges and the road ahead. - References. - Acronyms. - Website cited. - 12 Remote sensing of lake and river ice. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Remote sensing of lake ice. - 12.2.1 Ice concentration, extent and phenology. - 12.2.2 Ice types. - 12.2.3 Ice thickness and snow on ice. - 12.2.4 Snow/ice surface temperature. - 12.2.5 Floating and grounded ice: the special case of shallow Arctic/sub-Arctic lakes. - 12.3 Remote sensing of river ice. - 12.3.1 Ice extent and phenology. - 12.3.2 lce types, ice jams and flooded areas. - 12.3.3 Ice thickness. - 12.3.4 Surface flow velocities. - 12.3.5 Incorporating SAR-derived ice information into a GIS-based system in support of river-flow modeling and flood forecasting. - 12.4 Conclusions and outlook. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 13 Remote sensing of permafrost and frozen ground. - 13.1 Permafrost - an essential climate variable of the "Global Climate Observing System". - 13.2 Mountain permafrost. - 13.2.1 Remote sensing of surface features and permafrost landforms. - 13.2.2 Generation of digital elevation models. - 13.2.3 Terrain elevation change and displacement. - 13.3 Lowland permafrost - identification and mapping of surface features. - 13.3.1 Land cover and vegetation. - 13.3.2 Permafrost landforms. - 13.3.3 Landforms and processes indicating permafrost degradation. - 13.4 Lowland permafrost - remote sensing of physical variables related to the thermal permafrost state. - 13.4.1 Land surface temperature through thermal remote sensing. - 13.4.2 Freeze-thaw state of the surface soil through microwave remote sensing. - 13.4.3 Permafrost mapping with airborne electromagnetic surveys. - 13.4.4 Regional surface deformation through radar interferometry. - 13.4.5 A gravimetric signal of permafrost thaw?. - 13.5 Outlook - remote sensing data and permafrost models. - References. - Acronyms. - 14 Field measurements for remote sensing of the cryosphere. - 14.1 Introduction. - 14.2 Physical properties of interest. - 14.2.1 Surface properties. - 14.2.2 Sub-surface properties. - 14.3 Standard techniques for direct measurements of physical properties. - 14.3.1 Topography. - 14.3.2 Snow depth. - 14.3.3 Snow water equivalent and density. - 14.3.4 Temperature. - 14.3.5 Stratigraphy. - 14.3.6 Sea ice depth and ice thickness. - 14.4 New techniques for high spatial resolution measurements. - 14.4.1 Topography. - 14.4.2 Surface properties. - 14.4.3 Sub-surface properties. - 14.5 Simulating airborne and spaceborne observations from the ground. - 14.5.1 Active microwave. - 14.5.2 Passive microwave. - 14.6 Sampling strategies for remote sensing field campaigns: concepts and examples. - 14.6.1 Ice sheet campaigns. - 14.6.2 Seasonal snow campaigns. - 14.6.3 Sea ice campaigns. - 14.7 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 15 Remote sensing missions and the cryosphere. - 15.1 In

Note: Contents: Questions ; We'll Deal with That Lofty Stuff Some Other Day ; Speaking as a Layman ; You Never Get to See the Whole Picture ; Polluting the Message ; The jury of Our Peers ; The Power of the Mob ; Through a Glass Darkly ; Inside the Elephant ; The Two Brains ; Familiar Yet Unimaginable ; Uncertain Long-Term Costs ; Them, There, and Then ; Costing the Earth ; Certain About the Uncertainty ; Paddling in the Pool of Worry ; Don't Even Talk About It! ; The Non-Perfect Non-Storm ; Cockroach Tours ; Tell Me a Story ; Powerful Words ; Communicator Trust ; If They Don't Understand the Theory, Talk About It Over and Over and Over Again ; Protect, Ban, Save, and Stop ; Polarization ; Turn Off Your Lights or the Puppy Gets It ; Bright-siding ; Winning the Argument ; Two Billion Bystanders ; Postcard from Hopenhagen ; Precedents and Presidents ; Wellhead and Tailpipe ; The Black Gooey Stuff ; Moral Imperatives ; What Did You Do in the Great Climate War, Daddy? ; The Power of One ; Degrees of Separation ; Intimations of Mortality ; From the Head to the Heart ; Climate Conviction ; Why We Are Wired to Ignore Climate Change… And Why We Are Wired to Take Action ; In a Nutshell

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Chapter Summary. - 1.2 The Meaning of the Book’s Title. - 1.3 Historical Background. - 1.4 How to Read This Book. - 1.5 Further Reading. - References. - PART 1 BASIC THEORETICAL CONCEPTS. - 2 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems. - 2.1 Chapter Summary. - 2.2 Basic Definitions and Concepts. - 2.3 Discrete-Time Signals: Sequences. - 2.3.1 Basic Sequence Operations. - 2.3.2 Basic Sequences. - 2.3.3 Deterministic and Random Signals. - 2.4 Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems. - 2.4.1 Impulse Response of an LTI System and Linear Convolution. - 2.4.2 An Example of Linear Convolution. - 2.4.3 Interconnections of LTI Systems. - 2.4.4 Effects of Stability and Causality Constraints on the Impulse Response of an LTI System. - 2.4.5 Finite (FIR) and Infinite (IIR) Impulse Response Systems. - 2.4.6 Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference Equation (LCCDE). - 2.4.7 Examples of LCCDE. - 2.4.8 The Solutions of an LCCDE. - 2.4.9 From the LCCDE to the Impulse Response: Examples. - 2.4.10 Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of LTI Systems. - References. - 3 Transforms of Discrete-Time Signals. - 3.1 Chapter Summary. - 3.2 z-Transform. - 3.2.1 Examples of z-Transforms and Special Cases. - 3.2.2 Rational z-Transforms. - 3.2.3 Inverse z-Transform. - 3.2.4 The z-Transform on the Unit Circle. - 3.2.5 Selected z-Transform Properties. - 3.2.6 Transfer Function of an LTI System. - 3.2.7 Output Sequence of an LTI System. - 3.2.8 Zeros and Poles: Forms for Rational Transfer Functions. - 3.2.9 Inverse System. - 3.3 Discrete-Time Fourier Transform (DTFT). - 3.3.1 An Example of DTFT Converging in the Mean-Square Sense. - 3.3.2 Line Spectra. - 3.3.3 Inverse DTFT. - 3.3.4 Selected DTFT Properties. - 3.3.5 The DTFT of a Finite-Length Causal Sequence. - 3.4 Discrete Fourier Series (DFS). - 3.4.1 Selected DFS Properties. - 3.4.2 Sampling in the Frequency Domain and Aliasing in the Time Domain. - 3.5 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). - 3.5.1 The Inverse DFT in Terms of the Direct DFT. - 3.5.2 Zero Padding. - 3.5.3 Selected DFT Properties. - 3.5.4 Circular Convolution Versus Linear Convolution. - 3.6 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). - 3.7 Discrete Trigonometric Expansion. - 3.8 Appendix: Mathematical Foundations of Signal Representation. - 3.8.1 Vector Spaces. - 3.8.2 Inner Product Spaces. - 3.8.3 Bases in Vector Spaces. - 3.8.4 Signal Representation by Orthogonal Bases. - 3.8.5 Signal Representation by Standard Bases. - 3.8.6 Frames and Biorthogonal Bases. - 3.8.7 Summary and Complements. - References. - 4 Sampling of Continuous-Time Signals. - 4.1 Chapter Summary. - 4.2 Sampling Theorem. - 4.3 Reconstruction of a Continuous-Time Signal from Its Samples. - 4.4 Aliasing in the Frequency Domain and Anti-Aliasing Filter. - 4.5 The Uncertainty Principle for the Analog Fourier Transform. - 4.6 Support of a Continuous-Time Signal in the Time and Frequency Domains. - 4.7 Appendix: Analog and Digital Frequency Variables. - References. - 5 Spectral Analysis of Deterministic Discrete-Time Signals. - 5.1 Chapter Summary. - 5.2 Issues in Practical Spectral Analysis. - 5.2.1 The Effect of Windowing. - 5.2.2 The Effect of Spectral Sampling. - 5.3 Classical Windows. - 5.4 The Kaiser Window. - 5.5 Energy and Power Signals and Their Spectral Representations. - 5.6 Correlation of Deterministic Discrete-Time Signals. - 5.6.1 Correlation of Energy Signals. - 5.6.2 Correlation of Power Signals. - 5.6.3 Effect of an LTI System on Correlation Properties of Input and Output Signals. - 5.7 Wiener-Khinchin Theorem. - 5.7.1 Energy Signals and Energy Spectrum. - 5.7.2 Power Signals and Power Spectrum. - References. - PART 2 DIGITAL FILTERS. - 6 Digital Filter Properties and Filtering Implementation. - 6.1 Chapter Summary. - 6.2 Frequency-Selective Filters. - 6.3 Real-Causal-Stable-Rational (RCSR) Filters. - 6.4 Amplitude Response. - 6.5 Phase Response. - 6.5.1 Phase Discontinuities and Zero-Phase Response. - 6.5.2 Linear Phase (LP). - 6.5.3 Generalized Linear Phase (GLP). - 6.5.4 Constraints on GLP Filters. - 6.6 Digital Filtering Implementation. - 6.6.1 Direct Forms. - 6.6.2 Transposed-Direct Forms. - 6.6.3 FIR Direct and Transposed-Direct Forms. - 6.6.4 Direct and Transposed-Direct Forms for LP FIR Filters. - 6.6.5 Cascade and Parallel Forms. - 6.7 Zero-Phase Filtering. - 6.8 An Incorrect Approach to Filtering. - 6.9 Filtering After Downsampling. - 6.9.1 Theory of Downsampling. - 6.9.2 An Example of Filtering After Downsampling. - References. - 7 FIR Filter Design. - 7.1 Chapter Summary. - 7.2 Design Process. - 7.3 Specifications of Digital Filters. - 7.3.1 Constraints on the Magnitude Response. - 7.3.2 Constraints on the Phase Response. - 7.4 Selection of Filter Type: IIR or FIR?. - 7.5 FIR-Filter Design Methods and Approximation Criteria. - 7.6 Properties of GLP FIR Filters. - 7.6.1 Factorization of the Zero-Phase Response. - 7.6.2 Zeros of the Transfer Function. - 7.6.3 Another Form of the Adjustable Term. - 7.7 Equiripple FIR Filter Approximations: Minimax Design. - 7.8 Predicting the Minimum Filter Order. - 7.9 MPR Algorithm. - 7.10 Properties of Equiripple FIR Filters. - 7.11 The Minimax Method for Bandpass Filters. - References. - 8 IIR Filter Design. - 8.1 Chapter Summary. - 8.2 Design Process. - 8.3 Lowpass Analog Filters. - 8.3.1 Laplace Transform. - 8.3.2 Transfer Function and Design Parameters. - 8.4 Butterworth Filters. - 8.5 Chebyshev Filters. - 8.5.1 Chebyshev-I Filters. - 8.5.2 Chebyshev-II Filters. - 8.6 Elliptic Filters. - 8.7 Normalized and Non-normalized Filters. - 8.8 Comparison Among the Four Analog Filter Types. - 8.9 From the Analog Lowpass Filter to the Digital One. - 8.9.1 Bilinear Transformation. - 8.9.2 Design Procedure. - 8.9.3 Examples. - 8.10 Frequency Transformations. - 8.10.1 From a Lowpass to a Highpass Filter. - 8.10.2 From a Lowpass to a Bandpass Filter. - 8.10.3 From a Lowpass to a Bandstop Filter . - 8.11 Direct Design of IIR Filters. - 8.12 Appendix. - 8.12.1 Trigonometric Functions with Complex Argument. - 8.12.2 Elliptic Integrals. - 8.12.3 Jacobi Elliptic Functions. - 8.12.4 Landen-Gauss Transformation. - 8.12.5 Elliptic Rational Function. - References. - PART 3 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS. - 9 Statistical Approach to Signal Analysis. - 9.1 Chapter Summary. - 9.2 Preliminary Considerations. - 9.3 Random Variables. - 9.4 Ensemble Averages. - 9.5 Stationary Random Processes and Signals. - 9.6 Ergodicity. - 9.7 Wiener-Khinchin Theorem for Random Signals and Power Spectrum. - 9.8 Cross-Power Spectrum of Two Random Signals. - 9.9 Effect of an LTI System on a Random Signal. - 9.10 Estimation of the Averages of Ergodic Stationary Signals. - 9.10.1 General Concepts in Estimation Theory. - 9.10.2 Mean and Variance Estimation. - 9.10.3 Autocovariance Estimation. - 9.10.4 Cross-Covariance Estimation. - 9.11 Appendix: A Road Map to the Analysis of a Data Record. - References. - 10 Non-Parametric Spectral Methods. - 10.1 Chapter Summary. - 10.2 Power Spectrum Estimation. - 10.3 Periodogram. - 10.3.1 Bias. - 10.3.2 Variance. - 10.3.3 Examples. - 10.3.4 Variance Reduction by Band- and Ensemble-Averaging. - 10.4 Bartlett’s Method. - 10.5 Modified Periodogram. - 10.6 Welch’s Method. - 10.7 Blackman-Tukey Method. - 10.8 Statistical Significance of Spectral Peaks. - 10.9 MultiTaper Method. - 10.10 Estimation of the Cross-Power Spectrum of Two Random Signals. - 10.11 Use of the FFT in Power Spectrum Estimation. - 10.12 Power Spectrum Normalization. - References. - 11 Parametric Spectral Methods. - 11.1 Chapter Summary. - 11.2 Signals with Rational Spectra . - 11.3 Stochastic Models and Processes. - 11.3.1 Autoregressive-Moving Average (ARMA) Model. - 11.3.2 Autoregressive (AR) Model. - 11.3.3 Moving Average (MA) Model. - 11.3.4 How the AR and MA Modeling Approaches Are Theoretically Related. - 11.3.5 First-Order AR and MA Models: White, Red and Blue Noise. - 11.3.6 Higher-Order AR Models. - 11.4 The AR Approach to Spectral Estimation. - 11.5 AR Modeling and Linear Prediction. - 11.6

Note: Contents: 1. Bioeconomy Strategies ; 2. Development of Second-Generation Biorefineries ; 3. Biorefineries: Industry Status and Economics ; 4. Sustainability Considerations for the Future Bioeconomy ; 5. Biomass Supply and Trade Opportunities of Preprocessed Biomass for Power Generation ; 6. Commodity-Scale Biomass Trade and Integration with Other Supply Chains ; 7. Commoditization of Biomass Markets ; 8. Transition Strategies: Resource Mobilization Through Merchandisable Feedstock Intermediates ; Conclusions

Note: Contents: Introduction 1 1 Case Study: San Francisco ; Sharing Consumption: The City as Platform ; 2 Case Study: Seoul ; Sharing Production: The City as Collective Commons ; 3 Case Study: Copenhagen ; Sharing Politics: The City as Public Realm ; 4 Case Study: Medellín ; Sharing Society: Reclaiming the City ; 5 Case Study: Amsterdam ; The Sharing City: Understanding and Acting on the Sharing Paradigm ; 6 Case Study: Bengaluru ; Synthesis

Note: Introduction; Benno WerlenPreface: Speech at TIERS Conference in Jena on 8 June 2012; Matthias Machnig -- PART I: INTEGRATED TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH -- Chapter 1: Sustainability and Territory: An Approach from the Perspective of the Imaginary in Shaping Development; Enrique Aliste -- Chapter 2: Challenges for Transdisciplinary Research; Joske Bunders -- Chapter 3: Narratives for a Sustainable Future. Vision and Motivation for Collective Action; Ilan Chabay -- PART II: KNOWLEDGE -- Chapter 4: Carving a Niche for the Social Sciences in Trans-disciplinary Research on Climate Change Adaptation and Agriculture in Southern Africa; Chipo Plaxedes Mubaya -- Chapter 5: From Co-Production of Knowledge to Transdisciplinary Research. Lessons from the Quest for Producing Socially Robust Knowledge; Juergen Weichselgartner and Bernhard Truffer -- PART III: INTERFACES SOCIETY NATURE -- Chapter 6: Terrestrial Ecosystems Dynamic in the Senegalese Agro-silvopastoral Center-east in the Second Half of the XXe Century; Aliou Dijouf and Matthew G. Hatvany -- Chapter 7: Integrated Global Change Research in West Africa: Flood Vulnerability Studies; Ibidun Adelekan -- Chapter 8: Integrated Approach in Environment Management: Context Bangladesh; Raquib Ahmed -- Chapter 9: Awareness of and Responses to the 2011 Flood Warnings among Vulnerable Communities in Lagos, Nigeria; Olokesusi, F., Olorunfemi, F.B., Onwuemele A. and Oke, M.O -- PART IV: INTERFACES SCIENCE POLICY -- Chapter 10: Solution-Based Spatial Planning for Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation to Climate Change in Taiwan; Yu-Fang Lin -- Chapter 11: Institutions and Planning: A Reflection from the Disaster Management Planning in Indonesia; Hendricus A Simarmata and Raka W Suryandaru -- Chapter 12: Could the Search for Sustainability Reinforce the Socio-ecological Conflict? The Mining Industry in Chile and its Impact at the Local and Regional Level; Fernando Campos-Medina -- Chapter 13: Institutions and Planning: A Reflection from Disaster Management Planning in Indonesia; Hendricus A. Simarmata and Raka W. Suryandaru -- Chapter 14: Could the Search for Sustainability Reinforce the Socio-ecological Conflict? The Mining Industry in Chile and its Impact at the Local and Regional Level; Fernando Campos-Medina -- Chapter 15: Political decision-making and Scientific Insights. A comment form the Political Arena; Matthias Machnig..

Note: Land and Water Resources of Siberia, their Functioning and Ecological StateStatus Report about Understanding, Monitoring and Controlling Landscape Processes in Siberia -- Methods for Monitoring the Chemical Composition of Lake Baikal Water -- Microbiological Monitoring of Lake Baikal -- Developing the Regional Indicator Indexes of Zooplankton for Water Quality Class Determination of Water Bodies in Siberia -- Measuring and Estimating Fluxes of Carbon, Major and Trace Elements to the Arctic Ocean -- Measuring Snowmelt in Siberia: Causes, Process and Consequences -- Estimation of Biomass and Net Primary Production (NPP) in West Siberian Boreal Ecosystems: In-Situ and Remote Sensing Methods -- GIS and Remote Sensing Data Based Methods for Monitoring Water and Soil Objects in the Steppe Biome of Western Siberia -- Significant Siberian Vegetation Change is Inevitably Brought on by the Changing Climate..

Note: Ersch. unregelmäßig , Beiträge teilweise in Englisch

Note: Preface to the fourth editionIntroduction and overview -- Macroeconomic accounts, market structure, and behavioral functions -- Economic structure and aggregate accounts -- Economic structure and macroeconomics -- A general accounting framework -- Production structure in an open economy -- The structure of labor markets -- Policy consistency and solvency -- Fiscal rules and fiscal discipline -- Fiscal rules, public investment and growth -- Appendix: Fiscal effects of privatization..

Note: Zs.fassung in dt. und engl. Sprache

Note: Practices, governance and sustainability / Theodore SchatzkiLinking low carbon policy and social practice / Elizabeth Shove -- Beyond individual responsibility : social practice, capabilities and the right to environmentally sustainable ways of living / Gordon Walker -- Beyond behaviour change : practical applications of social practice theory in behaviour change programs / Yolande Strengers, Susie Moloney, Cecily Maller and Ralph Horne -- Interventions in practices : sustainable mobility policies in England / Nicola Spurling and Andrew McMeekin -- Governing and governed by practices : exploring interventions in low-carbon housing policy and practice / Rachel Macrorie, Chris Foulds and Tom Hargreaves -- Smart grids and the governing of energy use : reconfiguring practices? / Harriet Bulkeley, Gareth Powells, Sandra Bell and Steve Lyon -- The practices of material divestment : extending the life of domestic durable goods / Andrew Glover -- Resurrecting sustainable practices : using memories of the past to intervene in the future / Cecily Maller and Yolande Strengers -- Flow and intervention in everyday life : situating practices / Sarah Pink and Kerstin Leder-Mackley -- Method as intervention : intervening in practice through quantitative and mixed methodologies Alison Browne, Will Medd, Ben Anderson and Martin Pullinger -- Conclusion : transforming practice interventions / Cecily Maller and Yolande Strengers..

Note: Contents: Preface. - Chapter 1: Concepts for a better world. - What is sustainability?. - The value of nature. - Conclusion: “Sustainability” – a difficult concept to define. - Chapter 2: How the sea serves us. - The bounty of the sea. - Oceans under threat. - Conclusion: Marine ecosystem services at risk. - Chapter 3: Politics and the oceans. - On the difficulty of governing the sea. - Conclusion: The ideal of good marine policy. - Chapter 4: Hope for the oceans. - Roadmap towards a sustainable future?. - Protecting the seas is possible. - Conclusion: How marine conservation can work. - Overall conclusion. - Glossary. - Contributors. - Bibliography. - Table of figures. - Index. - Abbreviations. - Partners and Acknowledgements. - Publication details.

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions. - 1.1.1 What Gas Seepage Is, What It Is Not. - 1.1.2 A Jungle of Names: Seeps, Macroseeps, Microseepage, Microseeps, and Miniseepage. - 1.1.3 Seepage id est Migration. - 1.1.4 Microbial, Thermogenic, and Abiotic Methane. - 1.2 Significance of Seepage and Implications. - 1.2.1 Seepage and Petroleum Exploration. - 1.2.2 Marine Seepage on the Crest of the Wave. - 1.2.3 From Sea to Land. - 1.2.4 A New Vision. - References. - 2 Gas Seepage Classification and Global Distribution. - 2.1 Macro-Seeps. - 2.1.1 Gas Seeps. - 2.1.2 Oil Seeps. - 2.1.3 Gas-Bearing Springs. - 2.1.4 Mud Volcanoes. - 2.1.5 Miniseepage. - 2.1.6 The Global Distribution of Onshore Macro-Seeps. - 2.2 Microseepage. - 2.3 Marine Seepage Manifestations. - References. - 3 Gas Migration Mechanisms. - 3.1 Fundamentals. - 3.1.1 Sources and Pathways. - 3.1.2 Diffusion and Advection. - 3.2 Actual Mechanisms and Migration Forms. - 3.2.1 Bubble and Microbubble Flow. - 3.2.2 Gas Seepage Velocity. - 3.2.3 Matter Transport by Microbubbles. - 3.2.4 The Concept of Carrier Gas and Trace Gas. - References. - 4 Detecting and Measuring Gas Seepage. - 4.1 Gas Detection Methods. - 4.1.1 Above-Ground (Atmospheric) Measurements. - 4.1.2 Ground Measurements. - 4.1.3 Measurements in Aqueous Systems. - 4.2 Indirect Methods. - 4.2.1 Chemical-Mineralogical Alterations of Soils. - 4.2.2 Vegetation Changes (Geobotanical Anomalies). - 4.2.3 Microbiological Analyses of Soils. - 4.2.4 Radiometric Surveys. - 4.2.5 Geophysical Techniques. - References. - 5 Seepage in Field Geology and Petroleum Exploration. - 5.1 Seepage and Faults. - 5.2 Microseepage Applied to Areal Petroleum Exploration. - 5.2.1 Which Gas Can Be Measured?. - 5.2.2 Microseepage Methane Flux Measurements. - 5.3 Seep Geochemistry for Petroleum System Evaluation. - 5.3.1 Recognising Post-genetic Alterations of Gases. - 5.3.2 Assessing Gas Source Type and Maturity. - 5.3.3 The Presence of Undesirable Gases (CO2, H2S, N2). - 5.3.4 Helium in Seeps… for Connoisseurs. - References. - 6 Environmental Impact of Gas Seepage. - 6.1 Geohazards. - 6.1.1 Methane Explosiveness. - 6.1.2 The Toxicity of Hydrogen Sulphide. - 6.1.3 Mud Expulsions and the Degradation of Soil-Sediments. - 6.2 Stray Gas, Natural versus Man-Made. - 6.3 Hypoxia in Aquatic Environments. - 6.4 Gas Emissions to the Atmosphere. - 6.4.1 Methane Fluxes and the Global Atmospheric Budget. - 6.4.2 Ethane and Propane Seepage, a Forgotten Potential Source of Ozone Precursors. - 6.5 Natural Seepage and CO2 Geological Sequestration. - References. - 7 Seepage in Serpentinised Peridotites and on Mars. - 7.1 Seeps and Springs in Active Serpentinisation Systems. - 7.1.1 Where Abiotic Methane Is Seeping. - 7.1.2 How Abiotic Methane in Land-Based Serpentinisation Systems Is Formed. - 7.1.3 How to Distinguish Abiotic and Biotic Methane. - 7.1.4 Seepage to the Surface. - 7.1.5 Is Abiotic Gas Seepage Important for the Atmospheric Methane Budget?. - 7.2 Potential Methane Seepage on Mars. - 7.2.1 Looking for Methane on Mars. - 7.2.2 A Theoretical Martian Seepage. - References. - 8 Gas Seepage and Past Climate Change. - 8.1 Past Seepage Stronger than Today. - 8.2 Potential Proxies of Past Seepage. - 8.3 Methane and Quaternary Climate Change. - 8.3.1 Traditional Models: Wetlands versus Gas Hydrates. - 8.3.2 Adding Submarine Seeps. - 8.3.3 Considering Onshore and Offshore Seepage in Total. - 8.3.4 CH4 Isotope Signatures in Ice Cores. - 8.4 Longer Geological Time Scale Changes. - 8.4.1 The Concept of Sedimentary Organic Carbon Mobilization. - 8.4.2 Paleogene Changes. - References. - 9 Seeps in the Ancient World: Myths, Religions, and Social Development. - 9.1 Seeps in Mythology and Religion. - 9.2 Seeps in Social and Technological Development. - References. - Epilogue. - Index.

Note: Inhalt: Auftakt. - Ein gefährliches Wort: Natur. - 1. 1754-1772. ANFÄNGE. - Wie ein unbeschriebenes Blatt. - Erste Eindrücke von Weite. - Zur rechten Zeit am rechten Ort. - 2. 1772-1775. ANSICHTEN DER NATUR: DIE REISE UM DIE WELT. - Wahrnehmungsmuster. - Die große Erzählung. - Das Meer. - Entfernungen. - Strapazen. - Wagnisse im Eis. - Das sonnige Arkadien. - Erste und letzte Anblicke. - Edle Wilde?. - Unter Menschenfressern. - Mord und Totschlag. - Eine Gemeinschaft von Gleichen. - Die gekränkten Rechte der Menschheit. - 3. 1776-1788. ZWISCHENSPIELE. - Blue devils. - Der Balsam der Natur. - Eine physische Anthropologie. - Ein Streit um Menschenrassen. - Politisches Wetterleuchten: Cook, der Staatsmann. - 4. 1789-1793. ANSICHTEN DES POLITISCHEN: DIE REVOLUTION. - Pariser Unruhen und politische Öffentlichkeit. - Geschichtszeichen der neuen Welt: Revolutionen. - Politische Ansichten vom Niederrhein. - Natur als Schicksal. - Das Prinzip des politischen Wandels: Gärung. - Die französische Mainzer Freiheit. - Die Mainzer Republik. - Kundige der unterirdischen Gänge: Forster und Goethe. - 5. 1793-1794. DAS ENDE: DIE GROßE RATLOSIGKEIT. - Das ungeheure Haupt der Revolution: Paris. - Das kalte Fieber des Terrors. - Tänzer am Rande des Unsinns: Adam Lux. - Zurück zur Natur: Menschenwürde. - Die Revolution ist die Revolution. - Verlassen wie ein Kind. - Eine Quelle sonderbarer Beschauung. - Schluss. - Das Mahagoni-Schränkchen. - Anmerkungen. - Literatur.

Note: Contents: PART I METHODOLOGY AND DATA ON LEVELISED COSTS FOR GENERATING TECHNOLOGIES ; Chapter 1 Introduction and context ; Chapter 2 Methodology, conventions and key assumptions ; Chapter 3 Technology overview ; Chapter 4 Country overview ; Chapter 5 History of Projected Costs of Generating Electricity, 1981-2015 ; PART II STATISTICAL AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ; Chapter 6 Statistical analysis of key technologies ; Chapter 7 Sensitivity analysis ; PART III BOUNDARY ISSUES ; Chapter 8 Financing issues ; Chapter 9 Emerging generating technologies ; Chapter 10 The system cost and system value of electricity generation ; Chapter 11 Looking beyond baseload: The future of the Projected Costs of Generating Electricity series ; ANNEXES ; Annex 1 The EGC spreadsheet model for calculating LCOE ; Annex 2 List of abbreviations and acronyms

Note: Foreword; Prologue; Acknowledgements; Contents; Chapter 1: Early Earth Systems; 1.1 Archaean and Proterozoic Atmospheres; 1.2 Early Biospheres; 1.3 Greenhouse States and Glaciations; Chapter 2: Phanerozoic Life and Mass Extinctions of Species; 2.1 Acraman Impact and Acritarchs Radiation; 2.2 Cambrian and Late Ordovician Mass Extinction; 2.3 Late and End-Devonian Mass Extinctions; 2.4 Late Permian and Permian-Triassic Mass Extinctions; 2.5 End-Triassic Mass Extinction; 2.6 Jurassic-Cretaceous Extinction; 2.7 K-T (Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary) Mass Extinction; 2.8 Paleocene-Eocene Extinction. , 2.9 The End-Eocene FreezeChapter 3: Cenozoic Biological Evolution (by Colin Groves); 3.1 The Evolution of Mammals; 3.2 From Primates to Humans; 3.3 From Genetic Evolution to Cultural Evolution; Chapter 4: Fire and the Biosphere; 4.1 An Incendiary Biosphere; 4.2 The Deep-Time History of Fire; 4.3 Fire and Pre-historic Human Evolution; 4.4 Neolithic Burning and Early Civilizations; Chapter 5: The Anthropocene; 5.1 The Modern Atmosphere; 5.2 Neolithic Burning and Early Global Warming; 5.3 The Great Carbon Oxidation Event; 5.4 The Sixth Mass Extinction of Species; 5.5 The Faustian Bargain. , 5.6 The Post-anthropocene WorldChapter 6: Rare Earth; Chapter 7: Prometheus: An Epilogue; References; About the Book and the Authors; Index.

Note: 1. Geomaterials and crustal geomechanics -- 2. Elements of rheology -- 3. Forces and stresses -- 4. Elements of kinematics -- 5. Elements of linear elasticity -- 6. From continuum mechanics to fluid mechanics -- 7. Elements of linear fracture mechanics -- 8. Laboratory investigations on geomaterials under compression -- 9. Homogenized geomaterials -- 10. Fractures and faults -- 11. Elements of seismology -- 12. Elements of solid-fluid interactions -- 13. Methods for stress fields evaluation from in situ observations -- 14. Elements of stress fields and crustal rheology -- References -- Appendix A. Elements of tensors in rectangular coordinates -- Index..

Note: Cover; Half Title; Title Page; Copyright Page; Dedication; Table of Contents; List of illustrations; Acknowledgements; Acronyms and abbreviations; 1 Introduction and overview: The world food price spikes; 2 Global governance: A framework for analysis; 3 The evolution of global food security policy; 4 The reform of the Committee on World Food Security; 5 Participation in global governance: Coordinating "the voices of those most affected by food insecurity"; 6 Multilateral power dynamics: Comparing outcomes of policy roundtables. , 7 Best practice: The Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure8 Policy coordination at the global level: The Global Strategic Framework; 9 Conclusion: Reflections on civil society engagement in global food security governance; Index.

Note: Pt. 1. Geopolitics and strategic resources -- pt. 2. Law of the sea -- pt. 3. Arctic institutions and specific fields of cooperation -- pt. 4. National approaches to the Arctic.

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Theories of Decentralised Forest Management and Fiscal Decentralisation 3. The Cases of Riau and Papua Provinces 4. Factors Affecting Local Forest Governance 5. Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers and Indonesia's Experience 6. The Design of REDD+ and Decentralised Forest Management 7. Incentive Structures Influencing Subnational Governments’ Decisions on Land-use Change 8. The Distribution Formulae of IFTs for REDD+ 9. Conclusion Index

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Analytical Framework 3. Evolution of EU Climate and Energy Policies 4. Initiating the Package for 2020 5. Deciding the Package for 2020 6. Implementation in Germany 7. Implementation in Poland 8. Implementation in the Netherlands 9. Implementation in Norway 10. Comparative Analysis and Consequences for EU 2030 11. Conclusions and the Road Ahead. Index

Note: Contents: PART I INTRODUCTION ; 1. Political Ecology: Handbook Topics and Themes ; 2. Reflecting on Political Ecology ; PART II ISSUES AND APPROACHES ; 3. Doing Political Ecology Inside and Outside the Academy ; 4. Encountering Political Ecology: Epistemology and Emancipation ; 5. Connecting Political Ecology and French Geography: On Tropicality and Radical Thought ; 6. Roots, Rhizomes, Networks and Territories: Reimagining Pattern and Power in Political Ecologies ; 7. A Time for Gramsci ; 8. Integrating Science and Politics in Political Ecology ; 9. Postcoloniality and the North-South Binary Revisited: The Case of India’s Climate Politics ; 10. Depoliticized Environments and the Promises of the Anthropocene ; PART III GOVERNANCE AND POWER ; 11. Mining in Latin America: Coloniality and Degradation ; 12. Political Forests ; 13. Resources, Wars and Violence ; 14. Benefit Sharing in Environmental Governance: Beyond Hydropower in the Mekong River Basin ; 15. Gender, Group Behaviour and Community Forestry in South Asia ; 16. Political Ecologies of Religious Pilgrimage ; 17. Governing People in De-Populated Areas ; 18. Political Participation and Environmental Movements in China ; 19. Understanding Fukushima: Nuclear Impacts, Risk Perceptions and Organic Farming in Feminist Political Ecology Perspective ; 20. Mind the Gap: Global Truths, Local Complexities in Emergent Green Initiatives ; PART IV KNOWLEDGE AND DISCOURSE ; 21. Disaster, Degradation, Dystopia ; 22. Contesting Hunger Discourses ; 23. Green Governmentality ; 24. Whose Good Living? Post Neo-Liberalism, The Green State and Subverted Alternatives to Development in Ecuador ; 25. Assessing South Korea’s Green Growth Strategy ; 26. Naturetm Inc.: Nature as Neoliberal Capitalist Imaginary ; 27. The Cultural Politics of Waterscapes ; 28. Greening The Job: Trade Unions, Climate Change and the Political Ecology of Labour ; 29. Eco-Cities and the Promise of Socio-Environmental Justice ; PART V METHOD AND SCALE ; 30. Useful Outsiders: Building Environmental Policy Reform Dossiers ; 31. Neoliberalism, Scientism and Earth Systems Governance ; 32. From 'Participation' to 'Negotiation': Suppressing Dissent in Environmental Conflict Resolution in Brazil ; 33. The Political Ecology of Colonias on the US-Mexico Border: Ethnography for Hidden and Hard-to-reach Communities ; 34. Political Ecology of Scale ; 35. The Political Ecology of Weeds: A Scalar Approach to Landscape Transformations ; 36. Bordering and Scalar Thickening in Nature Conservation ; 37. The Best of Many Worlds: Methodological Pluralism in Political Ecology ; 38. Integrating Politics and Ecology through Mixed Methods ; PART VI CONNECTIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS ; 39. Globalising French Écologie Politique: A Political Necessity ; 40. Jahát Jatítotòdom: Toward an Indigenous Political Ecology ; 41. From Ecological Modernization to Socially Sustainable Economic Degrowth: Lessons from Ecological Economics ; 42. Urban Political Ecology ‘Beyond the West’: Engaging with South Asian Urban Studies ; 43. Towards a Lusophone Political Ecology: Assessing ‘Para Inglês Ver’ Environments ; 44. Political Ecology in and of China ; 45. Emotional Political Ecology ; 46. Thermodynamics Revisited: The Political Ecology of Energy Systems in Historical Perspective ; 47. Political Ecology of the Body: A Visceral Approach ; Index

Note: Introduction: What is development? : indicators and issues -- State of development -- History of thought in development economics -- Impact evaluation of development policies and programs -- Poverty and vulnerability assessment -- Inequality and inequity -- International trade and industrialization strategies -- Explaining economic growth, the macro level -- Endogenous economic growth -- International finance and development -- Population and development -- Labor and migration -- Financial services for the poor -- Social assistance programs and targeting -- Sustainable development and the environment -- Common property resources and determinants of cooperation -- Human capital: education and health -- Agriculture for development -- Development aid and its effectiveness -- Institutional innovations and development -- Political economy and the role of the state -- The economics of farm households..