ALBERT

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2005

Note: Contents Preface 1 Data Analysis in Earth Sciences 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Collecting Data 1.3 Types of Data 1.4 Methods of Data Analysis Recommended Reading 2 Introduction to MATLAB 2.1 MATLAB in Earth Sciences 2.2 Getting Started 2.3 The Syntax 2.4 Data Storage 2.5 Data Handling 2.6 Scripts and Functions 2.7 Basic Visualization Tools Recommended Reading 3 Univariate Statistics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Empirical Distributions Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion 3.3 Example of Empirical Distributions 3.4 Theoretical Distributions Uniform Distribution Binomial or Bernoulli Distribution Poisson Distribution Normal or Gaussian Distribution Logarithmic Normal or Log-Normal Distribution Student's t Distribution Fisher's F Distribution Χ2 or Chi-Squared Distribution 3.5 Example ofTheoretical Distributions 3.6 Thet-Test 3.7 TheF-Test 3.8 The Χ2-Test Recommended Reading 4 Bivariate Statistics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Pearson's Correlation Coefficient 4.3 Classical Linear Regression Analysis and Prediction 4.4 Analyzing the Residuals 4.5 Bootstrap Estimates of the Regression Coefficients 4.6 Jackknife Estimates of the Regression Coefficients 4.7 Cross Validation 4.8 Reduced Major Axis Regression 4.9 Curvilinear Regression Recommended Reading 5 Time-Series Analysis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Generating Signals 5.3 Blackman-Tukey Autospectral Analysis 5.4 Blackman-Tukey Crossspectral Analysis 5.5 Interpolating and Analyzing Unevenly-Spaced Data 5.6 Evolutionary Blackman-Tukey Powerspectrum 5.7 Lomb-Scargle Powerspectrum 5.8 Wavelet Powerspectrum 5.9 Nonlinear Time-Series Analysis (by N. Marwarn) Phase Space Portrait Recurrence Plots Recommended Reading 6 Signal Processing 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Generating Signals 6.3 Linear Time-Invariant Systems 6.4 Convolution and Filtering 6.5 Comparing Functions for Filtering Data Series 6.6 Recursive and Nonrecursive Filters 6.7 Impulse Response 6.8 Frequency Response 6.9 Filter Design 6.10 Adaptive Filtering Recommended Reading 7 Spatial Data 7.1 Types of Spatial Data 7.2 The GSHHS Shoreline Data Set 7.3 The 2-Minute Gridded Global Elevation Data ETOPO2 7.4 The 30-Arc Seconds Elevation Model GTOPO30 7.5 The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SRTM 7.6 Gridding and Contouring Background 7.7 Gridding Example 7.8 Comparison of Methods and Potential Artifacts 7.9 Statistics of Point Distributions Test for Uniform Distribution Test for Random Distribution Test for Clustering 7.10 Analysis of Digital Elevation Models (by R. Gebbers) 7.11 Geostatistics and Kriging (by R. Gebbers) Theorical Background Preceding Analysis Variography with the Classical Variogram Kriging Discussion of Kriging Recommended Reading 8 Image Processing 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Datastorage 8.3 Importing, Processing and Exporting Images 8.4 Importing, Processing and Exporting Satellite Images 8.5 Georeferencing Satellite Images 8.6 Digitizing from the Screen Recommended Reading 9 Multivariate Statistics 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Principal Component Analysis 9.3 Independent Component Analysis (by N. Marwan) 9.4 Cluster Analysis Recommended Reading 10 Statistics on Directional Data 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Graphical Representation 10.3 Empirical Distributions 10.4 Theoretical Distributions 10.5 Test for Randomness of Directional Data 10.6 Test for the Significance of a Mean Direction 10.7 Test for the Difference of Two Sets of Directions Recommended Reading General Index

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2006

Note: Contents: Preface to First Edition. - Preface to Second Edition. - Preface to Third Edition. - Acknowledgments. - Part I The Periglacial Domain. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 The Periglacial Concept. - 1.2 Disciplinary Considerations. - 1.2.1 The Growth of Geocryology. - 1.2.2 The Changing Nature of Quaternary Science. - 1.2.3 Modern Periglacial Geomorphology. - 1.3 The Growth of Periglacial Knowledge. - 1.4 The Periglacial Domain. - 1.5 The Scope of Periglacial Geomorphology. - 1.5.1 Permafrost-Related Processes and Landforms. - 1.5.2 Azonal Processes and Landforms. - 1.5.3 Paleo-Environmental Reconstruction. - 1.5.4 Applied Periglacial Geomorphology. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 2 Periglacial Landscapes?. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Proglacial, Paraglacial or Periglacial?. - 2.3 Unglaciated Periglacial Terrain. - 2.3.1 Beaufort Plain, Northwest Banks Island, Arctic Canada. - 2.3.2 Barn Mountains, Northern Interior Yukon Territory, Canada. - 2.4 Relict Periglacial Landscapes. - 2.4.1 Chalk Uplands, Southern England and Northern France. - 2.4.2 Pine Barrens, Southern New Jersey, Eastern USA. - 2.5 Conclusions. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 3 Periglacial Climates. - 3.1 Boundary Conditions. - 3.2 Periglacial Climates. - 3.2.1 High Arctic Climates. - 3.2.2 Continental Climates. - 3.2.3 Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. - 3.2.4 Alpine Climates. - 3.2.5 Climates of Low Annual Temperature Range. - 3.2.6 Antarctica: A Special Case. - 3.3 Ground Climates. - 3.3.1 The n-Factor. - 3.3.2 The Thermal Offset. - 3.4 Periglacial Climates and the Cryosphere. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - Part II Present-Day Periglacial Environments. - 4 Cold-Climate Weathering. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Ground Freezing. - 4.2.1 The Freezing Process. - 4.2.2 Ice Segregation. - 4.2.3 The Frozen Fringe. - 4.2.4 Frost Heave. - 4.3 Freezing and Thawing. - 4.4 The Ground-Temperature Regime. - 4.4.1 The Seasonal Regime. - 4.4.2 Short-Term Fluctuations. - 4.5 Rock (Frost?) Shattering. - 4.5.1 Frost Action and Ice Segregation. - 4.5.2 Frost Weathering Models. - 4.5.3 Insolation Weathering and Thermal Shock. - 4.5.4 Discussion and Perspective. - 4.6 Chemical Weathering. - 4.6.1 General. - 4.6.2 Solution and Karstification. - 4.6.3 Salt Weathering. - 4.7 Cryogenic Weathering. - 4.8 Cryobiological Weathering. - 4.9 Cryopedology. - 4.9.1 Cryosols. - 4.9.2 Soil Micromorphology. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 5 Permafrost. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.1.1 Definition. - 5.1.2 Moisture and Ice within Permafrost. - 5.2 Thermal and Physical Properties. - 5.2.1 The Geothermal Regime. - 5.2.2 Physical Properties. - 5.2.3 Thermal Properties. - 5.3 How Does Permafrost Aggrade?. - 5.3.1 General Principles. - 5.3.2 The Illisarvik Drained-Lake Experiment. - 5.4 Distribution of Permafrost. - 5.4.1 Latitudinal Permafrost. - 5.4.2 Alpine (Mountain) Permafrost. - 5.4.3 Montane Permafrost of Central Asia and China. - 5.5 Relict Permafrost. - 5.5.1 Sub-Sea Permafrost. - 5.5.2 Relict (Terrestrial) Permafrost. - 5.6 Permafrost Hydrology. - 5.6.1 Aquifers. - 5.6.2 Hydrochemistry. - 5.6.3 Groundwater Icings. - 5.7 Permafrost and Terrain Conditions. - 5.7.1 Relief and Aspect. - 5.7.2 Rock Type. - 5.7.3 Vegetation. - 5.7.4 Snow Cover. - 5.7.5 Fire. - 5.7.6 Lakes and Surface Water Bodies. - 5.8 The Active Layer. - 5.8.1 The Transient Layer. - 5.8.2 The Stefan Equation. - 5.8.3 Active-Layer Thermal Regime. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 6 Surface Features of Permafrost. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Thermal-Contraction-Crack Polygons. - 6.2.1 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion and Contraction. - 6.2.2 Ice, Sand, and Soil Wedges. - 6.2.3 Development of the Polygon Net. - 6.2.4 Polygon Morphology. - 6.2.5 Controls Over Cracking. - 6.2.6 Climatic Significance. - 6.3 Organic Terrain. - 6.3.1 Palsas. - 6.3.2 Peat Plateaus. - 6.4 Rock Glaciers. - 6.4.1 Creeping Permafrost. - 6.4.2 Types and Distribution. - 6.4.3 Origin. - 6.5 Frost Mounds. - 6.5.1 Perennial-Frost Mounds. - 6.5.2 Hydraulic (Open) System Pingos. - 6.5.3 Hydrostatic (Closed) System Pingos. - 6.5.4 Other Perennial-Frost Mounds. - 6.5.5 Seasonal-Frost Mounds. - 6.5.6 Hydrolaccoliths and Other Frost-Induced Mounds. - 6.6 Active-Layer Phenomena. - 6.6.1 Bedrock Heave. - 6.6.2 Needle Ice. - 6.6.3 Cryoturbation and Frost Heave. - 6.6.4 Frost Sorting. - 6.6.5 Patterned Ground. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 7 Ground lce. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Classification. - 7.2.1 Pore Ice. - 7.2.2 Segregated Ice. - 7.2.3 Intrusive Ice. - 7.2.4 Vein Ice. - 7.2.5 Other Types of Ice. - 7.3 Ice Distribution. - 7.3.1 Amounts. - 7.3.2 Distribution with Depth. - 7.3.3 Ice in Bedrock. - 7.3.4 Ice in Unconsolidated Sediments. - 7.4 Cryostratigraphy and Cryolithology. - 7.4.1 Cryostructures, Cryotextures, and Cryofacies. - 7.4.2 Epigenetic and Syngenetic Cryostructures. - 7.4.3 Thaw Unconformities. - 7.4.4 Ice Crystallography. - 7.4.5 Ice Geochemistry. - 7.4.6 Cryostratigraphy and Past Environments. - 7.5 Ice Wedges. - 7.5.1 Epigenetic Wedges. - 7.5.2 Syngenetic Wedges. - 7.5.3 Anti-Syngenetic Wedges. - 7.6 Massive Ice and Massive-Icy Bodies. - 7.6.1 Nature and Extent. - 7.6.2 Intra-Sedimental Ice. - 7.6.3 Buried Glacier Ice. - 7.6.4 Other Mechanisms. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 8 Thermokarst. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Causes of Thermokarst. - 8.2.1 General. - 8.2.2 Specific. - 8.3 Thaw-Related Processes. - 8.3.1 Thermokarst Subsidence. - 8.3.2 Thermal Erosion. - 8.3.3 Other Processes. - 8.4 Thermokarst Sediments and Structures. - 8.4.1 Involuted Sediments. - 8.4.2 Retrogressive-Thaw-Slumps and Debris-Flow Deposits. - 8.4.3 Ice-Wedge Pseudomorphs and Composite-Wedge Casts. - 8.4.4 Ice, Silt, Sand, and Gravel Pseudomorphs. - 8.5 Ice-Wedge Thermokarst Relief. - 8.5.1 Low-Centered Polygons. - 8.5.2 High-Centered Polygons. - 8.5.3 Badland Thermokarst Relief. - 8.6 Thaw Lakes and Depressions. - 8.6.1 Morphology. - 8.6.2 Growth and Drainage. - 8.6.3 Oriented Thaw Lakes. - 8.7 Thermokarst-Affected Terrain. - 8.7.1 The Lowlands of Central and Northern Siberia. - 8.7.2 The Western North American Arctic. - 8.8 Human-Induced Thermokarst. - 8.8.1 Causes. - 8.8.2 Case Studies. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 9 Hillslope Processes and Slope Evolution. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Slope Morphology. - 9.2.1 The Free-Face Model. - 9.2.2 Rectilinear Debris-Mantled Slopes. - 9.2.3 Convexo-Concavo Debris-Mantled Slopes. - 9.2.4 Pediment-Like Slopes. - 9.2.5 Stepped Profiles. - 9.3 Mass Wasting. - 9.4 Slow Mass-Wasting Processes. - 9.4.1 Solifluction. - 9.4.2 Frost Creep. - 9.4.3 Gelifluction. - 9.4.4 Solifluction Deposits and Phenomena. - 9.5 Rapid Mass Wasting. - 9.5.1 Active-Layer-Detachment Slides. - 9.5.2 Debris Flows, Slushflows, and Avalanches. - 9.5.3 Rockfall. - 9.6 Slopewash. - 9.6.1 Snow-Bank Hydrology. - 9.6.2 Surface and Subsurface Wash. - 9.7 Frozen and Thawing Slopes. - 9.7.1 Permafrost Creep. - 9.7.2 Thermokarst and Thaw Consolidation. - 9.7.3 Stability of Thawing Slopes. - 9.8 Cold-Climate Slope Evolution. - 9.8.1 Cryoplanation. - 9.8.2 Slope Replacement and Richter Denudation Slopes. - 9.8.3 Rapidity of Profile Change. - 9.8.4 Summary. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 10 Azonal Processes and Landforms. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Fluvial Processes and Landforms. - 10.2.1 Major Rivers. - 10.2.2 Freeze-Up and Break-Up. - 10.2.3 Basin Hydrology. - 10.2.4 Sediment Flow, Surface Transport, and Denudation. - 10.2.5 Fluvio-Thermal Erosion. - 10.2.6 Channel Morphology. - 10.2.7 Valley Asymmetry. - 10.3 Eolian Processes and Sediments. - 10.3.1 Wind Abrasion. - 10.3.2 Wind Deflation. - 10.3.3 Niveo-Eolian Sediments. - 10.3.4 Loess-Like Silt. - 10.3.5 Sand Dunes and San

Note: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2007

Note: Teilw. in kyrill. Schr.

Note: Teilw. in kyrill. Schr.

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2006

Note: Enthaltener Beitrag: Russian-German Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA: The Expedition COAST I / edited by Paul Overduin , Enthaltener Beitrag: The Expedition Lena 2005 / edited by Lutz Schirrmeister, Dirk Wagner, Mikhail N. Grigoriev and Dimitry Yu. Bolshiyanov , Enthaltener Beitrag: Russian-German cooperation Yakutsk - Potsdam: the expedition CENTRAL YAKUTIA 2005 / edited by Bernhard Diekmann, Sebastian Wetterich and Frank Kienast , Contents for "Russian-German Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA: The Expedition COAST I" The Expedition COAST I 1. Background and Objectives 2. Logistics and Itinerary 3. Field Methods and Sample Recovery 3.1 Coring 3.2 Pore water analyses 3.3 Temperature profiles 4. Sample lists , Contents for "The Expedition Lena 2005" The Expedition Lena 2005 1. Introduction 2. Expedition itinerary and general logistics 3. Microbiological processes, trace gas fluxes and hydrobiology in permafrost ecosystems of the Lena Delta 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Dynamic of methane oxidising communities in permafrost soils 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Sampling procedure and field parameters 3.2.3 Pore water methane concentration 3.2.4 Sample processing and analyses 3.3 Microbial studies on nitrification from permafrost environments 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Field experiments: Impact of polygonal soil parameter on nitrification 3.4 Closed chamber measurements of carbon exchange between Arctic tundra and the atmosphere 3.5 Micrometeorological measurements of energy, water, and carbon exchange between Arctic tundra and the atmosphere 3.6 Energy and water budget of permafrost soils – long time meteorology and soil survey station on Samoylov Island 3.7 Isotopic Studies on the 13C-fractionation during CH4-production in polygonal and thermokarst lakes of the Lena Delta 3.7.1 Introduction and methods 3.7.2 Preliminary results and further plans 3.8 Hydrobiological investigations on Samoylov Island 3.8.1 Objectives 3.8.2 Research tasks 3.8.3 Material and methods 3.8.4 Preliminary results 3.9 References 4. Studies of periglacial landscape dynamics and surface characteristics studies in the western Lena Delta 4.1. Scientific background and objectives 4.2. Geological and geographical characteristics 4.3. Studies of oriented lakes and thermokarst depressions 4.3.1 Background 4.3.2 Study area 4.3.3 Topographical and geomorphological settings 4.3.3.1 Depressions 1, 2 and 3 4.3.3.2 Depression 4 4.3.3.3 Depression 5 4.3.4 Bathymetrical surveys 4.3.5 Field sampling 4.4. Characteristics and spectral properties of periglacial landforms 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Methods 4.4.3 First results 4.5. Studies of permafrost sequences for paleo-environmental reconstruction 4.5.1 The “Arga-Sands” on Turakh Island 4.5.1.1 Exposure Tur-1 4.5.1.2 Core Tur-2 4.5.1.3 Exposure T021 4.5.2 Sand sequences of Ebe Basyn Sise Island 4.5.2.1 Exposure Ebe-4 4.5.2.2 Exposure Ebe-2 4.5.2.3 Exposure Ebe-3 4.5.2.4 Exposure Ebe-5 4.5.3 Sand and Ice Complex sequences of Khardang Island 4.5.3.1 The sand deposits in the exposure Kha-1 4.5.3.2 The sequence Kha-2 4.5.3.3 Exposure Kha-3: large ice wedge and surrounding sediments 4.6 Subsurficial and bathymetrical Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Investigations 4.6.1 Subsurface mapping of the Arga sands stratigraphical unit 4.6.1.1 GPR survey configuration 4.6.1.2 Transects at exposure Ebe-4 4.6.1.3 Transects at exposure/borehole Tur-1/Tur-2 4.6.2 Arynskaya Channel bathymetry 4.7 Measuring of local weather and soil conditions by soil probe and weather station 4.8 Palaeontological collection of the “Mammoth” fauna from the museum of the Lena Delta Reserve 4.9 References 4.10 Appendices chapter 4 Appendix 4-1: Field spectrometry – description of measuring points and profiles (see chapter 4.4) Appendix 4-2: List of sediment samples (see chapter 4.5) Appendix 4-3: Modern soil profiles and surface samples Appendix 4-4: List of ground ice and surface water samples Appendix 4-5. Bone collection of the expedition LENA 2005 Appendix 4-6: Bone collection of Lena Delta Reserve Tiksi (see chapter 4.8) 5. Holocene ice wedges of the 1st Lena terrace 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Outcrops 5.2.1 Outcrop 1 5.2.2 Outcrop 2 5.2.3 Geocryolithology on Samoylov Island: General impressions 5.2.4 Outcrop 3 5.2.5 Outcrop 4 5.2.6 Outcrop 5 5.2.7 Outcrop 6 5.2.8 Outcrop 7 5.2.9 Outcrop 8 5.2.10 Outcrop 9 5.2.11 Outcrop 10 5.2.12 Pingo at Olenyekskaya Channel 5.2.13 Summary 5.3 Studies on recent cryogenesis on Samoylov Island 5.4 References 5.5 Appendices chapter 5 Appendix 5-1: Ice sample list Appendix 5-2: List of sediment samples and ice content measurement Appendix 5-3: List of water samples 6. Report of the hydrological work in the Lena River Delta in August 2005 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methods 6.3 Preliminary results 6.4 Conclusion , Contents for "Russian-German cooperation Yakutsk - Potsdam: the expedition CENTRAL YAKUTIA 2005" Central Yakutia 2005 1. Expedition ‘Verkhoyansk 2005’ • Limnogeological studies at Lake Billyakh, Verkhoyansk Mountains, Yakutia 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Regional Setting of Lake Billyakh 1.3 Itinerary 1.4 Methods 1.4.1 Bathymetric measurements 1.4.2 Water sampling and measurements 1.4.3 Sediment coring 1.5 Results 1.5.1 Bathymetry 1.5.2 Water profiles 1.5.3 Sediment cores 1.6 Outlook 1.7 References 2 Limnological studies in Central and North-east Yakutia in summer 2005 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Study sites and lake types 2.3 Material and methods 2.4 Preliminary results 2.5 Outlook 2.6 References 2.7 Appendices Appendix 2-1: General characteristics and geographical position of the studied lakes in Central and North-east Yakutia Appendix 2-2: Some properties of the studied lakes in Central and North-east Yakutia, obtained during the fieldwork (unfilled table cells imply no data or information) Appendix 2-3: Sample list for further analyses on sediments, hydro-chemistry, water isotopes and aquatic organisms Appendix 2-4: Occurrence of zoobenthos organisms in the sampled Central-Yakutian lakes in July 2005 3. Vegetation studies in extremely continental regions of Yakutia 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Study areas and investigated vegetation types 3.3 Material and methods 3.4 Preliminary results 3.5 Appendix 3-1: Metadata of studied vegetation records

Note: Potsdam, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2007

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Overview. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Definitions of atmospheric scales. - 1.3 Energy generation and scale interactions. - 1.4 Predictability. - References. - 2 Governing equations for mesoscale motions. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Derivation of the governing equations. - 2.3 Approximations to the governing equations. - References. - Problems. - 3 Basic wave dynamics. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Basic wave properties. - 3.3 Soundwaves. - 3.4 Shallow water waves. - 3.5 Pure gravity waves. - 3.6 Inertia-gravity waves. - 3.7 Wave reflection levels. - 3.8 Critical levels. - Appendix 3.1. - References. - Problems. - 4 Mesoscale wave generation and maintenance. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Wave generation mechanisms. - 4.2.1 Density impulses and moist convection. - 4.2.2 Mesoscale instabilities. - 4.2.3 Geostrophic adjustment. - 4.2.4 Nonlinear interactions. - 4.3 Wave maintenance mechanisms. - 4.3.1 Linear wave ducting mechanism. - 4.3.2 Solitary wave mechanism. - 4.3.3 Wave-CISK mechanism. - 4.4 Energy propagation and momentum flux. - References. - Problems. - 5 Orographically forced flows. - 5.1 Flows over two-dimensional sinusoidal mountains. - 5.2 Flows over two-dimensional isolated mountains. - 5.2.1 Uniform basic flow. - 5.2.2 Basic flow with variable Scorer parameter. - 5.2.3 Trapped lee waves. - 5.3 Nonlinear flows over two-dimensional mountains. - 5.3.1 Nonlinear flow regimes. - 5.3.2 Generation of severe downslope winds. - 5.4 Flows over three-dimensional mountains. - 5.4.1 Linear theory. - 5.4.2 Generation of lee vortices. - 5.5 Flows over larger mesoscale mountains. - 5.5.1 Rotational effects. - 5.5.2 Lee cyclogenesis. - 5.5.3 Orographic influence on cyclone track. - 5.6 Other orographic effects. - 5.6.1 Effects on frontal passage. - 5.6.2 Coastally trapped disturbances. - 5.6.3 Cold-air damming. - 5.6.4 Gap flow. - Appendix 5.1. - References. - Problems. - 6 Thermally forced flows. - 6.1 Two-dimensional flows. - 6.1.1 Steady flows over a sinusoidal heat source. - 6.1.2 Steady flows over an isolated heat source. - 6.2 Transient flows. - 6.2.1 Flow responses to pulse heating. - 6.2.2 Flow responses to steady heating. - 6.3 Applications to mesoscale circulations. - 6.3.1 Density current formation and propagation. - 6.3.2 Heat island circulations. - 6.3.3 Moist convection. - 6.3.4 Gravity wave generation and propagation. - 6.4 Effects of shear, three dimensionality, and rotation. - 6.4.1 Two-dimensional shear flows. - 6.4.2 Three-dimensional nonrotating flows. - 6.4.3 Three-dimensional rotating flows. - 6.5 Dynamics of sea and land breezes. - 6.5.1 Linear theories. - 6.5.2 Nonlinear numerical studies. - 6.6 Dynamics of mountain-plains solenoidal circulations. - Appendix 6.1. - References. - Problems. - 7 Mesoscale instabilities. - 7.1 Wave energy transfer through instabilities. - 7.2 Integral theorems of stratified flow. - 7.2.1 Governing equations. - 7.2.2 Miles' theorem. - 7.2.3 Howard's semicircle theorem. - 7.3 Static, conditional, and potential instabilities. - 7.3.1 Static instability. - 7.3.2 Conditional instability. - 7.3.3 Potential instability. - 7.4 Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. - 7.5 Inertial instability. - 7.6 Symmetric instability. - 7.6.1 Dry symmetric instability. - 7.6.2 Moist symmetric instability. - 7.7 Baroclinic instability. - References. - Problems. - 8 Isolated convective storms. - 8.1 Dynamics of single-cell storms and downbursts. - 8.2 Dynamics of multicell storms. - 8.3 Effects of shear and buoyancy. - 8.3.1 Effects of shear on cold outflow. - 8.3.2 Effects of buoyancy. - 8.4 Dynamics of supercell storms. - 8.4.1 General characteristics. - 8.4.2 Effects of unidirectional shear. - 8.4.3 Storm splitting. - 8.4.4 Storm rotation and propagation. - 8.4.5 Effects of directional shear. - 8.5 Tornado dynamics. - 8.5.1 Supercell tornadogenesis. - 8.5.2 Nonsupercell tornadogenesis. - 8.5.3 Tornado vortex dynamics. - References. - Problems. - 9 Mesoscale convective systems. - 9.1 Squall lines and rainbands. - 9.1.1 Squall line classifications. - 9.1.2 Formation mechanisms. - 9.1.3 Maintenance mechanisms. - 9.1.4 Squall line movement. - 9.1.5 Rainbands. - 9.2 Mesoscale convective complexes. - 9.2.1 General characteristics. - 9.2.2 Formation and development mechanisms. - 9.3 Tropical cyclones. - 9.3.1 General characteristics. - 9.3.2 Tropical cyclogenesis. - 9.3.3 Intensity and mesoscale structure. - 9.3.4 Tropical cyclone movement. - References. - Problems. - 10 Dynamics of fronts and jet streaks. - 10.1 Kinematics of frontogenesis. - 10.2 Dynamics of two-dimensional frontogenesis. - 10.2.1 Geostrophic momentum approximation. - 10.2.2 Frontogenesis and cross-frontal circulations. - 10.3 Frontogenesis and baroclinic waves. - 10.4 Moist and frictional effects on frontogenesis. - 10.5 Other types of fronts. - 10.5.1 Upper-level frontogenesis. - 10.5.2 Drylines. - 10.6 Jet streak dynamics. - 10.6.1 Upper-level jet streaks. - 10.6.2 Low-level jets. - References. - Problems. - 11 Dynamics of orographic precipitation. - 11.1 Orographic influence on climatological distribution of precipitation. - 11.2 Orographic modification of preexisting disturbances. - 11.2.1 Passage of troughs. - 11.2.2 Passage of midlatitude cyclones and fronts. - 11.2.3 Passage of tropical cyclones. - 11.2.4 Common ingredients of orographic precipitation. - 11.3 Formation and enhancement mechanisms. - 11.3.1 Stable ascent mechanism. - 11.3.2 Release of moist instabilities. - 11.3.3 Effects of mountain geometry. - 11.3.4 Combined thermal and orographic forcing. - 11.3.5 Seeder-feeder mechanism. - 11.3.6 Dynamical-microphysical interaction mechanism. - 11.4 Control parameters and moist flow regimes. - 11.4.1 Control parameters. - 11.4.2 Moist flow regimes. - References. - 12 Basic numerical methods. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Finite difference approximations of derivatives. - 12.3 Finite difference approximations of the advection equation. - 12.3.1 Two-time-level schemes. - 12.3.2 Three-time-level schemes. - 12.4 Implicit schemes. - 12.5 Semi-Lagrangian methods. - Appendix 12.1. - References. - Problems. - Modeling projects. - 13 Numerical modeling of geophysical fluid systems. - 13.1 Grid systems and vertical coordinates. - 13.1.1 Grid systems. - 13.1.2 Vertical coordinates. - 13.2 Boundary conditions. - 13.2.1 Lateral boundary conditions. - 13.2.2 Upper boundary conditions. - 13.2.3 Lower boundary conditions. - 13.3 Initial conditions and data assimilation. - 13.4 Nonlinear aliasing and instability. - 13.5 Modeling a stratified fluid system. - 13.6 Predictability and ensemble forecasting. - References. - Problems. - Modeling project. - 14 Parameterizations of physical processes. - 14.1 Reynolds averaging. - 14.2 Parameterization of planetary boundary layer processes. - 14.2.1 Parameterization of the surface layer. - 14.2.2 Parameterization of the PBL. - 14.3 Parameterization of moist processes. - 14.3.1 Parameterization of microphysical processes. - 14.3.2 Cumulus parameterization. - 14.4 Parameterizations of radiative transfer processes. - 14.4.1 Introduction. - 14.4.2 Longwave radiation. - 14.4.3 Shortwave radiation. - References. - Problems. - Appendices. - A. List of symbols. - B. Nomenclature. - Index.

Note: Meet the Authors ... vi --- Preface ... xiii --- The Modern Theory and Practice of Geology --- The Earth System ... 1 --- The Scientific Method ... 2 --- Earth's Shape and Surface ... 3 --- The Geologic Record ... 4 --- Peeling the Onion: Discovery of a Layered Earth ... 6 --- Earth as a System of Interacting Components ... 10 --- An Overview of Geologic Time ... 14 --- Plate Tectonics: The Unifying Theory ... 18 --- The Discovery of Plate Tectonics ... 19 --- The Mosaic of Plates ... 22 --- Rates and History of Plate Motions ... 30 --- The Grand Reconstruction ... 35 --- Mantle Convection: The Engine of Plate Tectonics ... 37 --- The Theory of Plate Tectonics and the Scientific Method ... 42 --- Basic Geologic Processes --- Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks ... 44 --- What Are Minerals? ... 45 --- The Atomic Structure of Matter ... 46 --- Chemical Reactions ... 47 --- Chemical Bonds ... 49 --- The Atomic Structure of Minerals ... 49 --- Rock-Forming Minerals ... 52 --- Physical Properties of Minerals ... 56 --- What Are Rocks? ... 62 --- Igneous Rocks ... 63 --- Sedimentary Rocks ... 64 --- Metamorphic Rocks ... 66 --- The Rock Cycle: Interactions Between the Plate Tectonic and Climate Systems ... 66 --- Minerals Occur in Rocks as Valuable Resources ... 68 --- Earth Issues: Sulfide Minerals React to Form Acid Waters on Earth and Mars ... 57 --- Igneous Rocks: Solids from Melts ... 76 --- How Do Igneous Rocks Differ from One Another? ... 78 --- How Do Magmas Form? ... 83 --- Where Do Magmas Form? ... 85 --- Magmatic Differentiation ... 85 --- Forms of Magmatic Intrusions ... 88 --- Igneous Activity and Plate Tectonics ... 91 --- Sedimentation: Rocks Formed by Surface Processes ... 100 --- Sedimentary Rocks Are Produced by Surface Processes in the Rock Cycle ... 102 --- Sedimentary Basins: The Sinks for Sediments ... 106 --- Sedimentary Environments ... 108 --- Sedimentary Structures ... 111 --- Burial and Diagenesis: From Sediment to Rock ... 114 --- Classification of Siliciclastic Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks ... 116 --- Classification of Chemical and Biological Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks ... 119 --- Earth Policy: Darwin's Coral Reefs and Atolls ... 124 --- Metamorphism: Modification of Rocks by Temperature and Pressure ... 130 --- Metamorphism and the Earth System ... 132 --- Causes of Metamorphism ... 133 --- Types of Metamorphism ... 134 --- Metamorphic Textures ... 136 --- Regional Metamorphism and Metamorphic Grade ... 141 --- Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism ... 144 --- Deformation: Modification of Rocks by Folding and Fracturing ... 150 --- Mapping Geologic Structure ... 152 --- How Rocks Deform ... 154 --- Basic Deformation Structures ... 156 --- Styles of Continental Deformation ... 163 --- Unraveling Geologic History ... 165 --- Earth and Planets Through Geologic Time --- Clocks in Rocks: Timing the Geologic Record ... 168 --- Reconstructing Geologic History from the Stratigraphic Record ... 170 --- Geologic Time Scale: Relative Ages ... 178 --- Measuring Absolute Time with Radioactive Clocks ... 180 --- Geologic Time Scale: Absolute Ages ... 183 --- Timing the Earth System ... 184 --- Earth Issues: The Grand Canyon Sequence and Regional Correlation of Strata ... 176 --- Early History of the Terrestrial Planets ... 188 --- Origin of the Solar System ... 190 --- Early Earth: Formation of a Layered Planet ... 192 --- Diversity of the Planets ... 195 --- What's in a Face? The Age and Complexion of Planetary Surfaces ... 197 --- Mars Rocks! ... 204 --- Exploring the Solar System and Beyond ... 210 --- Evolution of the Continents ... 214 --- The Tectonics of North America ... 216 --- Tectonic Provinces Around the World ... 221 --- How Continents Grow ... 224 --- How Continents Are Modified ... 226 --- The Formation of Cratons ... 235 --- The Deep Structure of Continents ... 236 --- Geobiology: Life Interacts with the Earth ... 240 --- The Biosphere as a System ... 242 --- Microbes: Nature's Tiny Chemists ... 246 --- Geobiological Events in Earth's History ... 254 --- Astrobiology: The Search for Extraterrestrial Life ... 265 --- Earth Issues: The Mother of all Mass Extinctions: Whodunit? ... 264 --- Internal Geosystems --- Volcanoes ... 270 --- Volcanoes as Geosystems ... 272 --- Lavas and Other Volcanic Deposits ... 273 --- Eruptive Styles and Landforms ... 277 --- Geosystem Interactions ... 282 --- The Global Pattern of Volcanism ... 284 --- Volcanism and Human Affairs ... 288 --- Earth Policy: Mount St. Helens: Dangerous but Predictable ... 292 --- Earthquakes ... 296 --- What Is an Earthquake? ... 298 --- Studying Earthquakes ... 301 --- Earthquakes and Patterns of Faulting ... 309 --- Earthquake Destructiveness ... 313 --- Can Earthquakes Be Predicted? ... 320 --- Earth Issues: The Great Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004 ... 312 --- Earth Issues: Seven Steps to Earthquake Safety ... 319 --- Exploring: Earth's Interior ... 324 --- Exploring the Interior with Seismic Waves ... 325 --- Layering and Composition of the Interior ... 328 --- Earth's Internal Heat and Temperature ... 332 --- The Three-Dimensional Structure of the Mantle ... 338 --- Earth's Magnetic Field and the Geodynamo ... 337 --- Earth Issues: The Uplift of Scandinavia: Nature's Experiment with Isostasy ... 331 --- Earth Issues: The Geoid: Shape of Planet Earth ... 338 --- Surficial Geosystems --- The Climate System ... 346 --- Components of the Climate System ... 348 --- The Greenhouse Effect ... 352 --- Climate Variability ... 355 --- The Carbon Cycle ... 362 --- Twentieth-Century Warming: Human Fingerprints of Global Change ... 366 --- Earth Issues: Vostok and GRIP: Ice-Core Drilling in Antarctica and Greenland ... 358 --- Earth Issues: El Nino: The Wayward Child ... 360 --- Weathering, Erosion, and Mass Wasting: Interface Between Climate and Tectonics ... 370 --- Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting, and the Rock Cycle ... 372 --- Controls on Weathering ... 372 --- Chemical Weathering ... 373 --- Physical Weathering ... 378 --- Soil: The Residue of Weathering ... 381 --- Mass Wasting ... 384 --- Classification of Mass Movements ... 388 --- Understanding the Origins of Mass Movements ... 395 --- The Hydrologic Cycle and Groundwater ... 400 --- Flows and Reservoirs ... 402 --- Hydrology and Climate ... 404 --- The Hydrology of Runoff ... 406 --- Groundwater ... 408 --- Water Resources from Major Aquifers ... 415 --- Erosion by Groundwater ... 417 --- Water Quality ... 418 --- Water Deep in the Crust ... 421 --- Earth Issues: Water Is a Precious Resource: Who Should Get It? ... 404 --- Earth Issues: When Do Groundwaters Become Nonrenewable Resources? ... 416 --- Stream Transport: From Mountains to Oceans ... 426 --- Stream Valleys, Channels, and Floodplains ... 428 --- Drainage Networks ... 432 --- Where Do Channels Begin? How Running Water Erodes Solid Rock ... 435 --- How Stream Waters Flow and Transport Sediment ... 437 --- Deltas: The Mouths of Rivers ... 440 --- Streams as Geosystems ... 443 --- Earth Issues: The Development of Cities on Floodplains ... 432 --- Winds and Deserts ... 452 --- Wind as a Flow of Air ... 454 --- Wind as a Transport Agent ... 455 --- Wind as an Agent of Erosion ... 458 --- Wind as a Depositional Agent ... 460 --- The Desert Environment ... 464 --- Earth Issues: Martian Dust Storms and Dust Devils ... 457 --- Coastlines and Ocean Basins ... 472 --- Basic Differences Between Ocean Basins and Continents ... 474 --- Coastal Processes ... 474 --- Shorelines ... 485 --- Sea Level Change as a Measure of Global Warming ... 488 --- Continental Margins ... 491 --- The Deep Oceans ... 494 --- Ocean Sedimentation ... 500 --- Earth Policy: The Great New Orleans Flood ... 480 --- Earth Issues: Preserving Our Beaches ... 490 --- Glaciers: The Work of Ice ... 504 --- Ice as a Rock ... 506

Note: Oslo, Univ., Diss., 2007

Note: Oslo, Univ., Diss., 2007

Note: Contents: Introduction. - 1. Coastlines as zones of interaction among geological processes, climate change, and socioeconomic development? - Modeling opportunities / J. Harff, W. W. Hay, and D. F. Tetzlaff. - Models describing the driving forces of coastal change and effects of their interrelation. - 2. Postglacial coastal evolution: Ice-ocean-solid Earth interactions in a period of rapid climate change / W. R. Peltier. - 3. Simulation of the Eemian interglacial and possible mechanisms for the glacial inception / F. Kaspar and U. Cubasch. - 4. Predicting seabed change as a function of climate change over the next 50 yr in the Australian southeast / F. Li, C. P. Dyt, C. M. Griffiths, and K. L. McInnes. - 5. Interaction among sedimentation, compaction, and groundwater flow in coastal settings / D. M. Tetzlaff and M.-T. Schafmeister. - Model areas. - The Arctic and the Northern Hemisphere. - 6. The Laptev Sea system since the Last Glacial / H. Kassens, J. Thiede, H. A. Bauch, J. A. Hoelemann, I. Dmitrenko, S. Pivovarov, S. Priamikov, L. Timokhov, and C. Wegner. - 7. The evolution and degradation of coastal and offshore permafrost in the Laptev and Eastern Siberian Seas during the last climatic cycle / P. P. Overduin, H.-W. Hubberten, V. Rachold, N. Romanovskii, M. Grigoriev, and M. Kasymskaya. - 8. Climate and the migration of early peoples into the Americas / R. Hetherington, A. J. Weaver, and Á. Montenegro. - Marginal seas. - 9. The Baltic Sea coast - A model of interrelations among geosphere, climate, and anthroposphere / J. Harff, W. Lemke, R. Lampe, F. Lüth, H. Lübke, M. Meyer, F. Tauber, and U. Schmölcke. - 10. Southern Baltic Sea level oscillations: New radiocarbon, pollen, and diatom evidences of from the Puck Lagoon (Poland) / S. Uscinowicz, J. Zachowicz, G. Miotk-Szpiganowicz, and A. Witkowski. - 11. Modelling Holocene coastal erosion and sediment supply in the western North Sea / J. G. Rees, R. Newsham, and C. D. R. Evans. - 12. A Black Sea lowstand at 8500 yr B.P. indicated by a relict coastal dune system at a depth of 90 m below sea level / G. Lericolais, I. Popescu, F. Guichard, and S. Popescu. - 13. Sinis Peninsula (western Sardinia, Italy) coastal system analysis using hydrodynamic and remote sensing techniques / A. Atzeni, D. Pani, and N. Ibba. - 14. A long-term morphological modeling study on the evolution of the Pearl River Delta, network system, and estuarine bays since 6000 yr B.P. / C. Y. Wu, J. Ren, Y. Bao, Y. P. Lei, and H. Y. Shi. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgments. - Chapter 1 Data Acquisition and Recording. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Basic sampling requirements. - 1.2.1 Sampling interval. - 1.2.2 Sampling duration. - 1.2.3 Sampling accuracy. - 1.2.4 Burst sampling versus continuous sampling. - 1.2.5 Regularly versus irregularly sampled data. - 1.2.6 Independent realizations. - 1.3 Temperature. - 1.3.1 Mercury thermometers. - 1.3.2 The mechanical bathythermograph (MBT). - 1.3.3 Resistance thermometers (expendable bathythermograph: XBT). - 1.3.4 Salinity/conductivity-temperature-depth profilers. - 1.3.5 Dynamic response of temperature sensors 19 1.3.6 Response times of CTD systems. - 1.3.7 Temperature calibration of STD/CTD profilers. - 1.3.8 Sea surface temperature. - 1.3.9 The modern digital thermometer. - 1.3.10 Potential temperature and density. - 1.4 Salinity. - 1.4.1 Salinity and electrical conductivity. - 1.4.2 The practical salinity scale. - 1.4.3 Nonconductive methods. - 1.5 Depth or pressure. - 1.5.1 Hydrostatic pressure. - 1.5.2 Free-fall velocity. - 1.5.3 Echo sounding. - 1.5.4 Other depth sounding methods. - 1.6 Sea-level measurement. - 1.6.1 Tide and pressure gauges. - 1.6.2 Satellite altimetry. - 1.6.3 Inverted echo sounder (IES). - 1.6.4 Wave height and direction. - 1.7 Eulerian currents. - 1.7.1 Early current meter technology. - 1.7.2 Rotor-type current meters. - 1.7.3 Nonmechanical current meters. - 1.7.4 Profiling acoustic Doppler current meters (ADCM). - 1.7.5 Comparisons of current meters. - 1.7.6 Electromagnetic methods. - 1.7.7 Other methods of current measurement. - 1.7.8 Mooring logistics. - 1.7.9 Acoustic releases. - 1.8 Lagrangian current measurements. - 1.8.1 Drift cards and bottles. - 1.8.2 Modern drifters. - 1.8.3 Processing satellite-tracked drifter data. - 1.8.4 Drifter response. - 1.8.5 Other types of surface drifters. - 1.8.6 Subsurface floats. - 1.8.7 Surface displacements in satellite imagery. - 1.9 Wind. - 1.10 Precipitation. - 1.11 Chemical tracers. - 1.11.1 Conventional tracers. - 1.11.2 Light attenuation and scattering. - 1.11.3 Oxygen isotope: δ18O. - 1.11.4 Helium-3; helium/heat ratio. - 1.12 Transient chemical tracers. - 1.12.1 Tritium. - 1.12.2 Radiocarbon. - 1.12.3 Chlorofluorocarbons. - 1.12.4 Radon-222. - 1.12.5 Sulfur hexachloride. - 1.12.6 Strontium-90. - Chapter 2 Data Processing and Presentation. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Calibration. - 2.3 Interpolation. - 2.4 Data presentation. - 2.4.1 Introduction. - 2.4.2 Vertical profiles. - 2.4.3 Vertical sections. - 2.4.4 Horizontal maps. - 2.4.5 Map projections. - 2.4.6 Characteristic or property versus property diagrams. - 2.4.7 Time-series presentation. - 2.4.8 Histograms. - 2.4.9 New directions in graphical presentation. - Chapter 3 Statistical Methods and Error Handling. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Sample distributions. - 3.3 Probability. - 3.3.1 Cumulative probability functions. - 3.4 Moments and expected values. - 3.4.1 Unbiased estimators and moments. - 3.4.2 Moment generating functions. - 3.5 Common probability density functions. - 3.6 Central limit theorem. - 3.7 Estimation. - 3.8 Confidence intervals. - 3.8.1 Confidence interval for μ (σ known) 3.8.2 Confidence interval for μ (σ unknown) 3.8.3 Confidence interval for σ^2. - 3.8.4 Goodness-of-fit test. - 3.9 Selecting the sample size. - 3.10 Confidence intervals for altimeter bias estimates. - 3.11 Estimation methods. - 3.11.1 Minimum variance unbiased estimation. - 3.11.2 Method of moments. - 3.11.3 Maximum likelihood. - 3.12 Linear estimation (regression). - 3.12.1 Method of least squares. - 3.12.2 Standard error of the estimate. - 3.12.3 Multivariate regression. - 3.12.4 A computational example of matrix regression. - 3.12.5 Polynomial curve fitting with least squares. - 3.12.6 Relationship between least-squares and maximum likelihood. - 3.13 Relationship between regression and correlation. - 3.13.1 The effects of random errors on correlation. - 3.13.2 The maximum likelihood correlation estimator. - 3.13.3 Correlation and regression: cause and effect. - 3.14 Hypothesis testing. - 3.14.1 Significance levels and confidence intervals for correlation. - 3.14.2 Analysis of variance and the F-distribution. - 3.15 Effective degrees of freedom. - 3.1 5.1 Trend estimates and the integral time scale. - 3.16 Editing and despiking techniques: the nature of errors. - 3.16.1 Identifying and removing errors. - 3.16.2 Propagation of error. - 3.16.3 Dealing with numbers: the statistics of roundoff. - 3.16.4 Gauss-Markov theorem. - 3.17 Interpolation: filling the data gaps. - 3.17.1 Equally and unequally spaced data. - 3.17.2 Interpolation methods. - 3.17.3 Interpolating gappy records: practical examples. - 3.18 Covariance and the covariance matrix. - 3.18.1 Covariance and structure functions. - 3.18.2 A computational example. - 3.18.3 Multivariate distributions. - 3.19 Bootstrap and jackknife methods. - 3.19.1 Bootstrap method. - 3.19.2 Jackknife method. - Chapter 4 The Spatial Analyses of Data Fields. - 4.1 Traditional block and bulk averaging. - 4.2 Objective analysis. - 4.2.1 Objective mapping: examples. - 4.3 Empirical orthogonal functions. - 4.3.1 Principal axes of a single vector time series (scatter plot). - 4.3.2 EOF computation using the scatter matrix method. - 4.3.3 EOF computation using singular value decomposition. - 4.3.4 An example: deep currents near a mid-ocean ridge. - 4.3.S Interpretation of EOFs. - 4.3.6 Variations on conventional EOF analysis. - 4.4 Normal mode analysis. - 4.4.1 Vertical normal modes. - 4.4.2 An example: normal modes of semidiurnal frequency. - 4.4.3 Coastal-trapped waves (CTWs). - 4.5 Inverse methods. - 4.5.1 General inverse theory. - 4.5.2 Inverse theory and absolute currents. - 4.5.3 The IWEX internal wave problem. - 4.5.4 Summary of inverse methods. - Chapter 5 Time-series Analysis Methods. - 5.1 Basic concepts. - 5.2 Stochastic processes and stationarity. - 5.3 Correlation functions. - 5.4 Fourier analysis. - 5.4.1 Mathematical formulation. - 5.4.2 Discrete time series. - 5.4.3 A computational example. - 5.4.4 Fourier analysis for specified frequencies. - 5.4.5 The fast Fourier transform. - 5.5 Harmonic analysis. - 5.5.1 A least-squares method. - 5.5.2 A computational example. - 5.5.3 Harmonic analysis of tides. - 5.5.4 Choice of constituents. - 5.5.5 A computational example for tides. - 5.5.6 Complex demodulation. - 5.6 Spectral analysis. - 5.6.1 Spectra of deterministic and stochastic processes. - 5.6.2 Spectra of discrete series. - 5.6.3 Conventional spectral methods. - 5.6.4 Spectra of vector series. - 5.6.5 Effect of sampling on spectral estimates. - 5.6.6 Smoothing spectral estimates (windowing). - 5.6.7 Smoothing spectra in the frequency domain. - 5.6.8 Confidence intervals on spectra. - 5.6.9 Zero-padding and prewhitening. - 5.6.10 Spectral analysis of unevenly spaced time series. - 5.6.11 General spectral bandwidth and Q of the system. - 5.6.12 Summary of the standard spectral analysis approach. - 5.7 Spectral analysis (parametric methods). - 5.7.1 Some basic concepts. - 5.7.2 Autoregressive power spectral estimation. - 5.7.3 Maximum likelihood spectral estimation. - 5.8 Cross-spectral analysis. - 5.8.1 Cross-correlation functions. - 5.8.2 Cross-covariance method. - 5.8.3 Fourier transform method. - 5.8.4 Phase and cross-amplitude functions. - 5.8.S Coincident and quadrature spectra. - 5.8.6 Coherence spectrum (coherency). - 5.8.7 Frequency response of a linear system. - 5.8.8 Rotary cross-spectral analysis. - 5.9 Wavelet analysis. - 5.9.1 The wavelet transform. - 5.9.2 Wavelet algorithms. - 5.9.3 Oceanographic examples. - 5.9.4 The S-transformation. - 5.9.5 The multiple filter technique. - 5.10 Digital filters. - 5.10.1 Introduction. - 5.10.2 Basic concepts. - 5.10.3 Ideal filters. -

Note: CONTENTS: Preface page. - Conventions and Notation. - Chapter 1. The Physical Properties of Fluids. - 1.1 Solids, liquids and gases. - 1.2 The continuum hypothesis. - 1.3 Volume forces and surface forces acting on a fluid. - Representation of surface forces by the stress tensor. - The stress tensor in a fluid at rest. - 1.4 Mechanical equilibrium of a fluid. - A body 'floating' in fluid at rest. - Fluid at rest under gravity. - 1.5 Classical thermodynamics. - 1.6 Transport phenomena. - The linear relation between flux and the gradient of a scalar intensity. - The equations for diffusion and heat conduction in isotropic media at rest, Molecular transport of momentum in a fluid. - 1.7 The distinctive properties of gases. - A perfect gas in equilibrium. - Departures from the perfect-gas laws. - Transport coefficients in a perfect gas. - Other manifestations of departure from equilibrium of a perfect gas. - 1.8 The distinctive properties of liquids. - Equilibrium properties. - Transport coefficients. - 1.9 Conditions at a boundary between two media. - Surface tension. - Equilibrium shape of a boundary between two stationary fluids. - Transition relations at a material boundary. - Chapter 2. Kinematics of the Flow Field. - 2.1 Specification of the flow field. - Differentiation following the motion of the fluid. - 2.2 Conservation of mass. - Use of a stream function to satisfy the mass-conservation equation. - 2.3 Analysis of the relative motion near a point. - Simple shearing motion. - 2.4 Expression for the velocity distribution with specified rate of expansion and vorticity. - 2.5 Singularities in the rate of expansion. Sources and sinks. - 2.6 The vorticity distribution. - Line vortices. - Sheet vortices. - 2.7 Velocity distributions with zero rate of expansion and zero vorticity. - Conditions for Δϕ to be determined uniquely. - lrrotational solenoidal flow near a stagnation point. - The complex potential for irrotational solenoidal flow in two dimensions. - 2.8 Irrotational solenoidal flow in doubly-connected regions of space. - Conditions for Δϕ to be determined uniquely. - 2.9 Three-dimensional flow fields extending to infinity. - Asymptotic expressions for ue and uv. - The behaviour of ϕ at large distances. - Conditions for Δϕ to be determined uniquely. - The expression of ϕ as a power series. - Irrotational solenoidal flow due to a rigid body in translational motion. - 2.10 Two-dimensional flow fields extending to infinity. - lrrotational solenoidal flow due to a rigid body in translational motion. - Chapter 3. Equations Governing the Motion of a Fluid. - 3.1 Material integrals in a moving fluid. - Rates of change of material integrals. - Conservation laws for a fluid in motion. - 3.2 The equation of motion. - Use of the momentum equation in integral form. - Equation of motion relative to moving axes. - 3.3 The expression for the stress tensor. - Mechanical definition of pressure in a moving fluid. - The relation between deviatoric stress and rate-of-strain for a Newtonian fluid. - The Navier-Stokes equation. - Conditions on the velocity and stress at a material boundary. - 3.4 Changes in the internal energy of a fluid in motion. - 3.5 Bernoulli's theorem for steady flow of a frictionless non-conducting fluid. - Special forms of Bemoulli's theorem. - Constancy of H across a transition region in one-dimensional steady flow. - 3.6 The complete set of equations governing fluid flow. - Isentropic flow. - Conditions for the velocity distribution to be approximately solenoidal. - 3.7 Concluding remarks to chapters 1, 2 and 3. - Chapter 4. Flow of a Uniform Incompressible Viscous Fluid. - 4.1 Introduction. - Modification of the pressure to allow for the effect of the body force. - 4.2 Steady unidirectional flow. - Poiseuille flow. - Tubes of non-circular cross-section. - Two-dimensional flow. - A model of a paint-brush. - A remark on stability. - 4.3 Unsteady unidirectional flow. - The smoothing-out of a discontinuity in velocity at a plane. - Plane boundary moved suddenly in a fluid at rest. - One rigid boundary moved suddenly and one held stationary. - Flow due to an oscillating plane boundary. - Starting flow in a pipe. - 4.4 The Ekman layer at a boundary in a rotating fluid. - The layer at a free surface. - The layer at a rigid plane boundary. - 4.5 Flow with circular streamlines. - 4.6 The steady jet from a point source of momentum. - 4.7 Dynamical similarity and the Reynolds number. - Other dimensionless parameters having dynamical significance. - 4.8 Flow fields in which inertia forces are negligible. - Flow in slowly-varying channels. - Lubrication theory. - The Hele-Shaw cell. - Percolation through porous media. - Two-dimensional flow in a corner. - Uniqueness and minimum dissipation theorems. - 4.9 Flow due to a moving body at small Reynolds number. - A rigid sphere. - A spherical drop of a different fluid. - A body of arbitrary shape. - 4.10 Oseen's improvement of the equation for flow due to moving bodies at small Reynolds number. - A rigid sphere. - A rigid circular cylinder. - 4.11 The viscosity of a dilute suspension of small particles. - The flow due to a sphere embedded in a pure straining motion. - The increased rate of dissipation in an incompressible suspension. - The effective expansion viscosity of a liquid containing gas bubbles. - 4.12 Changes in the flow due to moving bodies as R increases from 1 to about 100. - Chapter 5. Flow at Large Reynolds Number: Effects of Viscosity. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Vorticity dynamics. - The intensification of vorticity by extension of vortex-lines. - 5.3 Kelvin's circulation theorem and vorticity laws for an inviscid fluid. - The persistence of irrotationality. - 5.4 The source of vorticity in motions generated from rest. - 5.5 Steady flows in which vorticity generated at a solid surface is prevented by convection from diffusing far away from it. - (a) Flow along plane and circular walls with suction through the wall. - (b) Flow toward a 'stagnation point' at a rigid boundary. - (c) Centrifugal flow due to a rotating disk. - 5.6 Steady two-dimensional flow in a converging or diverging channel. - Purely convergent flow. - Purely divergent flow. - Solutions showing both outflow and inflow. - 5.7 Boundary layers. - 5.8 The boundary layer on a flat plate. - 5.9 The effects of acceleration and deceleration of the external stream. - The similarity solution for an external stream velocity proportional to x^m. - Calculation of the steady boundary layer on a body moving through fluid. - Growth of the boundary layer in initially irrotational flow. - 5.10 Separation of the boundary layer. - 5.11 The flow due to bodies moving steadily through fluid. - Flow without separation. - Flow with separation. - 5.12 Jets, free shear layers and wakes. - Narrow jets. - Free shear layers. - Wakes. - 5.13 Oscillatory boundary layers. - The damping force on an oscillating body. - Steady streaming due to an oscillatory boundary layer. - Applications of the theory of steady streaming. - 5.14 Flow systems with a free surface page. - The boundary layer at a free surface. - The drag on a spherical gas bubble rising steadily through liquid. - The attenuation of gravity waves. - 5.15 Examples of use of the momentum theorem. - The force on a regular array of bodies in a stream. - The effect of a sudden enlargement of a pipe. - Chapter 6. Irrotational Flow Theory and its Applications. - 6.1 The role of the theory of flow of an inviscid fluid. - 6.2 General properties of irrotational flow. - Integration of the equation of motion. - Expressions for the kinetic energy in terms of surface integrals. - Kelvin's minimum energy theorem. - Positions of a maximum of q and a minimum of p. - Local variation of the velocity magnitude. - 6.3 Steady flow : some applications of Bernoulli's theorem and the momentum theorem. - Efflux from a circular orifice in an open vessel. - Flow over a weir. - Jet of liquid impinging on a plane wall. - lrro

Note: Table of contents 1. Introduction: Perceptions of weather and climate 1.1 Meteorology and/or climatology? 1.2 Perceptions of reality: schools of thought 1.3 Inadequacies in schools of thought, and associated problems 1.4 The approach ofthis book Part I GENERAL CIRCULATION IN THE TROPOSPHERE 2. Radiation 2.1 Processes of radiation 2.2 The greenhouse effect 2.3 The shape and motions of the Earth 2.4 The geographical factor 2.5 Conclusion 3. Circulation in the lower layers of the troposphere 3.1 Circulation in high and mid-latitudes: MPHs Perception of circulation in high and mid-latitudes The existence of mobile anticyclones Mobile Polar Highs (MPHs) The polar thermal deficit The birth of MPHs MPH trajectories The MPH-associated wind field 3.2 Anticyclonic agglutinations (AAs) A look at the so-called "subtropical" high-pressure areas Meridional transport by MPHs and anticyclonic agglutination (AA) Oceanic and continental anticyclonic agglutinations 3.3 Tropical circulation A look at tropical circulation Pressure and wind fields over the tropics The trade wind Trade winds The monsoon Monsoons 4. General circulation 4.1 General circulation: evolution of ideas 4.2 Areas of circulation in the lower layers 4.3 General circulation in the troposphere The mean tropospheric picture Seasonal variation in circulation Aerological stratification 4.4 Zonal "Walker" circulation: myth or reality? 4.5 General circulation: conclusion Part II DYNAMICS OF THE WEATHER: PERTURBATIONS 5. Pluviogenesis 5.1 Precipitation potential 5.2 Origin of an updraft The thermal factor The dynamical factor 5.3 Structuralconditions 6. Dynamics of weather in polar and temperate regions: MPHs 6.1 Perception of the "perturbed field" in high and mid-latitudes 6.2 The MPH: pressure field and wind field 6.3 Weather associated with an MPH 6.4 MPHs and the ''polar front" 6.5 Interactions between MPHs 6.6 Dynamics of weather in North America 6.7 Dynamics of weather in France MPHs and relief Winter dynamics Summer dynamics 6.8 Dynamics of weather in temperate and polar regions: conclusion 7. MPHs at tropical margins 7.1 The temperate-tropical boundary 7.2 Mechanisms 7.3 North and Central America 7.4 South America 7.5 Nmthern Africa, Arabia and India 7.6 Southern Africa 7.7 Eastern Asia 7.8 Australia 7.9 Conclusion 8. Pulses in trades and monsoons 8 1 Trade winds and "easterly waves" 8.2 Vertical structure of the trades 8.3 Pulses in the trades Maritime trades The continental trade wind 8.4 Pulses in the monsoon 9. The meteorological equator 9.1 The meteorological equator: the evolution of a concept 9.2 The inclined meteorological equator (IME) 9.3 IME activity: squall line.s (SL) 9.4 The vertical meteorological equator (VME) 9.5 The meteorological equator over continents: IME and VME 10. Tropical cyclones 10.1 Cyclone structure and associated weather 10.2 Conditions for cyclogenesis 10.3 The geography of tropical cyclones Part III DYNAMICS OF CLIMATE: CLIMATIC EVOLUTION The global climatic system 11. Causes of climatic variations 11.1 Variations in solar activity The sunspot cycle Solar activity and climate 11.2 Orbital parameters of radiation Variation of the Earth-Sun distance, or eccentricity of the Earth's orbit Variation of the angle of inclination of the Earth's polar axis Variation of the direction of the polar axis, or precession of the equinoxes Orbital parameters and climatic evolution 11.3 Volcanism and climate Volcanic emissions and ejecta (silicates and sulphates) Optical radiative and thermal effects 11.4 The anthropic greenhouse effect The anthropic greenhouse effect: predictions from models Predictions and observations Recent climatic change does not conform to the "greenhouse effect"scenario Conclusion on the causes of climatic change 12. Palaeoclimatic variations and modes of general circulation 12.1 A Palaeoenvironments in Africa Present-day dynamics of climate in Africa The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the LGM (18- 15 kyr BP) The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the HCO (9-6 kyr BP) Palaeometeorological interpretation 12.2 Variations in insolation and in modes of general circulation Variations in insolation at high latitudes Rapid general circulation Slow general circulation Glaciation and deglaciation Palaeocirculations over Africa Circulation at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum Circulation at the time of the Holocene Climatic Optimum Conclusion 13. Recent climatic evolution Recent climatic evolution in France 13.1 Dynamics of the great Sahel drought Sahelian pluviogenesis Causes of the great drought The southward movement of pluviogenetic structures 13.2 Climatic evolution in the North Atlantic/Europe/Mediterranean space Recent regional climatic evolutions Dynamics of weather and climate in the North Atlantic space Conclusion Polar and Alpine glaciers 13. 3 Dynamics of the Pacific space - El Niño Aerological dynamics of the North Pacific space The "El Niño phenomenon" The components of El Niño in the eastern Pacific The origin of torrential rains in northern Peru The components of El Niño in the tropical Pacific The increasing frequency of the El Niño phenomenon 13.4 The expansion of the northern meteorological hemisphere Climatic consequences in the tropics Lack of rainfall at norhern tropical margins The inverse relationship between northern and southern tropical rainfall Greatly increased cyclonic activity south of the equator "Global warning"? Climatic perspectives 14. General conclusion Bibliography Index

Note: CONTENTS: The Antarctic Research Series / Board of Associate Editors. - Preface / John C. Priscu. - Section 1: Physical and Hydrological Environment. - The Composite Glacial Erosional Landscape of the Northern McMurdo Dry Valleys: Implications for Antarctic Tertiary Glacial History / Michael L. Prentice, Johan Kleman, and Arjen P. Stroeven. - Solar Radiation in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica / Gayle L. Dana, Robert A. Wharton Jr., and Ralph Dubayah. - Glaciers of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Andrew G. Fountain, Gayle L. Dana, Karen J. Lewis, Bruce H. Vaughn, and Diane M. McKnight. - Geochemical Linkages Among Glaciers, Streams, and Lakes Within the Taylor Valley, Antarctica / W. Berry Lyons, Kathy A. Welch, Klaus Neumann, Jeffrey K. Toxey, Robyn McArthur, Changela Williams, Diane M. McKnight, and Daryl Moorhead. - Section 2: Stream Environment. - Hydrologic Processes Influencing Streamflow Variation in Fryxell Basin, Antarctica / Peter A. Conovitz, Diane M. McKnight, Lee H. MacDonald, Andrew G. Fountain, and Harold R. House. - Longitudinal Patterns in Algal Abundance and Species Distribution in Meltwater Streams in Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Diane M. McKnight, Alex Alger, Cathy M. Tate, Gordon Shupe, and Sarah Spaulding. - Primary Production Processes in Streams of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica / Ian Howes and Clive Howard-Williams. - Modeling Nitrogen Transformations in Dry Valley Streams, Antarctica / Daryl L. Moorhead, Diane M. McKnight, and Cathy M. Tate. - Section 3: Lake Environment. - Physical Limnology of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes / Robert H. Spigel and John C. Priscu. - Optical Properties of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes, Antarctica / Clive Howard-Williams, Anne-Maree Schwarz, Ian Hawes, and John C. Priscu. - Cobalt Cycling and Fate in Lake Vanda / William J. Green, Donald E. Canfield, and Philip Nixon. - The Abundance of Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacteria in Lake Bonney, Antarctica, Determined by Immunofluorescence, PCR, and in Situ Hybridization / Mary A. Voytek, Bess B. Ward, and John C. Priscu. - Pigment Analysis of the Distribution, Succession, and Fate of Phytoplankton in the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes of Antarctica / Michael P. Lizotte and John C. Priscu. - Fluorescence Quenching in Phytoplankton of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes (Antarctica): Implications for the Structure and Function of the Photosynthetic Apparatus / Patrick J. Neale and John C. Priscu. - Protozooplankton and Microzooplankton Ecology in Lakes of the Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land / Mark R. James, Julie A. Hall, and Johanna Laybourn-Parry. - Permanent Ice Covers of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Lakes, Antarctica: Liquid Water Contents / Christian H. Fritsen, Edward E. Adams, Christopher P. McKay, and John C. Priscu. - Permanent Ice Covers of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes, Antarctica: Bubble Formation and Metamorphism / Edward E. Adams, John C. Priscu, Christian H. Fritsen, Scott R. Smith, and Steven L. Brackman. - Section 4: Soil Environment. - The Soil Environment of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica / Iain B.Campbell, Graeme G. C. Claridge, David I. Campbell, and Megan R. Balks. - Soil Biodiversity and Community Structure in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica / Diana Wall Freckman and Ross A. Virginia. - Section 5: Summary. - Science and Environmental Management in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Colin M. Harris. - The McMurdo Dry Valley Ecosystem: Organization, Controls, and Linkages / Daryl L. Moorhead and John C. Priscu. - Section 6: CDROM. - Digital Geospatial Datasets Pertaining to the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica: The SOLA/AGU CDROM / Jordan Towner Hasting.