ALBERT

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: Foreword / Klaus Hasselmann. - GROUP HASSELMANN. - Improving the SIAM Economy Module / Volker Barth. - A Nonlinear Impulse Response Model of the Coupled Carbon Cycle-Ocean-Atmosphere Climate System / Georg Hooß. - Potential Impact of Uncertainty and Natural Climate Variability in the Design of Optimal Climate Protection Policies / Victor Ocaña. - Climate Change Detection for the Annual Cycle of Temperature and Precipitation / Reiner Schnur. - Estimating the Sensitivity of a Regional Atmospheric Model to a Sea State Dependent Roughness Using Ensemble Calculations / Ralph Weisse, Hauke Heyen, and Hans von Storch. - CLIMATE MODEL AND DATA SECTION DKRZ. - Modellbetreuungsgruppe - An Update / Ulrich Cubasch. - Prediction of Global Change Using Different Models: An Intercomparison / Ulrich Cubasch. - The ECHO-G Coupled Climate Model on the NEC SX-4 / Stephanie Legutke. - Data Group Activities and Status / Hans Luthardt. - GROUP GRAF. - The Possible Effect of Biomass Burning on Local Precipitation and Global Climate / Hans-F. Graf. - The Leading Variability Mode of the Coupled Troposphere-Stratosphere Winter Circulation in Different Climate Regimes / Judith Perlwitz. - Numerical Simulation of Scavenging Processes in Explosive Volcanic Eruption Clouds / Christiane Textor. - Three-dimensional Simulation of Stratospheric Aerosol / Claudia Timmreck. - GROUP LATIF. - Oceanic Control of Decadal North Atlantic Sea Level Pressure Variability in Winter / Mojib Latif, Klaus Arpe, and Erich Roeckner. - Climatology and Variability in the Tropical Pacific in the Coupled GCM ECHO-G / Astrid Baquero. - Large-scale Air-sea Interactions in the Midlatitudes / Dietmar Dommenget. - ENSO Prediction Experiments with the Coupled GCM ECHO-G / Anselm Grötzner, Mojib Latif, and Stephan Venzke. - Simulating the Response of an Ocean General Circulation Model to North Atlantic Oscillation-type Forcing / Helmuth Haak. - The Role of Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature in Forcing East African Climate Anomalies / Mojib Latif, Dietmar Dommenget, and Mihai Dima. - A Circulation Model for Paleoclimate Studies: Model Description and First Applications / Gerrit Lohmann. - Southern Ocean Investigations with the HOPE Model / Simon J. Marsland. - The Atmospheric Response to SST Anomalies in Midlatitudes / Ute Merkel. - Equatorial Pacific Thermocline Circulation and Decadal Climate Variability / Keith Rodgers. - Ocean Model Intercomparison Project / Frank Röske. - Assimilation of Topex/Poseidon Altimeter Data into an Ocean GCM to Improve ENSO Forecasts / Sigrid Schöttle. - GROUP MIKOLAJEWICZ. - Development of the new C-HOPE OGCM / Uwe Mikolajewicz. - The Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation: Large Scale and Small Scale Aspects / Johann Jungclaus. - The Global Ocean Assimilation System GOAS / Detlev Müller. - Study of the Climate Variability in the Northern European and Arctic Seas Using Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models / Dmitry Sein. - GROUP MAIER-REIMER. - Modeling of Marine Biogeochemistry / Ernst Maier-Reimer. - (1) Optimisation of a Marine Silicon Cycle Model and (2) Artificial Sediment Cores / Christoph Heinze. - Modeling Stable Water Isotopes and Vapor Source Regions over Greenland and Antarctica / Martin Werner. - OTHERS. - Ongoing Work in the Bengtsson Department / Marco Giorgetta. - E-journals and Databases for MPG Scientists: How to's / Carola Kauhs. - INDEX OF AUTHORS. -

Anmerkung: ÍNDICE PRÓLOGO INTRODUCCIÓN El estudio científico de las cavidades kársticas y las Ciencias Geológicas. Una buena alianza / J.J. Durán. KARST, TECTÓNICA Y SISMICIDAD Evidencias tectónicas y sísmicas a partir del estudio de espeleotemas: conocimiento actual y desarrollo futuro / P. Forti Evolución tectosedimentaria del entorno de la Cueva de Nerja durante el Plio-Cuatemario. / A. Guerra-Merchán, D. Ramallo y F. Serrano Análisis de la fracturación reciente en los espelotemas de la Cueva de Nerja, Málaga. / P. Gumiel, J.J. Durán, J. López-Martínez, J.M. González-Casado, B. Andreo y F. Carrasco La fracturación en la Cueva de los