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  • 1
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: This reprint explores the challenges faced by Europe as it transitions to renewable energy sources to reduce carbon emissions and enhance energy security. With 10 articles covering various countries and sectors, the book delves into issues such as solar and wind energy intermittency, the role of energy policies, and the integration of energy grids and markets. The collection also includes studies on the impact of energy policies on residential energy efficiency, the use of financial incentives for eco-friendly housing, and the benefits of district heating. The reprint aims to provide policymakers, academics, and practitioners with valuable insights into the current state of renewable energy in Europe and the policies and actions that can be taken to achieve a sustainable energy future.
    Keywords: energy efficiency ; econometrics ; EPCs ; incentive policies ; Portugal ; natural gas ; carbon dioxide emissions ; economic growth ; consumption of renewables ; renewable energy ; energy transition ; energy security ; energy policies ; electricity prices ; biofuel ; levelized cost of heat ; heat supply ; thermal energy ; delivery costs ; environmental tax rates ; solid fuel boiler ; clean technologies ; financial development ; pollutant emission ; renewable energy consumption ; Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) ; coal supply ; model of production type ; flow representation ; domestic production and imports ; district heating ; combined heat and power ; review ; energy policy ; eco-friendly houses ; energy economics ; Lisbon ; sustainability ; statistical analysis ; sustainable development ; green investment ; green growth ; green energy ; electromobility ; development conditions ; market sectors ; data analysis ; statistical methods ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCM Development economics & emerging economies
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: This reprint explores the complex relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. The reprint contains 14 papers covering a wide range of topics related to energy use efficiency in various countries and economic sectors. The articles include studies on adopting renewable energy sources, the impact of battery electric vehicles on greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union, the influence of philanthropy on eco-efficiency, and the impact of energy efficiency regulations on energy poverty. This reprint also includes studies on the race to zero emissions in MINT economies, the competitiveness of the cultural industry and its impact on Chinese economic growth, and the impact of education levels on the energy–growth–environment nexus. This reprint serves as a call to action for all stakeholders to contribute to the global energy transition by identifying and analyzing the effects of renewable energy consumption on economic growth. It inspires policymakers, researchers, and practitioners to embrace sustainable energy practices and support the development of measures that foster green growth. Therefore, this reprint provides important insights into energy use efficiency theories, methods, and diverse applications, making it a valuable resource for anyone interested in the future of energy and its impact on the global economy.
    Keywords: wood pellets ; diffusion of innovation ; forest products business ; energy policy ; qualitative interviews ; industry leaders ; wood economy ; residential heating technology ; battery electric vehicles ; greenhouse gas emissions ; energy consumption ; method of moments quantile regression ; European Union ; economic complexity ; export quality ; ecological footprint ; club convergence ; panel quantile regression ; environmental quality ; corruption ; income level ; renewable energy ; Africa ; financial deepening ; financial development ; sustainable energy supply ; domestic investment ; autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) ; institutional quality ; natural resources ; economic growth ; China ; CCO2 emissions ; disintegrated trade ; MINT nations ; foreign direct investment ; bilateral trade ; panel ARDL model ; carbon dioxide emissions ; energy efficiency ; industrial structure ; energy consumption structure ; fsQCA ; Chinese economic growth ; competitiveness index ; cultural industry ; panel regression models ; eco-efficiency ; philanthropy ; DEA ; Stochastic Frontier ; carbon emissions ; education ; environmental pollution ; CO2 emissions ; human capital ; investment ; sustainability ; econometrics ; empirical ; energy economics ; energy poverty ; energy regulation ; Lisbon ; policies ; Portugal ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJC Business strategy
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: This open access book explores the energy transition / energy poverty nexus in the European Union, including the implications of the transition and related policies for the household sector. Written by experts on energy economics, energy studies and related fields, it examines the impacts and costs of the energy transition (including those caused by carbon pricing) for the economy and for families in particular. Providing case studies on Germany, France, Italy, Spain and Greece, the contributing authors highlight current overlapping vulnerabilities for households, show the effects of decarbonization policies on relative prices, and discuss strategies for reducing energy poverty while also decarbonizing. Moreover, they address household and consumer vulnerabilities in connection with societal transformations such as demographic changes and the aging populations of Europe and particularly Italy. Given its scope, the book will appeal to scholars and students of energy studies, energy economics and related fields, and to anyone interested in the benefits and costs of the ongoing energy transition.
    Keywords: energy poverty ; energy systems ; energy economics ; energy transition ; energy prices ; household energy consumption ; gender-energy-poverty nexus ; energy demand of households ; carbon pricing ; Energy poverty mitigation ; Policies to enhance decarbonisation ; Decarbonisation costs ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TH Energy technology & engineering
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Cambridge University Press
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: This book is for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners who want to understand the dynamics and governance of low-carbon transitions. It shows how UK electricity, heat, and mobility systems are being reconfigured and explains the varying speed, depth, and scope of change. Available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
    Keywords: climate change ; low-carbon energy transitions ; sustainability ; energy ; transport ; energy economics ; energy policy ; renewable energy ; environmental studies
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Cambridge University Press
    Publication Date: 2022-08-09
    Description: This comprehensive volume focuses on the politics of fossil fuel subsidies and provides insights from numerous case studies, applying a variety of political and economic theoretical approaches. Ideal for researchers, practitioners, and students of political science, international relations, and public policy. This title is also available as Open Access.
    Keywords: energy policy ; energy economics ; environmental policy ; environmental science ; climate change ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNK Environment, transport & planning law::LNKJ Environment law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNC Company, commercial & competition law::LNCR Energy & natural resources law ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNT Social impact of environmental issues
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Energy systems are transiting from conventional energy systems to modernized and smart energy systems. This Special Issue covers new advances in the emerging technologies for modern energy systems from both technical and management perspectives. In modern energy systems, an integrated and systematic view of different energy systems, from local energy systems and islands to national and multi-national energy hubs, is important. From the customer perspective, a modern energy system is required to have more intelligent appliances and smart customer services. In addition, customers require the provision of more useful information and control options. Another challenge for the energy systems of the future is the increased penetration of renewable energy sources. Hence, new operation and planning tools are required for hosting renewable energy sources as much as possible.
