ALBERT

Note: Zugl.: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 1995

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1995

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction: sedimentology and stratigraphy. - 1.1 Sedimentology and stratigraphy in Earth sciences. - 1.2 Stratigraphy and sedimentology. - 1.3 See the world in just one grain of sand. - 1.4 Processes and products. - 1.5 Sedimentary environments and facies. - 1.6 Modem and ancient sedimentary environments. - 1.7 Geographical distribution of environments and facies. - 1. 8 Changing environments and facies through time. - 1.9 The stratigraphic record and geological time. - 1.10 Earth history, global tectonics, climate and evolution. - 2 Terrigenous clastic sediments: gravel, sand and mud. - 2.1 The components of sediments and sedimentary rocks. - 2.2 Classification and nomenclature of terrigenous clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks. - 2.3 Gravel and conglomerate. - 2.4 Sand and sandstone. - 2.5 Clay, silt and mudrock. - 2.6 Description of the textures of terrigenous clastic sedimentary rocks. - 2.7 Granulometric and clast shape analysis. - 2.8 Maturity of terrigenous clastic material. - 2.9 Terrigenous clastic sediments: summary. - Further reading. - 3 Biogenic, chemical and volcanogenic sediments. - 3.1 Limestone. - 3.2 Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. - 3.3 Evaporite minerals. - 3.4 Cherts. - 3.5 Phosphates. - 3.6 Sedimentary ironstone. - 3.7 Carbonaceous (organic) deposits. - 3.8 The description of sedimentary rocks in hand specimen. - 3.9 Examination of sedimentary rocks under the microscope. - Further reading. - 4 Processes of transport and sedimentary structures. - 4.1 Transport media. - 4.2 The behaviour of fluids and particles in fluids. - 4.3 Flows, sediment and bedforms. - 4.4 Waves. - 4.5 Sedimentary structures in sand-mud mixtures. - 4.6 Mass flows. - 4.7 Mudcracks. - 4.8 Erosional sedimentary structures. - 4.9 Sedimentary structures and sedimentary environments. - Further reading. - 5 Environments and facies. - 5.1 Interpreting past depositional environments. - 5.2 The concept of 'facies'. - 5.3 Distribution of palaeoenvironments in time and space. - 5.4 Palaeocurrents. - 5.5 Provenance. - 5.6 Graphic sedimentary logs. - 5.7 Facies and environments: summary. - Further reading. - 6 Continents: sources of sediment and environments of deposition. - 6.1 From source of sediment to formation of strata. - 6.2 The formation of mountains and hills. - 6.3 Continental climatic regimes. - 6.4 Surface processes. - 6.5 Weathering processes. - 6.6 Erosion and transport. - 6.7 Factors which influence erosion rates. - 6.8 Continental environments of deposition. - 6.9 Continental environments: summary. - Further reading. - 7 Glaciers and ice caps. - 7.1 Formation of glaciers. - 7.2 Erosion by glaciers. - 7.3 Glacial deposits. - 7.4 Distribution of glacial deposits. - 7.5 Recognition of glacial deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 8 Arid continental depositional environments. - 8.1 Deserts. - 8.2 Wind in deserts. - 8.3 Water in a desert. - 8.4 Alluvial fans. - 8.5 Playa lakes. - 8.6 Life in the desert. - 8.7 Characteristics of the deposits of arid continental environments: summary. - Further reading. - 9 Rivers: the fluvial environment. - 9.1 River forms and patterns. - 9.2 Modern rivers. - 9.3 Floodplains. - 9.4 Ancient fluvial deposits. - 9.5 Palaeocurrents in fluvial systems. - 9.6 Fossils in fluvial environments. - 9.7 Soils and palaeosols. - 9.8 Recognition of fluvial deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 10 Lacustrine environments: fresh and saline lakes. - 10.1 Modern lakes. - 10.2 Morphology and processes in lakes. - 10.3 Lacustrine sediments and facies. - 10.4 Saline lakes. - 10.5 Life in lakes. - 10.6 Lake environments: summary. - Further reading. - 11 The marine realm: morphology and processes. - 11.1 Marine environments. - 11.2 Tides. - 11.3 Wave and storm processes. - 11.4 Thermo-haline currents. - 11.5 Divisions of the marine realm. - 11.6 Chemical and biochemical sedimentation in oceans. - 11.7 Ecology of the seas. - 11.8 Marine environments: summary. - Further reading. - 12 Deltas and estuaries. - 12.1 Deltas. - 12.2 Controls on deltas. - 12.3 Coarse-grained deltas. - 12.4 Delta 'cycles'. - 12.5 Post- and syndepositional effects on deltas. - 12.6 Recognition of deltaic deposits: summary. - 12.7 Estuaries. - 12.8 Recognition of estuarine deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 13 Coastlines: beaches, barriers and lagoons. - 13.1 Coastal environments. - 13.2 Morphological features of coastlines. - 13.3 Clastic coastlines. - 13.4 Carbonate coastlines. - 13.5 Arid coastlines. - 13.6 Recognition of coastal deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 14 Shallow seas. - 14.1 Sediment supply to shallow seas. - 14.2 Shallow marine clastic environments. - 14.3 Storm-dominated shallow clastic seas. - 14.4 Tide-dominated shallow clastic seas. - 14.5 Shallow marine carbonate environments. - 14.6 Carbonate ramps. - 14.7 Rimmed carbonate shelves. - 14.8 Epeiric, drowned and isolated carbonate platforms. - 14.9 Barred basins and saline giants. - 14.10 Criteria for the recognition of shelf sediments. - Further reading. - 15 Deep marine environments. - 15.1 Modem and ancient oceans. - 15.2 Deep marine mass flows. - 15.3 Submarine fans. - 15.4 Contourites. - 15.5 Pelagic and hemipelagic sedimentation. - 15.6 Other features of deep ocean sediments. - 15.7 Fossils in deep ocean sediments. - 15.8 Ancient deep ocean deposits. - 15.9 Recognition of deep ocean deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 16 Volcanic environments. - 16.1 Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. - 16.2 Lavas. - 16.3 Volcaniclastic rocks. - 16.4 Environments of deposition. - 16.5 Recognition of volcanigenic deposits: summary. - 16.6 Volcanic rocks in stratigraphy: flows, dykes and sills. - Further reading. - 17 Sediments into rocks: postdepositional processes. - 17.1 Post-depositional modification of sedimentary layers. - 17.2 Post-depositional physical and chemical processes. - 17.3 Nodules and concretions. - 17.4 Clastic diagenesis. - 17.5 Carbonate diagenesis. - 17.6 Post-depositional changes to evaporites. - 17.7 Diagenesis of volcaniclastic sedirnents. - 17.8 Formation of coal and hydrocarbons. - 17.9 Diagenetic processes: summary. - Further reading. - 18 Stratigraphy: concepts and lithostratigraphy. - 18.1 Stratigraphy and geological time. - 18.2 Chronostratigraphy. - 18.3 Physical stratigraphy. - 18.4 Lithostratigraphy. - 18.5 Lithostratigraphic nomenclature. - 18.6 Lithostratigraphy and environments. - 18.7 Lithostratigraphy and geological maps. - 18.8 Lithostratigraphy and correlation. - Further reading. - 19 Biostratigraphy. - 19.1 Strata and fossils. - 19.2 Fossils in stratigraphy. - 19.3 Taxa used in biostratigraphy. - 19.4 Correlating different environments. - 19.5 Biostratigraphic nomenclature. - 19.6 Biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy. - Further reading. - 20 Dating and correlation techniques. - 20.1 Radiometric dating. - 20.2 Magnetostratigraphy. - 20.3 Other dating methods. - 20.4 Dating in the Quaternary. - 20.5 Correlation. - Further reading. - 21 Sequence stratigraphy and sea level changes. - 21.1 Introduction. - 21.2 Depositional sequences and systems tracts. - 21.3 Facies patterns in depositional sequences. - 21.4 Sequences in carbonate depositional environments. - 21.5 Subdivision of depositional sequences and systems tracts: parasequences. - 21.6 Sequence stratigraphy and depositional environments. - 21.7 Practical sequence stratigraphy. - 21.8 Causes of sea level fluctuations. - Further reading. - 22 Subsurface stratigraphy. - 22.1 Seismic reflection profiles. - 22.2 Interpreting seismic reflections. - 22.3 Structural features on seismic profiles. - 22.4 Seismic facies. - 22.5 Relating seismic profiles to geological cross-sections. - 22.6 Borehole stratigraphy and sedimentology. - 22.7 Subsurface facies analysis. - 22.8 Use of borehole data. - Further reading. - 23 Sedimentary basins. - 23.1 Tectonics of sedimentary basins. - 23.2 Basins related to crustal extension. - 23.3 Basins related to subduction. - 23.4 Basins related to continen

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Preface. - 1 Introduction / H.G. Reading. - 1.1 Development of sedimentology and sedimentary geology. - 1.2 Scope and philosophy of this book. - 1.3 Organization of the book. - 2 Controls on the sedimentary rock record / H.G. Reading & B.K. Levell. - 2.1 Controlling factors. - 2.1.1 Sediment supply, Terrigenous systems, Biochemical and chemical systems. - 2.1.2 Climate. - 2.1.3 Tectonic movements and subsidence. - 2.1.4 Sea-level changes. - 2.1.5 Milankovitch processes and orbital forcing. - 2.1.6 Intrinsic sedimentary processes. - 2.1.7 Physical processes. - 2.1.8 Biological activity. - 2.1.9 Water chemistry. - 2.1.10 Volcanic activity. - 2.1.11 Normal vs. catastrophic sedimentation. - 2.1.12 Rates of sedimentation and preservation potential. - 2.2 Facies and sequences. - 2.2.1 Rock facies definitions. - 2.2.2 Facies relationships, associations and sequences. - 2.3 Facies in the subsurface. - 2.3.1 Seismic facies. - 2.3.2 Seismic-stratigraphic units and seismic sequences. - 2.3.3 Rocks from the subsurface. - 2.3.4 Wireline logs and log facies. - 2.4 Sequence stratigraphy. - 2.5 Models. - 3 Alluvial sediments / J.D. Collinson. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Alluvial processes. - 3.2.1 Erosional processes. - 3.2.2 Transport and depositional processes. - 3.2.3 Postdepositional alteration and pedogenesis. - 3.3 Present-day alluvial settings. - 3.3.1 River channel classification and controls. - 3.3.2 Coarse-grained bedload rivers. - 3.3.3 Sandy bedload rivers. - 3.3.4 Mixed-load rivers. - 3.3.5 Suspended-load rivers. - 3.3.6 Overbank areas, Levees and crevasse splays, Floodplains. - 3.3.7 Soils and their distribution. - 3.3.8 Alluvial fans, Gravity-flow fans, Fluvial fans, Terminal fans. - 3.4 Ancient alluvial sediments. - 3.5 Alluvial facies. - 3.5.1 Conglomeratic facies. - 3.5.2 Sandstone channel facies. - 3.5.3 Fine-grained facies. - 3.5.4 Palaeosols. - 3.5.5 Biological and biochemical sediment. - 3.6 Larger-scale geometry, organization and controls. - 3.6.1 Bounding surfaces. - 3.6.2 Architectural elements. - 3.6.3 Fan conglomerates. - 3.6.4 Channel conglomerates. - 3.6.5 Channel sandbodies. - 3.6.6 Overbank sequences and palaeosols. - 3.6.7 Channel-overbank relationships. - 3.6.8 Coal in alluvial settings. - 3.6.9 Incised palaeovalleys. - 3.6.10 Ephemeral stream and terminal fan deposits. - 4 Lakes / M.R. Talbot and P.A. Allen. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Diversity of present-day lakes. - 4.3 Properties of lake water. - 4.4 Kinetics of lake water. - 4.4.1 Surface waves. - 4.4.2 Currents in lakes. - 4.4.3 Seiches. - 4.5 Chemistry of lake waters. - 4.6 Clastic sedimentation. - 4.6.1 Beaches and other nearshore zones. - 4.6.2 Deltas. - 4.6.3 Offshore zones. - 4.7 Chemical and biochemical sedimentation. - 4.7.1 Lacustrine carbonates, Inorganic precipitation, Biogenic carbonate production. - 4.7.2 Siliceous deposits. - 4.7.3 Iron-rich deposits. - 4.7.4 Saline minerals. - 4.7.5 Organic matter. - 4.8 Rhythmites. - 4.9 Lake-level changes. - 4.10 Ancient lake deposits. - 4.10.1 Criteria for recognition of ancient lake deposits. - 4.10.2 Ancient lacustrine facies. - 4.11 Ancient clastic-dominated basins. - 4.11.1 Lakes with steep margins, The Ridge Basin Group. - 4.11.2 Wave-dominated lakes, The Kap Stewart Formation. - 4.11.3 Shallow, low-relief basins, The Mercia Mudstone Group. - 4.12 Ancient carbonate-dominated basins. - 4.12.1 Low energy water bodies. - 4.12.2 High energy margins, The Glenns Ferry Formation. - 4.12.3 Microbial build-ups, The Chalk Hills Formation. - 4.13 Mixed clastic-carbonate basins. - 4.13.1 The Devonian Orcadian Basin of northeast Britain. - 4.14 Evaporitic lake basins. - 4.14.1 The Green River Formation (Palaeogene) of Utah, Wyoming and Colorado. - 4.14.2 The Ebro basin (Oligocene-Miocene), Spain. - 4.15 Organic-matter-dominated basins. - 4.15.1 The Fort Union Formation. - 4.15.2 The Calaf and Mequinenza basins. - 4.15.3 Oil shales. - 4.16 Cycles in lake deposits. - 4.16.1 The Green River Formation. - 4.16.2 The Rubielos de Mora basin. - 4.16.3 The Newark Supergroup. - 4.17 Economic importance of lake deposits. - 5 Desert aeolian systems / G.A. Kocurek. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 The desert aeolian system. - 5.2.1 Setting. - 5.2.2 Overview of processes. - 5.3 Aeolian processes and theory. - 5.3.1 Sediment transport. - 5.3.2 Dunes and airflow. - 5.3.3 Lee-face processes and stratification. - 5.3.4 Accumulation. - 5.3.5 Modelling of sets through space and time. - 5.3.6 Generation of bounding surfaces. - 5.3.7 Generation of aeolian sequences. - 5.3.8 Preservation of aeolian sequences. - 5.4 Present-day aeolian systems. - 5.4.1 Occurrence, accumulation and preservation. - 5.4.2 Variations. - 5.4.3 Classification of dunes. - 5.4.4 Dunes, airflow, stratification and cycles. - 5.4.5 Interdune areas. - 5.4.6 Sand sheets. - 5.4.7 Pleistocene—Holocene sequences. - 5.5 Ancient aeolian systems. - 5.5.1 The record. - 5.5.2 Sequences. - 5.5.3 System reconstruction. - 5.5.4 Dune reconstruction. - 6 Clastic coasts / H.G. Reading & J.D. Collinson. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Shoreline processes. - 6.2.1 Sediment supply. - 6.2.2 Sediment delivery to the basin. - 6.2.3 Zonation of the shoreline profile. - 6.2.4 Wave processes. - 6.2.5 Wave-induced nearshore currents. - 6.2.6 Fairweather vs. storm conditions. - 6.2.7 Tides. - 6.2.8 Wind. - 6.2.9 Gravitational processes. - 6.3 Coastal models and classifications. - 6.4 Rocky coasts. - 6.5 Coarse-grained gravel-rich coasts. - 6.5.1 Feeder systems. - 6.5.2 Reworking at the delta front. - 6.5.3 Resedimentation processes and slope failures. - 6.5.4 Coarse-grained coastal facies associations. - 6.5.5 Controls on coarse-grained coastal systems and sequences. - 6.5.6 Ancient coarse-grained coastal depositional systems, Coarse-grained systems in low-energy basins, Wave-affected coarse-grained systems. - 6.6 River deltas. - 6.6.1 Delta plain. - 6.6.2 Delta front. - 6.6.3 Prodelta. - 6.6.4 Deformational features on delta front and prodelta slope, Shallow-water resedimentation processes, Deep-water resedimentation processes. - 6.6.5 Deltaic facies sequences and their boundaries, Progradational sequences, Transgressive sequences, the abandonment phase. - 6.6.6 Ancient river deltas, Ancient fluvial-dominated and fluvial - wave-interaction deltas, Ancient wave-dominated deltas, Ancient tide-dominated deltas, Ancient delta deformation. - 6.7 Non-deltaic siliciclastic coasts. - 6.7.1 Beach-ridge strandplains. - 6.7.2 Chenier plains. - 6.7.3 Tidal flats. - 6.7.4 Barrier-island/lagoons. - 6.7.5 Estuaries. - 6.7.6 Coastal sequences, Progradational sequences, Transgressive sequences, Incised-valley sequences. - 6.7.7 Ancient non-deltaic siliciclastic coasts, Ancient progradational sequences, Ancient transgressive sequences. - 7 Shallow clastic seas / H.D. Johnson & C.T. Baldwin. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.1.1 Definition. - 7.1.2 Historical background. - 7.2 Clastic shelf models and classification. - 7.2.1 Process-response models and shelf hydraulic regimes. - 7.2.2 Dynamic stratigraphic models. - 7.2.3 Modern vs. ancient shelf seas. - 7.3 Modern tide-dominated shallow seas. - 7.3.1 Tides and tidal currents. - 7.3.2 Tide-dominated sand deposition. - 7.3.3 Tidal current transport paths: processes, bedforms and facies. - 7.3.4 Offshore tidal sandridges. - 7.4 Modern wave- and storm-dominated shallow seas. - 7.4.1 Wave-and storm-generated processes. - 7.4.2 Storm-dominated deposition on transgressive shelves. - 7.4.3 Characteristics of modern shelf storm deposits. - 7.4.4 Hydrodynamic models of modern shelf storm deposits. - 7.5 Modern oceanic current-dominated shelves. - 7.6 Modern mud-dominated shelves. - 7.7 Ancient shallow clastic seas: facies recognition and interpretation. - 7.7.1 Ancient tide-dominated offshore facies, Sedimentary structures and facies in offshore tidal deposits. - 7.7.2 Ancient wave- and storm-dominated offshore facies, Sedimentary structures and facies in wave- and storm-dominated dep

Note: Contents Observed Climatic Variability: Time Dependence / J. M. WALLACE Observed Climatic Variability: Spatial Structure / J. M. WALLACE Predictability of the Atmosphere and Oceans: From Days to Decades / T. N. PALMER Mechanisms for Decadal-to-Centennial Climate Variability / E. S. SARACHIK, M. WINTON and F. L. YIN Long-Term Coordinated Changesin the Convective Activity of the North Atlantic / R. DICKSON, J. LAZIER, J. MEINCKE and P. RHINES Mechanism for Decadal Climate Variability / M. LATIF, A. GROTZNER, M. MUNNICH, E. MAIER-REIMER, S. VENZKE and T. P. BARNETTA The Climate Response to the Changing Greenhouse Gas Concentration in the Atmosphere / L. BENGTSSON Analysis of Thermohaline Feedbacks / J. MAROTZKE An Overview of Century Time-Scale Variability in the Climate System: Observations and Models / T. F. STOCKER Steady States and Variability in Oceanic Zonal Flows / D. OLBERS and C. VOLKER Spectral Methods: What They Can and Cannot Do for Climatic Time Series / M. GHIL and P. Yiou Subject Index List of Participants

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgments. - Chapter 1 Data Acquisition and Recording. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Basic sampling requirements. - 1.2.1 Sampling interval. - 1.2.2 Sampling duration. - 1.2.3 Sampling accuracy. - 1.2.4 Burst sampling versus continuous sampling. - 1.2.5 Regularly versus irregularly sampled data. - 1.2.6 Independent realizations. - 1.3 Temperature. - 1.3.1 Mercury thermometers. - 1.3.2 The mechanical bathythermograph (MBT). - 1.3.3 Resistance thermometers (expendable bathythermograph: XBT). - 1.3.4 Salinity/conductivity-temperature-depth profilers. - 1.3.5 Dynamic response of temperature sensors 19 1.3.6 Response times of CTD systems. - 1.3.7 Temperature calibration of STD/CTD profilers. - 1.3.8 Sea surface temperature. - 1.3.9 The modern digital thermometer. - 1.3.10 Potential temperature and density. - 1.4 Salinity. - 1.4.1 Salinity and electrical conductivity. - 1.4.2 The practical salinity scale. - 1.4.3 Nonconductive methods. - 1.5 Depth or pressure. - 1.5.1 Hydrostatic pressure. - 1.5.2 Free-fall velocity. - 1.5.3 Echo sounding. - 1.5.4 Other depth sounding methods. - 1.6 Sea-level measurement. - 1.6.1 Tide and pressure gauges. - 1.6.2 Satellite altimetry. - 1.6.3 Inverted echo sounder (IES). - 1.6.4 Wave height and direction. - 1.7 Eulerian currents. - 1.7.1 Early current meter technology. - 1.7.2 Rotor-type current meters. - 1.7.3 Nonmechanical current meters. - 1.7.4 Profiling acoustic Doppler current meters (ADCM). - 1.7.5 Comparisons of current meters. - 1.7.6 Electromagnetic methods. - 1.7.7 Other methods of current measurement. - 1.7.8 Mooring logistics. - 1.7.9 Acoustic releases. - 1.8 Lagrangian current measurements. - 1.8.1 Drift cards and bottles. - 1.8.2 Modern drifters. - 1.8.3 Processing satellite-tracked drifter data. - 1.8.4 Drifter response. - 1.8.5 Other types of surface drifters. - 1.8.6 Subsurface floats. - 1.8.7 Surface displacements in satellite imagery. - 1.9 Wind. - 1.10 Precipitation. - 1.11 Chemical tracers. - 1.11.1 Conventional tracers. - 1.11.2 Light attenuation and scattering. - 1.11.3 Oxygen isotope: δ18O. - 1.11.4 Helium-3; helium/heat ratio. - 1.12 Transient chemical tracers. - 1.12.1 Tritium. - 1.12.2 Radiocarbon. - 1.12.3 Chlorofluorocarbons. - 1.12.4 Radon-222. - 1.12.5 Sulfur hexachloride. - 1.12.6 Strontium-90. - Chapter 2 Data Processing and Presentation. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Calibration. - 2.3 Interpolation. - 2.4 Data presentation. - 2.4.1 Introduction. - 2.4.2 Vertical profiles. - 2.4.3 Vertical sections. - 2.4.4 Horizontal maps. - 2.4.5 Map projections. - 2.4.6 Characteristic or property versus property diagrams. - 2.4.7 Time-series presentation. - 2.4.8 Histograms. - 2.4.9 New directions in graphical presentation. - Chapter 3 Statistical Methods and Error Handling. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Sample distributions. - 3.3 Probability. - 3.3.1 Cumulative probability functions. - 3.4 Moments and expected values. - 3.4.1 Unbiased estimators and moments. - 3.4.2 Moment generating functions. - 3.5 Common probability density functions. - 3.6 Central limit theorem. - 3.7 Estimation. - 3.8 Confidence intervals. - 3.8.1 Confidence interval for μ (σ known) 3.8.2 Confidence interval for μ (σ unknown) 3.8.3 Confidence interval for σ^2. - 3.8.4 Goodness-of-fit test. - 3.9 Selecting the sample size. - 3.10 Confidence intervals for altimeter bias estimates. - 3.11 Estimation methods. - 3.11.1 Minimum variance unbiased estimation. - 3.11.2 Method of moments. - 3.11.3 Maximum likelihood. - 3.12 Linear estimation (regression). - 3.12.1 Method of least squares. - 3.12.2 Standard error of the estimate. - 3.12.3 Multivariate regression. - 3.12.4 A computational example of matrix regression. - 3.12.5 Polynomial curve fitting with least squares. - 3.12.6 Relationship between least-squares and maximum likelihood. - 3.13 Relationship between regression and correlation. - 3.13.1 The effects of random errors on correlation. - 3.13.2 The maximum likelihood correlation estimator. - 3.13.3 Correlation and regression: cause and effect. - 3.14 Hypothesis testing. - 3.14.1 Significance levels and confidence intervals for correlation. - 3.14.2 Analysis of variance and the F-distribution. - 3.15 Effective degrees of freedom. - 3.1 5.1 Trend estimates and the integral time scale. - 3.16 Editing and despiking techniques: the nature of errors. - 3.16.1 Identifying and removing errors. - 3.16.2 Propagation of error. - 3.16.3 Dealing with numbers: the statistics of roundoff. - 3.16.4 Gauss-Markov theorem. - 3.17 Interpolation: filling the data gaps. - 3.17.1 Equally and unequally spaced data. - 3.17.2 Interpolation methods. - 3.17.3 Interpolating gappy records: practical examples. - 3.18 Covariance and the covariance matrix. - 3.18.1 Covariance and structure functions. - 3.18.2 A computational example. - 3.18.3 Multivariate distributions. - 3.19 Bootstrap and jackknife methods. - 3.19.1 Bootstrap method. - 3.19.2 Jackknife method. - Chapter 4 The Spatial Analyses of Data Fields. - 4.1 Traditional block and bulk averaging. - 4.2 Objective analysis. - 4.2.1 Objective mapping: examples. - 4.3 Empirical orthogonal functions. - 4.3.1 Principal axes of a single vector time series (scatter plot). - 4.3.2 EOF computation using the scatter matrix method. - 4.3.3 EOF computation using singular value decomposition. - 4.3.4 An example: deep currents near a mid-ocean ridge. - 4.3.S Interpretation of EOFs. - 4.3.6 Variations on conventional EOF analysis. - 4.4 Normal mode analysis. - 4.4.1 Vertical normal modes. - 4.4.2 An example: normal modes of semidiurnal frequency. - 4.4.3 Coastal-trapped waves (CTWs). - 4.5 Inverse methods. - 4.5.1 General inverse theory. - 4.5.2 Inverse theory and absolute currents. - 4.5.3 The IWEX internal wave problem. - 4.5.4 Summary of inverse methods. - Chapter 5 Time-series Analysis Methods. - 5.1 Basic concepts. - 5.2 Stochastic processes and stationarity. - 5.3 Correlation functions. - 5.4 Fourier analysis. - 5.4.1 Mathematical formulation. - 5.4.2 Discrete time series. - 5.4.3 A computational example. - 5.4.4 Fourier analysis for specified frequencies. - 5.4.5 The fast Fourier transform. - 5.5 Harmonic analysis. - 5.5.1 A least-squares method. - 5.5.2 A computational example. - 5.5.3 Harmonic analysis of tides. - 5.5.4 Choice of constituents. - 5.5.5 A computational example for tides. - 5.5.6 Complex demodulation. - 5.6 Spectral analysis. - 5.6.1 Spectra of deterministic and stochastic processes. - 5.6.2 Spectra of discrete series. - 5.6.3 Conventional spectral methods. - 5.6.4 Spectra of vector series. - 5.6.5 Effect of sampling on spectral estimates. - 5.6.6 Smoothing spectral estimates (windowing). - 5.6.7 Smoothing spectra in the frequency domain. - 5.6.8 Confidence intervals on spectra. - 5.6.9 Zero-padding and prewhitening. - 5.6.10 Spectral analysis of unevenly spaced time series. - 5.6.11 General spectral bandwidth and Q of the system. - 5.6.12 Summary of the standard spectral analysis approach. - 5.7 Spectral analysis (parametric methods). - 5.7.1 Some basic concepts. - 5.7.2 Autoregressive power spectral estimation. - 5.7.3 Maximum likelihood spectral estimation. - 5.8 Cross-spectral analysis. - 5.8.1 Cross-correlation functions. - 5.8.2 Cross-covariance method. - 5.8.3 Fourier transform method. - 5.8.4 Phase and cross-amplitude functions. - 5.8.S Coincident and quadrature spectra. - 5.8.6 Coherence spectrum (coherency). - 5.8.7 Frequency response of a linear system. - 5.8.8 Rotary cross-spectral analysis. - 5.9 Wavelet analysis. - 5.9.1 The wavelet transform. - 5.9.2 Wavelet algorithms. - 5.9.3 Oceanographic examples. - 5.9.4 The S-transformation. - 5.9.5 The multiple filter technique. - 5.10 Digital filters. - 5.10.1 Introduction. - 5.10.2 Basic concepts. - 5.10.3 Ideal filters. -

Note: Table of Contents: SECTION A: MODERN OCEAN AND SEA-ICE PROCESSES. - Features of Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Sea Level and Water Circulation in the Laptev Sea / V. K. Pavlov and P. V. Pavlov. - Numerical Modelling of Storm Surges in the Laptev Sea Based on the Finite Element Method / I. Ashik and A. Novakov. - Large-Scale Variations of Sea Level in the Laptev Sea / G. N. Voinov and E. A. Zakharchuk. - Extreme Oscillations of the Sea Level in the Laptev Sea / I. Ashik, Y. Dvorkin and Y. Vanda. - Internal Waves in the Laptev Sea / E. A. Zakharchuk. - The Composition of the Coarse Fraction of Aerosols in the Marine Boundary Layer over the Laptev, Kara and Barents Seas / V. P. Shevchenko, A. P. Lisitzin, R. Stein, V. V. Serova, A. B. Isaeva and N. V. Politova. - New Data on Sea-Ice Albedo in the Laptev and Barents Seas / B. V. Ivanov. - Possible Causes of Radioactive Contamination in the Laptev Sea / V. K. Pavlov, V. V. Stanovoy and A. I. Nikitin. - Oceanographic Causes for Transarctic Ice Transport of River Discharge / I. Dmitrenko, P. Golovin, V. Gribanov and H. Kassens. - Step-Like Vertical Structure Formation Due to Turbulent Mixing of Initially Continuous Density Gradients / A. Zatsepin, S. Dikarev, S. Poyarkov, N. Sheremet, I. Dmitrenko, P. Golovin and H. Kassens. - Dissolved and Paniculate Major and Trace Elements in Newly Formed Ice from the Laptev Sea (Transdrift III, October 1995) / J. A. Hölemann, M. Schirmacher and A. Prange. - Particle Entrainment into Newly Forming Sea Ice - Freeze-Up Studies in October 1995 / F. Lindemann, J. A. Holemann, A. Korablev and A. Zachek. - Frazil Ice Formation during the Spring Flood and its Role in Transport of Sediments to the Ice Cover / P. Golovin, I. Dmitrenko, H. Kassens and J. A. Hölemann. - SECTION B: THE MARINE ECOSYSTEM. - Pelagic-Benthic Coupling in the Laptev Sea Affected by Ice Cover / C. Grahl, A. Boetius and E.-M. Nöthig. - Chlorophyll a Distribution in Water Column and Sea Ice during the Laptev Sea Freeze-Up Study in Autumn 1995 / K. v. Juterzenka and K. Knickmeier. - Composition, Abundance and Population Structure of Spring-Time Zooplankton in the Shelf-Zone of Laptev Sea / E. N. Abramova. - Macrobenthos Distribution in the Laptev Sea in Relation to Hydrology / V. V. Petryashov, B. I. Sirenko, A. A. Golikov, A. V. Novozhilov, E. Rachor, D. Piepenburg and M. K. Schmid. - Carepoctus solidus sp.n., a New Species of Liparid Fish (Scorpaeniformes, Liparidae) from the Lower Bathyal of the Polar Basin / N. V. Chernova. - Spring Stopover of Birds on the Laptev Sea Polynya / D. V. Solovieva. - SECTION C: LAND-OCEAN INTERACTIONS AND PATHWAYS. - Major, Trace and Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of Suspended Particulate Material of East Siberian Rivers Draining to the Arctic Ocean / V. Rachold. - Carbon Isotope Composition of Particulate Organic Material in East Siberian Rivers / V. Rachold and H.-W. Hubberten. - Distribution of River Water and Suspended Sediment Loads in the Deltas of Rivers in the Basins of The Laptev and East-Siberian Seas / V. V. Ivanov and A. A. Piskun. - Dissolved Oxygen, Silicon, Phosphorous and Suspended Matter Concentrations During the Spring Breakup of The Lena River / S. V. Pivovarov, J. A. Hölemann, H. Kassens, M. Antonow and I. Dmitrenko. - Distribution Patterns of Heavy Minerals in Siberian Rivers, the Laptev Sea and the eastern Arctic Ocean: An Approach to Identify Sources, Transport and Pathways of Terrigenous Matter / M. Behrends, E. Hoops and B. Peregovich. - The Role of Coastal Retreat for Sedimentation in the Laptev Sea / F. E. Are. - SECTION D: TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT - PAST AND PRESENT. - Seasonal Changes in Hydrology, Energy Balance and Chemistry in the Active Layers of Arctic Tundra Soils in Taymyr Peninsula, Russia / J. Boike and P. P. Overduin. - The Landscape and Geobotanical Characteristics of the Levinson-Lessing Lake Basin, Byrranga Mountains, Central Taimyr / M. A. Anisimov and I. N. Pospelov. - Studies of Methane Production and Emission in Relation to the Microrelief of a Polygonal Tundra in Northern Siberia / V. A. Samarkin, A. Gundelwein and E.-M. Pfeiffer. - Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emmissions at Arctic Tundra Sites in North Siberia / M. Sommerkom, A. Gundelwein, E.-M. Pfeiffer and M. Bolter. - The Features of the Hydrological Regime of the Lake-River Systems of the Byrranga Mountains (by the Example of the Levinson-Lessing Lake) / V. P. Zimichev, D. Yu. Bolschyanov, V. G. Mesheryakov and D. Gintz. - Lead-210 Dating and Heavy Metal Concentration in Recent Sediments of Lama Lake (Norilsk Area, Siberia) / B. Hagedorn, S. Harwart, M. M. R. van der Loeff and M. Melles. - Late Weichselian to Holocene Diatom Succession in a Sediment Core from Lama Lake, Siberia and Presumed Ecological Implications / U. Kienel. - Climate and Vegetation History of the Taymyr Peninsula since Middle Weichselian Time - Palynological Evidence from Lake Sediments / J. Hahne and M. Melles. - Laminated Sediments from Levinson-Lessing Lake, Northern Central Siberia - A 30,000 Year Record of Environmental History? / T. Ebel, M. Melles and F. Niessen. - High-Resolution Seismic Stratigraphy of Lake Sediments on the Taymyr Peninsula, Central Siberia / F. Niessen, T. Ebel, C. Kopsch and G. B. Fedorov. - Archaeological Survey in Central Taymyr / V. V. Pitul'ko. - Marine Pleistocene Deposits of the Taymyr Peninsula and their Age from ESR Dating / D. Bolshiyanov and A. Molodkov. - Paleoclimatic Indicators from Permafrost Sequences in the Eastern Taymyr Lowland / C. Siegert, A. Yu. Derevyagin, G.N. Shilova, W.-D. Hermichen and A. Hiller. - SECTION E: MARINE DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT - PAST AND PRESENT. - Stable Oxygen Isotope Ratios in Benthic Carbonate Shells of Ostracoda, Foraminifera, and Bivalvia from Surface Sediments of the Laptev Sea, Summer 1993 and 1994 / H. Erlenkeuser and U. von Grafenstein. - Determination of Depositional Beryllium-10 Fluxes in the Area of the Laptev Sea and Beryllium-10 Concentrations in Water Samples of High Northern Latitudes / C. Strobl, V. Schulz, S. Vogler, S. Baumann, H. Kassens, P. W. Kubik, M. Suter and A. Mangini. - Spatial Distribution of Diatom Surface Sediment Assemblages on the Laptev Sea Shelf (Russian Arctic) / H. Cremer. - Diatoms from Surface Sediments of the Saint Anna Trough (Kara Sea) / R. N. Djinoridze, G. I. Ivanov, E. N. Djinoridze, and R. F. Spielhagen. - Distribution of Aquatic Palynomorphs in Surface Sediments from the Laptev Sea, Eastern Arctic Ocean / M. Kunz-Pirrung. - Distribution of Pollen and Spores in Surface Sediments of the Laptev Sea / O. D. Naidina and H. A. Bauch. - Clay Mineral Distribution in Surface Sediments of the Laptev Sea: Indicator for Sediment Provinces, Dynamics and Sources / B. T. Rossak, H. Kassens, H. Lange and J. Thiede. - Planktic Foraminifera in Holocene Sediments from the Laptev Sea and the Central Arctic Ocean: Species Distribution and Paleobiogeographical Implication / H. A. Bauch. - Holocene Diatom Stratigraphy and Paleoceanography of the Eurasian Arctic Seas / Y. Polyakova. - Late Quaternary Organic Carbon and Biomarker Records from the Laptev Sea Continental Margin (Arctic Ocean): Implications for Organic Carbon Flux and Composition / R. Stein, K. Fahl, F. Niessen and M. Siebold. - Late Pleistocene Paleoriver Channels on the Laptev Sea Shelf - Implications from Sub-Bottom Profiling / H. P. Kleiber and F. Niessen. - Main Structural Elements of Eastern Russian Arctic Continental Margin Derived from Satellite Gravity and Multichannel Seismic Reflection Data / S. S. Drachev, G. L. Johnson, S. W. Laxon, D. C. McAdoo and H. Kassens. - High Resolution Seismic Studies in the Laptev Sea Shelf: First Results and Future Needs / B. Kim, G. Grikurov and V. Soloviev. - SECTION F: SUMMARY. - Dynamics and History of the Laptev Sea and its Continental Hinterland: A Summary / J. Thiede, L. Timokhov, H. A. Bauch, D. Bolshiyanov, I. Dmitrenko

Note: Table of contents 1. Introduction: Perceptions of weather and climate 1.1 Meteorology and/or climatology? 1.2 Perceptions of reality: schools of thought 1.3 Inadequacies in schools of thought, and associated problems 1.4 The approach ofthis book Part I GENERAL CIRCULATION IN THE TROPOSPHERE 2. Radiation 2.1 Processes of radiation 2.2 The greenhouse effect 2.3 The shape and motions of the Earth 2.4 The geographical factor 2.5 Conclusion 3. Circulation in the lower layers of the troposphere 3.1 Circulation in high and mid-latitudes: MPHs Perception of circulation in high and mid-latitudes The existence of mobile anticyclones Mobile Polar Highs (MPHs) The polar thermal deficit The birth of MPHs MPH trajectories The MPH-associated wind field 3.2 Anticyclonic agglutinations (AAs) A look at the so-called "subtropical" high-pressure areas Meridional transport by MPHs and anticyclonic agglutination (AA) Oceanic and continental anticyclonic agglutinations 3.3 Tropical circulation A look at tropical circulation Pressure and wind fields over the tropics The trade wind Trade winds The monsoon Monsoons 4. General circulation 4.1 General circulation: evolution of ideas 4.2 Areas of circulation in the lower layers 4.3 General circulation in the troposphere The mean tropospheric picture Seasonal variation in circulation Aerological stratification 4.4 Zonal "Walker" circulation: myth or reality? 4.5 General circulation: conclusion Part II DYNAMICS OF THE WEATHER: PERTURBATIONS 5. Pluviogenesis 5.1 Precipitation potential 5.2 Origin of an updraft The thermal factor The dynamical factor 5.3 Structuralconditions 6. Dynamics of weather in polar and temperate regions: MPHs 6.1 Perception of the "perturbed field" in high and mid-latitudes 6.2 The MPH: pressure field and wind field 6.3 Weather associated with an MPH 6.4 MPHs and the ''polar front" 6.5 Interactions between MPHs 6.6 Dynamics of weather in North America 6.7 Dynamics of weather in France MPHs and relief Winter dynamics Summer dynamics 6.8 Dynamics of weather in temperate and polar regions: conclusion 7. MPHs at tropical margins 7.1 The temperate-tropical boundary 7.2 Mechanisms 7.3 North and Central America 7.4 South America 7.5 Nmthern Africa, Arabia and India 7.6 Southern Africa 7.7 Eastern Asia 7.8 Australia 7.9 Conclusion 8. Pulses in trades and monsoons 8 1 Trade winds and "easterly waves" 8.2 Vertical structure of the trades 8.3 Pulses in the trades Maritime trades The continental trade wind 8.4 Pulses in the monsoon 9. The meteorological equator 9.1 The meteorological equator: the evolution of a concept 9.2 The inclined meteorological equator (IME) 9.3 IME activity: squall line.s (SL) 9.4 The vertical meteorological equator (VME) 9.5 The meteorological equator over continents: IME and VME 10. Tropical cyclones 10.1 Cyclone structure and associated weather 10.2 Conditions for cyclogenesis 10.3 The geography of tropical cyclones Part III DYNAMICS OF CLIMATE: CLIMATIC EVOLUTION The global climatic system 11. Causes of climatic variations 11.1 Variations in solar activity The sunspot cycle Solar activity and climate 11.2 Orbital parameters of radiation Variation of the Earth-Sun distance, or eccentricity of the Earth's orbit Variation of the angle of inclination of the Earth's polar axis Variation of the direction of the polar axis, or precession of the equinoxes Orbital parameters and climatic evolution 11.3 Volcanism and climate Volcanic emissions and ejecta (silicates and sulphates) Optical radiative and thermal effects 11.4 The anthropic greenhouse effect The anthropic greenhouse effect: predictions from models Predictions and observations Recent climatic change does not conform to the "greenhouse effect"scenario Conclusion on the causes of climatic change 12. Palaeoclimatic variations and modes of general circulation 12.1 A Palaeoenvironments in Africa Present-day dynamics of climate in Africa The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the LGM (18- 15 kyr BP) The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the HCO (9-6 kyr BP) Palaeometeorological interpretation 12.2 Variations in insolation and in modes of general circulation Variations in insolation at high latitudes Rapid general circulation Slow general circulation Glaciation and deglaciation Palaeocirculations over Africa Circulation at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum Circulation at the time of the Holocene Climatic Optimum Conclusion 13. Recent climatic evolution Recent climatic evolution in France 13.1 Dynamics of the great Sahel drought Sahelian pluviogenesis Causes of the great drought The southward movement of pluviogenetic structures 13.2 Climatic evolution in the North Atlantic/Europe/Mediterranean space Recent regional climatic evolutions Dynamics of weather and climate in the North Atlantic space Conclusion Polar and Alpine glaciers 13. 3 Dynamics of the Pacific space - El Niño Aerological dynamics of the North Pacific space The "El Niño phenomenon" The components of El Niño in the eastern Pacific The origin of torrential rains in northern Peru The components of El Niño in the tropical Pacific The increasing frequency of the El Niño phenomenon 13.4 The expansion of the northern meteorological hemisphere Climatic consequences in the tropics Lack of rainfall at norhern tropical margins The inverse relationship between northern and southern tropical rainfall Greatly increased cyclonic activity south of the equator "Global warning"? Climatic perspectives 14. General conclusion Bibliography Index

Note: Enthaltener Beitrag: Russian-German cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA 2000: the Lena Delta 1998 expedition / edited by Volker Rachold and Mikhail Grigoryev with contributions of the participants , Enthaltener Beitrag: EURASIAN ICE SHEETS: expedition to the lake Lyadhej-To (Polar Urals) in July-August 1998/ by Wolf-Dieter Hermichen and Frank Wischer , Contents for "Russian-German cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA 2000: the Lena Delta 1998 expedition" 1 lntroduction 2 Expedition Itinerary 2.1 Selection of working areas 2.2 General logistics and transport 2.3 Time tables of individual working groups 2.3.1 Team 1 (Samoylov) 2.3.2 Team 2 (Dunay) 2.3.3 Team 3 (Bykovsky) 2.3.4 Team 4 (Sagastyr) 2.4 Appendix Table A2-1: List of participants Table A2-2: Participating institutions 3 Modern Processes i n Permafrost Affected Soils 3.1 General lntroduction 3.2 Investigation site ,,Samoylov' 3.3 Soils of Samoylov Island 3.3.1 Soil distribution and classification 3.3.2 Soils of the measurement sites 3.4 Energy and water balance of the active layer 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Field work and methods 3.4.3 First data 3.4.4 Future work 1999 3. 5 Trace gas fluxes in permafrost affected soils 3.5.1 Methane balance 3.5.1.1 Introduction 3.5.1 .2 Methods and fieldwork 3.5.1.3 Results of the soil survey and geological investigations 3.5.1 .4 First results of the methane gas fluxes 3.5.2 CO2-fluxes in permafrost affected soils 3.5.2.1 Introduction 3.5.2.2 Methods and fieldwork 3.5.2.3 Results 3.6 Biological investigations 3.6.1 Botanical research 3.6.2 Soil zoological research 3.6.2.1 Introduction 3.6.2.2 Field work 3.6.2.3 First results 3.6.3 Ornithological observations 3.6.3.1 Methods 3.6.3.2 Results 3.6.4 Distribution and Abundance of Birds in the Lena Delta 3.6.4.1 Introduction 3.6.4.2 Methods and materials 3.6.4.3 Results and discussion 3.7 Further investigations 3.8 References 3.9 Appendix Table A3-1 : List of samples TP 1 Table A3-2: Precipitation and water samples Table A3-3: List of species of the different measurement sites (Site 1 - 3) Table A3-4: Bird species. Lena Delta, rnid-July - August 1998 Table A3-5: Abundance of birds in the channels (inv.110 km) of the different sites of the Lena Delta List A3-1: Description of the soils along the transects of Sarnoylov Island List A3-2: Preliminary total list of plant species from the Sarnoylov Island 4 Modern Sedimentation and Environmental History of the Lena Delta 4.1 lntroduction 4.2 Modern Sedimentation in the Lena Delta 4.2.1 Recent mechanisms of particle transport in the Lena Delta 4.2.2 In-situ conditions of the water column in August 1998 4.2.3 Seasonal changes of water level in the delta region 4.3 Sedimentation and environmental history of the Lena Delta 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Samples and methods 4.3.3 Field work and preliminary results Arga Island 4.3.4 Field work and preliminary results at Olenyok channel 4.3.5 Field work and preliminary results at Sardakh channel 4.3.6 Field work and preliminary results at Samoylov Island 4.4 Geological-Geomorphological Studies in the Northern Lena River Delta 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Methods 4.4.3 Study region 4.4.4 Field work results 4.4.5 Conclusions 4.4.6 Acknowledgments 4.5 References 4.6 Appendix Table A4-1: List of stations for hydrological. sedimentological and geophysical investigations Table A4-2: List of sarnples for sedimentological and geochemical investigation Table A4-3: List of samples for Geological-Geomorphological Studies in the Northern Lena River Delta Table A4-4: List of plant species found in the northern Lena River delta 5 Paleoclimate Signals of Ice-rich Permafrost 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Geologie-geomorphological characteristics of the study area 5.3 Modern geological processes on Bykovsky Peninsula 5.4 Ground ice studies 5.4.1 Study subjects. their characteristics 5.4.2 Methods 5.4.3 Sampling conception 5.4.4 First results 5.5 Cryolithological studies 5.5.1 Methods 5.5.2 First results 5.6 Geochronometric age determination 5.7 Paleontological research On the Bykovsky Peninsula 5.7.1 Methods 5.7.2 Collection of large mammal bones 5.7.3 Collection of screened samples for small fossils 5.8 References 5.9 Appendix Table A5-1: List of water and ice samples collected on Bykovsky Peninsula during field season 1998 Table A5-2: List and description of sediment samples collected on Bykovsky Peninsula Table A5-3: List of bone samples submitted to the Radiocarbon Laboratory of the Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences Table A5-4: List of samples collected for absolute age determinations Table A5-5: List of bone samples Table A5-6: List of screened samples for small fossils from the sediments of the Bykovsky Peninsula

Note: Contents Foreword by Y. I. Chernov Introduction Explanations to tables Table 1: Distribution of the vascular plants within the Russian Arctic and adjacent territories Table 2: The main characteristics of the vascular plants within the Russian Arctic and adjacent territories Table 3: List of the weedy and adventitious vascular plants within the Russian Arctic and adjacent territories Conclusion Acknowledgements References

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Publisher's Credits. - Part I Basic Concepts. - Chapter 1 Composition, Structure, and State. - 1.1 Composition of the Atmosphere. - 1.2 Composition of the Ocean. - 1.3 Pressure. - 1.4 Density. - 1.5 Temperature. - 1.6 Kinetic-Molecular Model of the Ideal Gas. - 1.7 Equation of State for Air. - 1.8 Equation of State for Seawater. - 1.9 Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients. - 1.10 Hydrostatic Equilibrium. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 2 First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. - 2.1 Work. - 2.2 Heat. - 2.3 First Law. - 2.4 Applications of the First Law to Ideal Gases. - 2.5 Entropy. - 2.6 Second Law. - 2.7 Equilibrium and the Combined First and Second Laws. - 2.8 Calculation of Thermodynamic Relations. - 2.9 Heat Capacity. - 2.10 Dry Adiabatic Processes in the Atmosphere. - 2.11 Adiabatic Processes in the Ocean. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 3 Transfer Processes. - 3.1 Time-dependent Thermodynamics. - 3.2 Radiant Energy. - 3.3 Radiative Transfer. - 3.4 Diffusive Transfer Processes. - 3.5 Turbulence and Turbulent Transport. - 3.6 Time-dependent Equations for the Ocean and Atmosphere. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 4 Thermodynamics of Water. - 4.1 Molecular Structure and Properties of Water. - 4.2 Thermodynamic Degrees of Freedom. - 4.3 Phase Equilibria. - 4.4 Atmospheric Humidity Variables. - 4.5 Colligative Properties of Water Solutions. - 4.6 Simple Eutectics. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 5 Nucleation and Diffusional Growth. - 5.1 Surface Tension. - 5.2 Nucleation of the Liquid Phase. - 5.3 Nucleation of the Ice Phase. - 5.4 Diffusional Growth of Cloud Drops. - 5.5 Ice Crystal Morphology and Growth. - 5.6 Formation of the Initial Sea Ice Cover. - 5.7 Formation of Sea Ice Transition and Columnar Zones. - Notes. - Problems. - Part II Applications. - Chapter 6 Moist Thermodynamic Processes in the Atmosphere. - 6.1 Combined First and Second Laws. - 6.2 Isobaric Cooling. - 6.3 Cooling and Moistening by Evaporation of Water. - 6.4 Saturation by Adiabatic, Isobaric Mixing. - 6.5 Saturated Adiabatic Cooling. - 6.6 The Ice Phase. - 6.7 Conserved Moist Thermodynamic Variables. - 6.8 Aerological Diagrams. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 7 Static Stability of the Atmosphere and Ocean. - 7.1 Stability Criteria. - 7.2 Stability of a Saturated Atmosphere. - 7.3 Processes Producing Changes in Stability. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 8 Cloud Characteristics and Processes. - 8.1 Cloud Classification and Characteristics. - 8.2 Precipitation Processes. - 8.3 Radiative Transfer in a Cloudy Atmosphere. - 8.4 Fogs, Stratus Clouds, and Stratocumulus Clouds. - 8.5 Cumuliform Clouds. - 8.6 Parameterization of Cloud Microphysical Processes. - Notes. - Problems. - Chapter 9 Ocean Surface Exchanges of Heat and Freshwater. -

Note: Contents: List of figures. - List of tables. - Preface to first edition. - Preface to second edition. - Acknowledgements. - PART 1 THE PERIGLACIAL DOMAIN. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 The periglacial concept. - 1.2 Periglacial processes. - 1.3 The growth of periglacial geomorphology. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 2 Periglacial landscapes. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Proglacial, paraglacial or periglacial?. - 2.3 Never-glaciated periglacial terrain. - 2.4 Implications. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 3 Periglacial climates. - 3.1 Boundary conditions. - 3.2 Periglacial climates. - 3.3. Periglacial climates and the cryosphere. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - PART 2 PRESENT-DAY PERIGLACIAL ENVIRONMENTS. - 4 Frost action and cryogenic weathering. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 The freezing process. - 4.3 Ice segregation and frost heave. - 4.4 Freezing and thawing indices. - 4.5 The ground temperature regime. - 4.6 Frost cracking. - 4.7 Cryogenic weathering. - 4.8 Salt weathering. - 4.9 Solution and karstification. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 5 Permafrost. - 5.1 Historical perspective. - 5.2 Moisture in permafrost. - 5.3 Geothermal regimes of permafrost. - 5.4 Distribution of permafrost. - 5.5 Permafrost and terrain conditions. - 5.6 Surface features of permafrost. - 5.7 Permafrost hydrology. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 6 Ground ice. - 6.1 Ground ice description. - 6.2 Types and amounts of ground ice. - 6.3 Ice wedges. - 6.4 Massive ice and massive icy bodies. - 6.5 Ice-cored mounds and pingos. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 7 Thermokarst. - 7.1 Causes of thermokarst. - 7.2 Thermokarst subsidence and thermal erosion. - 7.3 Alas thermokarst relief. - 7.4 Ice-wedge thermokarst terrain. - 7.5 Retrogressive thaw slumps. - 7.6 Thaw lakes and depressions. - 7.7 Fluvio-thermal erosion. - 7.8 Thermokarst involutions. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 8 The active layer. - 8.1 Definition. - 8.2 Thermal regime of the active layer. - 8.3 Unfrozen water in freezing and frozen soils. - 8.4 Frost heave. - 8.5 Thaw consolidation. - 8.6 Thermally induced mass displacement. - 8.7 Cryoturbation and patterned ground. - 8.8 Active layer hydraulics and mud boils. - 8.9 Conclusions. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 9 Hillslope processes. - 9.1 Mass wasting. - 9.2 Solifluction. - 9.3 Slopewash. - 9.4 Rapid mass movement. - 9.5 Frozen slopes. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 10 Slope morphology. - 10.1 The free-face model. - 10.2 Rectilinear debris-mantled slopes. - 10.3 Convexo-concavo debris-mantled slopes. - 10.4 Pediment-like forms. - 10.5 Stepped profiles. - 10.6 Slope evolution. - 10.7 General reflections. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 11 Fluvial processes and landforms. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Major rivers. - 11.3 Channel hydrology. - 11.4 Basin hydrology. - 11.5 Sediment flow, surface transport and denudation. - 11.6 Fluvio-thermal erosion. - 11.7 Channel morphology. - 11.8 Valley asymmetry. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 12 Wind action and coastal processes. - 12.1 The role of the wind. - 12.2 Loess-like silt. - 12.3 Sand dunes and sand sheets. - 12.4 Coastal processes. - 12.5 Cold-climate deltas. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - PART 3 PLEISTOCENE PERIGLACIAL ENVIRONMENTS. - 13 Pleistocene periglacial conditions. - 13.1 Introduction. - 13.2 The time scale and climatic fluctuations. - 13.3 Geomorphic considerations. - 13.4 Problems of reconstruction. - 13.5 Extent of late Pleistocene periglacial conditions. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 14 Relict periglacial phenomena. - 14.1 Introduction. - 14.2 Perennial or seasonal frost?. - 14.3 Evidence for frost action. - 14.4 Evidence for frozen ground. - 14.5 Pleistocene frost fissures. - 14.6 Frost mounds. - 14.7 Thermokarst forms and structures. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 15 Pleistocene wind action, tundra rivers and periglacial landscape modification. - 15.1 Wind action. - 15.2 Tundra rivers. - 15.3 Asymmetrical valleys. - 15.4 Periglacial landscape modification. - 15.5 Summary. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - PART 4 APPLIED PERIGLACIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY. - 16 Geotechnical and engineering aspects. - 16.1 Introduction. - 16.2 Human-induced thermokarst and terrain disturbance. - 16.3 Engineering and construction problems. - 16.4 Hydrological problems. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - 17 Global change and periglacial environments. - 17.1 Global change and cold regions. - 17.2 Evidence from the present day. - 17.3 Future responses. - Further reading. - Discussion topics. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents List of contributors Preface Introduction Guidelines and codes of conduct for Arctic tourism: implementation and evaluation of an operator program / Margaret E. Johnston and David G. Twynam Drafting tourism codes for the Arctic / Peter Mason The importance of an overall visitor education program - experiences with tour operators in the Antarctic / Debra J. Enzenbacher Mechanisms for promoting and monitoring compliance with Arctic tourism guidelines / Debra J. Enzenbacher Polar ship-borne tourism: do guidelines and codes of conduct work? / Bernard Stonehouse The conservation perspective on Antarctic tourism / Cassandra Phillips Tourism regulation - cultural norms or legislation? Outdoor life and tourism regulation in Finnmark and on Svalbard / Arvid Viken Opportunities and problems associated with the development of Arctic tourism: a case study from Svalbard / Reidar Hindrum Mechanisms and organisational structures for implementing Arctic tourism guidelines / Tutta May Endresen Report on the IUCN and tourism-related activities in the Arctic / Jeanne Pagnan Planning for ecotourism in Kangerlussuaq - Søndre Strømfjord, Greenland / Jeppe Mordhorst Whale-watching guidelines: a special case / Cassandra Phillips Guidelines for whale-watching in Norway / Tiu Similä The frame conditions for ecologically acceptable tourism and its guidelines on Svalbard / Andreas Umbreit Appendices

Note: Introduction 1 Definitions 2 Historical Development of the Term Rockglacier 3 Rockglaciers: Description and Morphometry 3.1 General Description 3.2 Form Types 3.3 Morphometric Parameters 3.3.1 Rockglacier Sizes 3.3.2 Tongue-Shaped Rockg1aciers 3.3.3 Lobate Rockg1aciers 3.3.4 Rockglacier Thickness 3.3.5 Surface Relief 3.3.6 Rockglacier Surface and Source Area 4 Rockglacier Taxonomy 5 Rockglacier Distribution 5.1 General Information 5.2 Local Rockglacier Distribution 5.2.1 The Alps 5.2.2 The Mountains of Northern Europe 5.2.3 The Pyrenees 5.2.4 North American Mountains 5.2.5 The Andes of Central and South America 5.2.6 The Mountains of Asia 5.2.7 The Southern Alps 5.2.8 Antarctic Mountains 5.2.9 Conclusions 6 Rockglacier Material, Surficial Fabric and Internal Structure 6.1 Rock Type and Grain Size at and below the Surface 6.1.1 Rock Type 6.1.2 Grain Sizes at the Surface 6.1.3 Development of the Bouldery Mantle 6.1.4 Surface Fabric 6.1.5 Grain Sizes below the Bouldery Mantle 6.2 Internal Structure 6.2.1 Direct Information 6.2.1.1 Excavations, Outcrops, Tunnels 6.2.1.2 Smaller Boreholes 6.2.1.3 The Deep Borehole through the Rockglacier Murtel I 6.2.2 Indirect Information 6.2.2.1 Seismic Information 6.2.2.2 Geoelectric Soundings 6.2.2.3 Radio-Echo Soundings 6.2.2.4 Gravimetry 6.2.2.5 Borehole Geophysics and Related Measurements 6.2.2.6 BTS Measurements 6.2.2.7 Summary: The Inner Core of an Active Rockglacier 6.3 The Active Layer on Rockglaciers 7 Rockglacier Movement, Velocity, and Rheology 7.1 The Horizontal and Vertical Movement of Active Rockglaciers 7.1.1 Measurement Methods 7.1.2 Annual Horizontal Displacement 7.1.3 Long-Term Annual Averages 7.1.4 Long-Term Estimates 7.1.5 Longer Time Series 7.1.6 Monthly and Seasonal Measurements 7.1.7 Vertical Displacement 7.1.8 Conclusion 7.2 Geometry of Movement 7.2.1 The General Flow Patterns of Active Rockglaciers 7.2.1.1 Gruben Rockglacier 7.2.1.2 Macun Rockglacier 7.2.1.3 Arapaho Rockglacier 7.2.2 Horizontal Velocity on Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Profiles 7.2.3 Surface and Subsurface Velocity 7.3 Rheologic Considerations 7.3.1 Shear Stress and Strain Rates in Active Rockglaciers 7.3.2 The Rheological Description of Active Rockglaciers 7.4 Rockglacier Movement and Climate 7.5 Discussion of Rockglacier Movement 8 Rockglacier Genesis and the Relation to Similar-Looking Landforms 8.1 Rockglacier Genesis 8.1.1 The Formation of Active Rockglaciers 8.1.1.1 Talus Rockglaciers 8.1.1.2 Debris Rockglaciers 8.1.1.3 Special Rockglaciers 8.1.1.4 Problematic Cases 8.1.2 Inactive Rockglaciers 8.1.3 Relict (Fossil) Rockglaciers 8.2 Published Hypotheses of Rockglacier Formation 8.2.1 Mass-Movement Hypotheses 8.2.1.1 The Bergsturz Hypothesis in General 8.2.1.2 Landslide Influences 8.2.2 The Glacial Hypothesis 8.2.2.1 Debris-Covered Glaciers and Thermokarst 8.2.2.2 Transition from True Glaciers to Rockglaciers? 8.2.2.3 The Moraine Hypothesis 8.2.3 The Periglacial (Blockstream) Hypothesis 8.3 True Rockglaciers under Wrong Labels 8.3.1 The Ostrem Ice-Cored Moraine Concept 8.3.2 The Protalus Rampart Concept 9 The Age of Rockglaciers 9.1 The Age of Active Rockglaciers 9.2 The Age of Climatic Inactive Rockglaciers 9.3 The Age of Relict (Fossil) Rockglaciers 10 Rockglaciers and the High Mountain Environment 10.1 Active Rockglaciers and Mountain Permafrost 10.2 Rockglaciers in the Coarse Debris Cycle 10.2.1 Rockglaciers and Talus Production 10.2.2 Rockglacier Size and Source Area 10.2.3 Rockglaciers as a Debris Transport System 10.3 Rockglaciers and Climate 10.3.1 Rockglaciers and Present Climate 10.3.2 Relict Rockglaciers and Paleoclimate Reconstruction 10.3.3 Reactivation of Inactive or Relict Rockglaciers 10.3.4 Rockglaciers and Climatic Change 10.4 Rockglaciers in the Alpine Hydrological Cycle 10.4.1 Rockglaciers as a Water Store 10.4.2 Discharge from Rockglacier Permafrost 10.4.3 Fluctuations in Rockglacier Permafrost Storage 10.5 Rockglaciers as Hazards in Alpine Environments 10.6 The Environment of Active Rockglaciers 11 Summary and Outstanding Problems 12 References Index of Place Names Subject Index

Note: Alan E. S. Kemp: Laminated sediments as palaeo-indicators / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:vii-xii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.01 --- Controls on Formation and Strategies for Study --- Roger Y. Anderson: Seasonal sedimentation: a framework for reconstructing climatic and environmental change / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:1-15, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.02 --- Constance Sancetta: Laminated diatomaceous sediments: controls on formation and strategies for analysis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:17-21, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.03 --- Neal R. O’Brien: Shale lamination and sedimentary processes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:23-36, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.04 --- Methods and Techniques --- Jennifer Pike and Alan E. S. Kemp: Preparation and analysis techniques for studies of laminated sediments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:37-48, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.05 --- Bernd Zolitschka: Image analysis and microscopic investigation of annually laminated lake sediments from Fayetteville Green Lake (NY, USA) Lake C2 (NWT, Canada) and Holzmaar (Germany): a comparison / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:49-55, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.06 --- Lacustrine Environments --- Konrad A. Hughen, Jonathan T. Overpeck, Robert F. Anderson, and Kerstin M. Williams: The potential for palaeoclimate records from varved Arctic lake sediments: Baffin Island, Eastern Canadian Arctic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:57-71, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.07 --- Gunilla Petterson: Varved sediments in Sweden: a brief review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:73-77, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.08 --- A. B. Leslie, A. C. Kendall, G. M. Harwood, and D. W. Powers: Conflicting indicators of palaeodepth during deposition of the Upper Permian Castile Formation, Texas and New Mexico / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:79-92, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.09 --- California Borderland Basins --- D. S. Gorsline, Enrique Nava-Sanchez, and Janette Murillo de Nava: A survey of occurrences of Holocene laminated sediments in California Borderland Basins: products of a variety of depositional processes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:93-110, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.10 --- James W. Hagadorn: Laminated sediments of Santa Monica Basin, California continental borderland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:111-120, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.11 --- Arndt Schimmelmann and Carina B. Lange: Tales of 1001 varves: a review of Santa Barbara Basin sediment studies / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:121-141, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.12 --- David Bull and Alan E. S. Kemp: Composition and origins of laminae in late Quaternary and Holocene sediments from the Santa Barbara Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:143-156, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.13 --- Continental Margin and Other Marine Basins --- Jennifer Pike and Alan E. S. Kemp: Records of seasonal flux in Holocene laminated sediments, Gulf of California / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:157-169, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.14 --- Konrad A. Hughen, Jonathan T. Overpeck, Larry C. Peterson, and Robert F. Anderson: The nature of varved sedimentation in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela, and its palaeoclimatic significance / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:171-183, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.15 --- H. Schulz, U. Von Rad, and U. Von Stackelberg: Laminated sediments from the oxygen-minimum zone of the northeastern Arabian Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:185-207, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.16 --- Grzegorz Haczewski: Oligocene laminated limestones as a high-resolution correlator of palaeoseismicity, Polish Carpathians / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:209-220, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.17 --- Deep-sea Laminated Sediment Records --- R. B. Pearce, A. E. S. Kemp, J. G. Baldauf, and S. C. King: High-resolution sedimentology and micropalaeontology of laminated diatomaceous sediments from the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean (Leg 138) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:221-241, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.18 --- Alan E. S. Kemp, Jack G. Baldauf, and Richard B. Pearce: Origins and palaeoceangraphic significance of laminated daitom ooze from the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 116:243-252, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.116.01.19

Note: CONTENTS: Preface page. - Conventions and Notation. - Chapter 1. The Physical Properties of Fluids. - 1.1 Solids, liquids and gases. - 1.2 The continuum hypothesis. - 1.3 Volume forces and surface forces acting on a fluid. - Representation of surface forces by the stress tensor. - The stress tensor in a fluid at rest. - 1.4 Mechanical equilibrium of a fluid. - A body 'floating' in fluid at rest. - Fluid at rest under gravity. - 1.5 Classical thermodynamics. - 1.6 Transport phenomena. - The linear relation between flux and the gradient of a scalar intensity. - The equations for diffusion and heat conduction in isotropic media at rest, Molecular transport of momentum in a fluid. - 1.7 The distinctive properties of gases. - A perfect gas in equilibrium. - Departures from the perfect-gas laws. - Transport coefficients in a perfect gas. - Other manifestations of departure from equilibrium of a perfect gas. - 1.8 The distinctive properties of liquids. - Equilibrium properties. - Transport coefficients. - 1.9 Conditions at a boundary between two media. - Surface tension. - Equilibrium shape of a boundary between two stationary fluids. - Transition relations at a material boundary. - Chapter 2. Kinematics of the Flow Field. - 2.1 Specification of the flow field. - Differentiation following the motion of the fluid. - 2.2 Conservation of mass. - Use of a stream function to satisfy the mass-conservation equation. - 2.3 Analysis of the relative motion near a point. - Simple shearing motion. - 2.4 Expression for the velocity distribution with specified rate of expansion and vorticity. - 2.5 Singularities in the rate of expansion. Sources and sinks. - 2.6 The vorticity distribution. - Line vortices. - Sheet vortices. - 2.7 Velocity distributions with zero rate of expansion and zero vorticity. - Conditions for Δϕ to be determined uniquely. - lrrotational solenoidal flow near a stagnation point. - The complex potential for irrotational solenoidal flow in two dimensions. - 2.8 Irrotational solenoidal flow in doubly-connected regions of space. - Conditions for Δϕ to be determined uniquely. - 2.9 Three-dimensional flow fields extending to infinity. - Asymptotic expressions for ue and uv. - The behaviour of ϕ at large distances. - Conditions for Δϕ to be determined uniquely. - The expression of ϕ as a power series. - Irrotational solenoidal flow due to a rigid body in translational motion. - 2.10 Two-dimensional flow fields extending to infinity. - lrrotational solenoidal flow due to a rigid body in translational motion. - Chapter 3. Equations Governing the Motion of a Fluid. - 3.1 Material integrals in a moving fluid. - Rates of change of material integrals. - Conservation laws for a fluid in motion. - 3.2 The equation of motion. - Use of the momentum equation in integral form. - Equation of motion relative to moving axes. - 3.3 The expression for the stress tensor. - Mechanical definition of pressure in a moving fluid. - The relation between deviatoric stress and rate-of-strain for a Newtonian fluid. - The Navier-Stokes equation. - Conditions on the velocity and stress at a material boundary. - 3.4 Changes in the internal energy of a fluid in motion. - 3.5 Bernoulli's theorem for steady flow of a frictionless non-conducting fluid. - Special forms of Bemoulli's theorem. - Constancy of H across a transition region in one-dimensional steady flow. - 3.6 The complete set of equations governing fluid flow. - Isentropic flow. - Conditions for the velocity distribution to be approximately solenoidal. - 3.7 Concluding remarks to chapters 1, 2 and 3. - Chapter 4. Flow of a Uniform Incompressible Viscous Fluid. - 4.1 Introduction. - Modification of the pressure to allow for the effect of the body force. - 4.2 Steady unidirectional flow. - Poiseuille flow. - Tubes of non-circular cross-section. - Two-dimensional flow. - A model of a paint-brush. - A remark on stability. - 4.3 Unsteady unidirectional flow. - The smoothing-out of a discontinuity in velocity at a plane. - Plane boundary moved suddenly in a fluid at rest. - One rigid boundary moved suddenly and one held stationary. - Flow due to an oscillating plane boundary. - Starting flow in a pipe. - 4.4 The Ekman layer at a boundary in a rotating fluid. - The layer at a free surface. - The layer at a rigid plane boundary. - 4.5 Flow with circular streamlines. - 4.6 The steady jet from a point source of momentum. - 4.7 Dynamical similarity and the Reynolds number. - Other dimensionless parameters having dynamical significance. - 4.8 Flow fields in which inertia forces are negligible. - Flow in slowly-varying channels. - Lubrication theory. - The Hele-Shaw cell. - Percolation through porous media. - Two-dimensional flow in a corner. - Uniqueness and minimum dissipation theorems. - 4.9 Flow due to a moving body at small Reynolds number. - A rigid sphere. - A spherical drop of a different fluid. - A body of arbitrary shape. - 4.10 Oseen's improvement of the equation for flow due to moving bodies at small Reynolds number. - A rigid sphere. - A rigid circular cylinder. - 4.11 The viscosity of a dilute suspension of small particles. - The flow due to a sphere embedded in a pure straining motion. - The increased rate of dissipation in an incompressible suspension. - The effective expansion viscosity of a liquid containing gas bubbles. - 4.12 Changes in the flow due to moving bodies as R increases from 1 to about 100. - Chapter 5. Flow at Large Reynolds Number: Effects of Viscosity. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Vorticity dynamics. - The intensification of vorticity by extension of vortex-lines. - 5.3 Kelvin's circulation theorem and vorticity laws for an inviscid fluid. - The persistence of irrotationality. - 5.4 The source of vorticity in motions generated from rest. - 5.5 Steady flows in which vorticity generated at a solid surface is prevented by convection from diffusing far away from it. - (a) Flow along plane and circular walls with suction through the wall. - (b) Flow toward a 'stagnation point' at a rigid boundary. - (c) Centrifugal flow due to a rotating disk. - 5.6 Steady two-dimensional flow in a converging or diverging channel. - Purely convergent flow. - Purely divergent flow. - Solutions showing both outflow and inflow. - 5.7 Boundary layers. - 5.8 The boundary layer on a flat plate. - 5.9 The effects of acceleration and deceleration of the external stream. - The similarity solution for an external stream velocity proportional to x^m. - Calculation of the steady boundary layer on a body moving through fluid. - Growth of the boundary layer in initially irrotational flow. - 5.10 Separation of the boundary layer. - 5.11 The flow due to bodies moving steadily through fluid. - Flow without separation. - Flow with separation. - 5.12 Jets, free shear layers and wakes. - Narrow jets. - Free shear layers. - Wakes. - 5.13 Oscillatory boundary layers. - The damping force on an oscillating body. - Steady streaming due to an oscillatory boundary layer. - Applications of the theory of steady streaming. - 5.14 Flow systems with a free surface page. - The boundary layer at a free surface. - The drag on a spherical gas bubble rising steadily through liquid. - The attenuation of gravity waves. - 5.15 Examples of use of the momentum theorem. - The force on a regular array of bodies in a stream. - The effect of a sudden enlargement of a pipe. - Chapter 6. Irrotational Flow Theory and its Applications. - 6.1 The role of the theory of flow of an inviscid fluid. - 6.2 General properties of irrotational flow. - Integration of the equation of motion. - Expressions for the kinetic energy in terms of surface integrals. - Kelvin's minimum energy theorem. - Positions of a maximum of q and a minimum of p. - Local variation of the velocity magnitude. - 6.3 Steady flow : some applications of Bernoulli's theorem and the momentum theorem. - Efflux from a circular orifice in an open vessel. - Flow over a weir. - Jet of liquid impinging on a plane wall. - lrro

Note: CONTENTS 1. Preface 2. Features of Land Surface Components, Permafrost, Climate and Hydrology 2.1 Relief and geologic structure (Korzshuev S.S.) 2.2 Soil conditions (Kashutina E.A.) 2.3 Short characteristic of main zonal and height types of vegetation (Tishkov A.A.) 2.4 Permafrost (Balobaev V.T., Lyubomirov A.S.) 2.5 Climatic regime 2.5.1 Climatic regionalization (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 2.5.2 Atmospheric circulation (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 2.5.3 Precipitation (Zaitseva I.S.) 2.5.4 The state of knowledge about snow cover within Lena river basin (Krenke A.N.) 2.5.5 Thermic regime (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 2.5.6 Energy balance (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 2.6 Water cycle components 2.6.1 Hydrologic regionalization (Georgiadi A.G.) 2.6.2 River runoff (Georgiadi A.G.) 2.6.3 Interaction between ground water and river runoff (Sokolov B.L.) 2.6.4 Evapotranspiration (Georgiadi A.G.) 2.6.5 Evaporation from the water surface (Golubev V.S.) 2.6.6 Soil moisture regime (Georgiadi A.G.) 2.7 Cryogenic hydrologic phenomenon and processes (Sokolov B.L., Markov M.L., Deikin B.N.) 2.8 Glaciers and snow - patches (Osokin N.I.) 2.9 Lakes and reservoirs (Malik L.K.) 2.10 Swamps (Malik L.K.) 2.11 The human impact on natural landscapes, water and energy cycles (Zaitseva I.S.) 3. Land Surface Parameters for Energy Cycle Analysing (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 3.1 Geographical distribution of parameters 3.2 Intraannual variation of albedo 4. Global and Regional Atmospheric Circulation and Hydrometeorological Element Changes 4.1 Global and regional atmospheric circulation indexes (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 4.2. Interannual changes of circulation indexes (Zolotokrylin _A._N.) 17? 4.3. Long-term fluctuations of hydroclimatological characteristics and runoff forecasting of some Siberian rivers (Leonov E.A.) 5. Zonal Features of Energy Cycle (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 5.1 Tundra zone 5.2 Plain Taiga region 6. Overview of Experimental Research of Water and Energy Cycles 6.1. Review of experimental investigations results (Lybomirov A.S.) 6.2. Thermal-water-balance polygon ''Mogot'' (Vasilenko N.G.) 6.3. Thermal and water regime of the icing fields (Deikin B.N .) 6.4. Energy balance of forests and surrounding territories in Lena river vallue (Pavlov A. V.) 6.5. The Experimental energy balance studies at the boundary layer within Lena river basin (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 7. Description of Data Base 7.1 Data of field experiments 7.1.1. Experimental polygon Tynda (Deikin B.N.) 7.1.2. Icing field polygon Mururin (Deikin B.N.) 7.1.3. Experimental polygon Mogot (Vasilenko N.G.) 7.1.4. Catalogization of icing fields of underground waters (Deikin B.N.) 7.1.5 Geocryological data for the regions of planned experimental works (Lyubomirov A.S.) 7.2 Hydrometric station network of Lena River Basin (Georgiadi A.G.) 7.3. Data for Siberia Lena River Basin (Georgiadi A.G.) 7.3.1. Meteorological network (Razuvaev V.N.) 7.3.2 Geocryological network (Lyubomirov A.S.) 7.3.3. Network of soil moisture content measurements (Georgiadi A.G.) References List of Authors

Note: Contents: Preface. - Water masses and mixing near the Antarctic slope front. - Observations and modelling of Antarctic downslope flows : a review. - On the interaction of the Katabatic-Land-Sea Wind system of Antarctica with the high latitude Southern Ocean. - Thermohaline variability of the waters overlying the West Antarctica Peninsula Continental Shelf. - Oceanic erosion of a floating Antarctic Glacier in the Amundsen Sea. - Winter atmospheric forcing of the Ross Sea Polynya. - Interannual ocean and sea ice variability in the Ross Sea. - On the Origin and influence of Adélie Land bottom water. - Ocean-Ice shelf interaction and possible bottom water formation in Prydz Bay, Antarctica. - Acoustical techniques in Antarctic Oceanography. - Transport and water masses of the Antarctic slope front system in the Eastern Weddell Sea. - Western Weddell Sea thermohaline stratification. - Transient tracer observations from the western Weddell Sea during the drift and recovery of ice station Weddell. - Interactions between floating ice platelets and ocean water in the Southern Weddell Sea. - Impact of grounded icegergs on the hydrographic conditions near the Filchner Ice shelf. - Physical controls on ocean circulation beneath ice shelves revealed by numerical models. - Ocean circulation beneath the Western Ronne Ice Shelf, as derived from in situ measurements of water currents and properties. - Marine ice beneath Filchner Ice Shelf : evidence from a multi-disciplinary approach. - Tides in the Weddell Sea. - The new bathymetric charts of the Weddell Sea : AWI BCWS

Note: Table of contents: In Memoriam: J. M. Broadus. - Introduction: Sea-level Rise and Coastal Subsidence - Towards Meaningful Strategies / J. D. Milliman, B. U. Haq. - PART I: PROCESSES AND PROBLEMS. - 1 Global Sea-level Rise: Past and Future / S. C. B. Raper, T. M. L. Wigley, R. A. Warrick. - Observed Changes in Global Mean Sea Level. - Observed Changes in Global Mean Temperature. - The climate model. - Factors contributing to sea-level rise. - Temperature and Sea-Level Rise Results. - Summary and Conclusions. - Appendix: Radiative Forcing. - 2 Land Subsidence in Coastal Lowlands / Saskia Jelgersma. - Introduction. - Geological Setting. - Subsidence in Coastal Lowlands. - Methods to Control or Inhibit Induced Subsidence. - Conclusions. - 3 River-Sediment Inputs to Major Deltas / Robert H. Meade. - Introduction. - Tabulations of Discharge Data for Major Rivers. - Spatial Distributions of Sediment Sources and Sinks. - Temporal Variations in River-Sediment Discharge. - Storage of Sediment in Large River Systems. - Human Influences on River-Sediment Loads. - 4 Coastal Erosion and Rising Sea-Level / E. C. F. Bird. - Introduction. - Submerging Coastlines. - Coastline Changes. - Cliff Erosion. - Beach Erosion. - Erosion on Deltaic Coasts. - Erosion of Coastal Swamps. - Erosion of Developed Coastlines. - Conclusion. - PART II: CASE STUDIES. - 5 Land Subsidence in Bangkok during 1978-1988 / Prinya Nutalaya, R. N. Yong, Thongchai Chumnankit, Somkid Buapeng. - Introduction. - Land Subsidence Prior to 1978. - 1978 to 1988. - Effects of Land Subsidence. - Aquifer Delineation. - Source and Age of Ground Water. - Geotechnical Properties of Soils. - Mathematical Modeling to Predict Subsidence and Recharge Response. - Recommendations. - 6 Coastal Erosion in the Gulf of Thailand / S. Vongvisessomjai, R. Polsi, C. Manotham, D. Srisaengthong, S. Charulukkana. - Introduction. - Oceanographic Conditions. - Coastal Morphology. - Summary. - 7 Nature of Sediment Load in the Ganges-Brahmaputra River Systems in India / V. Subramanian, A. L. Ramanathan. - Introduction. - Description of the Basins. - Sediment and Water Discharge. - Basin Lithology. - Natural (Tectonic) and Human Impact on Sediment Load. - Erosion vs Deposition. - Nature of Sediment Load. - Conclusion. - 8 Subsidence of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta of Bangladesh and Associated Drainage, Sedimentation and Salinity Problems / Mahmood Alam. - Introduction. - Geotectonics. - Depositional Sequence. - Subsidence of the Basin and Progradation of the Delta. - Floods and Drainage Problems. - Effects of Recent Engineering Projects. - Salinity. - Sea-Level Rise. - Conclusions. - 9 Tectonic, Eustatic and Isostatic Changes along the Indian Coast / K. R. Subrahmanya. - Introduction. - Quaternary Eustatic Changes. - Holocene Uplift and Subsidence. - Most Recent Sea-Level Changes along the Indian Coast. - Conclusions. - 10 Effect of Sea-Level Rise and Human Activity on the Yangtze Delta, China / Ren Mei-e, J. D. Milliman. - The Yangtze River and its Delta. - Sea-Level Rise and Subsidence. - Impact of a Future Sea-Level Rise and Changes in Landuse and the Yangtze River. - Concluding Statement. - 11 Rising Sea-Level and Subsidence of the Northern Nile Delta: A Case Study / Mahmoud Kh. El-Sayed. - Introduction. - The Nile Delta. - Present-Day Use of the Northern Nile Delta. - Nile Damming and its Effect. - Impact of Climate Changes and Sea-Level Rise on the Nile Delta. - Scenario Based on Present-Day Assumptions and Socio-Economic Conditions in the Northern Nile Delta. - Management of the Northern Nile Delta. - Conclusions. - 12 Land Subsidence and Sea-Level Rise: The Case of the Po Delta Region, Italy / G. Sestini. - Introduction. - Historical Evolution of the NW Adriatic Coast. - Subsidence and its Impact. - Impact of Changes to River Sediment Discharge. - Discussion. - Conclusions. - 13 The Niger Delta and Sea-Level Rise / A. Chidi Ibe. - Introduction. - Tectonic and Sedimentary Evolution. - General Geomorphology. - Coastal Processes. - Erosion Scenario. - Change in Fluvial Sediment/Water Input to the Delta. - Socio-Economic Setting. - Concluding Statements and Suggestions. - 14 Sea-Level Rise and the Stability of Barrier Islands, with special reference to the Wadden Sea / H. Postma. - Post-Glacial Evolution. - Present-Day Conditions. - Future Sea-Level Rise. - Conclusions. - 15 Subsidence, Sea-Level Rise, and Wetland Loss in the Lower Mississippi River Delta / J. T. Wells. - Introduction. - Geological Setting and History. - Sea-Level Rise and Subsidence. - Subdeltas and Wetland Loss. - The Sediment Problem. - Future Mitigation: Artifical Diversions. - PART III: STRATEGIES. - 16 Economizing Human Responses to Subsidence and Rising Sea Level / J. M. Broadus. - Introduction. - Example Assessments for Bangladesh and Egypt. - An Extension of Crude Loss Estimates. - Qualitative Considerations. - Economic Considerations in Human Responses. - Summary. - 17 Man-Made Projects and Relative Sea-Level Rise / J. G. de Ronde. - General Considerations of Impacts. - A Preliminary Study for The Netherlands. - Policy Analysis. - 18 Impact of Sea Level Rise on Flood Control in Bangkok and Vicinity / Sanga Sabhasri, Ksemsan Suwarnarat. - Introduction. - Flood Control Plans. - Impact of Upstream Agricultural Development. - Land Subsidence. - Sedimention due to the Chao Praya River. - Coastal Vulnerability: Hazards and Strategies / B. U. Haq, J. D. Milliman. - Introduction. - Impacts. - of Accelerated Sea-Level Rise on Coastal Areas. - Impacts of Sea-Level Rise. - Adaptive Strategies. - Examples of Action and Consequences of Inaction. - Concluding Statement. - List of Contributors. - Geographic Index.

Note: CONTENTS: The Antarctic Research Series / Board of Associate Editors. - Preface / John C. Priscu. - Section 1: Physical and Hydrological Environment. - The Composite Glacial Erosional Landscape of the Northern McMurdo Dry Valleys: Implications for Antarctic Tertiary Glacial History / Michael L. Prentice, Johan Kleman, and Arjen P. Stroeven. - Solar Radiation in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica / Gayle L. Dana, Robert A. Wharton Jr., and Ralph Dubayah. - Glaciers of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Andrew G. Fountain, Gayle L. Dana, Karen J. Lewis, Bruce H. Vaughn, and Diane M. McKnight. - Geochemical Linkages Among Glaciers, Streams, and Lakes Within the Taylor Valley, Antarctica / W. Berry Lyons, Kathy A. Welch, Klaus Neumann, Jeffrey K. Toxey, Robyn McArthur, Changela Williams, Diane M. McKnight, and Daryl Moorhead. - Section 2: Stream Environment. - Hydrologic Processes Influencing Streamflow Variation in Fryxell Basin, Antarctica / Peter A. Conovitz, Diane M. McKnight, Lee H. MacDonald, Andrew G. Fountain, and Harold R. House. - Longitudinal Patterns in Algal Abundance and Species Distribution in Meltwater Streams in Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Diane M. McKnight, Alex Alger, Cathy M. Tate, Gordon Shupe, and Sarah Spaulding. - Primary Production Processes in Streams of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica / Ian Howes and Clive Howard-Williams. - Modeling Nitrogen Transformations in Dry Valley Streams, Antarctica / Daryl L. Moorhead, Diane M. McKnight, and Cathy M. Tate. - Section 3: Lake Environment. - Physical Limnology of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes / Robert H. Spigel and John C. Priscu. - Optical Properties of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes, Antarctica / Clive Howard-Williams, Anne-Maree Schwarz, Ian Hawes, and John C. Priscu. - Cobalt Cycling and Fate in Lake Vanda / William J. Green, Donald E. Canfield, and Philip Nixon. - The Abundance of Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacteria in Lake Bonney, Antarctica, Determined by Immunofluorescence, PCR, and in Situ Hybridization / Mary A. Voytek, Bess B. Ward, and John C. Priscu. - Pigment Analysis of the Distribution, Succession, and Fate of Phytoplankton in the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes of Antarctica / Michael P. Lizotte and John C. Priscu. - Fluorescence Quenching in Phytoplankton of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes (Antarctica): Implications for the Structure and Function of the Photosynthetic Apparatus / Patrick J. Neale and John C. Priscu. - Protozooplankton and Microzooplankton Ecology in Lakes of the Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land / Mark R. James, Julie A. Hall, and Johanna Laybourn-Parry. - Permanent Ice Covers of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Lakes, Antarctica: Liquid Water Contents / Christian H. Fritsen, Edward E. Adams, Christopher P. McKay, and John C. Priscu. - Permanent Ice Covers of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes, Antarctica: Bubble Formation and Metamorphism / Edward E. Adams, John C. Priscu, Christian H. Fritsen, Scott R. Smith, and Steven L. Brackman. - Section 4: Soil Environment. - The Soil Environment of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica / Iain B.Campbell, Graeme G. C. Claridge, David I. Campbell, and Megan R. Balks. - Soil Biodiversity and Community Structure in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica / Diana Wall Freckman and Ross A. Virginia. - Section 5: Summary. - Science and Environmental Management in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Colin M. Harris. - The McMurdo Dry Valley Ecosystem: Organization, Controls, and Linkages / Daryl L. Moorhead and John C. Priscu. - Section 6: CDROM. - Digital Geospatial Datasets Pertaining to the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica: The SOLA/AGU CDROM / Jordan Towner Hasting.

Note: Contents: I INTRODUCTION. - 1 Ecosystem Response, Resistance, Resilience, and Recovery in Arctic Landscapes: Introduction / J. F. Reynolds and J. D. Tenhunen. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 NRC Committee Report. - 1.3 The R4D Program. - 1.3.1 Objectives and Conceptual Framework. - 1.3.2 Program Implementation. - 1.3.3 Landscape Function. - 1.4 Summary. - References. - 2 Integrated Ecosystem Research in Northern Alaska, 1947-1994 / G. R. Shaver. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Early Days at NARL. - 2.3 The U.S. Tundra Biome Program. - 2.4 The Meade River RATE Program. - 2.5 Eagle Creek and Eagle Summit. - 2.6 The Arctic LTER Program at Toolik Lake. - 2.7 Other Studies In Alaska and Elsewhere. - 2.8 Summary and Prospects. - References. - 3 Disturbance and Recovery of Arctic Alaskan Vegetation / D. A. Walker. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Disturbance and Recovery. - 3.3Typical Disturbance and Recovery Patterns. - 3.3.1 Small Disturbed Patches. - 3.3.2 Contaminants. - 3.3.2.1 Hydrocarbon Spills. - 3.3.2.2 Seawater and Reserve-Pit Spills. - 3.3.3 Fire. - 3.3.4 Transportation Corridors. - 3.3.4.1 Bulldozed Tundra and Related Disturbances. - 3.3.4.2 Off-Road Vehicle Trails. - 3.3.4.2.1 Summer Travel. - 3.3.4.2.2 Winter Travel. - 3.3.4.3 Permanent Roads and Pads. - 3.3.4.4 Gravel Mines. - 3.3.4.5 Native Species in Revegetation of Gravel Pads and Mines. - 3.3.4.6 Road Dust. - 3.3.4.7 Roadside Impoundments. - 3.3.5 Cumulative Impacts. - 3.4 Conclusions. - References. - 4 Terrain and Vegetation of the Imnavait Creek Watershed / D. A. Walker and M. D. Walker. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Terrain. - 4.2.1 Glacial Deposits. - 4.2.2 Retransported Hillslope Deposits. - 4.2.3 Colluvial Basin Deposits. - 4.2.4 Floodplain Deposits. - 4.3 Vegetation. - 4.3.1 Flora. - 4.3.2 Vegetation Types. - 4.3.2.1 Lichen-Covered Rocks. - 4.3.2.2 Dry Heath. - 4.3.2.2.1 Exposed Sites. - 4.3.2.2.2 Snowbeds. - 4.3.2.3 Tussock Tundra. - 4.3.2.4 Riparian Areas. - 4.3.2.5 Mires. - 4.3.2.6 Beaded Ponds. - 4.4 West-Facing Toposequence. - 4.5 Terrain Sensitivity to Disturbance. - 4.6 Conclusions. - Appendix A. List of Plants for Imnavait Creek, Alaska. - References. - 5 Vegetation Structure and Aboveground Carbon and Nutrient Pools in the Imnavait Creek Watershed / S. C. Hahn, S. F. Oberbauer, R. Gebauer, N. E. Grulke, O. L. Lange, and J. D. Tenhunen. - 5.1 ntroduction. - 5.2 Description of Vegetation. - 5.3 Sampling Methods. - 5.3.1 Cover. - 5.3.2 Biomass and Nutrient Pools. - 5.4 Cover. - 5.5 Aboveground Biomass. - 5.5.1 Live Biomass. - 5.5.2 Photosynthetic Biomass. - 5.5.3 Lichen Biomass. - 5.5.4 Organic Litter. - 5.5.5 Watershed Patterns. - 5.6 Nutrient Pools. - 5.6.1 N and P in Heath Cryptogams. - 5.6.2 N and P in Communities. - 5.7 Discussion and Conclusions. - References. - II PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, HYDROLOGY, and TRANSPORT. - 6 Energy Balance and Hydrological Processes in an Arctic Watershed / L. Hinzmann, D. L. Kane, C. S. Benson, and K. R. Everett. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Radiation and Thermal Regimes. - 6.2.1 Surface Energy Balance. - 6.2.2 Snow Cover and Soil Thermal Regime. - 6.3 Hydrological Processes. - 6.3.1 Snowmelt. - 6.3.2 Plot and Basin Water Balance. - 6.3.3 Runoff and Basin Discharge. - 6.3.4 Precipitation, Evaporation, and Evapotranspiration. - 6.4 Energy Balance and Hydrology Models. - 6.4.1 Simulation of the Thermal Regime. - 6.4.2 Simulation of Snowmelt. - 6.4.3 Simulation of Catchment Runoff. - 6.5 Conclusions. - References. - 7 Shortwave Reflectance Properties of Arctic Tundra Landscapes / A. S. Hope and D. A. Stow. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Shortwave Reflectance Studies in Arctic Environments. - 7.2.1 Environmental Considerations. - 7.2.2 Radiometric Data. - 7.2.3 Image Data. - 7.3 Spectral Reflectance. - 7.3.1 Aboveground Biomass. - 7.3.2 Vegetation Composition. - 7.3.3 Landscape Patterns. - 7.3.4 Effects of Dust Deposition. - 7.4 Albedo. - 7.4.1 Undisturbed Tussock Tundra. - 7.4.2 Effects of Dust Deposition. - 7.5 Conclusions. - References. - 8 Isotopic Tracers for Investigating Hydrological Processes / L. W. Cooper, I. L. Larsen, C. Solis, J. M. Grebmeier, C. R. Olsen, D. K. Solomon, and R. B. Cook. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.1.1 Units. - 8.1.2 Conservative vs Nonconservative Isotopes. - 8.2 Nonconservative Tracers. - 8.3 Sulfur-35. - 8.4 Oxygen-18. - 8.4.1 Oxygen-18 Content of Snowpack. - 8.4.2 Oxygen-18 Content of Imnavait Creek. - 8.4.3 Oxygen-18 Content of Soil Moisture. - 8.4.4 Covariance of Oxygen-18 and Deuterium in Watershed Compartments. - 8.4.5 Covariance of Oxygen-18 and Deuterium in Plant Water. - 8.5 Long-Lived Radioisotopes: Lead-210 and Cesium-137. - 8.5.1 Distribution of 137Cs on Tundra and in Lake Sediments. - 8.5.2 Cycling of 137Cs in Annual Berries. - 8.5.3 Distribution of 210Pb in Tundra. - 8.6 Conclusions. - References. - III NUTRIENT AND CARBON FLUXES. - 9 Surface Water Chemistry and Hydrology of a Small Arctic Drainage Basin / K. R. Everett, D. L. Kane, and L. D. Hinzman. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Watershed Instrumentation. - 9.3 Snowmelt Period. - 9.3.1 Snowmelt Hydrology. - 9.3.2 Snowmelt Chemistry . - 9.3.2.1 Overland Flow. - 9.3.2.2 Water Track Flow. - 9.3.2.3 Imnavait Creek Flow. - 9.4 Post Snowmelt Period. - 9.4.1 Atmospheric Inputs. - 9.4.1.1 Rainfall. - 9.4.1.2 Dry Deposition. - 9.4.1.3 Rime. - 9.4.2 Water Chemistry. - 9.4.2.1 Overland Flow. - 9.4.2.2 Active Layer Flow. - 9.4.2.3 Imnavait Creek Flow. - 9.5 Conclusions. - References. - 10 Nutrient Availability and Uptake by Tundra Plants / J. P. Schimel, K. Kielland, and F. S. Chapin III. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Controls on Mineralization and Nutrient Supply. - 10.2.1 Patterns of Nutrient Supply in the Soil. - 10.2.2 Patterns of Mineralization. - 10.2.3 Controls on N and P Mineralization. - 10.2.4 Controls on Decomposition and Mineralization. - 10.2.4.1 Temperature. - 10.2.4.1.1 Enzyme Activities. - 10.2.4.1.2 Microbial Activity at Low Temperatures. - 10.2.4.1.3 Freeze-Thaw Events. - 10.2.4.2 Effects of Low Oxygen on Microbial Activity and Mineralization. - 10.2.4.3 Substrate Quality. - 10.3 Fate of Available Nutrients. - 10.3.1 Microbial Nutrient Uptake and Competition with Plants. - 10.3.2 Plant Uptake. - 10.3.2.1 Soil Factors Controlling Nutrient Absorption. - 10.3.2.2 Rooting Strategies. - 10.3.2.3 Uptake Characteristics of Tundra Plants. - 10.3.2.4 Retranslocation vs Current Uptake. - 10.4 Disturbances. - 10.4.1 Vehicle Tracks. - 10.4.2 Road Dust. - 10.4.3 Gray Water. - 10.4.4 Climate Change. - References. - 11 Landscape Patterns of Carbon Dioxide Exchange in Tundra Ecosytems / S. F. Oberbauer, W. Cheng, C. T. Gillespie, B. Ostendorf, A. Sala, R. Gebauer, R. A. Virginia, and J. D. Tenhunen. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Methods. - 11.2.1 Community Types. - 11.2.2 Leaf Photosynthesis. - 11.2.3 Ecosystem Efflux. - 11.2.4 Ecosystem Net CO2 Exchange. - 11.3 CO2 Uptake. - 11.3.1 Factors Affecting CO2 Uptake. - 11.3.1.1 Light. - 11.3.1.2 Temperature. - 11.3.1.3 Phenology. - 11.3.1.4 Water Availability. - 11.3.1.5 Nutrition. - 11.3.2 Landscape Patterns in Leaf Photosynthesis. - 11.4 CO2 Efflux. - 11.4.1 Factors Affecting CO2 Efflux. - 11.4.1.1 Live Plant Biomass. - 11.4.1.2 Soil Quality. - 11.4.1.3 Thaw Depth and Depth to Water Table. - 11.4.1.4 Soil Moisture. - 11.4.1.5 Soil Temperature. - 11.4.2 Landscape Patterns of CO2 Efflux. - 11.4.3 Daily and Seasonal Patterns of CO2 Efflux. - 11.4.4 Dust Deposition Effects on CO2 Efflux. - 11.5 Landscape Patterns in Net CO2 Exchange. - 11.6 Conclusions. - References. - 12 Control of Tundra Methane Emission by Microbial Oxidation / S. C. Whalen, W. S. Reeburgh, and C. E. Reimers. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Sampling Procedure. - 12.3 Results and Discussion. - 12.3.1 Methane Flux and Environmental Variables in Tundra and Taiga. - 12.3.2 Physiology, Controls, and Potential for Microbial CH4 Oxidation. - 12.3.3 Methane Oxidation by Tundra Soils in a Warmer Climate. - 12.4 Conclusions. - References. - 13 Dynamics of Dissolved and Particulate Car

Note: Contents: Introduction: Roald Amundsen and the Belgica expedition. - 1 The Atlantic crossing. - 2 In South America. - 3 In the straits of Tierra del Fuego. - 4 Geographic discoveries. - 5 Trapped in the ice. - 6 Polar night. - 7 Return of the sun. - 8 Summer. - 9 Escape from the ice. - 10 Return home. - Further Reading. - Appendix. , Aus dem Niederländ. übers.