Enebralejos, Segovia, borde norte del Sistema Central. / J. Barea, J.J. Durán, J. Giner, J.M. González-Casado y J. López-Martínez Control estructural de la cavidad kárstica "La Cuevona" (Ribadesella, Asturias) / J. L. Alonso, J. G. García-Ramos y M. Gutiérrez-Claverol El karst de la Alquería (Vélez-Rubio, Almería) / A. González y J.A. Martínez The influence of tectonics on karstification of Permian-Carboniferous limestone from westem Serbia. / P. Pavlovic and D. Stojiljkovic Estudio preliminar de la Cueva de Castelar (Ciudad Real). El ejemplo español de karst en rocas cristalinas / C. J. Gavilán, l. Alonso y J.J. Durán REGISTROS SEDIMENTARIOS KÁRSTICOS Y RECONSTRUCCIONES PALEOAMBIENTALES Endokarstic sedimentary records and paleo-environmental reconstructions in caves / D. C. Ford Speleothem records of environmental changes and the past-bases and potential. / Y. Y. Shopov, L. Tsankov, L. N Georgiev, C.J Yonge, H.P.R. Krouse and A.J.T. Jull Significance of Luminescent spelothem records for determination of orbital variations, glaciations and timing of termination-II. / Y.Y. Shopov, D. Stoykova, M. Sanambria, L. Tsankov, D. Ford, L. Georgiev and D. Georgieva Dataciones isotópicas de espeleotemas procedentes de cuevas costeras de Mallorca. Estado actual de las investigaciones / A. Ginés, J. Ginés, J.J. Fornós y P. Tuccimei Estudio isotópico sobre las condiciones de precipitación de "calcitas flotantes" actuales procedentes de tres cuevas en la isla de Mallorca / C. Jiménez de Cisneros y E. Caballero Geoquimica de travertinos procedentes de una fuente termal. Estimaciones sobre su velocidad de formación. / E. Caballero, C. Jiménez de Cisneros y C. Jiménez Travertinos asociados a los manantiales del borde occidental de la Sierra de la Alfaguara (Granada, Sur de España) / B. Andreo, M. Martín-Martín, A. Martín-Algarra y R. Julia Espeleotemas y morfogénesis exokárstica. El ejemplo de la Sierra del Endrinal (Grazalema, Cádiz) / J Rodríguez Vidal, G. Alvarez, L. M. Cáceres, A. Martínez Aguirre y J. M. Alcaraz La evolución de los materiales de acumulación en el Altiplano carbonatado de Cantanhede (NO de Coimbra-Portugal) / A. De Marco y L. A. Dimuccio Cave genesis in karst regions of Balkan Península / D. Vasileva Skocjanske Jame, Slovenia: development of caves related to rock characteristics and rock relief / M. Knez and T. Slabe Facies mineralógicas de las arenas de los rellenos kársticos de la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos) / T. Aleixandre y A. Pérez González Mineralogy of cave deposits from Bihor Mountains (Romanía) / L. Ghergari and T. Tamas Análisis polínico de sedimentos en cavidades kársticas: hacia un nuevo desarrollo conceptual / J. S. Carrión, C. Navarro y M. Munuera El karst de la Espluga de Francolí: características fisicas e hidrogeológicas. Interés en la educación ambiental / J M Cervelló, M Monterde, J Ramoneda y A. Freixes Análisis sistemático y ecológico de los roedores del Pleistoceno Superior procedentes de la Cueva de las Ventanas (Granada, España) / A. Ruiz-Bustos y J A. Riquelme Cantal Geology, geomorphology, tectonics and geological map ofthe Cave of Riomurtas (Narcao, Southwest Sardinia). J De Waele and A. Muntoni CONSERVACIÓN DE CAVIDADES: EL IMPACTO ANTRÓPICO La dynamique du milieu souterrain, concepts de base servant a la conservation des grottes / A. Mangin, D. D 'Hulst et F. Bourges L' eclairage et la protection des grottes / F. Bourges, A. Mangin et D. D'Hulst Análisis de las concentraciones de 222Rn del aire de la Cueva de Nerja / C. Dueñas, M.C. Fernández, J Carretero, E. Liger y S. Cañete El medio ambiente subterráneo de la Cueva de Nerja (Málaga). Modificaciones antrópicas / F. Carrasco, B. Andreo, I Vadillo, J.J. Durán y C. Liñán EL AGUA Y EL KARST Recharge and behaviour of karst aquifers. Examples from Southeastem France / J Mudry, Y. Guglielmi, A. Chalumeau, A. Reynaud and Y. Paquette ¿Pueden las teorías sobre el desarrollo del karst contribuir al mejor conocimiento de la moderna hidrogeología del karst? / J Silar Behaviour of the epikarst aquifer: signal analysis and flow analysis. Si te of Lascaux Cave. / R. Lastennet, A. Denis, Ph. Malaurent and J