    Keywords: hybrid systems ; photovoltaic ; wind energy ; energy economics ; RES investments ; Zimbabwe ; Africa and energy security ; electricity price forecasting (EPF) ; wind power forecasting (WPF) ; spot market ; balancing market ; ARMAX ; NARX-ANN ; 100% renewable power system ; secondary voltage control ; tertiary voltage control ; grid code ; wind farms ; photovoltaic parks ; energy transition ; renewable energy sources ; island power systems ; hybrid power plants ; wind turbines ; battery energy storage systems ; marine microgrid ; tidal generation system ; black widow optimization ; supplementary control ; fractional integrator ; non-linear fractional integrator ; 100% renewable power generation ; nexus ; food ; energy ; water ; greenhouse gas emission ; microgrid ; ancillary services ; energy storage ; power management ; solar hot waters ; thermosyphon ; thermal performance ; Morocco ; economic outcomes ; CO2 environmental assessment ; solar system ; domestic hot water production ; solar water heaters ; individual and collective solar water heater systems ; dynamic simulation ; TRNbuild ; TRNSYSstudio ; energy management ; residential and commercial loads ; short-term load forecasting ; deep learning ; bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Energy Systems Engineering is one of the most exciting and fastest growing fields in engineering. Modeling and simulation plays a key role in Energy Systems Engineering because it is the primary basis on which energy system design, control, optimization, and analysis are based. This book contains a specially curated collection of recent research articles on the modeling and simulation of energy systems written by top experts around the world from universities and research labs, such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Yale University, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, National Energy Technology Laboratory of the US Department of Energy, University of Technology Sydney, McMaster University, Queens University, Purdue University, the University of Connecticut, Technical University of Denmark, the University of Toronto, Technische Universität Berlin, Texas A&M, the University of Pennsylvania, and many more. The key research themes covered include energy systems design, control systems, flexible operations, operational strategies, and systems analysis. The addressed areas of application include electric power generation, refrigeration cycles, natural gas liquefaction, shale gas treatment, concentrated solar power, waste-to-energy systems, micro-gas turbines, carbon dioxide capture systems, energy storage, petroleum refinery unit operations, Brayton cycles, to name but a few.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; FCMP ; modeling and simulation ; multiphase equilibrium ; modeling ; polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) ; dynamic simulation ; simulation ; multi-scale systems engineering ; process simulation ; cycling ; time-delay ; exergy loss ; gas path analysis ; oil and gas ; solar PV ; optimization ; second law efficiency ; auto thermal reformer ; friction factor ; optimal battery operation ; biodiesel ; energy ; time-varying operation ; efficiency ; process synthesis and design ; nonsmooth modeling ; mixture ratio ; supercritical CO2 ; dynamic optimization ; technoeconomic analysis ; work and heat integration ; compressibility factor ; multi-objective optimisation ; circulating fluidized bed boiler ; wind power ; naphtha recovery unit ; cost optimization ; recompression cycle ; hybrid Life Cycle Assessment ; post-combustion CO2 capture ; piecewise-linear function generation ; solar energy ; industrial process heat ; kriging ; statistical model ; supercritical pulverized coal (SCPC) ; parabolic trough ; combined cycle ; H2O-LiBr working pair ; linearization ; process integration ; smith predictor ; process design ; analysis by synthesis ; MINLP ; methyl-oleate ; diagnostics ; offshore wind ; double-effect system ; shale gas condensate ; geothermal energy ; multi-loop control ; R123 ; waste to energy ; hybrid system ; cogeneration ; energy storage ; energy efficiency ; nonlinear mathematical programming ; superstructure ; concentrating solar thermal ; desalination ; modelling ; binary cycle ; organic Rankine cycle ; refuse derived fuel ; power plants ; WHENS ; process control ; compressor modeling ; energy systems ; PTC ; life cycle analysis ; natural gas transportation ; isentropic exponent ; top-down models ; thermal storage ; supercritical carbon dioxide ; operations ; sustainable process design ; hybrid solar ; energy management ; R245fa ; building blocks ; energy economics ; micro gas turbine ; CSP ; fuel cost minimization problem ; CST ; palladium membrane hydrogen separation ; battery degradation ; optimal control ; RK-ASPEN ; process systems engineering ; supervisory control ; absorption refrigeration ; concentrating solar power ; shale gas condensate-to-heavier liquids ; Dieng ; DMR liquefaction processes ; dynamic modeling ; Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) ; load-following ; demand response ; Indonesia ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The effects of human-caused global warming are obvious, requiring new strategies and approaches. The concept of business-as-usual is now no longer beneficial. Extraction of renewable energy in marine environments represents a viable solution and an important path for the future. These huge renewable energy resources in seas and oceans can be harvested, including wind, tide, and waves. Despite the initial difficulties related mostly to the elevated operational risks in the harsh marine environment, newly developed technologies are economically effective or promising. Simultaneously, many challenges remain to be faced. These are the main issues targeted by the present book, which is associated with the Special Issue of Energies Journal entitled “Renewable Energy in Marine Environment”. Papers on innovative technical developments, reviews, case studies, and analytics, as well as assessments, and papers from different disciplines that are relevant to the topic are included. From this perspective, we hope that the results presented are of interest to for scientists and those in related fields such as energy and marine environments, as well as for a wider audience.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; T1-995 ; moored floating wave-energy converter ; levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) ; MILDwave ; marine energy ; coupling ; renewable energy ; end fitting ; multi-DOF WECs ; HVAC ; hydraulic ; OceanWave3D ; ocean energy ; wave flume experiment ; capacity factor ; spatial resolution ; WEC farm ; time scale ; wave energy converter ; control system ; offshore wind turbines ; nonlinear wave condition ; design optimization ; NEMOH ; ocean renewable energy ; scour protection damage ; wind speed ; site measurements ; DualSPHysics ; Caspian Sea ; jacket ; laboratory tests ; turbulence ; sealing performance ; oscillating water column ; LCOE ; HVDC ; offshore wind farm ; turbulence kinetic energy ; wave propagation ; marine environment ; far field ; wide-graded materials ; ocean renewable technologies ; optical measurements ; numerical modeling ; Mild-slope wave propagation model ; Brazilian ocean energy ; short crested waves ; pressure penetration ; PTO system tuning ; climate change conditions ; wave energy converters ; experimental validation ; model coupling ; open boundaries ; mooring-line tension ; DC collection ; unbonded flexible pipe ; 6 degrees of freedom motion ; WECwakes project ; ADCP ; ocean source potential ; near field ; offshore turbines ; wave energy converter arrays ; cost-benefit analysis ; smoothed particle hydrodynamics ; temperature ; energy economics ; linearization ; waves-current interaction ; length scale ; erosion patterns ; numerical coupling ; variable depth effects ; BEM ; PTO system ; PTO-sim ; wave energy ; wave-current interaction ; large scale experiments ; wave–structure interaction ; wave propagation model ; sediment transport ; offshore wind ; WEC array ; periodic lateral boundaries ; WEC-sim ; turbulence intensity ; acoustic measurements ; scour ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Since 2005, the OECD and IEA have been examining the possibility to expand international carbon markets by granting broader access to developing countries. This note summarises key elements in this area, drawing on earlier publications done under the aegis of the Annex I Expert Group on the UNFCCC (AIXG).
    Pages: Online-Ressource (6 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This special early excerpt of WEO-2009 is a contribution from the energy sector to inform the negotiations leading into Copenhagen. It summarises the results of a fully-updated Reference Sceario, detailing by sector and by country/region the trends in energy use and emissions and the investments and funding needed to meet the 450 Scenario.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 11
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Industry accounts for one-third of global energy use and almost 40% of worldwide CO2 emissions. Achieving substantial emissions reduction in the future will require urgent action from industry. Industry accounts for one-third of global energy use and almost 40% of worldwide CO2 emissions. Achieving substantial emissions reduction in the future will require urgent action from industry. What are the likely future trends in energy use and CO2 emissions from industry? What impact could the application of best available technologies have on these trends? Which new technologies are needed if these sectors are to fully play their role in a more secure and sustainable energy future? Energy Technology Transitions for Industry addresses these questions through detailed sectoral and regional analyses, building on the insights of crucial IEA findings, such as Energy Technology Perspectives 2008: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050. It contains new indicators and methodologies as well as scenario results for the following sectors: iron and steel, cement, chemicals, pulp and paper and aluminium sectors. The report discusses the prospects for new low-carbon technologies and outlines potential technology transition paths for the most important industrial sectors. This publication is one of three new end-use studies, together with transport and buildings, which look at the role of technologies in transforming the way energy is used in these sectors.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (326 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 12
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: An Assessment of Technology, Policy and Financial Issues Relating to CMM in China, based on Interviews Conducted at Coal Mines in Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 13
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper discusses coal mine methane emissions (CMM) in the Russian Federation and the potential for their productive utilisation. It highlights specific opportunities for cost-effective reductions of CMM from oil and natural gas facilities, coal mines and landfills, with the aim of improving knowledge about effective policy approaches.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (70 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 14
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: China’s rapid economic growth has aroused intense interest around the world. Policy makers, industrialists, investors, environmentalists, researchers and others want to better understand the issues that this populous nation faces as it further develops an already thriving economy largely fuelled by coal. This study sheds light on the Chinese coal supply and transformation sectors. China’s rapid economic growth has aroused intense interest around the world. Policy makers, industrialists, investors, environmentalists, researchers and others want to better understand the issues that this populous nation faces as it further develops an already thriving economy largely fuelled by coal. This study sheds light on the Chinese coal supply and transformation sectors. China’s coal, mined locally and available at a relatively low cost, has brought enormous benefits to energy consumers in China and to those outside the country who enjoy the products of its coal-based economy. Yet from another perspective, China’s coal use has a high cost. Despite progress, health and safety in the thousands of small coal mines lag far behind the standards achieved in China’s modern, large mines. Environmental degradation is a real and pressing problem at all stages of coal production, supply and use. Adding to these burdens, emissions of carbon dioxide are of concern to the Chinese government as it embarks on its own climate protection strategy. Technology solutions are already transforming the way coal is used in China and elsewhere. This study explores the context in which the development and deployment of these technologies can be accelerated. Providing a large amount of new data, it describes in detail the situation in China as well as the experiences of other countries in making coal cleaner. Above all, the report calls for much greater levels of collaboration – existing bi-lateral and multi-lateral co-operation with China on coal is found lacking. China’s growing openness presents many commercial opportunities. Establishing a global market for cleaner coal technologies is key to unlocking the potential of technology – one of ten major recommendations made in this study.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (320 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 15
    Unknown
    Paris : OECD/IEA
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Since WEO-2008, the economic downturn has led to a drop in energy use, CO2 emissions and energy investment. Is this an opportunity to arrest climate change or a threat that any economic upturn might be stifled at birth? What package of commitments and measures should the climate negotiators at Copenhagen put together if they really want to stop global temperatures rising? How much would it cost? And how much might the developed world have to pay to finance action elsewhere? How big is the gas resource base and what is the typical pattern of production from a gas field? What does the unconventional gas boom in the United States mean for the rest of the world? Are we headed for a global gas glut? What role will gas play in the future energy mix? And how might the way gas is priced change? All these questions and many others are answered in WEO-2009. The data are extensive, the projections more detailed than ever and the analyses compelling.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (696 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9789264061309
    Language: English
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  • 16
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Coal Mine Methane in China
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 Seiten)
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  • 17
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This article assesses the long-term economic and climatic effects of introducing price caps and price floors in hypothetical global climate change mitigation policy. Based on emission trends, abatement costs and equilibrium climate sensitivity from IPCC and IEA reports, this quantitative analysis confirms that price caps could significantly reduce economic uncertainty. This uncertainty stems primarily from unpredictable economic growth and energy prices, and ultimately unabated emission trends. In addition, the development of abatement technologies is uncertain. Furthermore,this analysis shows that rigid targets may entail greater economic risks with little or no comparative advantage for the climate. More ambitious emission objectives, combined with price caps and price floors, could still entail significantly lower expected costs while driving similar, or even slightly better, climatic outcomes in probabilistic terms.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 18
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The IEA has identified energy efficiency as essential to achieving a sustainable energy future. In order to improve energy efficiency in industry one of the priority areas for further action is the promotion of more and higher quality energy management (EM) activity. However, there are significant gaps in the current implementation of EM. One method of bridging these gaps would be the creation of an EM Action NetworK (EMAK) to bring practical support to energy managers, connect energy managers to energy policy makers, and interconnect these networks globally.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 19
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The report, released at the COGEN Europe meeting in Brussels on 21 April 2009, provides “best practice” policy approaches used by different countries to expand CHP and district energy use. The report follows the 2008 IEA CHP study as part of the IEA International CHP Collaborative effort.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 20
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper is a background document on the global chemical and petrochemical sector for the IEA publication Energy Technology Transitions in Industry (IEA, 2009). It provides further, more detailed information on the methodology and data issues for energy efficiency indicators for the sector. The indicators discussed offer insight regarding the energy efficiency improvement potential in the short- to medium-term (by proven technologies). This paper is a background document on the global chemical and petrochemical sector for the IEA publication Energy Technology Transitions in Industry (IEA, 2009). It provides further, more detailed information on the methodology and data issues for energy efficiency indicators for the sector. The indicators discussed offer insight regarding the energy efficiency improvement potential in the short- to medium-term (by proven technologies).
