ALBERT

Description: In order to limit global warming and fulfill their contributions to the Paris agreement, both Germany and Japan have set targets for climate neutrality towards the middle of the century. Reaching these goals will imply transformation of all sectors of society to avoid all fossil greenhouse gas emissions, heavy industry not the least. The focus of this study is the transformation of the petrochemical industry. This sector can become climate neutral but cannot be "decarbonized", as carbon is integral to the chemical structures of the products like polymers and solvents. Reaching climate neutrality thus means that the whole lifecycle of the petrochemical products has to be regarded. Another specific challenge is today's synergetic relation of this industry to fossil transport fuel production, which cannot be maintained in a climate neutral world. The two countries interestingly share a similar industrial structure overall, and the chemical and petrochemical industry is one of the major industries in both countries. The countries' respective chemical industries are the third and fourth largest in the world in terms of sales, but at the same time, these industries represent just over 5% of the respective countries' greenhouse gas emissions. However, these scope 1 emissions of the chemical industry itself are far less relevant than the end-of-life emissions of their products, which belong to scope 3 and are thus not counted under the chemical industry in the country greenhouse gas balances. To mediate these emissions, there is a need to set the direction, draw out paths and investigate possible alternatives for how the petrochemical industry can be become climate neutral. In this report, the existing scenario analyses, energy strategies and roadmaps dealing with this issue in the two countries are compared, as well as the current state of their petrochemical industries. We highlight similarities, differences and identify possible areas of cooperation and exchange in order to find robust paths forward for the transformation of the petrochemical industries.

Description: In light of Egypt's transition to a green economy, this report focuses on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and increasing resource efficiency along three different value chains in which small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role. In order to support SMEs in Egypt to take advantage of implementing greening options along value chains, more detailed analyses are needed. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyse three selected supply chains to identify greening opportunities for SMEs. Against this background, the project report is structured as follows: Chapter 2 introduces the background with an overview over the concept of green economy followed by Egypt's economy and its green economy. This is followed by a presentation of the value chains and an overview of the respective sectors. Chapter 3 describes the research approach, methods and data collection. The following chapters examine the three selected value chains cotton, sugar beet and refrigerators, including environmental hot spots, greening options as well as the experts' evaluation of those greening options. The report concludes with key recommendations in Chapter 7.

Description: With the ongoing deployment of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) ground stations and the modernization of satellite signal systems, the utilization of various augmentation technologies enables the realization of Precise Point Positioning (PPP) in real-time. Augmentation technology, which introduces precise atmospheric and signal-related delays, has become an essential component of high-precision real-time services and is attracting growing interest in scientific research, disaster monitoring, autopilot, etc. Previous studies have dedicated significant efforts to enhance the generation and dissemination of augmentation information on the service side and improve real-time positioning algorithms on the user side. The real-time atmosphere augmentation information with sufficient accuracy and proper constraint, and reliable Ambiguity Resolution (AR) for this purpose is the main focus of current GNSS research. However, these efforts have primarily been concentrated on small or medium-sized regions with the capability for transmitting massive data volumes. Alternatively, they have focused on larger areas, but with slow convergence due to the imprecise nature of atmosphere information. To address the challenge posed by the trade-offs among service area size, correction volume, and the precision of represented correction, a new augmentation strategy is proposed. This approach integrates the advantages of atmospheric delay fitting models, unmodeled residuals, and uncertainty information to achieve rapid and high-precision positioning, all while reducing data transmission volume for larger areas. It also allows users to implement different positioning modes depending on their communication capacity. Additionally, all deviations among different types of receivers and satellite signals are calibrated in this study for reliable AR can be achieved on all reference stations. The main contribution of this thesis is summarized as follows. With the real-time precise orbit, clock, and Uncalibrated Phase Delay (UPD) products, precise atmospheric delay corrections relying on reliable AR can be derived for large-areas augmentation services. To address the challenge of achieving reliable AR across different receiver types and various satellite signals, this thesis proposes a comprehensive method for calibrating receiver-type-related satellite-specific deviations and analyzes the impact of satellite signal bias corrections in data processing. The primary objective is to enhance the reliability of AR, enabling the utilization of all available signals and receiver types in large-area services. Subsequently, new tropospheric and ionospheric delay fitting models applied for large-area are carried out according to the properties of their propagation paths. In addition, the corresponding atmospheric delay uncertainty for large areas is introduced based on the fitting residuals. Finally, a hierarchical mode is developed for augmentation services, leveraging the advantages of the fitting model and uncertainty grid to reduce data volume and incorporating regional fitting residuals using the interpolation model and ionospheric delay error function, depending on the network capability. Based on hierarchical augmentation, positioning in large areas can not only achieve rapid/instantaneous high-precision convergence but also overcome the conflict among correction volume, represented precision, and coverage size. In order to derive precise atmospheric delay and accelerate positioning, implementing reliable and robust AR across all types of receivers and satellite signals is essential. It also demonstrates and discusses the advantages of calibrating satellite-signal and receiver-type-related satellite-specific deviations in AR solutions. The deviations related to receivers in terms of UPD products are assessed and calibrated, confirming that a 0.03 cycle consistency in wide lane UPD can be achieved. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated using GPS satellite signals, which can improve the AR rate by at least 10% and produce more reliable results. In addition, the impact of different signal settings and corrections on orbit, clock, and UPD generation, as well as positioning and pseudo-range signal systematic and stochastic residuals, is analyzed. These processing strategies provide flexible observation selections, allowing the utilization of all available satellite signals and receiver types, thereby enabling reliable AR and a higher fixing rate. As a result, an AR fixing rate exceeding 95% is achievable across all stations in large-area services. For precise atmospheric delay modeling over large areas, new models are proposed, including a tropospheric Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) model and a satellite-wise ionospheric slant delay fitting model. The tropospheric delay model takes the exponential function of water vapor vertical changes into consideration, addressing model anomalies in areas with large altitude differences. The new ionospheric delay fitting model introduces the trigonometric functions to describe differences in slant path delays between the optimal reference propagation path and others, achieving superior modeling performance in large areas. The precision of the fitting model, utilizing a 200 km station-spacing network, demonstrates tropospheric ZWD and ionospheric slant delays of 1.3 cm and 8.9 cm, respectively, with smaller standard deviations. These new fitting models overcome the challenge of handling massive information for providing station-wise corrections and avoid an increase in the number of coefficients. In addition to the function model, the stochastic model, i.e., uncertainty information, is essential for describing the quality of corrections. The atmospheric delay uncertainty for the large-area fitting model is generated based on the fitting residuals and represented in forms of grid-point. Additionally, regional ionosphere unmodeled residual uncertainty is represented by the form of liner function, which is established by the relationship between distance and interpolation precision through inter-satellite cross-verification among all reference stations. The differences between uncertainty value and real delays are 2.5 cm and 0.5 cm for grid and function forms, respectively. For real-time applications in large areas, the fitting model and grid-based atmosphere uncertainty serve as the essential information, satisfying the requirement of rapid positioning. By further incorporating unmodeled residuals and ionosphere error function, a hierarchical augmentation model is provided. Based on the fitting model established for large areas, unmodeled residuals are further introduced as optional compensation for specific areas, depending on the magnitude of fitting residuals. This approach results in a 97% reduction in tropospheric delay and a 65% reduction in ionospheric delay transmission volume. Furthermore, leveraging the regional high capability of communication, 85.3% of all solutions can achieve instantaneous convergence at the first epoch with the aid of corresponding regional compensation. This thesis proposes a large areas augmentation service to overcome the conflict among correction data volume, represented precision, and coverage size. It demonstrates the benefits of an augmentation mode that integrates regional information into large-area services. Under these conditions, a more reliable and rapid AR solution can be easily achieved based on precise atmospheric delay correction and uncertainty in large areas with fewer data volume requirements. This is beneficial for actual real-time services and applications.

Description: Mit der laufenden Bereitstellung von Bodenstationen für globale Navigationssatellitensysteme (GNSS) und der Modernisierung von Satellitensignal-Systemen ermöglicht die Nutzung verschiedener Augmentationstechnologien die Realisierung der Präzisen Punkt-Positionierung (PPP) in Echtzeit. Augmentationstechnologie, die präzise atmosphärische und signalbezogene Verzögerungen einführt, ist zu einem wesentlichen Bestandteil hochpräziser Echtzeitdienste geworden und findet wachsendes Interesse in wissenschaftlicher Forschung, Katastrophenüberwachung, Autopiloten usw. Frühere Studien haben erhebliche Anstrengungen darauf verwendet, die Erzeugung und Verbreitung von Augmentationsinformationen auf der Dienstseite zu verbessern und Echtzeit-Positionierungsalgorithmen auf der Benutzerseite zu optimieren. Die Echtzeit-Atmosphärenaugmentationsinformationen mit ausreichender Genauigkeit und angemessener Einschränkung sowie zuverlässige Ambiguitätsauflösung (AR) für diesen Zweck stehen im Mittelpunkt der aktuellen GNSS-Forschung. Diese Bemühungen konzentrierten sich jedoch hauptsächlich auf kleine oder mittelgroße Regionen mit der Fähigkeit zur Übertragung großer Datenmengen. Alternativ richteten sie sich auf größere Gebiete, jedoch mit langsamer Konvergenz aufgrund der ungenauen Natur der Atmosphäreninformation. Um der Herausforderung durch die Abwägung zwischen Größe des Dienstleistungsgebiets, Korrekturvolumen und Präzision der dargestellten Korrektur zu begegnen, wird eine neue Augmentationsstrategie vorgeschlagen. Dieser Ansatz integriert die Vorteile atmosphärischer Verzögerungsanpassungsmodelle, nicht modellierter Reste und Unsicherheitsinformationen, um eine schnelle und hochpräzise Positionierung zu erreichen, und das bei gleichzeitiger Reduzierung der Datenübertragungsvolumina für größere Gebiete. Es ermöglicht den Benutzern auch, verschiedene Positionierungsmodi je nach ihrer Kommunikationskapazität zu implementieren. Zusätzlich werden in dieser Studie alle Abweichungen zwischen verschiedenen Typen von Empfängern und Satellitensignalen kalibriert, um eine zuverlässige AR an allen Referenzstationen zu erreichen. Die Hauptbeiträge dieser Arbeit werden wie folgt zusammengefasst. Mit den Echtzeit-Präzbitbahnen, Uhren und Uncalibrated Phase Delay (UPD)-Produkten können präzise atmosphärische Verzögerungskorrekturen für großflächige Augmentationsdienste abgeleitet werden, die auf zuverlässiger AR basieren. Um die Herausforderung zu bewältigen, eine zuverlässige AR über verschiedene Empfängertypen und verschiedene Satellitensignale hinweg zu erreichen, schlägt diese Arbeit eine umfassende Methode zur Kalibrierung von empfängertypbezogenen satellspezifischen Abweichungen vor und analysiert die Auswirkungen von Korrekturen für Satellitensignalverzerrungen in der Datenverarbeitung. Das Hauptziel besteht darin, die Zuverlässigkeit der AR zu verbessern und die Nutzung aller verfügbaren Signale und Empfängertypen in großflächigen Diensten zu ermöglichen. Anschließend werden neue troposphärische und ionosphärische Verzögerungsanpassungsmodelle für großflächige Anwendungen gemäß den Eigenschaften ihrer Ausbreitungspfade durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus wird die entsprechende atmosphärische Verzögerungsunsicherheit für große Gebiete auf der Grundlage der Anpassungsreste eingeführt. Schließlich wird ein hierarchischer Modus für Augmentationsdienste entwickelt, der die Vorteile des Anpassungsmodells und des Unsicherheitsgitters nutzt, um das Datenvolumen zu reduzieren und regionale Anpassungsreste unter Verwendung des Interpolationsmodells und der ionosphärischen Verzögerungsfehlerfunktion, abhängig von der Netzwerkfähigkeit, zu integrieren. Basierend auf der hierarchischen Augmentation kann die Positionierung in großen Gebieten nicht nur eine schnelle/instantane hochpräzise Konvergenz erreichen, sondern auch den Konflikt zwischen Korrekturvolumen, dargestellter Präzision und Abdeckungsgröße überwinden. Um präzise atmosphärische Verzögerungen abzuleiten und die Positionierung zu beschleunigen, ist es entscheidend, eine zuverlässige und robuste AR über alle Arten von Empfängern und Satellitensignalen zu implementieren. Es zeigt auch die Vorteile der Kalibrierung von satellitensignal- und empfängertypbezogenen satellspezifischen Abweichungen in AR-Lösungen auf. Die Abweichungen im Zusammenhang mit Empfängern in Bezug auf UPD-Produkte werden bewertet und kalibriert, wobei bestätigt wird, dass eine Konsistenz von 0,03 Zyklen bei Wide-Lane-UPD erreicht werden kann. Die Wirksamkeit des vorgeschlagenen Ansatzes wird unter Verwendung von GPS-Satellitensignalen demonstriert, die die AR-Rate um mindestens 10% verbessern und zu zuverlässigeren Ergebnissen führen können. Darüber hinaus wird der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Signalparameter und Korrekturen auf die Erzeugung von Orbit, Uhr und UPD sowie auf die Positionierung und systematische und stochastische Reste der Pseudo-Range-Signale analysiert. Diese Verarbeitungsstrategien bieten flexible Auswahlmöglichkeiten bei der Beobachtung und ermöglichen die Nutzung aller verfügbaren Satellitensignale und Empfängertypen, wodurch eine zuverlässige AR und eine höhere Fixierungsrate ermöglicht wird. Als Ergebnis ist eine AR-Fixierungsrate von über 95% bei allen Stationen in großflächigen Diensten erreichbar. Für eine präzise Modellierung atmosphärischer Verzögerungen über großen Gebieten werden neue Modelle vorgeschlagen, darunter ein troposphärisches Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD)-Modell und ein satellitenweises ionosphärisches Schrägverzögerungsanpassungsmodell. Das troposphärische Verzögerungsmodell berücksichtigt die exponentielle Funktion der vertikalen Änderungen des Wasserdampfs und behebt Modellanomalien in Gebieten mit großen Höhendifferenzen. Das neue ionosphärische Verzögerungsanpassungsmodell verwendet trigonometrische Funktionen, um Unterschiede in den Schrägpfadverzögerungen zwischen dem optimalen Referenzausbreitungspfad und anderen zu beschreiben und erreicht so eine überlegene Modellierungsleistung in großen Gebieten. Die Präzision des Anpassungsmodells, unter Verwendung eines 200 km-Stationen-Netzwerks, zeigt troposphärische ZWD- und ionosphärische Schrägverzögerungen von jeweils 1,3 cm und 8,9 cm mit kleineren Standardabweichungen. Diese neuen Anpassungsmodelle überwinden die Herausforderung, massive Informationen für die Bereitstellung stationsspezifischer Korrekturen zu verarbeiten, und vermeiden eine Zunahme der Anzahl der Koeffizienten. Neben dem Funktionsmodell ist das stochastische Modell, d. h. Unsicherheitsinformationen, entscheidend für die Beschreibung der Qualität der Korrekturen. Die Unsicherheit der atmosphärischen Verzögerung für das großflächige Anpassungsmodell wird auf der Grundlage der Anpassungsreste generiert und in Form von Gitterpunkten dargestellt. Zusätzlich wird die regionale ionosphärische nicht modellierte Restunsicherheit durch die Form einer linearen Funktion repräsentiert, die durch die Beziehung zwischen Entfernung und Interpolationsgenauigkeit durch inter-satellitenkreuz-Verifikation zwischen allen Referenzstationen etabliert wird. Die Unterschiede zwischen Unsicherheitswert und realen Verzögerungen betragen 2,5 cm bzw. 0,5 cm für Gitter- und Funktionsformen. Für Echtzeitanwendungen in großen Gebieten dienen das Anpassungsmodell und die gitterbasierte Atmosphärenunsicherheit als wesentliche Informationen, die die Anforderungen an schnelle Positionierung erfüllen. Durch die weitere Integration von nicht modellierten Resten und Ionosphärenfehlerfunktion wird ein hierarchisches Augmentationsmodell bereitgestellt. Basierend auf dem für große Gebiete etablierten Anpassungsmodell werden nicht modellierte Reste zusätzlich als optionale Kompensation für spezifische Bereiche eingeführt, abhängig von der Größenordnung der Anpassungsreste. Dieser Ansatz führt zu einer Reduktion von 97% der troposphärischen Verzögerung und einer Reduktion von 65% des ionosphärischen Verzögerungsvolumens. Darüber hinaus können unter Nutzung der regionalen hohen Kommunikationsfähigkeit 85,3% aller Lösungen mit Hilfe entsprechender regionaler Kompensation eine sofortige Konvergenz beim ersten Epochenzeitpunkt erreichen. Diese Dissertation schlägt einen großflächigen Augmentationsdienst vor, um den Konflikt zwischen Korrekturvolumen, dargestellter Präzision und Abdeckungsgröße zu überwinden. Sie zeigt die Vorteile eines Augmentationsmodus, der regionale Informationen in großflächige Dienste integriert. Unter diesen Bedingungen kann eine zuverlässigere und schnellere AR-Lösung basierend auf präziser atmosphärischer Verzögerungskorrektur und Unsicherheit in großen Gebieten mit geringeren Anforderungen an das Datenvolumen leicht erreicht werden. Dies ist vorteilhaft für tatsächliche Echtzeitdienste und Anwendungen.

Description: Present day system Earth research utilizes the tool ‘Scientific Drilling’ to access samples and to monitor deep Earth processes that cannot be tackled by other scientific means. Unlike most laboratory experiments or computer modelling, drilling projects are massive field endeavours requiring intense collaboration of researchers with engineers and service providers. In the framework of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program, ICDP, more than seventy drilling projects have been conducted, from multiyear big research programs to short, smallscale deployments such as lake drilling projects. ICDP has supported these projects not only through grants covering field-related costs, but also through a variety of scientific-technical services and support, as well as active help in data management, outreach and publication. These services are described in this booklet. Due to its instructional character, we call it the ICDP Primer.

Description: As the climate crisis is accelerating and the pressure to act is steadily increasing, many companies are claiming themselves or their products carbon neutral. This is usually achieved by offsetting residual emissions with carbon certificates (carbon offsetting). However, recent revelations about the inadequate quality of carbon credits and legal uncertainties surrounding the use of such offset claims are increasingly raising doubts about this approach. This Wuppertal Report examines how the EU can promote integrity in corporate climate action. Taking into account the new framework of the Paris Agreement, the paper outlines various options for how the EU could push for more integrity and effectively combat greenwashing through the targeted use of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. In their recommendations, the authors advocate addressing the most serious consequences of ongoing offset practices through increased regulation of offset claims. If a ban on offset claims cannot be implemented, claims requirements and carbon offset regulations should be further specified, for example, by prohibiting any type of double counting of emissions reductions. In addition to tightening the rules for corporate offset claims within Europe, the EU could help partner countries make informed decisions when approving climate change mitigation measures and respective carbon credits. The report also emphasizes the EU's special role in international climate negotiations, where it should advocate for a strong legal framework for climate action under Article 6.

Description: The production of green hydrogen in Germany is more competitive than expected compared to imports. This is the key finding of a meta-analysis conducted by the Wuppertal Institute on behalf of the North Rhine-Westphalia Association for Renewable Energies (Landesverband Erneuerbare Energien NRW). The hydrogen study focuses primarily on the year 2030 and beyond - and confirms the advantages of green hydrogen produced in Germany from domestic renewable energies, especially when the evaluation is viewed from a holistic system perspective.

Description: The adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015 and the passing of the Climate Action Law in Germany in 2019 established the legal need for the basic material industry in Germany to decarbonise. For the industry sector, the target is sets at a 49-51% GHG reduction by 2030 compared to 1990. Even though the sector specific targets are likely to become obsolete, a Hydrogen Strategy, Industry Strategy and Climate Protection Contracts are currently being developed or elaborated on. These are to further ensure and enable the basic material industry in Germany to decarbonise. These developments are emphasising the relevance of studying the industry decarbonisation at the time of conducting this research. As the institutionalisation of the industry decarbonisation is influenced by discourse, the analysis of the discourse is an important tool for studying the power effects produced by and built into the discourse. This is the first research aiming to provide a structured analysis of the discourse on industry decarbonisation in Germany. Drawing on discourse analysis and the Multilevel-Perspectives framework, this research investigated the power and dominance of storylines to influence the discourse of the industry transformation towards decarbonisation. In this research insights were obtained into the storylines used in this discourse, the actors who are part of this discourse, the frequency of storylines used and the percentage of actors making use of these storylines. Additionally, insights were generated into the discursive network and potential coalitions. This research made use of the Discourse Network Analysis software in combination with Visone and Excel for data collection, analysis, and visualisation. Based on 117 documents of various categories from the years 2012 to 2023, the discourse on German industry decarbonisation is discovered to be dominated by storylines of mainly technological or economic nature. The general sentiment discovered by the different actors is positive with the storylines focusing on establishing the conditions for the industry to decarbonise and no resistance being communicated. The discourse is furthermore dominated by most storylines. 18 out of 27 storylines are being used by more than 56% of all actors. The high overlap in storyline indicates discursive homogeneity. The homogeneity is further indicated through the lack of emerging discourse coalitions and the therewith connected lack of struggles for discursive dominance. One coalition can be defined with some actors being deeper involved and some being less involved in the discourse. As decisions on the transition path for Germany's industry to decarbonise are still to be taken the lack of discursive struggles has come to my surprise. In the discussion I reflect on how the positive sentiment, the discursive homogeneity and the great number of dominant storylines may come about.

Description: The original objectives for introducing Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) were 1) to make energy performance transparent in the building market, as a measure of energy costs of using a building that a potential buyer or tenant would be interested in; and 2) to encourage energy efficiency renovation. However, the current implementation of EPC schemes in the Member States still shows significant challenges in achieving these two objectives. The recast of the EU Directive on the Overall Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD) provides a chance to enhance both the usefulness and quality of EPCs and the EPC schemes overall. This document aims to inform both the debate on the recast of the EPBD and the enhancement of national EPC schemes in EU Member States. It presents the draft policy recommendations of the Horizon 2020 QualDeEPC project for making the EPBD and the national schemes more effective, particularly for deep renovation, and enhance their quality overall. The policy recommendations particularly target the link between EPCs and deep (energy) renovation1, while increasing the levels of ambition and convergence across the EU in terms of building renovation. Deep (energy) renovation is crucial for mitigating climate change and for energy security. The EPBD and all of its articles, as well as national EPC schemes, should aim to make deep (energy) renovation the default. This objective would be embedded and ensured in EPC schemes, if the policy recommendations provided in this document were adopted and implemented.

Description: This Wuppertal Paper analyses the energy transition models of Colombia and Germany. The emphasis of the exercise is on an analysis of options for the complete decarbonization of the energy system in Colombia as a Global South country. To this end, it analyses the current situation, projections, public policy and narratives, and contrasts it with Germany as one of the countries of the Global North with which Colombia has historically maintained energy trade relations and is currently collaborating in the exploration of energy alternatives for decarbonization. Detailed analysis of sectoral energy consumption in Colombia shows the sectors with the highest fossil energy consumption (in this order): transport (fuels), industry (gas, coal), electricity generation (gas, coal) and residential (gas). We show the projected increase in demand for fuels and electricity, and calculate the amount of electricity theoretically needed to substitute fossil sources in each sector. We estimate the total electricity required for decarbonization via sector coupling and derive a first estimation of the range of additional renewable energy capacities needed to supply this demand. We find that required capacities are expectedly large (56-110 GW), depending on decarbonization pathways, and that export capacity beyond national demand may be limited. Our analysis of the policy and scenario arena in both countries finds that Colombia is still lacking both sector-specific decarbonization strategies and an embedding in a systemic vision of a systemic energy transition. Germany has more advanced sector strategies and (national) systemic visions, but lacks embedding assumptions on energy imports in a global-system analysis, i.e. in the analysis of an energy transition in potential exporting countries like Colombia. We formulate requirements to close these gaps in our conclusions.

Description: The QualDeEPC project is aiming to both improve quality and cross-EU convergence of Energy Performance Certificate schemes, and the link between EPCs and deep renovation: High-quality Energy Performance Assessment and Certification in Europe Accelerating Deep Energy Renovation. The objective of the project is to improve the practical implementation of the assessment, issuance, design, and use of EPCs as well as their renovation recommendations, in the participating countries and beyond. This report serves as a compilation of the project's proposal for an enhanced and converging EPC assessment and certification scheme. It aims to provide a detailed description on the set of practical concepts, policy proposals, and tools for an enhanced EPC scheme towards deep renovation, developed by the QualDeEPC project. The project's substantial proposals both on EU and national level are presented in a comprehensive and rational way, guiding the relevant stakeholders, in particular the policy makers and competed bodies, on which steps need to be followed so as the proposals to be adapted and how the specific values can be determined in MSs. Furthermore, this report includes the project's proposal for defining "Deep Energy Renovation" based on a modified nZEB-based approach. The project's priorities A) to G) addressed are presented in the following order in this document, reflecting the importance of the enhanced EPC template form and the training of EPC assessors in such schemes: A) Improving the recommendations for renovation, which are provided on the EPCs, towards deep energy renovation; E) High user-friendliness of the EPC, by way of an enhanced EPC template form, including an introduction of the proposed "Energy Rating" indicator; D) Regular mandatory EPC assessor training or examination on assessment and renovation recommendations, required for certification/accreditation and registry; B) Online tool for comparing EPC recommendations to deep energy renovation recommendations; C) Creating Deep Renovation Network Platforms (DRNPs); F) & G) Voluntary/mandatory advertising guidelines for EPCs and Improving compliance with the mandatory use of EPCs in real estate advertisement.

Description: Considering that 40% of the European Union's energy consumption can be traced back to its buildings, it is essential to improve their energy efficiency in order to achieve the EU's energy efficiency targets. Both the rate of energy renovation and its depth, i.e. the amount of energy savings during a renovation, need to be improved. Energy Performance Certificates (EPC), regulated by the EU's Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), are an important instrument to enhance the market uptake of energy-efficient new buildings and the energy-efficient renovation of existing buildings. Against this background, the Horizon2020 funded project QualDeEPC will work on EU-wide convergence of the building assessment and the issuance, design, and use of quality-enhanced EPCs as well as their recommendations for building renovation. The aim is to make these recommendations coherent with deep energy renovation towards a nearly-zero energy building stock by 2050. The first part of the QualDeEPC project (work package 2) aims to identify the priorities for elements of EPC schemes that show a need to be improved, and for which the project will investigate further and propose how the elements can be improved. The first step in identifying these priorities is taking stock of the existing EPC schemes. Based on the input from all national consortium partners and other sources, the Wuppertal Institute prepared this detailed overview of the country-specific EPC assessment and certification procedures and their links to other policies and programmes, existing initiatives, and projects. The analysis was based on a list of almost 50 potential options for enhancing the existing EPC schemes. The aim of this deliverable is to present this stock-taking by a detailed analysis on which of the potential enhanced EPC elements are already implemented in which form in which country, covering all 28 countries that were EU member states until 31 January 2020. All partners conducted bilateral interviews with the major actors in the EPC procedures, including executive bodies on EPC at regional and/or national level. For countries not represented in the Consortium, Wuppertal Institut and EAP conducted specific literature research, e.g. from the Concerted Action EPBD, and aimed to obtain contributions from other member states. The information collected allows a detailed presentation on the elements implemented as well as a cross-country comparison matrix (see Annex I) in this report, which outlines the current EPC practices across the EU regarding the elements of a good practice scheme or innovative improvement options, their comparability, compliance with EU legislation, and to which extent they differ or converge. The results show, once more, the high diversity in EPC schemes across the EU. They also provide useful information in at least two directions: 1) which improvement options are not yet implemented at all or in sufficient quality in most QualDeEPC partner countries as well as other EU member states, and could therefore be interesting candidates for the further work of the QualDeEPC project in development, testing, discussion, and possibly implementation of elements for enhanced and converging EPC schemes; and 2) which countries, within or beyond the QualDeEPC project, offer good practice examples for the implementation of these options that could serve to guide the development and implementation in other countries. This deliverable will thus serve as a basis for the upcoming tasks to develop priorities and actual proposals for improvement of EPC schemes.

Description: The food system faces a multitude of challenges, including high greenhouse gas emissions, threats to biodiversity, increased diet-related diseases due to unbalanced diets, and socially problematic complex supply chains. This requires not only a transformation of the agricultural economy but also a change in the diet and lifestyles of all consumers. Developing and using digital and technological innovations can help to solve these challenges. In this context, the study provides impulses on how digitalisation can contribute to transforming production and consumption and which prerequisites have to be given to achieve this. The study describes the approaches for digitalisation along the value chain. These include optimising the use of resources in agriculture - for example with the help of smart farming - and supporting consumers with digital tools and assistance systems - such as apps designed to support grocery shopping. In addition, new business models and a better connection between production and consumption processes are also possible. This includes, for example, new digital sales channels or tracking and communicating sustainability indicators such as CO2 emissions across all steps of the value chain in order to enable all stakeholders to take reliable action.

Description: 22 years are left until the German target for climate neutrality should be reached. For the industrial sector, this implies a fundamental change and an acceleration of emission reduction, as from 2000 to 2021 the sector has reduced its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by only 13% (ERK, 2022). For the large structures, plants and assets that are characteristic for the energy intensive industrial sectors, the timespan implies no room for delay. One sector facing particular challenges is the chemical industry. Here, fossil resources are used not only for energetic purposes but for feedstock as well, in the petrochemical industry in particular. The efforts made in the petrochemical sector thereby not only affects the sectors own emissions, but the chemicals value chain at large, including the management of end-of-life products. The dependency on energetic resources for material use also means that there is a particular connection from the chemical industry to the energy system at large, which also entails special consideration. The chemical industry also has a particular relevance to the Antwerp-Rotterdam-Rhine-Ruhr-Area (ARRRA) which hosts several large petrochemical clusters in Germany as well as the Netherlands and Belgium, with complexly interlinked production chains. In reaching the climate targets, these regions especially face significant changes and may have the opportunity to position themselves as frontrunners for industrial transformation. That is, if a successful strategy can be found. In the recent years, numerous scenario analyses and roadmaps have been released drawing out pathways for chemical industries to develop in line with national and international climate targets. This can entail mapping of technological options, important prerequisites, particular challenges as well as important opportunities and timeframes. This meta-analysis summarizes and compares the findings of some of the most recent previous works at the national, European and global level. As the goal is to investigate the various strategic options and development paths for Germany and the ARRRA, it has a particular focus on roadmaps for Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. It takes a quantitative as well as qualitative approach, looking both at resource and production volumes, different emission reduction strategies relative importance, as well as policy recommendations and other important framework conditions. A particular focus is put on the use of non-fossil feedstocks to reduce emissions.

Description: The objectives of the urban mobility transition have been clearly set out: gaining more space for urban living, reducing noise and emissions that have a negative impact on the climate and improving air quality. That means less traffic in cities and more trips made using environmentally-friendly modes of transport - i.e., walking, cycling or foot scooters or public transport. In transport policy, the focus is generally on innovative approaches to shaping the mobility transition. This paper aims to explain the concept of exnovation in the context of the urban mobility transition and to underpin it using specific practical examples. In the course of this process, it is intended to identify the obstacles that stand in the way of rolling out the concept on an area-wide basis in order to deduce strategies and courses of action for expanding the concept in the future.

Description: Established in 2016, the German-Japanese Energy Transition Council (GJETC) strives to promote bilateral cooperation between Germany and Japan on energy transition. Among other studies and topical papers, an output paper in 2020 (Rauschen et al., 2020) already compared the energy efficiency in buildings in both countries with a particular focus on heating and cooling. One important finding of this output paper was that further efforts in the building sector are needed to improve the energy efficiency of buildings in Germany and Japan. Following the more ambitious climate protection targets in both countries, this study seeks to analyze the German and Japanese policies put in place to accelerate the decarbonization of the building sector. The decarbonization of the vast number of buildings that both Japan and Germany are facing will be a major contribution to achieving the GHG reduction targets of both countries and should continue to be discussed among experts and developed into a discussion among policy makers. This report examines and compares the characteristics of the building stock in both countries, as well as existing policies and new strategies and policies that are planned or discussed to achieve energy conservation and decarbonization of buildings. The current shape of buildings, especially houses, is greatly influenced by the land area of the country corresponding to the available space for buildings, the natural environment surrounding the country, the natural resources available, and the lifestyle and cultural ideas that have been passed down and taken root over time. Therefore, it might be difficult to compare them and the corresponding strategies and policies with the same yardstick, so we also discuss common or deviant situations. Through this joint research, we aim to find each other's advantages and challenges and to develop useful and concrete policy recommendations that will contribute to decarbonization policies in both countries.

Description: Deliverable D2.3 reports the work performed in task 2.3 “Metal complexation and mineral precipitation” within the Reflect project. The task is divided into the subtasks 2.3.1 “Mineral solubility and precipitation kinetics”, 2.3.2 “Mineral precipitation by impedance spectroscopy” and 2.3.3 “Modelling mineral solubility”. A combination of experimental design, performed experiments and numerical modelling have increased the knowledge of mineral solubility and precipitation at high salinity condition in geothermal fluids.

Description: The Mallik Anticline is a geologic structure in the Mackenzie Delta in the Canadian Arctic. Tectonics throughout the Cenozoic, with compressional phases in the early Eocene to the late Miocene, formed this large, domed structure that is today an important source of hydrocarbons. Gas hydrates occur in the clastic sedimentary rocks of the Oligocene to Pleistocene Kugmallite, Mackenzie Bay, and Iperk sequences, which were essentially formed by deltaic processes. The presence of hydrocarbon gases within the permafrost zone in the Canadian Arctic has led to extensive exploration and production activities in the region since the mid-1960s, and the investigations by geologists and geophysicists have already been published in numerous scientific articles to date. This report describes the implementation of the first field-scale 3D static geologic model of the Mallik site, which was created using data from well logs and 2D seismic reflection profiles. The dataset related to this report provides elevation depths and thickness data of the three distinct sequence boundaries Kugmallit-Richards, Mackenzie Bay-Kugmallit and Iperk-Mackenzie Bay as well as fault data from the Mallik site.

Description: The classical way to model the stress state in a rock volume is to estimate displacement boundary conditions that minimize the deviation of the modelled stress state with respect to model-independent stress information such as stress magnitude data. However, these data records are usually subject to significant uncertainties and measurement errors. Hence, it has to be expected that not all stress magnitude data records are representative and can be used in a model. In order to identify unreliable stress data records, the stress state that is based on individual data records is solved and compared with observations at a few discrete locations. While this method works, it is not efficient in that most of the solved model scenarios will be discarded. The solving of the entire model consumes immense amount of computation time for a high-resolution model. Yet, the stress state is required at only a very limited number of locations. For linear geomechanical models it is sufficient to estimate the stress state from three model scenarios with arbitrary, but different displacement boundary conditions. These three results can be used to estimate analytically using a linear regression at discrete points stress states based on user-defined boundary conditions. The tool Fast Automatic Stress Tensor Estimation (FAST Estimation) is a Python function that automatizes this approach. FAST Estimation provides very efficiently the stress states at pre-defined locations for all possible boundary conditions. It does not provide the continuous stress field as provided by a solved geomechanical model. Instead, it is a cost-efficient solution for the rapid assessment of stress states at a limited number of discrete locations based on pre-defined boundary conditions.

Description: The IUGG Yearbook is a reference document of IUGG members, administrative officers, and Association and Union Commission officers that is updated annually and distributed free of charge. Each issue endeavors to update the contact information for hundreds of persons who are actively participating in IUGG scientific activities. Information is complied throughout the year until end December. The Yearbooks are published and posted at the IUGG webpage at the beginning of the year. The Yearbooks are printed together with the Annual Reports for the preceding year in May and mailed to National Committee for Geodesy and Geophysics, Adhering Bodies, IUGG partners, and major libraries.

Description: During weathering of the deep rocks, many actors act together. This is a property characteristic of the entire “Earth system”. For example, fractures open up, through which water flows that carries carbon and reagants with it from above. New minerals are formed and open up further fractures. Large fractures are also a gateway for microbes from above. They multiply at depths where there is carbon and iron is oxidised. The explorer Alexander von Humboldt stated “Everything is interaction”. Under and on the earth. In our example, soil is created.

Description: Weathering needs fractures in the rock. When two tectonic plates collide, the plates slide against each other. During earthquakes fractures in the rock are created. The microscope reveals tiny cracks running through the rock. These micro-fractures are caused by the movement of the rocks against each other, but also when erosion at the Earth's surface removes the burden of the overlying rock. Fractures are necessary to bring water, reagents, and microbes to depth to weather rocks.

Description: To weather rock, reagents are required. For example, CO2 is found in rainwater as carbonic acid or CO2 is produced by plant roots and by microbes. Through the large fractures carbonic acid and CO2 reach great depth – dissolved in water. Through the fine fractures they reach the interior of the rock. There they dissolve minerals, like the feldspar. New, completely different minerals form, for example clay minerals. They create fine fractures through which water with carbon can penetrate further and the weathering begins again.

Description: Weathering of rock needs water. A rock fractured by tectonic movement is gradually eroded from above, and it moves closer towards the Earth's surface. There it is exposed to precipitation and water begins to penetrate the soil and the layers beneath the soil. Through the tectonic fractures, the water can reach great depths. This is a rapid transport process. At a millimetre scale the water slowly moves into the interior along the smallest cracks that occur there. This is a slow transport process. The water can now weather rocks from the inside.

Description: Living organisms can also weather rocks. There are microorganisms in deep rock – in the "deep biosphere". With flowing water, the microbes are transported from soil through the fractures to depth. Down there, in complete darkness, the microbes live on water, carbon, and energy. They can oxidise iron in minerals and receive energy in the process. The iron-containing minerals are oxidised, carbon is consumed, and more and more microbes are created. This is how the deep biosphere keeps itself alive and weathers the rock at the same time.

Description: An unbelievable crime is discovered in a storage facility. Rocks have been murdered! Detective Hercule Poirot takes up the investigation. He hires a group of international geo-researchers to search for the "suspects" in a drilling campaign in the spectacular landscapes of Chile. They find evidence of the crime in research laboratories - and present a surprising solution to the murder case. The film addresses a scientific question: how does weathering deep below the Earth's surface turn rock into soil? The four "suspects" (meaning processes) - fractures in the rock, water flow, chemical reagents, and microbes are seen in action in animations. However, they only serve as hypotheses that cannot be directly proven. They can only be shown to be false – just like an alibi in a criminal case. Watch the movie to see whether the researchers succeed. The film was produced as part of the German-Chilean project "EarthShape – Earth Surface Shaping by Biota". Another video can be seen here: The Skin of the Earth - Where Life Meets Rocks

Description: This report presents the European High-Resolution Exposure (EHRE) model, which we created by combining the state-of-the art exposure model of the European Seismic Risk Model 2020 (ESRM20) with building footprints and data from OpenStreetMap previously processed by OpenBuildingMap. We present the method used to generate the model and the software we developed for this purpose, as well as a number of outputs that give an overview of what the model consists of and enable discussion.

Description: This deliverable summarizes the optimization workflow to determine the optimum operational controls for the geothermal assets operation considering the uncertainties in the brine composition. The developed models for coupling hydrodynamics with chemistry and uncertainty quantification workflow for estimating the risk of scaling in geothermal plants were integrated with a stochastic optimization model. Results showed the demonstration of such an integrated workflow applied to a scaling precipitation case study and possible variations in operational decisions due to uncertainties in the brine composition.

Description: This document presents the application of coupled hydrogeochemical codes to the modelling of geothermal fluid reactivity in tubings during the production of geothermal energy. Two codes are used on two examples of fluids: one is very concentrated with a moderate temperature (no phase changes during the pumping) and one hot fluid with a lower salinity (with phase change). Results focus on the risks of scaling during the exploitation.

Description: Risk maps are created with the objective of providing improved operational advice on scaling mitigation. The issue of prevailing uncertainties and variations in fluid and gas data had to be tackled to provide accurate model predictions and risk assessments. The developed risk map workflow is demonstrated for calcite scaling risks of the West-Netherlands Basin.

Description: The Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides (COSC) scientific drilling project characterises the structure and orogenic processes involved in a major collisional mountain belt by multi-disciplinary geoscientific research. Located in western central Sweden, the project has drilled its second fully cored borehole COSC-2 in 2020. It extends the COSC composite geological section through the nappes of the Caledonian Lower Allochthon, the main décollement and the upper kilometre of basement rocks. COSC-2 targets include the characterisation of orogen-scale detachments, the impact of orogenesis on the basement below the detachment, and the Early Cambrian palaeoenvironment on the outer margin of palaeocontinent Baltica. This is complemented by research on heat flow, groundwater flow, and characterisation of the microbial community in the present hard rock environment of the relict mountain belt. COSC-2 successfully and within budget recovered a continuous drill core to 2276 m depth. The retrieved geological section is partially different from the expected geological section with respect to the depth to the main décollement and the expected rock types. The intensity of deformation in the rocks in the upper part of the drill core might impede the analysis of the Early Cambrian palaeoenvironment. However, the superb quality of the drill core and the borehole will facilitate research on the remaining targets and beyond. Although on-site science was reduced due to Covid-19 related restrictions, COSC-2 drilling was complemented by extensive downhole surveys. However, the geological description of the drill core and the sampling party were severely delayed, with the later being held about two years after drilling, concluding the operational phase of the project.

Description: This report describes the activities performed within Task 1.2 “Report on gas solubility and degassing kinetic (type C)” until the end of month 40 of the REFLECT project. Two series of experiments have been carried out that assess the degassing process of type C geothermal fluids respectively in bulk and porous media. This has resulted in an improved understanding of the process and the associated physical phenomena by utilizing experimental equipment and data analysis tools specifically created for this task.

Description: This report describes the activities performed within Task 1.3 “Summary of gas solubility and degassing kinetics (type A)” until the end of month 39 of the REFLECT project. Two series of experiments have been carried out that assess the degassing process of type A geothermal fluids respectively in bulk and porous media. This has resulted in an improved understanding of the process and the associated physical phenomena by utilizing experimental equipment and data analysis tools specifically created for this task.

Description: All datasets provided in the operational dataset (DOVE-Phase 1 Scientific Team et al., 2023b) of the ICDP project DOVE phase 1 (ICDP 5068) consist of metadata, data and/or images. Here, we summarize explanations on the tables, data and images exported from the database of the project (mDIS DOVE) as well as some basic explanations on identifiers used in ICDP, depths corrections and measurements that are integrated into the dataset.

Description: A detailed understanding of the geological structural elements is vital for geothermal reservoir exploration. Among existing geophysical methods, seismic methods are most commonly used for subsurface imaging due to the relatively high resolution at significant depths. However, seismic campaigns are rather expensive. The high upfront investment cost represent a substantial barrier for heat/electricity production from geothermal resources. Thus, developing new techniques is vital for further reduction in exploration and drilling costs, which is necessary for geothermal project advancements. Within the framework of the joint research project RissDom-A, the subsurface exploration of the Groß Schönebeck in-situ geothermal laboratory, situated 40 km north of Berlin, a seismic survey was carried out using 3D surface seismic and 3D vertical seismic profiling methods. VSP was acquired with wireline distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), which allows converting a freely suspended fibre optic cable inside a borehole into a dense array of seismic sensors to record strain or strain rate. In this thesis, the applicability of this method is evaluated for seismic imaging of an enhanced geothermal reservoir. The survey design consisted of 61 vibrator source positions organised in a spiral pattern around the boreholes E GrSk 3/90 and Gt GrSk 4/05 in such a way to optimise the illumination of the reservoir. The DAS recordings have an excellent signal-to-noise ratio (40-50 dB around 1000 m, 4-10 dB at around 4200 m). This data quality was reached with 16 vertical stacking rates on average. In addition, a comparison with a conventional accelerometer measurement showed excellent waveforms agreement. The acquisition campaign was conducted within four days, illustrating that wireline DAS is very attractive both from a data quality point of view and economically. A 3D VSP processing workflow was adapted to the Groß Schönebeck specifics and applied to the data. Particular depth ranges of the recorded data are subjected to strong coherent noise, which has a distinct pattern both in the time and the frequency domain. This type of noise is related to the poor coupling conditions of the cable in the borehole. For signal-to-noise ratio improvement, several existing denoising methods have been analysed. After coupling noise filter function assessment, a new noise elimination method was proposed based on the matching pursuit decomposition technique with Gabor atoms. The developed processing routine was uniformly applied to the whole dataset, which significantly improved the data quality, and as a result, migration images created using the Kirchhoff depth migration algorithm with restricted aperture. After data processing, a detailed subsurface analysis in the vicinity of the boreholes at the Groß Schönebeck was carried out using the 3D DAS VSP image. The resulting borehole cube data resolve new features that could not be imaged with the 3D surface seismic cube due to the lower resolution of the 3D surface seismic cube, with respect to the 3D VSP cube. Complex thin interlaying of the Upper Rotliegend horizons has been revealed in the geothermal reservoir section, allowing for the first time to access and characterise so-called “phantom horizons” which are typical for the Brandenburg area, Germany. Furthermore, the borehole cube provided new insights on two main targets for future exploration. The 3D DAS VSP cube revealed an intra-reservoir structure inside the Elbe reservoir sandstone layer, which could represent porous parts of a stacked fluvial sandstone body. The estimated thickness of this structure varies between 25 to 40 m, which is thinner than previous estimations. Additionally, a lower Rotliegend unconformity (at around 4.2 km depth) was mapped in the study area. This allowed to estimate the possible thickness of the vulcanite sections below this boundary. VSP data thus helped to reduce the uncertainty and exploration risks by providing valuable information for the geological characterisation of the Groß Schönebeck site. With this successful case study I demonstrated that fibre optic data could significantly contribute to the characterisation of deep geothermal reservoirs. Consequently, presented results contribute to the wireline distributed acoustic sensing method promotion to develop modern, reliable and economically affordable exploration methods for geothermal energy assessments.

Description: Ein detailliertes Verständnis der geologischen Strukturelemente ist für die Erkundung geothermischer Reservoire unerlässlich. Unter den bekannten geophysikalischen Methoden werden vor allem seismische Untersuchungen zur Abbildung des Untergrunds aufgrund der vergleichsweise hohen Auflösung bis in große Tiefen genutzt. Seismikkampagnen sind jedoch verhältnismäßig teuer. Die hohen Anfangsinvestitionskosten bilden eine erhebliche Hürde für die Wärme- und Stromproduktion aus geothermischen Ressourcen. Daher ist die Entwicklung neuer Techniken zur Reduktion von Exploarations- und Bohrkosten für die notwendige Förderung geothermischer Projekte essenziell. Im Rahmen des Verbundforschungsprojekts RissDom-A, der Untergrunderkundung des 40 km nördlich von Berlin gelegenen Groß Schönebeck in-situ Geothermielabors, wurden seismische Messungen durchgeführt, bestehend aus einer 3D-Oberflächen- und einer 3D-Bohrlochseismik. Die VSP-Daten (Vertical Seismic Profiling) wurden mittels kabelgebundenem DAS (Wireline Distributed Acoustic Sensing) aufgezeichnet, was die Umwandlung eines frei im Bohrloch hängenden faseroptischen Kabels in ein dichtes Array seismischer Sensoren zur Registrierung von Strain oder Strain-Rate erlaubt. In dieser Doktorarbeit wird die Anwendbarkeit dieser Methodik für die seismische Abbildung von EGS-Reservoiren (Enhanced Geothermal System) eingehend ausgewertet. Die Messkonfiguration bestand aus 61 Vibrator-Quellpositionen, die in einem spiralförmigen Pattern um die beiden Bohrlöcher E GrSk 3/90 und Gt GrSk 4/05 derart verteilt wurden, dass eine optimale Durchschallung des Reservoirs gegeben war. Die DAS-Aufzeichnungen zeigen ein exzellentes Signal/Rausch-Verhältnis (40-50 dB bei ca. 1000 m, 4-10 dB bei ca. 4200 m). Diese Datenqualität konnte aufgrund der durchschnittlich 16-fachen vertikalen Stapelrate erzielt werden. Zu Vergleichswecken zusätzlich vorgenommene konventionelle Beschleunigungsaufnehmer- Messungen zeigen eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung der Wellenformen. Die Messkampagne umfasste vier Tage, was die Attraktivität von Wireline-DAS unter sowohl qualitativen als auch ökonomischen Aspekten überzeugend demonstriert. Eine 3D-VSP Bearbeitungssequenz wurde an die Besonderheiten der Groß Schönebeck Messungen angepasst und auf die Daten angewendet. Einzelne Tiefenbereiche der Aufzeichnungen enthalten starke kohärente Störsignale, die ein ausgeprägtes Muster sowohl im Zeitals auch im Frequenzbereich aufweisen. Diese Art Noise ist auf eine ungenügende Ankopplung des Kabels im Bohrloch zurückzuführen. Zur Verbesserung des Signal/Rausch-Verhältnisses wurden verschiedene gebräuchliche Unterdrückungsmethoden untersucht. Nach Analyse der Kopplungsnoise-Filterfunktion konnte eine neuartige Methode zur Rauschunterdrückung etabliert werden, welche auf einer Matching-Pursuit Dekompositionstechnik mit Gabor-Atomen basiert. Der auf diese Weise entwickelte Prozessierungsansatz wurde gleichmäßig auf den gesamten Datensatz angewendet, was die Datenqualität signifikant erhöhte, so dass in der Folge Migrationsabbilder unter Verwendung eines Kirchhoff-Tiefenmigrationsverfahrens mit beschränkter Apertur erzeugt werden konnten. Nach erfolgter Datenbearbeitung wurde anhand der DAS/VSP 3D-Daten eine detaillierte Untergrundanalyse im Bereich der Groß Schönebeck Bohrlöcher durchgeführt. Das resultierende Bohrlochaten-Volumen löst viele neue Details auf, die mit dem 3D-Volumen der Oberflächenseismik aufgrund des vergleichsweise geringeren Auflösungsvermögens nicht abgebildet wurden. So konnten in der geothermischen Reservoirsektion komplexe dünnschichtige Einlagerungen im Oberen Rotliegend nachgewiesen werden, die erstmalig die Ansprache und Charakterisierung sogenannter „Phantom-Horizonte“ ermöglichen, wie sie typisch für das Gebiet Brandenburg, Deutschland sind. Weiterhin liefert der Bohrlochdaten-Kubus neue Einblicke auf zwei Hauptziele zukünftiger Explorationen. Das DAS/VSP 3D-Datenvolumen zeigt eine Intra-Reservoir Strukur innerhalb der Elbe-Sandstein Schicht, die poröse Anteile eines gestapelten fluvialen Sandsteinkörpers repräsentieren könnte. Die geschätzte Mächtigkeit dieser Struktur variiert zwischen 25 und 40 m, was dünner ist, als zuvor angenommen. Des weiteren konnte im Untersuchungsgebiet eine Diskordanz im Unteren Rotliegend (in einer Tiefe von ca 4.2 km) kartiert werden. Dies erlaubt es, die mögliche Mächtigkeit der Vulkanite darunter abzuschätzen. Somit helfen die VSP-Daten dabei, die Unklarheiten und das Explorationsrisiko zu reduzieren, indem sie wertvolle Informationen zur geologischen Charakterisierung des Groß Schönebeck Standorts liefern. Mit dieser Fallstudie konnte ich erfolgreich demonstrieren, dass mithilfe faseroptischen Kabels gewonnene Messdaten zur Charakterisierung geothermischer Reservoire maßgeblich beitragen können. In der Konsequenz fördern die präsentierten Ergebnisse die Bedeutung von Wireline Distributed Acoustic Sensing im Hinblick auf eine moderne, verlässliche und ökonomische Explorationsmethode für geothermische Energiekonzepte.

Description: The 3D geomechanical-numerical modelling aims at a continuous description of the stress state in a subsurface volume. The model is fitted to the model-independent stress data records by adaptation of the displacement boundary conditions. This process is herein referred to as model calibration. Depending on the amount of available stress data records and the complexity of the model the calibration can be a lengthy process of trial-and-error to estimate the best-fit boundary conditions. The tool FAST Calibration (Fast Automatic Stress Tensor Calibration) is a Matlab script that facilitates and speeds up this calibration process. By using a linear regression it requires only three test model scenarios with different displacement boundary conditions to calibrate a geomechanical-numerical model on available stress data records. The differences between the modelled and observed stresses are used for the linear regression that allows to compute the displacement boundary conditions required for the best-fit estimation. The influence of observed stress data records on the best-fit displacement boundary conditions can be weighted. Furthermore, FAST Calibration provides a cross checking of the best-fit estimate against indirect stress information that cannot be used for the calibration process, such as the observation of borehole breakouts or drilling induced fractures. In order to bridge the scale gap between a regional stress model and a local reservoir model, the multistage calibration procedure is applied where a local model is calibrated solely on the stress state provided by a regional model. FAST Calibration provides the necessary tools and guidelines. The script files are provided for download at http://github.com/MorZieg/FAST_Calibration. Tab. 0-1 gives an overview of the folder structure and input files with a short explanation.

Description: This report documents the drilling operations of the Early Jurassic Earth System and Timescale scientific drilling project (JET, ICDP Project: 5065). The wells 5065_1_A, 5065_1_B, 5065_1_A were drilled in 2019-2021 with the support of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) and the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). Alternatively, the site is known as Prees 2 (Holes A – C). Prees 1 was a nearby hydrocarbon exploration well drilled by Trend Petroleum in 1972–1973. The project aims to construct a fully integrated and astronomically calibrated timescale for the Early Jurassic, a time in Earth history during which important physical, chemical, and biological elements of the modern Earth system were initiated. The JET drilling campaign supplements the earlier Llanbedr (Mochras Farm) borehole (1967 – 1969) in NW Wales – usually known as Mo-chras – which recovered a 1.3 km thick succession comprising the Rhaetian (Upper Triassic), Hettangian, Sinemurian, Pliensbachian and Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) stages (Woodland, 1971; Hesselbo et al., 2013). Using the combined framework of Prees and Mochras, internal and ex-ternal forcing factors on the Earth system will be documented and quantified for major palaeo-environmental events, such as the Late Triassic mass extinction and the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, and for the more stable ‘background’ state.

Description: Two recent tsunamis in late 2018, in Sulawesi and Anak Krakatau, Indonesia, strikingly demonstrated the high vulnerability of communities to tsunamis induced by landslides and volcanic mechanisms. Both tsunamis were the result of a chain (cascade) of events: on 28 September in Palu, on the island of Sulawesi, the cascade consisted of a sequence of earthquake - landslide - tsunami, while on 22 December, after a prolonged period of volcanic activity, a flank failure occurred on Anak Krakatau, which in turn triggered a tsunami (Walter et al, 2019). In both cases, the resulting tsunamis caught the local population largely unprepared and caused a high number of fatalities. This has been attributed to the limited understanding of tsunami generation from mechanisms other than fault rupture and the lack of an effective tsunami warning system for non-seismic events. Both events have raised questions in the Indonesian society and among the relevant authorities about appropriate strategies for improved preparedness, early warning and mitigation for such events. The German-Indonesian project "TsunamiRisk" aims to help answer these questions through applied geoscientific and social science research aimed at developing policy recommendations and enabling transfer into practice. The perspective of local communities must be given special consideration, as it is ultimately they who are confronted with the direct impacts of such events on the one hand and who must implement better preparation and long-term mitigation on the ground on the other. Therefore, the project investigates the specific framework conditions as well as existing experiences in Indonesian communities with previous earthquake/tsunami events in order to support the discussion about adequate strategies and approaches for preparedness, early warning and mitigation of non-seismic tsunami hazards at the local level. The starting point for all this is to have a better understanding of the tsunami threats that communities face. The present study is intended to make a contribution to this.

Description: This deliverable contains the raw data that constitutes the database of microbial diversity and organic compounds in geothermal fluids used for electricity production generated during the project.

Description: Report of design and test results of downhole sampling.

Description: We provide new thermodynamic and kinetic data concerning the dissolution and precipitation of silica in hot and superhot geothermal systems. Different methods were applied, including traditional photometric methods and in situ Raman and conductimetric methods. The studies covered the interactions of silica with both pure water and saline solutions. The kinetics of silica polymerisation were studied in the presence of various metal ions and at different pH values, informed by an analysis of real geothermal water samples from the Tuzla region of Türkiye.

Description: The International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) is the reference system used for astrometry and geodesy in space. Its realizations are the International Celestial Reference Frames (ICRFs). The latest realizations are ICRF3 S/X, ICRF3 K, and ICRF3 X/Ka at radio frequencies observed by geodetic very long bThe International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) is the reference system used for astrometry and geodesy in space. Its realizations are the International Celestial Reference Frames (ICRFs). The latest realizations are ICRF3 S/X, ICRF3 K, and ICRF3 X/Ka at radio frequencies observed by geodetic very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), and Gaia-CRF3 from observations by the Gaia spacecraft at optical frequencies. The ICRFs are independently derived catalogs of mean positions (and proper motions as well as parallaxes in case of Gaia) of distant compact extragalactic sources with approximately comparable precision. Within the error bounds, the different observation setups should ideally produce identical source positions. However, previous research discovered variances related to the variable nature of the sources as a function of frequency and time. A deeper understanding of the individual source position differences as well as the alignment of the ICRFs in terms of global systematic source position differences benefits the large ICRF and Gaia user community, such as geodetic VLBI for connecting VLBI products across frequencies. This work adds several case studies to the existing research on the comparison and the alignment of the ICRFs. At optical frequencies, the set of ICRF3 counterparts in the Gaia spacecraft’s Early Data Release 3 (Gaia EDR3, including Gaia-CRF3) and in Gaia DR2, the predecessor of Gaia EDR3, are investigated. The position differences of the individual counterparts at the various frequencies are re-evaluated, focusing on the correlation of the normalized distances, offset directions, and global systematic differences with the number of VLBI observations or the extent of radio source structure. The individual VLBI and Gaia position offsets tend to be in the same direction, especially in case of significant offsets. It is shown that large normalized position offsets are related to sources with large radio structure. The global systematic differences, which are an order of magnitude smaller than the individual differences, can be accurately determined, especially if the set of counterparts has been defined. A Celestial Reference Frame (CRF) determined from S/X observations from the same time interval as Gaia DR2 does not indicate any improvements in the alignment of Gaia DR2 compared to ICRF3 S/X. Since the alignment of Gaia DR2 and Gaia EDR3 depends on the visual magnitude G and the radio sources in ICRF3 are optically faint, the alignment of the bright fraction (G ≤ 13 mag) of the Gaia data releases to ICRF3 requires additional verification. The approach and data of Lindegren (2020a) are adopted, who used optically bright radio stars to test the alignment. Since the resolution of VLBI and Gaia is small enough to detect their proper motions, they must be included in the alignment test and a time variability of the alignment (spin) must also be estimated. However, these results are not yet accurate enough compared to the expected uncertainties of the individual sources astrometry in the final Gaia data release for this G magnitude range. In this work, these VLBI data of radio stars are homogenized, and a more realistic error budget for the VLBI positions is established. New, dedicated VLBI observations of bright radio stars were carried out to obtain more urgently needed VLBI positions for the determination of the alignment. The positions are included in two ways: once as absolute one-epoch positions and once as relative positions in order to derive new precise models of stellar motion whenever possible. A significant spin around the Y axis was determined for both Gaia DR2 and Gaia EDR3, albeit the rotations in this direction are still the least well determined. Among other aspects, the accuracy of the results, the effect of nonlinear proper motion, and a G magnitude dependence within the bright fraction are investigated. The effect of possible future VLBI observations of radio stars on the alignment is tested. In summary, this work evaluates the accuracy of the alignment of the current ICRFs. It furthermore highlights the need to accurately assess VLBI observations of radio stars in the context of the alignment of the Gaia bright frame with ICRF3 and demonstrates how this can be accomplished.

Description: Das International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) ist das Himmelsreferenzsystem, das in der Astrometrie und Geodäsie verwendet wird. Seine Realisierungen sind die International Celestial Reference Frames (ICRFs). Die jüngsten Realisierungen sind im Radiofrequenzbereich der ICRF3 S/X, der ICRF3 K und der ICRF3 X/Ka, welche mit Hilfe von geodätischer very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) beobachtet werden. Außerdem ist es im optischen Frequenzbereich der Gaia-CRF3, welcher aus Beobachtungen des Gaia Weltraumteleskops stammt. DDas International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) ist das Himmelsreferenzsystem, das in der Astrometrie und Geodäsie verwendet wird. Seine Realisierungen sind die International Celestial Reference Frames (ICRFs). Die jüngsten Realisierungen sind im Radiofrequenzbereich der ICRF3 S/X, der ICRF3 K und der ICRF3 X/Ka, welche mit Hilfe von geodätischer very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) beobachtet werden. Außerdem ist es im optischen Frequenzbereich der Gaia-CRF3, welcher aus Beobachtungen des Gaia Weltraumteleskops stammt. Die ICRFs sind unabhängig voneinander abgeleitete Kataloge mittlerer Positionen (und Eigenbewegungen als auch Parallaxen im Falle von Gaia) entfernter kompakter extragalaktischer Quellen mit annähernd vergleichbarer Genauigkeit. Innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen sollten die verschiedenen Beobachtungsmethodiken idealerweise zu identischen Quellenpositionen führen. In früheren Untersuchungen wurden jedoch Abweichungen festgestellt, die mit der frequenz- und zeitvariablen Quellenstruktur zusammenhängen. Ein tieferes Verständnis der individuellen Positionsunterscheide der Quellen als auch der Unterschiede in der Orientierung der ICRFs mittels globaler systematischer Positionsunterschiede der Quellen kommt der großen Nutzergruppe von ICRF und Gaia zugute, wie z. B. der geodätischen VLBI für die Zusammenführung von VLBI-Produkten über Frequenzen hinweg. Diese Arbeit ergänzt die bestehenden Forschungsarbeiten über den Vergleich und die Orientierung der ICRFs um mehrere Fallstudien. Im optischen Frequenzbereich werden die ICRF3-Gegenstücke im Early Data Release 3 (Gaia EDR3, einschließlich Gaia-CRF3) der Gaia Raumsonde und im Gaia DR2, dem Vorgänger von Gaia EDR3, untersucht. Die Positionsunterschiede der einzelnen Gegenstücke für die verschiedenen Frequenzen werden neu bewertet, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf der Korrelation der normalisierten Entfernungen, der Richtungen der Positionsdifferenzen und der globalen systematischen Unterschiede mit der Anzahl der VLBI-Beobachtungen sowie dem Ausmaß der Radioquellenstruktur liegt. Die individuellen VLBI- und Gaia-Positionsunterschiede bevorzugen die selbe Richtung, insbesondere im Falle signifikanter Differenzen. Es wird gezeigt, dass große normalisierte Positionsunterschiede auf Quellen mit großer Radioquellenstruktur zurückzuführen sind. Die globalen systematischen Abweichungen, die um eine Größenordnung geringer sind als die individuellen Differenzen, können genau bestimmt werden. Dies gilt insbesondere wenn die Teilmenge der verwendeten Gegenstücke vorher definiert wurde. Ein Celestial Reference Frame (CRF), der aus S/X-Beobachtungen des selben Zeitintervalls wie Gaia DR2 ermittelt wurde, zeigt keine Verbesserungen in der Ausrichtung von Gaia DR2 im Vergleich zu ICRF3 S/X. Da die Orientierung von Gaia DR2 und Gaia EDR3 von der scheinbaren Helligkeit G ab- hängt und die Radioquellen des ICRF3 eine geringe scheinbare Helligkeit aufweisen, muss die Ausrichtung des hellen Anteils (G ≤ 13 mag) der Gaia-Daten auf den ICRF3 zusätzlich überprüft werden. In dieser Arbeit werden der Ansatz und die Daten von Lindegren (2020a) übernommen, der zur Überprüfung der Orientierung scheinbar helle Radiosterne verwendete. Da die Auflösung von VLBI und Gaia klein genug ist, um Eigenbewegungen von Sternen zu erkennen, müssen diese in den Orientierungstest einbezogen und auch eine zeitliche Variabilität der Orientierung geschätzt werden. Allerdings sind diese Ergebnisse bisher nicht genau genug im Vergleich zu den erwarteten Genauigkeiten der Astrometrie der einzelnen Quellen des hellen Anteils in der endgültigen Gaia-Datenveröffentlichung. In dieser Arbeit werden die vorhandenen VLBI-Daten der Radiosterne homogenisiert und es wird ein realistischeres Fehlerbudget für die VLBI-Positionen aufgestellt. Es wurden neue, gezielte VLBI-Beob-achtungen von hellen Radiosternen durchgeführt, um mehr dringend benötigte VLBI-Positionen für eine bessere Bestimmung der Orientierung zu erhalten. Die Positionen wurden auf zwei verschiedene Arten integriert: einmal als absolute Positionen aus einer Beobachtungsepoche und einmal als relative Positionen, um wann immer möglich neue präzise Modelle der Sternbewegung abzuleiten. Sowohl für Gaia DR2 als auch für Gaia EDR3 wurde eine signifikante zeitabhängige lineare Rotation um die Y -Achse ermittelt, wenngleich die Rotationen in dieser Richtung noch die geringste Genauigkeit aufweisen. Unter anderem werden die Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse, die Auswirkung der nichtlinearen Eigenbewegung und die Abhängigkeit von der scheinbaren Helligkeit innerhalb des hellen Anteils untersucht. Der Einfluss möglicher zukünftiger VLBI-Beobachtungen von Radiosternen auf die Orientierungsbestimmung wird getestet. Zusammenfassend evaluiert diese Arbeit die Genauigkeit der Orientierung der aktuellen ICRFs. Sie unterstreicht darüber hinaus die Notwendigkeit, VLBI-Beobachtungen von Radiosternen im Zusammenhang mit der Orientierung des hellen Gaia-Referenzrahmens zu ICRF3 genau zu prüfen, und zeigt, wie dies erreicht werden kann.ie ICRFs sind unabhängig voneinander abgeleitete Kataloge mittlerer Positionen (und Eigenbewegungen als auch Parallaxen im Falle von Gaia) entfernter kompakter extragalaktischer Quellen mit annähernd vergleichbarer Genauigkeit. Innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen sollten die verschiedenen Beobachtungsmethodiken idealerweise zu identischen Quellenpositionen führen. In früheren Untersuchungen wurden jedoch Abweichungen festgestellt, die mit der frequenz- und zeitvariablen Quellenstruktur zusammenhängen. Ein tieferes Verständnis der individuellen Positionsunterscheide der Quellen als auch der Unterschiede in der Orientierung der ICRFs mittels globaler systematischer Positionsunterschiede der Quellen kommt der großen Nutzergruppe von ICRF und Gaia zugute, wie z. B. der geodätischen VLBI für die Zusammenführung von VLBI-Produkten über Frequenzen hinweg. Diese Arbeit ergänzt die bestehenden Forschungsarbeiten über den Vergleich und die Orientierung der ICRFs um mehrere Fallstudien. Im optischen Frequenzbereich werden die ICRF3-Gegenstücke im Early Data Release 3 (Gaia EDR3, einschließlich Gaia-CRF3) der Gaia Raumsonde und im Gaia DR2, dem Vorgänger von Gaia EDR3, untersucht. Die Positionsunterschiede der einzelnen Gegenstücke für die verschiedenen Frequenzen werden neu bewertet, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf der Korrelation der normalisierten Entfernungen, der Richtungen der Positionsdifferenzen und der globalen systematischen Unterschiede mit der Anzahl der VLBI-Beobachtungen sowie dem Ausmaß der Radioquellenstruktur liegt. Die individuellen VLBI- und Gaia-Positionsunterschiede bevorzugen die selbe Richtung, insbesondere im Falle signifikanter Differenzen. Es wird gezeigt, dass große normalisierte Positionsunterschiede auf Quellen mit großer Radioquellenstruktur zurückzuführen sind. Die globalen systematischen Abweichungen, die um eine Größenordnung geringer sind als die individuellen Differenzen, können genau bestimmt werden. Dies gilt insbesondere wenn die Teilmenge der verwendeten Gegenstücke vorher definiert wurde. Ein Celestial Reference Frame (CRF), der aus S/X-Beobachtungen des selben Zeitintervalls wie Gaia DR2 ermittelt wurde, zeigt keine Verbesserungen in der Ausrichtung von Gaia DR2 im Vergleich zu ICRF3 S/X. Da die Orientierung von Gaia DR2 und Gaia EDR3 von der scheinbaren Helligkeit G ab- hängt und die Radioquellen des ICRF3 eine geringe scheinbare Helligkeit aufweisen, muss die Ausrichtung des hellen Anteils (G ≤ 13 mag) der Gaia-Daten auf den ICRF3 zusätzlich überprüft werden. In dieser Arbeit werden der Ansatz und die Daten von Lindegren (2020a) übernommen, der zur Überprüfung der Orientierung scheinbar helle Radiosterne verwendete. Da die Auflösung von VLBI und Gaia klein genug ist, um Eigenbewegungen von Sternen zu erkennen, müssen diese in den Orientierungstest einbezogen und auch eine zeitliche Variabilität der Orientierung geschätzt werden. Allerdings sind diese Ergebnisse bisher nicht genau genug im Vergleich zu den erwarteten Genauigkeiten der Astrometrie der einzelnen Quellen des hellen Anteils in der endgültigen Gaia-Datenveröffentlichung. In dieser Arbeit werden die vorhandenen VLBI-Daten der Radiosterne homogenisiert und es wird ein realistischeres Fehlerbudget für die VLBI-Positionen aufgestellt. Es wurden neue, gezielte VLBI-Beob-achtungen von hellen Radiosternen durchgeführt, um mehr dringend benötigte VLBI-Positionen für eine bessere Bestimmung der Orientierung zu erhalten. Die Positionen wurden auf zwei verschiedene Arten integriert: einmal als absolute Positionen aus einer Beobachtungsepoche und einmal als relative Positionen, um wann immer möglich neue präzise Modelle der Sternbewegung abzuleiten. Sowohl für Gaia DR2 als auch für Gaia EDR3 wurde eine signifikante zeitabhängige lineare Rotation um die Y -Achse ermittelt, wenngleich die Rotationen in dieser Richtung noch die geringste Genauigkeit aufweisen. Unter anderem werden die Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse, die Auswirkung der nichtlinearen Eigenbewegung und die Abhängigkeit von der scheinbaren Helligkeit innerhalb des hellen Anteils untersucht. Der Einfluss möglicher zukünftiger VLBI-Beobachtungen von Radiosternen auf die Orientierungsbestimmung wird getestet. Zusammenfassend evaluiert diese Arbeit die Genauigkeit der Orientierung der aktuellen ICRFs. Sie unterstreicht darüber hinaus die Notwendigkeit, VLBI-Beobachtungen von Radiosternen im Zusammenhang mit der Orientierung des hellen Gaia-Referenzrahmens zu ICRF3 genau zu prüfen, und zeigt, wie dies erreicht werden kann.

Description: Space geodetic techniques contribute significantly to enhancing our understanding of the Earth system. These techniques include Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), and Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS). The primary objective of these space geodetic techniques is to establish an accurate Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF). Since each technique has its strengths and weaknesses, a combination of space geodetic techniques is employed to overcome the weaknesses in TRF determination. The current TRF, known as the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2020 (ITRF2020), is determined with a combination of space geodetic techniques through station coordinate parameters at the co-location sites using local ties, which represent the difference between the station coordinates of a space geodetic technique at a co-location site. According to the scientific-driven requirements of the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS), the TRF needs to be established with an accuracy level of 1 mm. However, the ITRF2020 has not yet reached this scientific requirement. Therefore, another perspective needs to be investigated in order to reach the scientific-driven requirement for TRF determination. Microwave-based space geodetic techniques, such as VLBI and GNSS, observe under the same atmospheric conditions and are also included as a parameter in the adjustment process. Therefore, similar to station coordinates, this parameter can also be combined using ties. The ties for tropospheric parameters are referred to as "tropospheric ties". Unlike the local ties, which are directly measured using a total station or other distance measurements at the reference point of the space geodetic technique, tropospheric ties can only be derived through a model. Currently, two different approaches can be used to derive tropospheric ties. The first approach involves using an analytical model with meteorological data from different sources, such as meteorological sensors at the site, a Numerical Weather Model (NWM), and an empirical meteorological model. The second approach involves using the ray-tracing technique through a refraction field of NWM. However, since tropospheric ties can only be derived from the model, their accuracy is limited. To improve their accuracy, it is necessary to address the systematic effects that cause a discrepancy between the observed tropospheric parameter differences and tropospheric ties. This thesis investigates this discrepancy using the GNSS and VLBI intra/inter technique comparison of tropospheric parameters. The results indicate that the discrepancy is caused by the GNSS instrument, specifically the antenna and radome, in zenith total delay (ZTD) differences. On the other hand, the horizontal gradient difference is affected by multipath effects that occur at low-elevation observations, rather than the instrument. This study observes no systematic effect in VLBI due to the instrument. The systematic effect in tropospheric parameters due to the instrument is referred to as instrumental bias. To prove this hypothesis, a GNSS co-location site experiment was conducted. The experiment reveals that the instrumental bias in GNSS-derived ZTD parameters originates from the instrument. Furthermore, the bias in GNSS-derived horizontal gradients comes from the multipath effect that occurs at low-elevation observations. To address the instrumental bias, another GNSS co-location experiment was conducted. This experiment employed a vertical steering pole to minimize the height difference of various antenna phase centers to a few millimeters level during antenna changing. The experiment successfully kept the reference point position for each experiment antenna at the same position within a 2 mm level. Thus, the remaining bias in GNSS-derived tropospheric parameters is attributed to the instrumental bias. This study demonstrates the capability and limitations of tropospheric ties through a combination of VLBI and GNSS on the Normal Equation (NEQ) level. The combination of VLBI and GNSS with tropospheric ties shows a prominent improvement in station coordinates and tropospheric parameters. A VLBI intra-technique combination during CONT14 demonstrated improvements in station coordinates and tropospheric parameters for two telescopes at the Hobart co-location site. Tropospheric ties demonstrate a capability as alternative ties when the local ties are of poor quality, particularly the height component. The results indicate that VLBI received the most benefit when combining tropospheric parameters with tropospheric ties in both station coordinates and tropospheric parameters. The study of proper temporal resolution for applying tropospheric ties was investigated. The results show similar results for all scenarios in both station coordinates and troposphere parameters. For the first time, a combination of GNSS and VLBI utilizing tropospheric ties with an instrumental bias correction is performed. The results show a significant improvement in station coordinates, particularly in VLBI. Furthermore, applying tropospheric ties with an instrumental bias correction considerably reduces the discrepancy between local ties and the space geodetic technique solution. However, there is no improvement in tropospheric parameters from using instrumental bias correction for tropospheric ties. The study also evaluates the impact of weighting tropospheric ties. The results indicate that strong weight provides the most benefit from using tropospheric ties. Nevertheless, systematic effects must be addressed to avoid degradation in the combined solution. It is important to note that one full set of local ties, i.e., both horizontal and vertical components, is necessary to use tropospheric ties since they cannot fulfill rank deficiencies in the NEQ system.

Description: Die vier geodätischen Raumverfahren VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry), GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging) und DORIS (Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite) liefern Beiträge zum besseren Verständnis des Erdsystems. Ihre Datensätze sind von zentraler Bedeutung für die Realisierung eines präzisen terrestrischen Referenzrahmens (ITRF). Da die einzelnen Messtechniken Stärken und Schwächen für die TRF-Bestimmung aufweisen, werden die Datensätze kombiniert mit dem Ziel, die Schwächen auszugleichen. Der aktuelle ITRF, der Internationale Terrestrische Referenzrahmen 2020 (ITRF2020), ist eine Lösung, die kombinierte Stationskoordinaten an den Kollokationsstationen unter Verwendung lokaler Verbindungsvektoren (local ties), d.h. den Abstandsvektoren zwischen den jeweiligen Referenzpunkten, und kombinierte EOP (Erdorientierungsparameter) liefert. Das globale geodätische Beobachtungssystem (GGOS) stellt an die Lage des Ursprungs des ITRF die wissenschaftlich begründete Genauigkeitsanforderung von 1 mm. Die ITRF2020-Genauigkeit erfüllt diese Vorgabe jedoch nicht ganz. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, sind daher innovative Ansätze zu entwickeln. Die geodätischen Raumverfahren VLBI und GNSS, die Signale im Mikrowellenfrequenzspektrum nutzen, liefern an den Kolokationsstationen Beobachtungsdaten unter den gleichen atmosphärischen Bedingungen. Die Verknüpfung atmosphärischer Parameter kann daher ebenfalls im Ausgleichungsprozess eingesetzt werden. Ähnlich wie die Stationskoordinaten können diese Parameter auch miteinander verknüpft, also kombiniert, werden. Die Verknüpfung troposphärischer Parameter wird als „tropospheric tie“ bezeichnet. Im Gegensatz zu den lokal ties, die mit Totalstationen oder anderen Messgeräten am Referenzpunkt des jeweiligen Sensors gemessen werden, können die troposphärischen ties nur mittels Modellrechnungen bestimmt werden. Dabei werden gegenwärtig zwei verschiedene Ansätze verfolgt. Zum einen erfolgt die Berechnung mittels eines analytischen Modells auf der Grundlage meteorologischer Daten, die aus unterschiedlichen Quellen stammen, beispielsweise meteorologische Sensoren am Messstandort, numerische Wettermodelle (NWM) oder empirische meteorologische Modelle. Zum anderen wird die Methode der Strahlverfolgung (ray tracing) durch ein vom NWM abgeleitetes Brechungsindexfeld eingesetzt. Diese nur aus Modellen berechneten troposphärischen ties weisen notwendigerweise eine begrenzte Genauigkeit auf. Für höhere Genauigkeiten müssen weitere systematische Effekte berücksichtigt werden, die zu Abweichungen zwischen den beobachteten troposphärischen Parametern und den troposphärischen ties führen. Um diese systematischen Effekte zu untersuchen, werden in dieser Arbeit troposphärische Parameter verglichen, die in GNSS- und VLBI-Analysen berechnet wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass signifikante Abweichungen in der vertikalen Signallaufzeitverzögerung (zenith total delay, ZTD) durch instrumentelle Effekte des GNSS-Verfahrensverursacht werden, insbesondere durch Elevations-abhängige Laufzeitvariationen und Verwendung einer Abdeckvorrichtung „radom“. Abweichungen der horizontalen Gradienten werden hingegen nicht durch das Instrument beeinflusst, sondern durch Mehrwegeffekte, die sich insbesondere auf Beobachtungen bei geringen Elevationswinkeln auswirken. In dieser Studie wird bei VLBI-Messungen kein systematischer Effekt, der instrumentelle Ursachen hat, beobachtet. Der systematische Effekt in den troposphärischen Parametern, der auf das Instrument zurückzuführen ist, wird im Folgenden als „instrumental bias“ bezeichnet. Für die Überprüfung der Hypothese, dass der instrumental bias überwiegend durch instrumentelle Effekte der von GNSS-Beobachtungen abgeleiteten ZTD-Parametern verursacht ist, wurde ein GNSS-Kollokationsexperiment durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse des Experiments bestätigen diese Hypothese. Des Weiteren zeigt sich, dass der instrumental bias der horizontalen Gradienten, die von GNSS-Beobachtungen bei niedrigen Elevationen abgeleitet wurden, auf multi-pathing zurückzuführen ist. Um den instrumental bias in den ZTD-Parametern zu bestimmen, wurde ein weiteres GNSS-Kollokationsexperiment realisiert. Hierbei wurden Unterschiede in der Phasenzentrumsposition der verschiedenen Antennentypen mittels eines höhenverstellbaren Antennenmasts bis auf wenige Millimeter ausgeglichen. Während der Messung konnte die Position der Antennenreferenzpunkte erfolgreich innerhalb eines Bereichs von 2 mm gehalten werden. Die verbleibenden Abweichungen in den abgeleiteten troposphärischen Parametern sind daher nicht auf troposphärische Effekte sondern lediglich auf instrumentelle Ursachen zurückzuführen. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der tropospheric ties werden in dieser Studie durch eine Kombination von VLBI- und GNSS-Beobachtungsdaten auf Normalgleichungsebene (NEQ) untersucht. Die Verwendung von tropospheric ties zeigt signifikante Effekte auf die Kombination von VLBI bzw. GNSS. Eine VLBI-Intratechnikkombination zweier Teleskope an der Kollokationsstation Hobart, Australien, während der CONT14-Messkampagne führt zu einer Genauigkeitssteigerung bezüglich der Stationskoordinaten und der troposphärischen Parameter. Die Untersuchung der tropospheric ties zeigt, dass sie eine Alternative zu den local ties darstellen, z.B. wenn diese fehlerbehaftet sind, insbesondere in der vertikalen Komponente. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass VLBI den größten Nutzen aus der Kombination von troposphärischen Parametern mit tropospheric ties zieht, sowohl bei den Stationskoordinaten als auch bei den troposphärischen Parametern. Es wird untersucht, welche zeitliche Auflösung für die Anwendung der tropospheric ties geeignet ist. Die Ergebnisse zeigen ähnliche Resultate für alle Szenarien, sowohl für Stationskoordinaten als auch für troposphärische Parameter. Zum ersten Mal wird eine Kombination von GNSS und VLBI unter Verwendung der tropospheric ties mit einer Korrektur des instrumental bias durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine signifikante Verbesserung der Stationskoordinaten, insbesondere bei VLBI. Darüber hinaus wird durch die Anwendung der tropospheric ties mit der instrumental bias-Korrektur die Diskrepanz zwischen den local ties und den Ergebnissen aus den geodätischen Raumverfahren deutlich verringert. Bei den troposphärischen Parametern kann durch die Anwendung der instrumental bias-Korrektur jedoch keine Verbesserung nachgewiesen werden. Auch die Folgen der Gewichtung der tropospheric ties wird untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich eine hohe Gewichtung positiv auf die Verwendung der tropospheric ties auswirkt. Allerdings müssen systematische Effekte berücksichtigt werden, um eine Verschlechterung der kombinierten Lösung zu vermeiden. Es ist wichtig darauf hinzuweisen, dass für die Verwendung der tropospheric ties ein vollständiger Satz an local ties erforderlich ist, da die tropospheric ties nicht die Rangdefizite im NEQ-System ausgleichen können.

Description: BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), the Chinese component of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), has come into operation and started to serve global users publicly since July 31st, 2020. BDS-3, i.e., the latest development of BDS, provides many services not only the traditional Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT) but also several featured ones such as Satellite-Based Augmentation Service (SBAS), Precision Point Positioning (PPP), Short Message Communication Service (SMCS) and Search And Rescue (SAR). Precise and accurate orbit and clock products are the perquisites of a GNSS to guarantee a high-quality service performance. BDS-3 is the first GNSS in which the Inter-Satellite-Link has been constellation-widely deployed. It has been preliminarily demonstrated that this new feature of BDS-3 improves the system’s survivability as well as its independence on the ground tracking. This study is devoted to the Precise Orbit Determination (POD) of BDS-3 with newly available ISL observations. The inherent incapability of ISL measurements of sensing the absolute variations of Right Ascension of the Ascending Nodes (RAANs) of satellite orbits hinders the autonomous orbit determination free from ground support. Different approaches to constrain the constellation rotation have been studied in the literature. On the other hand, orbit determination using only ISL observations can serve to evaluate the performance of the newly carried Inter-Satellite-Link payloads. Depending on the satellite, the post-fit RMS of ISL range observations is 4.2~10.5 cm. Eliminating the effects of constellation rotations, orbit precision based on ISL range observations is around 7.0, 4.6, and 3.5 cm in the along-track, cross-track, and radial direction, respectively. The clock observations of ISLs are used to synchronize the clocks of satellites within the constellation. The post-fit RMS of ISL clock observations ranges from ~2.9 cm to 10.0 cm, differing for satellites. For most satellites, similar precision of clock offsets as the IGS MGEX ACs’ products can be obtained by ISL measurements, with STDs around 0.15 ~ 0.20 ns. Hardware delays of Inter-Satellite-Links estimated from the range and clock observations both show very good temporal stability, with a monthly average STD of 0.13 and 0.08 ns, respectively. Harmonic signals taking the orbit motion as the fundamental frequency are found in both the range and clock residuals. Although it turns out those harmonic signals only affect the results marginally, a Fourier-like periodic function model is proposed to absorb them and has been proved effective. Several unresolved issues related to the POD of BDS-3 are investigated based on ground tracking data before studying the contributions of additional ISL observations. The effects of non-conservative perturbations from the Earth’s albedo and antenna thrust are significant and, therefore, need to be considered in the POD of BDS-3. The applicability of different empirical Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP) models and the necessity of an extra a-priori box-wing model are evaluated. Generally, the ECOM2 model shows superiority over the ECOM1 model as for BDS-3 satellites. And if the ECOM2 model is adopted,the additional a-priori box-wing model is unnecessary. In order to keep the backward compatibility of BDS-2, the strategy for integrated processing of BDS-2 and BDS-3, in which the legacy frequency combination B1I+B2I remains unchanged for BDS-2, is proposed and demonstrated. The contributions of incorporating ISL observations to the POD of BDS-3 are assessed comprehensively. First, the benefits of additional ISL range measurements are demonstrated in cases of different ground tracking networks. Secondly, the somehow unexpected improvement in the orbit precision brought by incorporating ISL clock observations is displayed. Furthermore, integratedly processing the ISL derived range, ISL derived clock, and L-band ground tracking observations reduces the orbit DBD by ~39% and 42% in the along-track and radial directions, respectively, compared to using only ground-tracking data. Last but not least, the contributions of ISL measurements to the estimation of geodetic parameters are proved, especially for the geocenter coordinates. Strong correlations between empirical SRP parameters and the geocenter Z-component, which plague the community for a long time, are significantly reduced by adding ISL observations. The results are very promising not just in terms of establishing and maintaining a national BDS-based terrestrial reference frame but also improving the potential contribution of BDS via the IGS community to the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF).

Description: Das BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), die chinesische Komponente von Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), ist seit dem 31. Juli 2020 in Betrieb und dient weltweit Benutzern öffentlich. BDS-3, dh die neueste Entwicklung von BDS, bietet viele Dienste, nicht nur die traditionelle Position, Navigation und Zeitmessung (PNT), sondern auch mehrere Funktionen wie der satellitengestützte Augmentation Service (SBAS), Precision Point Positioning (PPP), Short Message Communication Service (SMCS) und Search And Rescue (SAR). Präzise und genaue Orbit- und Clock-Produkte sind die Voraussetzungen für ein GNSS, um eine qualitativ hochwertige Serviceleistung zu gewährleisten. BDS-3 ist das erste GNSS, bei dem der Inter-Satellite-Link konstellationsweit eingesetzt wurde. Es wurde vorläufig gezeigt, dass diese neue Funktion von BDS-3 die Überlebensfähigkeit des Systems sowie seine Unabhängigkeit von der Bodenverfolgung verbessert. Diese Studie widmet sich der Precise Orbit Determination (POD) von BDS-3 mit neu verfügbaren ISL-Beobachtungen. Die inhärente Unfähigkeit von ISL-Messungen, die absoluten Variationen der Right Ascension of the Ascending Nodes (RAANs) von Satellitenumlaufbahnen zu erfassen, behindert die autonome Umlaufbahnbestimmung ohne Bodenunterstützung. In der Literatur wurden verschiedene Ansätze untersucht, um die Konstellationsrotation einzuschränken. Andererseits kann die Bestimmung der Umlaufbahn, die nur ISL-Beobachtungen verwendet, dazu dienen, die Leistung der neu beförderten InterSatellite-Link-Nutzlasten zu bewerten. Abhängig vom Satelliten beträgt der Post-Fit-RMS der ISLBereichsbeobachtungen 4,2 bis 10,5 cm. Unter Eliminierung der Auswirkungen von Konstellationsrotationen beträgt die Orbit-Präzision basierend auf ISL-Entfernungsbeobachtungen etwa 7,0, 4,6 bzw. 3,5 cm in Längs-, Quer- und Radialrichtung. Die Uhrenbeobachtungen von ISLs werden verwendet, um die Uhren von Satelliten innerhalb der Konstellation zu synchronisieren. Der Post-Fit-RMS von ISL-Uhrbeobachtungen reicht von ~2,9 cm bis 10,0 cm, unterschiedlich für Satelliten. Bei den meisten Satelliten kann durch ISL-Messungen eine ähnliche Genauigkeit der Taktverschiebungen wie bei den Produkten der IGS MGEX ACs mit STDs von etwa 0,15 bis 0,20 ns erreicht werden. Hardwareverzögerungen von Inter-Satellite-Links, die aus den Entfernungs- und Taktbeobachtungen geschätzt wurden, zeigen beide eine sehr gute zeitliche Stabilität mit einer monatlichen durchschnittlichen STD von 0,13 bzw. 0,08 ns. Harmonische Signale, die die Bahnbewegung als Grundfrequenz nehmen, werden sowohl in den Entfernungs- als auch in den Taktresten gefunden. Obwohl sich herausstellt, dass diese harmonischen Signale die Ergebnisse nur marginal beeinflussen, wird ein Fourier-ähnliches periodisches Funktionsmodell vorgeschlagen, um sie zu absorbieren und sich als effektiv erwiesen hat. Mehrere ungelöste Probleme im Zusammenhang mit dem POD von BDS-3 werden auf der Grundlage von Bodenverfolgungsdaten untersucht, bevor die Beiträge zusätzlicher ISL-Beobachtungen untersuchtwerden. Die Auswirkungen nicht-konservativer Störungen durch die Albedo der Erde und den Antennenschub sind signifikant und müssen daher im POD von BDS-3 berücksichtigt werden. Die Anwendbarkeit verschiedener empirischer Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP)-Modelle und die Notwendigkeit eines zusätzlichen a-priori-Box-Wing-Modells werden evaluiert. Im Allgemeinen zeigt das ECOM2- Modell eine Überlegenheit gegenüber dem ECOM1-Modell für BDS-3-Satelliten. Und wenn das ECOM2- Modell übernommen wird, ist das zusätzliche A-priori-Box-Wing-Modell überflüssig. Um die Abwärtskompatibilität von BDS-2 zu erhalten, wird die Strategie zur integrierten Verarbeitung von BDS- 2 und BDS-3 vorgeschlagen und demonstriert, bei der die Legacy-Frequenzkombination B1I+B2I für BDS-2 unverändert bleibt. Die Beiträge der Einbeziehung von ISL-Beobachtungen in den POD von BDS-3 werden umfassend bewertet. Zunächst werden die Vorteile zusätzlicher ISL-Entfernungsmessungen bei unterschiedlichen Bodenverfolgungsnetzwerken demonstriert. Zweitens wird die irgendwie unerwartete Verbesserung der Bahngenauigkeit durch die Einbeziehung von ISL-Uhrenbeobachtungen angezeigt. Darüber hinaus reduziert die integrierte Verarbeitung der ISL-abgeleiteten Entfernung, des ISL-abgeleiteten Takts und der L-Band-Bodenverfolgungsbeobachtungen die Bahn-DBD um ~39 % bzw . Nicht zuletzt werden die Beiträge von ISL-Messungen zur Schätzung geodätischer Parameter, insbesondere für die Geozentrumskoordinaten, nachgewiesen. Starke Korrelationen zwischen empirischen SRP-Parametern und der Geozentrum-Z-Komponente, die die Community schon lange plagen, werden durch das Hinzufügen von ISL-Beobachtungen deutlich reduziert. Die Ergebnisse sind nicht nur im Hinblick auf die Einrichtung und Aufrechterhaltung eines nationalen BDS-basierten terrestrischen Referenzrahmens sehr vielversprechend, sondern auch hinsichtlich der Verbesserung des potenziellen Beitrags von BDS über die IGS-Community zum International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF).

Description: The recent deliverable describes the development and the characteristics of the European Fluid Atlas (EFA) created in the frame of the REFLECT project by University of Miskolc. In the Atlas, formerly existing and newly measured data of geothermal fluids are visualised. Fluid data were collected from 21 European countries. The layers provide point feature information presented on a base map, including geography, geology, and depth range, as well as physical, chemical and microbial properties of fluids. Data of wells, rocks and reservoirs are also available. The focus is on fluids used for electricity generation (〉 100 °C), but data from heat projects are also included. A free and open-source cross-platform is used for the visualisation, in which the geographic information system provides the environment to view, edit and analyse geospatial data. The interface includes query and filtering tools to explore the database with a map-based visualization. The query results can be downloaded as an excel worksheet. By selecting the entire dataset, the downloaded report contains all the data published on EFA.

Description: The idea for the Green Recovery Tracker was born in spring 2020 when governments started making announcements on economic Corona recovery measures. From a climate and resilience perspective it is key that those recovery packages, investments and subsidies are in line with long-term climate and sustainability targets. Thus, recovery packages should not only boost the economy in the short-term, but also strike the path to a just transition towards climate neutrality. Against this background, Wuppertal Institute and E3G have launched the Green Recovery Tracker project in late summer 2020 to shed light on the following questions: What can be considered an effective green recovery? What are good examples, which can be used as an inspiration for recovery programs aiming to support sustainable development? Where do the individual Member States stand with respect to aligning their recovery activities with the climate policy agenda? In this report, you will find our Methodology as well our Policy Briefing highlighting our key takeaways of our country and sectoral analyses. It further includes a section on "What can we learn from our experience with the Green Recovery Tracker?". The briefing concludes with a "Guidance for future funding programs and achieving climate targets overall".

Description: Within the Shaping Digitalisation project, we aim to highlight and discuss the opportunities that digitalisation can bring to Germany. In particular, we are discussing three stand-out areas where action is most needed to achieve ecological transformation: mobility, the circular economy, and agriculture and food. This report addresses the second area in need of action. Up until now, discussions on the circular economy have been limited to recycling and the re-use of materials. We must expand the scope of these discussions to include new, resource-efficient business models and the comprehensive transformation of value chains and industrial structures. Our analysis has found that digitalisation is indispensable for this transformation if used properly. We hope this report will provide the impetus needed to kick-start a climate- and resource-friendly industrial transformation in Germany. Here, we have incorporated the findings of our interdisciplinary workshop on "Shaping the Digital-Ecological Industrial Transformation - Business Models and Political Framework Conditions for Climate and Resource Protection" that was attended by experts from international research institutes, civil organizations, public authorities, and private companies.

Description: At the end of March 2022, the European Commission published its new EU Strategy for Sustainable and Circular Textiles. Its ambitious vision is to reduce textile waste, promote circular measures and minimise the negative environmental impacts of the textile industry. But what would a textile industry that keeps textiles in a closed loop look like, and what political conditions would be required in Germany? This Zukunftsimpuls paper by the Wuppertal Institute points to the role that Germany could play in the transformation towards a circular textile industry.

Description: The transport sector accounts for 20 per cent of the greenhouse gas emissions in Germany and it is therefore key to success for German climate policy. At present, however, there is no other sector with a wider gap in missing the trajectory to climate neutrality. The present study, conducted on behalf of Huawei within the project "Shaping the Digital Transformation - Digital Solution Systems for the Sustainability Transition", points out new pathways towards a sustainable and climate friendly transition of the transport sector. The report specifies concrete options to follow up on the ambitious goals of the new coalition agreement to foster clean and digital mobility solutions. The authors refined eight theses on how digitalisation can foster sustainable mobility solutions and how to shape a supporting policy framework, which is aligning the financial and regulatory guardrails for ramping up a sustainable mobility system while gradually phasing down the usage of private cars.

Description: The challenges and also potentials of the energy transition are tremendous in Germany, as well as in Japan. Sometimes, structures of the old energy world need "creative destruction" to clear the way for innovations for a decarbonized, low-risk energy system. In these times of disruptive changes, a constructive and sometimes controversial dialog within leading industrial nation as Japan and Germany over the energy transition is even more important. The German-Japanese Energy Transition Council (GJETC) released a summarizing report for the first project phase 2016-2018. It includes jointly formulated recommendations for politics as well as a controversial dialogue part. The Council jointly states and recommends that: Ambitious long-term targets and strategies for a low-carbon energy system must be defined and ambitiously implemented; Germany and Japan as high technology countries need to take the leadership. Both countries will have to restructure their energy systems substantially until 2050 while maintaining their competitiveness and securing energy supply. Highest priority is given to the forced implementation of efficiency technologies and renewable energies, despite different views on nuclear energy. In both countries all relevant stakeholders - but above all the decision-makers on all levels of energy policy - need to increase their efforts for a successful implementation of the energy transition. Design of the electricity market needs more incentives for flexibility options and for the extensive expansion of variable power generation, alongside with strategies for cost reduction for electricity from photovoltaic and wind energy. The implementation gap of the energy efficiency needs to be closed by an innovative energy policy package to promote the principle of "Energy Efficiency First". Synergies and co-benefits of an enhanced energy and resource efficiency policy need to be realized. Co-existence of central infrastructure and the growing diversity of the activities for decentralization (citizens funding, energy cooperatives, establishment of public utility companies) should be supported. Scientific cooperation can be intensified by a joint working group for scenarios and by the establishment of an academic exchange program.

Description: The German-Japanese Energy Transition Council (GJETC) was established in 2016 by experts from research institutions, energy policy think tanks, and practitioners in Germany and Japan. The objectives and main activities of the Council and the supporting secretariats are to identify and analyze current and future issues regarding policy frameworks, markets, infrastructure, and technological developments in the energy transition, and to hold Council meetings to exchange ideas and propose better policies and strategies. In its second project phase (2018-2020), the GJETC had six members from academia on the Japanese side, and eight members on the German side, with one Co-Chair from each country. From October 2018 to March 2020, the GJETC worked on and debated six topics: 1) Digitalization and the energy transition. 2) Hydrogen society. 3) Review of German and Japanese long-term energy scenarios and their evaluation mechanism. 4) Buildings, energy efficiency, heating/cooling. 5) Integration costs of renewable energies. 6) Transport and sector coupling. The outputs and the recommendations of the second phase of the GJETC are summarized in this report.

Description: The sales of pedelecs are currently skyrocketing in Germany and in many other places. As a low-carbon means of mobility, pedelecs have the potential to make a substantial contribution to the mobility transition. This thesis employs practice theory as proposed by Shove et al. (2012) to investigate this quickly evolving phenomenon. The analysis is based on interviews with e-bike commuters which were investigated using template analysis and exploratory memos. To obtain a broad picture the practice, a maximum variance sampling strategy was carried out in two cities that vary substantially with regard to velomobility: Wuppertal and Münster. This thesis one hand presents the first encompassing account on the practice elements which commuting by pedelec is composed of. It hence contributes to the debate about the depiction of practices. Furthermore, the thesis finds that pedelec commuting should be conceptualized as a variant of velomobility and not as a variant of motoring or as an independent practice. Yet, the elements integrated in pedelec-commuting are found to clearly differ from those of cycling, so that pedelec-commuting meets the requirements of everyday life much better than commuting on non-electrified bikes. The findings of this thesis suggest several pathways to strengthening this novel practice. The capacity of e-biking to serve mundane trips can for example be supported through the normalization of the use of weather- and transport relevant materials and competences. Deeper linkages with interacting practices from other sectors, such as an integration of cycling materials (GPS-trackers) into policing practices, can also con-tribute to this goal. With regard to research, the present work offers starting points for quantifications, for example on the relative importance of single elements as well as on the characteristics of their relations among each other or with regard to typical constellations of elements.

Description: In the coming years, we must set a course that will allow as to protect our climate, reduce resource consumption, and preserve biodiversity. A profound ecological system change is on the horizon in all central areas of action of the economy and society, or transformation arenas. Digitalisation is a prerequisite for the success in this change and will impact these arenas at multiple levels: Digital technologies and applications will make it possible to improve current procedures, processes, and structures (Improve) and help us take the first steps towards new business models and frameworks (Convert). Despite this, digitalisation itself must be effective enough to facilitate a complete ecological restructuring of our society and lives to achieve more far-reaching economic transformation and value creation (Transform). The ability to obtain, link, and use data is a basic prerequisite for tapping into the potential of digitisation for sustainability transformation. However, data is not a homogeneous raw material. Data only gains value when we know the context in which it was collected and when we can use it for a specific purpose. The discussion on what structures and prerequisites are necessary for the system-changing use of data has only just begun. This study was conducted to serve as a starting point for this discussion as it describes the opportunities and prerequisites for a data-based sustainability transformation. This study focuses on environmental data, data from plants, machines, infrastructure, and IoT products. Our task will be to increase the use this data for systemic solutions (system innovation) within transformation arenas where different stakeholders are working together to initiate infrastructure, value chain, and business model transformation.

Description: On the basis of a literature research, this subtask develops a conceptional framework for a common understanding of CE within the project team and for the following work packages and tasks. After a brief introduction into the objectives and the context of a circular economy, a more elaborated look into the necessity of an explicit understanding of CE, the objectives, the spatial perspective of CE and the specific challenges within the CICERONE context will be done, in order to develop a basis for a common understanding within the project context. Circular economy can and has to be understood as an (eco-)innovation agenda. Therefore, the paper investigates the role policy has to play to support innovation for a CE transition, for creating the framework conditions and why CE has also to be build from the ground up. Finally, the paper looks from two perspectives at emerging trends and business models in a CE to sketch next steps towards the transition in a selection of central sectors. Conclusions are drawn on the basis of the insights gained by the preceding chapters.

Description: The key objective of this deliverable is to gain insights on and assess how CE is being implemented and R&I is being funded at regional level, e.g., via the RIS3 strategy and Structural Funds. As such it sets the scope for the project and provides the background against which programmes and measures can be understood, assessed, developed and recommended in succinct tasks and work packages. The objective of this report is to provide a concise overview of the current R&I priorities, as expressed in running and newly introduced funding and legislative measures with respect to Circular Economy in European countries and regions.

Description: A main goal of this study - which also functions as deliverable 210078-D07 of the Circular Economy Beacons (CEB) project - is to evaluate currently available frameworks that measure and operationalise Circular Economy (CE), with a particular focus on the urban context. The regional focus lies on the Western Balkan region, which is at the centre of the project. Such "Urban Circularity Hotspot Frameworks" (UCHF) aim at providing decision support for policy makers, companies, citizens etc. regarding the transition to CE within cities. Based on the analysis of different frameworks, suggestions are derived regarding UCHF suitable for the specific characteristics of Western Balkan municipalities, i.e. a Circular Economy Beacons Urban Circularity Hotspot Framework (CEB-UCHF) ready for short-term implementation.

Description: A sectoral perspective can help the Global Stocktake (GST) to effectively achieve its objective to inform Parties' in enhancing subsequent NDCs and in enhancing international cooperation. Specifically, granular and actionable sectoral lessons, grounded in country-driven assessments, should be identified and elaborated. To be effective, conversations on sectoral transformations need to synthesise key challenges and opportunities identified in the national analyses and link them to international enablers; focus on systemic interdependencies, involve diverse actors, and be thoroughly prepared including by pre-scoping points of convergences and divergence across transformations. We specifically recommend that: the co-facilitators of the Technical Dialogue use their (limited) mandate to facilitate an effective conversationon sectoral transformations e.g. by organising dedicated informal seminars in between formal negotiation sessions; key systemic transformations necessary toachieve net-zero by mid-century should be spelled out and included in the final decision or political declaration of the GST; and the political outcome of the GST should mandate follow-up processes at the regional level and encourage national-level conversations to translate the collective messages from GST into actionable and sector-specific policy recommendations.

Description: This paper analyses the potential of digital information technology to enable the reliable provision of product information along the plastics supply chain. The authors investigate the possible contribution of a product passport equipped with decentralised identifiers and verifiable credentials to overcome information deficits and information asymmetry in the circular plastics economy. Through this, high-quality plastics recycling could be enabled on a larger scale than currently possible.

Description: A large number and variety of activities are being undertaken to introduce Digital Product Passports (DPPs). However, only a few DPPs have made it into practice so far, so there is some uncertainty about which impact DPPs will actually have. With this paper, we aim to provide a structured overview of the current development of DPPs. We provide insights of 76 current corporate, policy, and research activities that exist and their objectives. To allow for a structured assessment and discussion of the diverse approaches we defined 13 criteria for a comparable description, categorization and evaluation. We expect that this overview will not only encourage feedback and contributions from the DPP community, as well as valuable discussions with and among experts. It is also intended to help promote and facilitate the adoption of DPPs for the Circular Economy by facilitating collaborations and suggestions for ongoing activities.

Description: What is necessary to reach net zero emissions in the transport sector on a global level? To keep limiting global warming to 1.5° C within reach, the world has to decarbonise by mid-century, with every sector contributing as much as possible as soon as possible. This paper identifies what has to be done in road transport, aviation, and shipping to achieve net zero emission in the transport sector. For this purpose, it first sets the scene by providing an overview of the origins and impacts of the concept of net zero emissions in international climate policy as well as of the current state and future prospects of global transport emissions using currently available scenarios for low-emission and net zero transport. While for staying below 1.5° C, the basic approach to reducing transport emissions remains unchanged from what has been suggested in the past, the set, intensity and pace of actions as to shift fundamentally. Without first drastically reducing traffic volume and shifting transport demand to low-emission modes, reaching net zero transport will not be feasible: the amount of additional electricity required to fully electrify the sector with renewable energy is otherwise just too huge. After portraying key instruments for achieving net zero emissions in land transport, aviation, and shipping, this paper identifies key barriers for net zero transport. Based on this analysis, the authors recommend the following to be able to move transport to net zero: 1. Adapt Decarbonisation Strategies to Different Transport Sub-sectors 2. Prioritise and Significantly Increase Investment in Zero-/low-carbon Infrastructure 3. Massively Invest in the Development and Roll out of Zero-/low-emission Technologies 4. Focus on a Just Transition to Overcome Social and Political Barriers 5. Increase International Support and Cooperation

Description: This thesis conceptualizes the school as a socio-technical system, in which change towards sustainable development and a transition towards more climate awareness are necessary. The multi-level perspective (MLP) framework is applied to the German school system and to climate protection projects (CPPs) as examples of niche activities integrating climate protection (CP) in the school. The thesis utilizes the analytical levels of the MLP (landscape, regime, and niche) and the concept of regulative, cognitive, and normative rules and addresses the question: How do actors in CPPs perceive drivers and barriers for transitioning towards more climate awareness in the German school system? The data were collected through expert interviews and analyzed by conducting a qualitative content analysis. The results show that the German school system is characterized by an inherent rigidity, deep-set normative role dynamics, and an unappreciated role of schools in society. They also highlight the importance of public pressure, strategic CP orientation, and hands-on approaches. CPPs can be a driving force for this in individual schools, but, overall, CP needs to be addressed more systematically in the school and more substantial efforts and reforms are necessary. Highly motivated niche actors play an important role and represent key drivers for such developments. This thesis reveals the complex and systemic nature of the challenges the German school system is faced with. It highlights the difficulties of integrating CP and the importance of substantial and transformative political action. The thesis demonstrates the crucial need to recognize the significance of schools and their actors for society and to integrate new methods and approaches into the school. This thesis also contributes to the body of literature on socio-technical systems and sustainability transitions. It offers an operationalization of the MLP and reveals strengths and limits as well as future research outlooks.

Description: As the worldwide remaining carbon budget decreases rapidly, countries across the globe are searching for solutions to limit greenhouse gas emissions. As the production and use of coal is among the most carbon-intensive processes, it is foreseeable that coal regions will be particularly affected by the consequences of a transformation towards a climate-neutral economy and energy system. Challenges arise in the area of energy production, environmental protection, but also for economic and social aspects in the transforming regions - often coined with the term "Just Transition". For the decision makers in coal regions, there is an urgent need for support tools that help to kick off measures to diversify the local economies while at the same time supporting the local workers and communities. The Wuppertal Institute aims to support coal regions worldwide by developing a Just Transition Toolbox, which illustrates the challenges and opportunities of a sustainable transition for a global audience. It comprises information about strategy development, sets recommendations for governance structures, fostering sustainable employment, highlights technology options and sheds light on the environmental rehabilitation and repurposing of coal-related sites and infrastructure. The toolbox builds on the work of the Wuppertal Institute for the EU Initiative for Coal Regions in Transition and takes into account country-specific findings from the SPIPA-partner countries India, Indonesia, South Africa, Japan, South Korea, Canada and the USA. The acronym SPIPA is short for "Strategic Partnerships for the Implementation of the Paris Agreement" an EU-BMU programme co-financed by the GIZ.

Description: The project "Plastic Credits - Financing the Transition to the Global Circular Economy" supports the implementation of a waste management structure in India's rural regions. By that it aims to improve the current waste collection and treatment structures in the pilot regions Goa, Maharashtra, and Kerala. Herein, the project focuses on low value plastics (LVP), and especially multi-layer plastics (MLP), that have no market value. In order to analyze the environmental impacts of the project, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was conducted. The considered environmental components comprise: greenhouse gas emissions, usage of primary resources, impacts on marine and terrestrial wildlife, standard of living, and economic costs.

Description: Deliverable D2.4 reports on the activities performed within Task 2.4 “Thermophysical properties of geothermal fluids” until the end of month 36 of the REFLECT project. The task breaks down into three subtasks of different scope: Task 2.4.1 - In situ measurements of fluid thermophysical properties, Task 2.4.2 - Thermoelectrical properties, and Task 2.4.3 - Modelling of density and heat capacity. Overall, a better understanding of the thermophysical properties of highly saline geothermal fluids was obtained by a combination of analytical data evaluation, improvement of measurement devices, laboratory measurements and numerical modelling.

Description: This report summarises the webinars organised in the REFLECT project between 2021 and 2022, in the framework of the WP6 Dissemination and exploitation, Task 6.2 – Ensure transferability and exploitation of project results. The Task 6.2 planned to inform the stakeholders identified in the matrix developed under Task 6.1 about the project activities and main outcomes. For this purpose, periodic webinars have been organised between 2021 and 2022 presenting these results and information.

Description: This report presents the stakeholder workshops organised in the REFLECT project, in the framework of the WP6 Dissemination and exploitation, Task 6.2 – Ensure transferability and exploitation of project results. The Task 6.2 planned to inform the stakeholders identified in the matrix developed under Task 6.1 about the project activities and main outcomes. For this purpose, two physical stakeholder workshops were organised during the project. The first workshop, at the start of the project, was dedicated to a first communication of the project’s objectives and expected outcomes. It also had the aim to receive feedback from geothermal operators on their most significant operational problems related to geothermal fluid properties. This first workshop was, therefore, limited to the Advisory Board members in order to build on their specific experience. The second stakeholder workshop presented the project’s results most relevant to geothermal operators or service companies/consultants. The objective of the second stakeholder workshop was to share projects results with a broad group of stakeholders. Therefore, it was widely promoted and the registration was open to all and free of charge. Both workshops received positive feedback from stakeholders and project partners.

Description: Global growth of industry and population leads to increasing demand of industrial and consumer goods. This necessitates an increase in mining activities and resource extraction. Resulting mine waste, and tailings serve as a repository for unused overburden and for the accumulation of processed waste-products. It is typical for so-called secondary iron minerals (SIMs) to be formed during the weathering of these materials under different pH-value conditions. Acid mine drainage (AMD) can result from rainwater infiltration and chemical processes within the deposited mass. Therefore, mine tailings must be spatially separated from their surroundings and monitored. The emergence of remote sensing methods provides new opportunities to survey large areas. In this work a remote sensing approach was used to discriminate SIMs from surrounding material and minerals and subsequently classify different SIMs on the surface. This allows to reconstruct (/comprehend the former) the acidic environments that prevailed during the formation of these minerals and gives indication of the occurrence of AMD. Various SIMs have pH-values ranging from strongly acidic (〈1.5, i.e., Schwertmannite and Copiapite) to neutral (〉7, i.e., Hematite). Classifying these SIMs, leads to the identification of contaminated areas. This method was developed based on a laboratory dataset with different minerals and vegetation samples. The datasets were originally acquired with hyperspectral HySpex cameras in the laboratory and were resampled to WorldView-3 (WV3) and Sentinel-2 (S2) band characteristics for analysis. A combination of different filter methods made pixel-based separation of SIMs possible. The results were subsequently classified using a RF-model to distinguish between different SIMs. In this training dataset, the RF model achieved an overall accuracy of 94.44% for the WV3 and S2 datasets (the area-adjusted overall accuracy was 93.45% and 93.62%, respectively). Subsequently, a second laboratory dataset with field samples was analysed using the same technique and the classification results were compared with XRD analyses of the samples. Satellite images from WV3 and S2 sensors were then analysed using this methodology. The results for the study area of volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits in the Republic of Cyprus, namely Skouriotissa and Apliki, were then compared. The results for the Skouriotissa mine region showed a potential area of 17.22 to 45.58 ha of strongly acidic environment (by classification of Jarosite, pH~2.4) and 8.86 to 26 ha of moderately acidic environment/ contamination (by classification of Goethite/Limonite, pH~5) based on the WV3 satellite image. 27.32 to 87.04 ha and 6.12 to 38.24 ha for the S2 image, respectively.

Description: Das Wachstum von Industrie und Bevölkerungszahl weltweit sowie technologische Fortschritte und Entwicklungen führen zu einer steigenden Nachfrage von Industrie- und Konsumgütern. Als Folge entstehen eine erhöhte Rohstoffnachfrage und ein Ausbau der Ressourcengewinnung sowie des Bergbaus. Abfallprodukte des Bergbaus und nicht genutztes Material (Abraum) werden meist in oder um den Abbaustandort aufgeschüttet. Diese sind natürlichen Degradationsprozessen ausgesetzt, bei denen saure Abwässer entstehen können. Dies geschieht durch die Verwitterung des Pyrit Minerals infolge der Infiltration von Regenwasser durch das Material. In unterschiedlichen pH-Wertumgebungen bilden sich unterschiedliche Minerale aus. Typisch sind die sogenannten sekundären Eisenminerale (SIMs – secondary iron minerals). Ein Auftreten dieser kann daher zu einer pH-Wert Abschätzung genutzt werden und mögliche saure Grubenwässer aufzeigen. Fernerkundungsmethoden bieten die Möglichkeit große Areale oberflächlich zu erfassen und abzubilden, was zu einer weitreichenden Überwachung genutzt werden kann. In dieser Arbeit wurde eine Methode auf Grundlage von multispektralen Fernerkundungsdaten (Satellitenbilder von WorldView-3 und Sentinel-2) entwickelt, welche sekundäre Eisenminerale identifiziert und klassifiziert. Die Identifikation wurde durch den Einsatz von Masken erreicht. So fand eine Unterscheidung zwischen Pixeln statt, die und die keine typische spektrale Signale von SIMs aufweisen. Die Klassifikation wurde mit Hilfe eines RF-Modells durchgeführt. Dieses wurde anhand synthetischer Labordatensätze entwickelt und validiert. Im Trainingsdatensatz erreichte das RF-Modell eine Gesamtgenauigkeit von 94,44 % für die WorldView-3 und Sentinel-2 Datensätze. Es wurden drei Klassen mit verschiedenen pH-Wert-Identifikationen unterschieden: Hämatit (pH〉7), Goethit/ Limonit (pH~5) und Jarosit (pH~2.4). Die Methodik wurde anschließend auf Satellitenbilder aus der Republik Zypern angewendet. Dabei standen die Minengebiete Skouriotissa und Apliki im Fokus, welche zu den vulkanogenen Massivsulfid-Lagerstätten (VMS-type) zählen. Die Ergebnisse für das Skouriotissa-Minengebiet ergaben auf der Grundlage des WV3-Satellitenbildes eine potenzielle Fläche von 17,22 bis 45,58 ha in stark saurem Milieu (Jarosit) und 8,86 bis 26 ha in mäßig saurem Milieu (Goethit/ Limonit) bzw. 27,32 bis 87,04 ha und 6,12 bis 38,24 ha für das Sentinel-2 Satellitenbild.

Description: The evaluation of the effect of organic compounds and microorganisms in formation and precipitation of colloids using artificial brines was performed by TNO using selected organic compounds based on the analysis of sampled fluids corresponding to the information gathered on the sites by GFZ. The same was done with biofilms prepared with microorganisms (Thermaerobacter sp., Penicilium citrinum) isolated from geothermal stations by UNINE. All carboxylic acids tested had an inhibiting effect on the precipitation of calcium carbonate. The biofilm components seem to develop intense interaction with the ions, nuclei and/or crystals formed during the executed experiments. In the presence of biofilms, the transformation of the intrinsically formed vaterite morphology to equilibrium calcite morphologies is delayed or hindered and scaling was inhibited.

Description: This Technical Report presents data from a solaroptical spectral investigation in the area of the Rammelsberg non-ferrous metal mine in the Harz Mountains near the city of Goslar. The investigation refers to the local communion stone quarry (“Kommunionssteinbruch”) above the former mining area. As this is a nature conservation zone, all measurements were carried out in-situ without any physical sampling action. The field measurements were carried out in June 2019 in cooperation with Bergbau Goslar GmbH and the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ). The data were collected within the research project ReMon (Remote Monitoring of Tailings Using Satellites and Drones, https://www.gfzpotsdam. de/en/section/remote-sensing-and-geoinformatics/projects/remon/) which aims at developing a prototypical monitoring system for mine tailings by using different sensors scaling from satellite- to drone-based. The data were analysed in the unpublished B.Sc. thesis of Constantin Hildebrand (Hildebrand, 2019). Sixteen different surface materials were determined and examined on-site. Point and imaging hyperspectral data were acquired (with the spectroradiometer PSR+ 3500 operating in the range of 350 - 2500 nm and with the Cubert FireflEYEUHD-185 hyperspectral camera with a range of 450 - 950 nm, respectively), both data sets are presented as spectral libraries. Chemical analyses of the samples were performed by using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). LIBS data were collected using a handheld LIBS analyzer, the SciAps Z-300. In this report the different in-situ measurements are presented for each of the sixteen samples. Detailed information about the analysed material, the area of spectral sampling and geochemical analyses are explained in this report and can also be found in the additional Excel® sheet provided with the data.

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Description: This document is a collection of the REFLECT factsheets produced for promoting the project results.

Description: This deliverable summarizes the activities related to the development of predictive models to simulate the impact of fluid flow hydrodynamics and chemical composition uncertainties on the production behavior of geothermal assets. Specifically, in this report, the mineral precipitation behavior of the geothermal fluid was studied as both uncertainties in the fluid composition and the interaction between the fluid flow hydrodynamics and mineral precipitation can impact the deposition of the scaling. A workflow was developed to couple a multiphase flow solver to thermodynamics libraries and models which are used to simulate the precipitation amount and kinetics of different geothermal minerals. This coupled workflow will enable a better estimation of the location and amount of precipitated minerals in different location of a geothermal system. A detailed roughness model was developed to simulate the impact of mineral deposition to the fluid flow. In addition, an uncertainty quantification workflow was combined with the modelling framework to estimate the uncertainty bounds of the scaling and precipitation resulted from uncertainties in the fluid composition characterization and operational settings. The modelling and uncertainty quantification workflow was demonstrated on a barite precipitation case study in a heat exchanger. Initially, the impact of geo-chemical uncertainties (in fluid composition) on the mineral precipitation was assessed. Afterwards, the coupled fluid flow and precipitation model with the developed roughness model was tested. Finally, the coupled uncertainty quantification workflow with the coupled model was simulated to assess the impact of fluid composition uncertainties on mineral deposition. As an outcome of the simulation, the impact of uncertainties in the mineral deposition on reduction in the production rate and heat transfer (within the heat exchanger) was calculated. The developed framework is flexible and generic which can be applied to various production and operational challenges in geothermal assets. In the future, the workflow can be used to optimize the design and operation of geothermal assets considering various sources of uncertainties which is not only fluid composition but also operational conditions (link to D4.5 REFLECT), robust modelling of other geo-chemical and flow assurance challenges in geothermal sites or even developing geo-chemical risk maps for different sites within EU (link to WP3 REFLECT).

Description: These short, informal newsletters, issued every month on approximately the first day of the month, are intended to keep IUGG Member National Committees informed about the activities of the IUGG Associations and actions of the IUGG Secretariat. Special issues are sometimes distributed mid-month as deemed appropriate. The content usually includes a synopsis of scientific meetings during the following three months in order to illustrate the disciplinary and geographical diversity of IUGG interests. E-Journals may be forwarded to those who will benefit from the information.

Description: This Deliverable reports results for the Tuzla Geothermal Field (TGF), which is located in the western part of Turkey. In this field, there are a total of four geothermal wells (three production wells and one reinjection wells). The TGF has a binary cycle geothermal power plant. The most pressing issue in the TGF is silica-based scale. This study lists the results from analysis of physical and chemical properties of the geothermal fluid. It also includes the mineral analysis from scale samples of some of the wells of the geothermal field. Those results have been utilised in geothermometry to estimate temperatures within the TGF. Finally, mineral precipitation is investigated with a focus on silica-based scaling.

Description: Science and education are central fields and a lever for sustainable development. With the newly developed student teaching and learning format "Transformative Innovation Lab" - TIL for short - students are to be enabled to conduct independent transformative research. To this end, the researchers, under the direction of the Wuppertal Institute, developed and tested the new learning concept in the project "Development, testing and dissemination of new qualification offers for 'change agents' for transformative learning using the real-world laboratory approach" (EEVA). The detailed results and numerous implementation tips have been published in a practical handbook aimed at academic teaching staff and other multipliers.

Description: Transport is a key economic sector in Europe, it influences the opportunities of production and consumption. By improving access to markets, goods and services, employment, housing, health care, and education, transportation projects can increase economic productivity and development. The ability to be mobile is also a prerequisite for inclusion. At the same time, transport induces a range of negative effects, most notably the emission of greenhouse gases. At the urban level, motorised transport significantly contributes to air pollution. Since 2013, the European Commission has increased EU funding for projects: The "Urban Mobility Package" provided EUR 13 billion for investments into sustainable urban mobility between 2014 and 2020. This has allowed cities across Europe to put in place a range of initiatives. European funding programmes and financing institutions such as the European Investment Bank increasingly insist on a contribution to more sustainable mobility systems in their financing commitments. The impact, however, is mixed. The European Court of Auditors warned that EU cities must shift more traffic to sustainable transport modes. They found that EU-funded projects were not always based on sound urban mobility strategies and were not as effective as intended. In many EU member states, the transfer of EU funds to cities is contingent on the existence of a SUMP. A statistical analysis of the modal split of 396 cities in the European Union revealed that the implementation of Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans positively correlates with a reduction of the share of the private car in the cities. Such plans include strategies and activities to pursue sustainable mobility. This report analyses transport and mobility in Bratislava with a view to providing a clear picture about its current sustainability state. It points to both good practice and areas of improvement. In so doing, it provides recommendations how mobility in the city can be developed increasingly sustainable. Bratislava is the capital and largest city of Slovakia. In 2016, the population of the city was 426,000 inhabitants, the Bratislava region was home to 642,000 inhabitants.

Description: The first step of complete transformation will be utilizing digital technologies and applications to improve current procedures, processes, and structures (Improve). Next, complete digitalisation will pave the way for new business models and framework conditions (Convert). Finally, comprehensive transformation of the economy and value creation will ensure the effective reorientation of society and lifestyles towards sustainability (Transform). This last step is critical for a successful ecological transformation, or a "green transformation", must be placed front and centre during international debate. Through this report, we aim to highlight and discuss the opportunities that digitalisation can bring to Germany. In particular, we will discuss three exemplary areas of ecological transformation where action is necessary: 1) A digital and circular economy that uses data to increase resource efficiency. 2) Intelligent, sustainable mobility that connects us in eco-friendly ways. 3) Transparent transitions towards sustainable food chains and agriculture. This report represents the first phase of the Shaping Digital Transformation project. In this report, we will outline the framework of our project to create a starting point for further debates.

Description: Two thirds of today's world trade is based on global value chains and supply networks. Purely regional supply chains have become less important in recent decades. The effects of these globalised structures are manifold. On the one hand, they promote employment and generate prosperity. On the other hand, they are beset by extreme social, ecological and economic imbalances. The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the fragility of existing supply chain systems. The lockdown continues to disrupt complex supply chains and many problems of existing production and consumption continue to worsen. COVID-19 is one example of the crises that can shake globally networked supply chains in the short term. Other crises, such as climate change, develop more insidiously and are less immediately recognisable. Different as they are, such crises have one thing in common: they highlight the vulnerability of global social and economic structures and illustrate the impact of global trade on the regions and people of the world. This is precisely where global sustainability strategy comes in - it aims to fundamentally reduce differences and inequalities in opportunities and quality of life. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced the entire world into upheaval, creating an opportunity to make sustainability a central political resilience strategy. In the wake of the Corona pandemic, the discussion about resilient communities has flared up. In order to guarantee supply in the face of such crises, these should be more strongly regional and circular in their economic approach and global and sustainable in their perspective. The aim should be sustainable, transparent, non-exploitative supply chains that guarantee the security of supply to cover basic needs and public services despite sudden changes and crises. This discussion paper draws a future scenario of globally cooperative, circular regional economies that fundamentally reduce global inequalities in opportunities and quality of life, while at the same time permanently preserving the natural foundations of life.

Description: Cities and municipalities have had to endure a great deal in recent years, including a global coronavirus pandemic, fire disasters in the US and devastating floods like those in Germany. These are also consequences of anthropogenic climate change, and cities have to be better prepared for such events in future. In particular, the cata-strophic flooding Germany experienced in July 2021 demonstrated how ill-equipped municipalities are for this type of incident. In this paper, we look at how cities can become more resilient, sustainable and ready for the future.

Description: Nutrition is one of the most important areas for the great transformation. So how can a shift towards a sustainable food system be achieved? This paper addresses this question - based on more than ten years of research on sustainable nutrition at the Wuppertal Institute. It focuses on public catering, because even small changes - for example in the choice of ingredients - have a huge impact here. With appropriate policy frameworks, public catering can serve as an easily accessible place for consumers to experience sustainable food and at the same time be a reliable buyer of biodiversity and climate-friendly food from farmers. However, other actors are also needed for a transformation of the food system: The "Zukunftsimpuls" addresses politics, (agricultural) industry, science and every individual - because the transformation of the food system is a task for the entire society.

Description: More and more companies are announcing their intention to become climate-neutral and numerous companies already offer climate-neutral products or services: From climate-neutral parcel delivery to air travel. But what exactly do the companies' net-zero targets mean? Is the target set ambitious? And what role does offsetting play, i.e., purchasing carbon credits that are accounted against the company's own climate target? The approaches behind the proclaimed targets are often difficult to understand. Against this background, this Zukunftsimpuls provides ten recommendations for the definition and implementation of neutrality targets. Among other things, the authors advocate the use of a robust database as the basis for net-zero targets, emphasize the importance of transparent communication, and highlight the role that offsetting should play. Purchased carbon credits should make as limited a contribution as possible for meeting climate targets and should only be used to offset emissions that cannot be reduced or avoided. More generally, net-zero targets should not be made the sole criterion for ambitious climate strategies. Rather, they are a building block of a much more comprehensive strategy of corporate climate action.