Vouvé Primeros datos sobre la variabilidad estacional de la infiltración en la Cueva del Agua (lznalloz, Granada) / F. Sánchez-Martos, J. M Calaforra y M J González-Ríos Primeros resultados sobre la caracterización hidroquímica y evolución espacial de las aguas del sistema kárstico de Valporquero, Cordillera Cantábrica / JJ Durán, M Vallejo, l. Herráez y J López-Martínez Hidrodinámica e hidroquímica de las aguas de goteo de la Cueva de Nerja / C. Liñán, B. Andreo, F Carrasco e l. Vadillo Modelización de los procesos hidrogeoquímicos que afectan al agua de goteo de la Cueva de Nerja / J. Cardenal, J. Benavente, B. Andreo y F. Carrasco Algunos procesos hidrogeoquímicos en la Cueva de Canalobre y en el acuífero del Cabeçó D'Or (Alicante) / J. M Andreu, J.C. Cerón, A. Pulido-Bosch y A. Estévez Tracing technique as a contribution to karstology: past experience, new directions / Ph. Meus and C. Ek Ensayos de trazadores en acuíferos kársticos: desarrollo histórico y anecdotario / J. G. Yélamos Trazados en la Unidad Hidrogeológica Izarraitz (País Vasco): consideraciones sobre la complejidad estructural y dinámica del medio kárstico / l. Mugerza, T. Morales, l. Antigüedad, J.A. Uriarte, l. Fernández de Valderrama, J.M Gonzalo y P. Bezares d18O and average recharge-altitude relationships in karstic springs / Th. Herold, S.M. Bernasconi, P. Jordan and F. Zwahlen Concentración inicial de radiocarbono en agua subterránea del karst de Bohemia central / J. Silar y K. Záhrubsky Los sistemas kársticos del Parque Natural del Cadí-Moixeró (Pirineo oriental, Catalunya) / J. Ramoneda, A. Freixes, M. Monterde, J. P. Morin y L. Gourcy Hidroquímica de la Sierra de Guara / J. A. Cuchí, J.A. Manso, M. Subías y J. Buera Nuevas aportaciones sobre el funcionamiento hidrogeológico del acuífero kárstico multicapa del Calar del Mundo (Provincias de Albacete y Jaén) / T. Rodríguez-Estrella Posible contribución del karst de Los Berros (Argentina) para el abastecimiento a la industria de la región / C. Wetten y O.A. Damiani Karst groundwater quality in Austria / M. Kralik Modelo numérico del flujo subterráneo de un acuífero kárstico en Yucatán, México. Implicaciones hidrogeológicas / R. González, l. Sánchez y J. Gamboa Aprovechamiento de manantiales kársticos de carácter intermitente mediante operaciones de recarga artificial de acuíferos. Las Ufanes de Gabellí (Mallorca) / J. M Murillo, C.J. Gavilán, J.A. de la Orden The karstic aquifer ofthe Izhora Plateau (Russia) and problems ofits use under anthropogenic pressure / A. N Voronov, NA. Vinograd and A.A. Shvarts Aspects of groundwater vulnerability mapping in karst regions with the help of GIS / P.S. Bezrukov Natural and anthropogenic influences as threats to pits in the Debeli Namet Glacier (Durmitor National Park, Montenegro) / P. Djurovic Carbon inorganic total dissolved origine, repartition and it's karstification impact / C. Emblanch, H. Celle, B. Blavoux and J. M. Puig , Beiträge teilweise in spanischer, teilweise in englischer Sprache

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Tool forces Number of active cutting teeth Tool force and chain force Chain power Tool turce and belt power Tractive thrust and normal reaction Traction of carrier vehicles Power/weight ratio Cutter bar moments Specific energy Performance index Power density Apparent belt pressure Acceleratin and transport of cuttings Examples

Anmerkung: Contents: Introduction / P. J. le B. Williams. - The management and behaviour of the Mesocosms / P. J. le B. Williams and J. K. Egge. - Evolution of phytoplankton pigments in Mesocosm experiments / R. G. Barlow, R. F. C. Mantoura, D. G. Cummings, D. W. Pond and R. P. Harris. - Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) gene expression and photosynthetic activity in nutrient-enriched Mesocosm experiments / M. Wyman, J. T. Davies, K. Weston, D. W. Crawford and D. A. Purdie. - Bacterial response to blooms dominated by diatoms and Emiliania huxleyi in nutrient-enriched Mesocosms / R. Sanders and D. A. Purdie. - Population dynamics of phytoplankton and viruses in a phosphate-limited Mesocosm and their effect on DMSP and DMS production / W. H. Wilson, S. