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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Dynamics of the ice age earth : a modern perspective (1998)
    Uetkon-Zürich : Trans Tech Publ.
    Details Availability
    Call number: M 98.0372
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: xvii, 637 S.
    ISBN: 0878498109
    Series Statement: GeoResearch Forum 3-4
    Classification:
    Gravity Field
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
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    Water storage changes in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau, link to data underlying Fig. 1-3 and A1-A13 (2018)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-13
    Keywords: MULT; Multiple investigations; TibetanPlateau; Tibetan Plateau
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 1.3 MBytes
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  • 3
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    LM17.3 - a global vertical land motion model of glacial isostatic adjustment (2021)
    PANGAEA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-20
    Description: We provide a global 0.5-degree grid of vertical land motion (in mm/a) of the LM17.3 glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) model. The radially varying earth model part is profile VM5a (Peltier et al. 2015). The ice load is different to any other GIA model and combines regional ice loads without taking care of balancing the global sea-level equivalent of all ice sheets and glaciers with that expected from paleo-sea-level indicators. The regional models are: * GLAC-1D for North America (Tarasov et al. 2012), * HUY3 for Greenland (Lecavalier et al. 2014), * GLAC #71340 for Fennoscandia/Barents Sea (Tarasov et al., 2014), * ANU-ICE for Iceland, High Mountain Areas, Siberian Mountains and Tibet (Lambeck et al. 2014), * IJ04_Patagonia for Patagonia (updated from Ivins & James 2004), * ICE-6G_C for New Zealand (Argus et al. 2014, Peltier et al. 2015), * GLAC-1D for Antarctica (Briggs et al. 2014). Additional models (W12, Whitehouse et al. 2012, and IJ05_R2, Ivins et al. 2013, for Antarctica; ANU-ICE, Lambeck et al. 2017, and NAIce, Gowan et al. 2016, for North America) were tested in the development of the model but not used in the end. Little ice age is not included nor any ice mass change during the last 100 years. The eustatic sea-level equivalent at last glacial maximum amounts to 113.8 m for all ice sheets and glaciers together. Because we use an ice model that has not been tuned to fit global constraints, it may highlight areas which cannot match commonly used GIA observations. However, we note that the earth model used in our calculations is different to the earth model used in the development of some regional ice models, e.g. HUY3, ANU-ICE, IJ04_Patagonia (see respective references), thus some differences can be related to this. The LM17.3 model was introduced in Jäggi et al. (2019), and its DDK5-filtered geoid and water heights can be found in the EGSIEM plotter (http://plot.egsiem.eu/index.php?p=timeseries). The GIA model uses material compressibility and includes time-dependent coastlines and rotational feedback. The vertical land motion can be used/tested in sea-level investigations and projections. Work towards a model that incorporates 3D earth structure, and an updated ice model, is ongoing.
    Keywords: EGSIEM; European Gravity Service for Improved Emergency Management; glacial isostatic adjustment; sea level
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    Format: application/zip, 1.9 MBytes
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induced Stresses and Fault Potential In Eastern Canada Due to A Disc Load: A Preliminary Analysis (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 125 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: In order to understand the causal relation between postglacial rebound and earthquakes, a simple disc load model is used to: (1) calculate stresses induced in the lithosphere and mantle by glacial loading, melting and postglacial rebound; and (2) evaluate the effect of glacial loading/rebound on the failure potential for earthquakes in the upper crust. the dependence of the failure potential and the actual mode of failure on the coefficient of friction, the ambient tectonic stress magnitude/direction, the stress due to the overlying rocks, and lithospheric thickness are investigated. Prominent features of this paper are the inclusion of: (1) a viscoelastic mantle and thus the migration of stress; and (2) the ambient tectonic stress and overburden stress contributions in the calculation of the total stress field.It is assumed that, throughout the Earth, there are optimally oriented pre-existing virtual faults that are initially close to but not at failure; thus, a time-dependent quantity called dFSM (related to the Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion) can be defined such that a negative value of dFSM would advocate faulting or earthquake activities whereas a positive value of dFSM would promote stability.The results indicate that, under all combinations of tectonic stress magnitude and overburden stress, crustal loading promotes fault stability directly underneath the load.Upon the removal of the load, thrust faulting is predicted within the ice margin if the horizontal stress (Sh) induced by the overburden is greater than or equal to the vertical component (Sv) of the overburden stress (1, where =Sh/Sv). Under this condition, theory predicts that faulting or earthquake activity should have reached a maximum immediately after deglaciation.If the horizontal stress induced by the overburden is less than the vertical component of the overburden stress (〉1), then theory predicts fault stability within the ice margin.The theory predicts fault instability both north and south of the ice margin. the mode of failure, however, is completely determined by the value of The trade-off between the tectonic stress magnitude and the overburden stress parameter () is also investigated. It is shown that a larger tectonic stress magnitude can be used to compensate a smaller value of the results of this analysis show that variations in the coefficient of friction, lithospheric thickness and a ductile zone below the upper crust do not significantly affect the above conclusions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb00008.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deformation of an incompressible viscoelastic flat earth with powerlaw creep: a finite element approach (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 108 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Extrapolating experimental creep data to mantle conditions indicates that the upper mantle may deform as a power-law medium. In all of the previous models of loading/unloading in a power-law medium, some simplifying assumptions were made to keep the calculation tractable. Unfortunately, some of these assumptions are invalid while others are too restrictive. In this paper, the finite element method is used to study the deformation of incompressible linear and non-linear rheological earth models that are subject to constant gravitational acceleration. The advantage of this new approach is that none of these simplifying assumptions has to be made—thus the solution is much more rigorous.The deformation of a non-linear half-space due to Heaviside loading and unloading of a boxcar load is shown to be characterized by: (i) ubiquitous updoming/sinking outside the load; (ii) a very high initial rate of deformation followed by a much slower rate inside the load; and (iii) the load history is fully coupled with the rheology of the earth because the state of stress, caused by the magnitude of the load and the sequence of loading or unloading events, determines the effective viscosity and thus the deformation. It is also demonstrated that the usual assumption of ‘self-similarity’ and ‘proportional relaxation’ are invalid. Moreover, the relaxation time is a function of both space and time.The effect of an elastic lithosphere on a linear or non-linear channel is shown to be much larger than that for a half-space even at small t. The effects of a non-linear channel, a parabolic load and a depth-dependent creep parameter A are also studied.When the observed uplift data near the rebound centre in Fennoscandia are compared to the predicted uplift curves, it is demonstrated that for the instantaneous removal of a 15 MPa boxcar load, power-law rheological models cannot fit the observations as well as the linear models can. However, more work has to be done before one can decide whether the rebound process actually involves a mantle with linear rheology or power-law rheology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb00837.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscoelastic versus viscous deformation and the advection of pre-stress (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 108 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The Heaviside response of an incompressible viscous half-space is compared to that of a viscoelastic half-space that may or may not be compressible elastically. It will be shown that the difference between viscous and viscoelastic response is detectable from uplift data provided that the age of the data goes back far enough. It is also possible to resolve, using the post-glacial rebound data, whether the viscous model or the viscoelastic model is preferred provided that the ice model is better constrained. Moreover, the rate of solid-fluid transition is wavenumber (k) dependent and the transition is not as rapid nor as small as was previously predicted. Finally, the advection of pre-stress is shown to be required in viscoelastic deformation problems of the earth and that it is responsible for viscoelastic gravitational relaxation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb00844.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postglacial rebound in a power-law medium with axial symmetry and the existence of the transition zone in relative sea-level data (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 114 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: This work is a continuation of the investigation of Wu (1992a) into understanding the effect of non-linear rheology on postglacial rebound. As in the previous study, the finite element method is used to study the deformation of incompressible flat-earth models with power-law rheology. However, unlike the previous study where the unrealistic assumption of plane strain was used, here the loads are assumed to be axially symmetrical. T1 characteristic deformation pattern of some simple earth models due to these axially symmetrical loads are studied. The effects of load distribution and a time-dependent contracting ice model are also investigated in this paper.From the characteristic deformation patterns of non-linear half-spaces or channels that do, or do not, have elastic lithospheres, it is demonstrated that non-linear earth models cannot explain the existence of the ‘transition zone’ in the sea-level data. This cannot be achieved by varying the stress exponent n because increasing n only makes the effect of non-linearity more prominent and will not significantly alter the pattern of deformation. It is also demonstrated that a contracting parabolic ice load with diminishing load cannot explain the sea-level data in the ‘transition zone’ either.When the observed sea-level data near the centre of rebound in Fennoscandia or Laurentia are compared with the predicted uplift curves, it is demonstrated that power-law rheological models with instantaneous melting histories can fit the relative sea-level (RSL) observations near the centre of rebound. However, no earth model with a completely non-linear mantle that is able to match the data simultaneously in the centre, near the edge or outside the ice sheet has been found. Thus, although the rheology of the mantle maybe non-linear, postglacial rebound probably sees the rheology of the mantle as linear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1993.tb06976.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deformation of internal boundaries in a viscoelastic earth and topographic coupling between the mantle and core (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 101 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Deformation in a two-layer self-gravitating, viscoelastic Maxwell earth is solved analytically and the behaviour of the internal interface which is non-monotonic in time is shown to be due to the buoyancy effect across the interface. Deformation inside realistic earth models is calculated using the new normal mode method. Some modes with long relaxation times which do not contribute significantly to surface deformations are found to be significant for deformations inside the mantle. Flow patterns inside the mantle and the topograph at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) due to surface glacial loads have been calculated. Glacial induced topography at the CMB, unless suitably located, is shown to be too small to significantly alter the total coupling mechanism and thus flow in the fluid core. If there is any causal relationship between climatic changes and geomagnetic reversals, then it is probably due to the transfer of rotational energy from the mantle to the core. A revised estimate of 100 m drop in sea level is required to cause changes in the flow pattern in the core.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb00769.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some analytical solutions for the viscoelastic gravitational relaxation of a two-layer non-self-gravitating incompressible spherical earth (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 126 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: In the study of the postglacial isostatic readjustment process, deformation of the Earth is usually expressed as the superposition of normal modes. In order further to understand the properties of these normal modes in a stratified earth, analytical solutions for incompressible, non-self-gravitating, two-layer spherical Maxwell earth models are derived and presented. Since the main effect of non-self-gravitation is to increase the influence of gravity for small harmonics of deformation (n) and the number of eigenmodes is not affected, these analytical solutions are used to establish theoretically the number of eigenmodes for a particular earth model. It is found that a jump in density will introduce a buoyancy mode, whereas a discontinuity in the value of Maxwell time will introduce two viscoelastic (or ‘transition‘) modes simultaneously. However, for an elastic lithosphere, only one extra mode is introduced. These analytical solutions also demonstrate that unstable eigenmodes exist whenever there is a density inversion. However, complex eigenmodes (which correspond to damped oscillations) are not found. Negative excitation strengths are also shown to be possible for the horizontal displacements—their magnitudes are generally small. A notable exception is when an elastic lithosphere is present, in which case the excitation strength for the dominant mode can be negative. Finally, a very simple method has been introduced to remove the problem of dense singularities during the numerical search for the eigenspectrum when the earth model is composed of a large number of uniform layers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb05300.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induced stresses and fault potential in eastern Canada due to a realistic load: a preliminary analysis (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 127 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: In order to understand the causal relation between postglacial rebound and earthquakes, a realistic ice and water load model is used to (1) calculate stresses induced in the lithosphere and mantle by glacial loading, melting and postglacial rebound and (2) evaluate the effect of glacial loading/rebound on the failure potential for earthquakes in the upper crust. The dependence of both the failure potential and the actual mode of failure on the ambient tectonic stress magnitude, the overburden stress, and lithospheric properties are investigated. Prominent features of this analysis are the inclusion of (1) a viscoelastic mantle and thus the migration of stress, and (2) the ambient tectonic stress and overburden stress contributions in the calculation of the total stress field.The spatio-temporal calculations, by a finite-element technique, of upper-crustal stresses and the failure potential for earthquakes indicate that fault stability is invariably enhanced directly beneath the load. For the case where stresses induced by the overburden are such that the horizontal component (Sh) is greater than or equal to the vertical component (Sv) (ζ≥ 1, where ζ= Sh/Sv), the model predicts the onset of thrust faulting and maximum earthquake activities soon after deglaciation is complete (when rebound rates are at a maximum). Observational data support this prediction. Since that time, rebound stresses have been decreasing in magnitude, but they continue to act as a trigger mechanism for optimally oriented pre-existing faults that are otherwise on the verge of failure. If one limits the existence of such faults to lie within the pre-weakened zones of eastern Canada, then the spatial distribution of current earthquakes can also be explained.Perturbations to the magnitude of the tectonic stress components or lithospheric properties do not affect, to any significant extent, the above conclusions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb01546.x
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