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 21
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This information paper provides policy makers and managers, facing tough energy policy challenges, with a wider perspective of how the same issues are being addressed by different IEA member countries. The topics included are: Government structures for co-ordinating energy and climate policies The use of long-term energy forecasts and scenarios Progress in the delivery of key energy security policies
    Pages: Online-Ressource (91 Seiten)
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  • 22
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investment in the energy system of tomorrow requires substantial resources and informed policy making to achieve energy-security,economic and environmental objectives. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates 26 trillion USD in investments will be needed in the energy sector by 2030 to sustain current energy trends. Energy business-as-usual, however, and the resulting environmental impacts, are not sustainable as they result in energy insecurity and climate damages. Investment in the energy system of tomorrow requires substantial resources and informed policy making to achieve energy-security, economic and environmental objectives. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates 26 trillion USD in investments will be needed in the energy sector by 2030 to sustain current energy trends. Energy business-as-usual, however, and the resulting environmental impacts, are not sustainable as they result in energy insecurity and climate damages.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (8 Seiten)
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  • 23
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Addressing climate change requires nothing short of an energy revolution. Electricity, mostly generated from fossil fuels, is at the core of this challenge, accounting for more than 40 % of global energy-related CO2 emissions. This issue is most pressing for developing countries where growth in power demand is particularly high, fueling the risk of irreversible investment in CO2-intensive capacity, the so-called “carbon lock-in”. Addressing climate change requires nothing short of an energy revolution. Electricity, mostly generated from fossil fuels, is at the core of this challenge, accounting for more than 40 % of global energy-related CO2 emissions. This issue is most pressing for developing countries where growth in power demand is particularly high, fueling the risk of irreversible investment in CO2-intensive capacity, the so-called “carbon lock-in”. Sectoral Approaches in Electricity – Building Bridges to a Safe Climate shows how the international climate policy framework could effectively support a transition towards low-CO2 electricity systems in developing countries. Sectoral approaches are intended to address sectors that require urgent actions, without waiting for countries to take nation-wide commitments. Once built, power generation capacity lasts for decades. Investing massively in CO2-intensive technologies to meet surging electricity demand will either make it impossible or overly costly to stabilise CO2 concentrations at sustainable levels. The technology mix needed to avoid such a development is clear: higher generation efficiency, CO2 capture and storage, nuclear and renewables. Earlier IEA publications have extensively reviewed developed countries’ efforts to steer generation away from carbon-intensive production modes, from dedicated support to low-carbon technologies to, increasingly, the reliance on CO2 pricing via emissions trading. Following the same logic, there are proposals seeking to use the international carbon market to drive changes at sectoral level in developing countries. This publication illustrates the pros and cons of such an approach in a few key emerging economies. It also asks how international climate policy could support and enhance ongoing efforts on end-use energy efficiency - an essential piece of the climate change/electricity puzzle.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (186 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 24
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper first reviews proposals for the design of sectoral and related market mechanisms currently debated, both in the UNFCCC negotiations, and in different domestic legislative contexts. Secondly, it addresses the possible principles and technical requirements that Parties may wish to consider as the foundations for further elaboration of the mechanisms. The third issue explored herein is domestic implementation of sectoral market mechanisms by host countries, incentives to move to new market mechanisms, as well as how the transition between current and future mechanisms could be managed.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 25
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This article assesses the long-term economic and climatic effects of introducing price caps and price floors in hypothetical global climate change mitigation policy. Based on emission trends, abatement costs and equilibrium climate sensitivity from IPCC and IEA reports, this quantitative analysis confirms that price caps could significantly reduce economic uncertainty. This uncertainty stems primarily from unpredictable economic growth and energy prices, and ultimately unabated emission trends.In addition, the development of abatement technologies is uncertain. Furthermore,this analysis shows that rigid targets may entail greater economic risks with little or no comparative advantage for the climate. More ambitious emission objectives, combined with price caps and price floors, could still entail significantly lower expected costs while driving similar, or even slightly better, climatic outcomes in probabilistic terms.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 26
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper compares model estimates of national and sectoral GHG mitigation potential across six key OECD GHG-emitting economies: Australia, Canada, the EU, Japan, Mexico and the US. It examines the implications of model structure, baseline and policy assumptions, and assesses GHG mitigation potential estimates across a variety of models, including models that are used to inform climate policy-makers in each of these economies.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (85 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 27
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This study assesses the long-term economic and environmental effects of introducing price caps and price floors in hypothetical climate change mitigation architecture, which aims to reduce global energy-related CO2 emissions by 50% by 2050. Based on abatement costs in IPCC and IEA reports, this quantitative analysis confirms what qualitative analyses have already suggested: introducing price caps could significantly reduce economic uncertainty. This uncertainty stems primarily from unpredictable economic growth and energy prices, and ultimately unabated emission trends. In addition, the development of abatement technologies is uncertain. With price caps, the expected costs could be reduced by about 50% and the uncertainty on economic costs could be one order of magnitude lower. Reducing economic uncertainties may spur the adoption of more ambitious policies by helping to alleviate policy makers’ concerns of economic risks. Meanwhile, price floors would reduce the level of emissions beyond the objective if the abatement costs ended up lower than forecasted. If caps and floors are commensurate with the ambition of the policy pursued and combined with slightly tightened emission objectives, climatic results could be on average similar to those achieved with “straight” objectives (i.e. with no cost-containment mechanism). This papers reviews current proposals in the UNFCCC negotiations for future mechanisms to report and record Parties’ GHG mitigation actions and commitments, as well as support provided for such actions. It explores the possible purposes, coverage and form of a reporting/recording mechanism post-2012 and highlights the decision points that are needed in order to establish such a mechanism. It examines what information such a mechanism could include in terms of actions, commitments and support, as well as the institutional implications of different design options.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 28
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurable, Reportable and Verifiable Mitigation Actions and Support
    Pages: Online-Ressource (4 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 29
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540792208
    Language: English
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  • 30
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, Physical organic
    ISBN: 9783540778691
    Language: English
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  • 31
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540683674
    Language: English
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  • 32
    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic ; Medicine ; Polymers
    ISBN: 9780387729473
    Language: English
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  • 33
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Biotechnology ; Chemistry, Organic ; Food science ; Medicine ; Toxicology
    Description / Table of Contents: Glycostructures play a pivotal and crucial role in a myriad of organisms and important systems in biology, physiology, medicine, bioengineering and technology. Within recent years tools have been developed to promote the understanding of their highly complex functions and the associated chemistry and chemical biology, however, many facts still remain undiscovered. These days the area is experiencing a “quantum jump”. Therefore the Editors in collaboration with six responsible Section Editors completely revised and updated the 1st edition to give up-to-date information on glycostructures, their chemistry and chemical biology, and present them in the form of a comprehensive and strictly systematic survey. The texts are furnished by more than 2500 figures, chemical structures and reaction schemes (including more than 12,000 individual chemical reactions), and more than 9,000 references. In concept and content this Major Reference Work received an essential improvement and expansion. Whereas chapter 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9 are updated, expanded and rearranged versions of the 1st edition, many new subchapters are included in the chapters on monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. The importance of the saccharide metabolism as well as the involvement of complex glycostructures in biologically and medically relevant processes are considered by addition of two large totally newly conceived chapters. Further, another novel chapter featuring key technologies and tools for functional glycobiology is incorporated. Responsible for this major update are the Section Editors who solicited a large number of highly reputed new authors to cover the changes in the content and to write the major supplements.
    ISBN: 9783540361541
    Language: English
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540734956
    Language: English
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Chemistry, inorganic ; Polymers
    ISBN: 9783540778677
    Language: English
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540783732
    Language: English
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  • 37
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: At their 2007 Summit in Heiligendamm, G8 leaders called on countries to “adopt instruments and measures to significantly increase the share of combined heat and power (CHP) in the generation of electricity.” As a result, energy, economic, environmental and utility regulators are looking for tools and information to understand the potential of CHP and to identify appropriate policies for their national circumstances. This report forms the first part of the response. It includes answers to policy makers’ questions about the potential economic, energy and environmental benefits of an increased policy commitment to CHP. It also includes for the first time integrated IEA data on global CHP installations, and analyses the benefits of increased CHP investment in the G8+5 countries. A companion report will be produced later in 2008 to document best practice policy approaches that have been used to expand the use of CHP in a variety of countries.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 38
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783211740194
    Language: English
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  • 39
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540758136
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Polymers ; Soft condensed matter
    ISBN: 9783540687344
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Catalysis ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540710769
    Language: English
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540783718
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Medicine ; Toxicology
    ISBN: 9783540797296
    Language: English
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  • 44
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Human physiology ; Plant physiology
    ISBN: 9783764374990
    Language: English
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  • 45
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    Paris : OECD/IEA
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Are world oil and gas supplies under threat? How could a new international accord on stabilising greenhouse-gas emissions affect global energy markets? World Energy Outlook 2008 answers these and other burning questions. WEO-2008 draws on the experience of another turbulent year in energy markets to provide new energy projections to 2030, region by region and fuel by fuel. It incorporates the latest data and policies. WEO-2008 focuses on two pressing issues facing the energy sector today: - Prospects for oil and gas production: How much oil and gas exists and how much can be produced? Will investment be adequate? Through field-by-field analysis of production trends at 800 of the world’s largest oilfields, an assessment of the potential for finding and developing new reserves and a bottom-up analysis of upstream costs and investment, WEO-2008 takes a hard look at future global oil and gas supply. - Post-2012 climate scenarios: What emissions limits might emerge from current international negotiations on climate change? What role could cap-and-trade and sectoral approaches play in moving to a low-carbon energy future? Two different scenarios are assessed, one in which the atmospheric concentration of emissions is stabilised at 550 parts per million (ppm) in CO2 equivalent terms and the second at the still more ambitious level of 450 ppm. The implications for energy demand, prices, investment, air pollution and energy security are fully spelt out. This groundbreaking analysis will enable policy makers to distill the key choices as they strive to agree in Copenhagen in 2009 on a post-Kyoto climate framework. With extensive data, detailed projections and in-depth analysis, WEO-2008 provides invaluable insights into the prospects for the global energy market and what they mean for climate change.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (569 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9789264045606
    Language: English
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  • 46
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This report explores the vulnerability of heavy industry to carbon leakage and competitiveness loss. It reviews the existing literature on competitiveness and carbon leakage under uneven climate policies. It also suggests a statistical method to track carbon leakage, and applies this methodology to Phase I of the EU emissions trading scheme, for various industrial activities: iron and steel, cement, aluminium and refineries. Finally, it reviews measures to mitigate carbon leakage, as discussed in Australia, Canada, Europe, New Zealand and the US.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (122 Seiten)
    Language: English
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    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9781402069734
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Analytical biochemistry ; Biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, Physical organic
    ISBN: 9783540490807
    Language: English
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Analytical biochemistry ; Biochemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Chemistry, inorganic
    ISBN: 9783540739623
    Language: English
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    New York, NY : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic ; Food science
    ISBN: 9780387740874
    Language: English
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    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic ; Materials ; Nanotechnology ; Polymers
    ISBN: 9781402085284
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9781402084584
    Language: English
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  • 53
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Chemical engineering ; Chemistry, Organic ; Environmental protection
    ISBN: 9781402067938
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  • 54
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540758150
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  • 55
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The conflicts over the break-up of the former Yugoslavia damaged much of the energy infrastructure and compounded the challenge of providing reliable energy supply. The Western Balkans – composed of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo – is a complex region facing significant energy challenges. The conflicts over the break-up of the former Yugoslavia damaged much of the energy infrastructure and compounded the challenge of providing reliable energy supply. Electricity systems in many parts of the region remain fragile and in need of investment. A priority across the region is to put into place the institutions, infrastructure and policies that can support the provision of reliable, affordable and sustainable energy. For the Western Balkans as a whole, a key element of the reform effort is the Energy Community Treaty – a regulatory and market framework to which the entire region has now subscribed. This Treaty aims to create an integrated regional market for electricity and gas compatible with the European Union’s internal energy market. This Energy Policy Survey is the first comprehensive review of energy policies and strategies in the Western Balkan region, and also covers important cross-cutting topics such as co-operation and energy trade, oil and gas transportation, and the links between energy and poverty. It identifies and assesses the reforms that are still needed to deliver efficient, modernised energy systems that can assist economic development, address energy poverty and reduce the environmental impacts of energy use.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 56
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The aim of this paper is to describe and analyse current approaches to encourage energy efficiency in building codes for new buildings. Based on this analysis the paper enumerates policy recommendations for enhancing how energy efficiency is addressed in building codes and other policies for new buildings. This paper forms part of the IEA work for the G8 Gleneagles Plan of Action. These recommendations reflect the study of different policy options for increasing energy efficiency in new buildings and examination of other energy efficiency requirements in standards or building codes, such as energy efficiency requirements by major renovation or refurbishment. In many countries, energy efficiency of buildings falls under the jurisdiction of the federal states. Different standards cover different regions or climatic conditions and different types of buildings, such as residential or simple buildings, commercial buildings and more complicated high-rise buildings. There are many different building codes in the world and the intention of this paper is not to cover all codes on each level in all countries. Instead, the paper details different regions of the world and different ways of standards. In this paper we also evaluate good practices based on local traditions. This project does not seek to identify one best practice amongst the building codes and standards. Instead, different types of codes and different parts of the regulation have been illustrated together with examples on how they have been successfully addressed. To complement this discussion of efficiency standards, this study illustrates how energy efficiency can be improved through such initiatives as efficiency labelling or certification, very best practice buildings with extremely low- or no-energy consumption and other policies to raise buildings’ energy efficiency beyond minimum requirements. When referring to the energy saving potentials for buildings, this study uses the analysis of recent IEA publications, including the World Energy Outlook 2006 (WEO) and Energy Technology Perspective (ETP). Here, we based the estimates of potentials on the scenarios presented, in particular on the predictions of consumption in the residential and commercial sectors in the WEO 2006. Finally, this paper recommends policies which could be used to realise these large and feasible energy saving potentials in new buildings, and the use of building codes by renovation or refurbishment. The paper addresses as well experts as policy makers and interest groups with particular interest in energy efficiency in new buildings. Some parts might hence seem simplified and known for some experts, such as the discussions on barriers or the climatic impact on efficiency. Other parts might on the other hand seem a little technical for the policy oriented reader or for some interest groups. But there are large and compelling opportunities, this is recognised by many experts as well as there is a will to act by many policymakers and governments. But still too little happen because there are barriers and low understanding also in the institutional parts or little communications between different layers of the implementation process. The paper hence aims to bridge these gabs by addressing several different groups at the same time. So hopefully the reader will accept these inconveniences.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (85 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 57
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The world needs ever increasing energy supplies to sustain economic growth and development. But energy resources are under pressure and CO2 emissions from today’s energy use already threaten our climate. What options do we have for switching to a cleaner and more efficient energy future? How much will it cost? And what policies do we need? This second edition of Energy Technology Perspectives addresses these questions, drawing on the renowned expertise of the International Energy Agency and its energy technology network. This publication responds to the G8 call on the IEA to provide guidance for decision makers on how to bridge the gap between what is happening and what needs to be done in order to build a clean, clever and competitive energy future. The IEA analysis demonstrates that a more sustainable energy future is within our reach, and that technology is the key. Increased energy efficiency, CO2 capture and storage, renewables, and nuclear power will all be important. We must act now if we are to unlock the potential of current and emerging technologies and reduce the dependency on fossil fuels with its consequent effects on energy security and the environment. This innovative work demonstrates how energy technologies can make a difference in an ambitious series of global scenarios to 2050. The study contains technology road maps for all key energy sectors, including electricity generation, buildings, industry and transport. Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 provides detailed technology and policy insights to help focus the discussion and debate in energy circles..
    Pages: Online-Ressource (500 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 58
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Climate change is a major challenge. Secure, reliable and affordable energy supplies are needed for economic growth, but increases in the associated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are the cause of major concern. About 69% of all CO2 emissions, and 60% of all greenhouse gas emissions, are energy-related. Recent IEA analysis in Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 (ETP) projects that the CO2 emissions attributable to the energy sector will increase by 130% by 2050 in the absence of new policies or supply constraints, largely as a result of increased fossil fuel usage. The 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 4th Assessment Report indicates that such a rise in emissions could lead to a temperature increase in the range of 4-7°C, with major impacts on the environment and human activity. It is widely agreed that a halving of energy-related CO2 emissions is needed by 2050 to limit the expected temperature increase to less than 3 degrees. To achieve this will take an energy technology revolution involving increased energy effi ciency, increased renewable energies and nuclear power, and the decarbonisation of power generation from fossil fuels. The only technology available to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from large-scale fossil fuel usage is CO2 capture and storage (CCS). The ETP scenarios demonstrate that CCS will need to contribute nearly one-fi fth of the necessary emissions reductions to reduce global GHG emissions by 50% by 2050 at a reasonable cost. CCS is therefore essential to the achievement of deep emission cuts. Most of the major world economies recognise this, and have CCS technology development programmes designed to achieve commercial deployment. In fact, at the 2008 Hokkaido Toyako summit, the G8 countries endorsed the IEA’s recommendation that 20 large-scale CCS demonstration projects need to be committed by 2010, with a view to beginning broad deployment by 2020. Ministers specifi cally asked for an assessment by the IEA in 2010 of the implementation of these recommendations, as well as an assessment of progress towards accelerated deployment and commercialisation. Current spending and activity levels are nowhere near enough to achieve these deployment goals. CCS technology demonstration has been held back for a number of reasons. In particular, CCS technology costs have increased signifi cantly in the last 5 years. In the absence of suitable fi nancial mechanisms to support CCS, including signifi cant public and private funding for nearterm demonstrations and longer-term integration of CCS into GHG regulatory and incentive schemes, high costs have precluded the initiation of large-scale CCS projects. The regulatory framework necessary to support CCS projects also needs to be further developed. Despite important progress, especially in relation to international marine protection treaties, no country has yet developed the comprehensive, detailed legal and regulatory framework that is necessary effectively to govern the use of CCS. CCS is also poorly understood by the general public. As a result, there is a general lack of public support for CCS as compared to several other GHG mitigation options. This report attempts to address some of these issues by collecting the best global information about the cost and performance of CO2 capture, transport and storage technologies throughout the CCS project chain. Chapters 1-4 contain this information, and use it to conduct a scenario analysis of the role of CCS in climate change mitigation. Chapter 5 discusses the fi nancial incentive mechanisms that governments can use to provide both short- and long-term incentives for CCS. This chapter also contains an expansion and update of the 2007 IEA publication Legal Aspects of CO2 Storage: Updates and Recommendations and examines the current state of public awareness and acceptance of the relevant technologies. Chapter 6 includes a review of the status of CCS policies, research and demonstration programmes, and CO2 storage prospects for several regions and countries. Chapter 7 concludes with a proposed CCS roadmap that includes the necessary technical, political, fi nancial and international collaboration activities to enable CCS to make the contribution it needs to make to global GHG mitigation in the coming decades.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (266 Seiten)
    Language: English
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Analytical biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Nanotechnology ; Polymers ; Surfaces (Physics)
    ISBN: 9783540783954
    Language: English
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, inorganic
    ISBN: 9783540681922
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic ; Polymers ; Soft condensed matter
    ISBN: 9783540698081
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Medicine ; Toxicology
    ISBN: 9783540742296
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540790648
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Catalysis ; Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, inorganic
    ISBN: 9783540758099
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, inorganic
    ISBN: 9783540778370
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  • 66
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540792185
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  • 67
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: The aim of this IEA Information Paper is to help policy makers and other stakeholders understand the challenges facing the incorporation of high efficiency combined heat and power (CHP) into greenhouse gas (GHG) Emissions Trading Schemes (ETSs) – and to propose options for overcoming them.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 Seiten)
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  • 68
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This report explores the effects of the EU emissions trading scheme on the aluminium sector (i.e. competitiveness loss and carbon leakage). With its very high electricity intensity, primary aluminium stands out in the heavy industry picture: a sector whose emissions are not capped in the present EU ETS, European aluminium smelters still stand to lose profit margins and, possibly, market shares, as electricity prices increase following CO2 caps on generators’ emissions - the famous pass-through of CO2 prices into electricity prices. The analysis includes a method of quantification of this issue, based on two indicators: profit margins and trade flows. As the EU is at the forefront of such policy, the paper provides policy messages to all countries on how trade exposed energy-intensive industries can be ‘moved’ by carbon constraint. This also is a contentious topic in Australia, Japan, New Zealand, and the US, where ambitious climate policies – including cap-and-trade systems – are currently debated.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 69
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: This study assesses the long-term economic and environmental effects of introducing price caps and price floors in hypothetical climate change mitigation architecture, which aims to reduce global energy-related CO2 emissions by 50% by 2050. Based on abatement costs in IPCC and IEA reports, this quantitative analysis confirms what qualitative analyses have already suggested: introducing price caps could significantly reduce economic uncertainty. This uncertainty stems primarily from unpredictable economic growth and energy prices, and ultimately unabated emission trends. In addition, the development of abatement technologies is uncertain. See also Assessing the value of price caps and floors, November 2009 This study assesses the long-term economic and environmental effects of introducing price caps and price floors in hypothetical climate change mitigation architecture, which aims to reduce global energy-related CO2 emissions by 50% by 2050. Based on abatement costs in IPCC and IEA reports, this quantitative analysis confirms what qualitative analyses have already suggested: introducing price caps could significantly reduce economic uncertainty. This uncertainty stems primarily from unpredictable economic growth and energy prices, and ultimately unabated emission trends. In addition, the development of abatement technologies is uncertain. With price caps, the expected costs could be reduced by about 50% and the uncertainty on economic costs could be one order of magnitude lower. Reducing economic uncertainties may spur the adoption of more ambitious policies by helping to alleviate policy makers’ concerns of economic risks. Meanwhile, price floors would reduce the level of emissions beyond the objective if the abatement costs ended up lower than forecasted. If caps and floors are commensurate with the ambition of the policy pursued and combined with slightly tightened emission objectives, climatic results could be on average similar to those achieved with “straight” objectives (i.e. with no cost-containment mechanism).
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 70
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    Boston, MA : Springer
    Keywords: Analytical biochemistry ; Biochemistry ; Biotechnology ; Chemical engineering ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9780387707921
    Language: English
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Analytical biochemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Weights and measures
    Edition: Second Revised and Expanded Edition
    ISBN: 9783540721963
    Language: English
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  • 72
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    Keywords: Analytical biochemistry ; Biochemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Nanotechnology
    ISBN: 9781402050224
    Language: English
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    Keywords: Catalysis ; Chemistry, Organic ; Materials ; Nanotechnology ; Polymers
    ISBN: 9781402060915
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    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540380856
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540725923
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540729570
    Language: English
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    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540733492
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  • 78
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    New York : Springer
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, Physical organic
    Description / Table of Contents: Since its original appearance in 1977, Advanced Organic Chemistry has maintained its place as the premier textbook in the field, offering broad coverage of the structure, reactivity and synthesis of organic compounds. As in the earlier editions, the text contains extensive references to both the primary and review literature and provides examples of data and reactions that illustrate and document the generalizations. While the text assumes completion of an introductory course in organic chemistry, it reviews the fundamental concepts for each topic that is discussed. The two-part fifth edition has been substantially revised and reorganized for greater clarity. Part A begins with the fundamental concepts of structure and stereochemistry, and the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of reactivity. Major reaction types covered include nucleophilic substitution, addition reactions, carbanion and carbonyl chemistry, aromatic substitution, pericyclic reactions, radical reactions, and photochemistry. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A provides a close look at the structural concepts and mechanistic patterns that are fundamental to organic chemistry. It relates those mechanistic patterns, including relative reactivity and stereochemistry, to underlying structural factors. Understanding these concepts and relationships will allow students to recognize the cohesive patterns of reactivity in organic chemistry. Part A: Structure and Mechanism and Part B: Reaction and Synthesis - taken together - are intended to provide the advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate student in chemistry with a foundation to comprehend and use the research literature in organic chemistry.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXI, 1199 Seiten)
    Edition: 5th ed.
    ISBN: 9780387448992
    Language: English
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  • 79
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    Boston, MA : Springer
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry, Organic
    Description / Table of Contents: Advanced Organic Chemistry has maintained its place as the premier textbook in the field, since its first appearance in 1977. It offers broad coverage of the structure, reactivity and synthesis of organic compounds. As in the earlier editions, the text contains extensive references to both the primary and review literature and provides examples of data and reactions that illustrate and document the generalizations. While the text assumes completion of an introductory course in organic chemistry, it reviews the fundamental concepts for each topic. This two-part, fifth edition has been substantially revised and reorganized for greater clarity. The control of reactivity to achieve specific syntheses is one of the overarching goals of organic chemistry. Part B describes the most general and useful synthetic reactions, organized on the basis of reaction type. It can stand-alone; together, with Part A: Structure and Mechanisms, the two volumes provide a comprehensive foundation for the study in organic chemistry.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXX, 1322 Seiten)
    Edition: 5th ed.
    ISBN: 9780387714813
    Language: English
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  • 80
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Materials ; Nanotechnology ; Polymers
    ISBN: 9781402060915
    Language: English
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Catalysis ; Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, inorganic
    ISBN: 9783540372103
    Language: English
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540490784
    Language: English
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    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540733478
    Language: English
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    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540728795
    Language: English
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540734024
    Language: English
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  • 86
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Energy security, environmental protection and economic prosperity all pose major challenges for today’s energy decision makers. To meet these challenges, innovation, the adoption of new cost effective technologies, and better use of existing energy-efficient technologies are key elements. The world is not on course for a sustainable energy future – with security concerns and CO2 emissions projected to more than double by 2050. But this alarming outlook can be changed. A recent major IEA analysis “Energy Technology Perspectives – Scenarios and Strategies to 2050” (IEA, 2006) demonstrate that by developing and employing technologies that already exist or are under development, the world could be brought onto a much more sustainable energy path. The costs of achieving a more sustainable energy future are not disproportionate, but they will require substantial effort and investment by both the public and private sectors. There will be significant additional transitional costs related to RD&D and deployment programmes to commercialise many of the technologies over the next couple of decades. Governments will continue to play a major role in energy technology R&D – in defining policies and funding them. How can IEA member country governments be sure they are making the right choices? One answer is by learning from the experience of others – through the use of peer reviews. The IEA version of the peer review – the in-depth review - is a well established tool used since the IEA was created more than 30 years ago. It provides for its members a framework to examine and compare experiences and discuss “best practices” in a host of energy policy areas, including research, development and technology policy. Making the most of the in-depth review process, as well as recommendations emanating from it, offers the promise of better and more well-informed R&D policies – ultimately assisting the development of the new energy technologies that we so urgently need.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (79 Seiten)
    Language: English
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    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Existing buildings require over 40% of the world’s total final energy consumption, and account for 24% of world CO2 emissions (IEA, 2006a). Much of this consumption could be avoided through improved efficiency of building energy systems (IEA, 2006a) using current, commercially-viable technology. In most cases, these technologies make economic sense on a life-cycle cost analysis (IEA, 2006b). Moreover, to the extent that they reduce dependence on risk-prone fossil energy sources, energy efficient technologies also address concerns of energy security.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 Seiten)
    Language: English
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    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783211493892
    Language: English
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    New York, NY : Springer
    Keywords: Analytical biochemistry ; Chemicals ; Safety measures ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9780387692609
    Language: English
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    New York, NY : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Chemistry, inorganic ; Materials ; Polymers
    Description / Table of Contents: This reference contains more than 7,500 polymeric material terms, including the names of chemicals, processes, formulae, and analytical methods that are used frequently in the polymer and engineering fields. In view of the evolving partnership between physical and life sciences, this title includes an appendix of biochemical and microbiological terms (thus offering previously unpublished material, distinct from all competitors.) Each succinct entry offers a broadly accessible definition as well as cross-references to related terms. Where appropriate to enhance clarity further, the volume's definitions may also offer equations, chemical structures, and other figures.
    ISBN: 9780387310213
    Language: English
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540463207
    Language: English
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540367611
    Language: English
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540681007
    Language: English
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540714279
    Language: English
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Analytical biochemistry ; Biochemistry ; Biochemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, Physical organic
    ISBN: 9783540715474
    Language: English
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Biochemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540725107
    Language: English
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540734048
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    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Keywords: Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540734062
    Language: English
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  • 99
    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: World leaders have pledged to act to change the energy future. Some new policies are in place. But the trends in energy demand, imports, coal use and greenhouse gas emissions to 2030 in this year’s World Energy Outlook are even worse than projected in WEO 2006. China and India are the emerging giants of the world economy. Their unprecedented pace of economic development will require ever more energy, but it will transform living standards for billions. There can be no question of asking them selectively to curb growth so as to solve problems which are global. So how is the transition to be achieved to a more secure, lower-carbon energy system? WEO 2007 provides the answers. With extensive statistics, projections in three scenarios, analysis and advice, it shows China, India and the rest of the world why we need to co-operate to change the energy future and how to do it.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (663 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9789264027305
    Language: English
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    Keywords: energy ; energy economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Since its founding in 1974, oil supply security has been a core mission of the International Energy Agency. In order to test IEA member countries’ readiness to deal with oil and gas emergencies, IEA member country representatives and the IEA Secretariat participate in peer reviews of member countries every few years. Procedures and institutional arrangements are thoroughly analysed. The publication Oil Supply Security: The Emergency Response of IEA Countries (2007) represents the last full cycle of reviews of IEA member countries (and some non-member countries). Below are updated reviews of member countries’ (and Chile) emergency preparedness in oil and gas carried out in the most recent review cycle (2009-2012).
    Pages: Online-Ressource (384 Seiten)
    Language: English
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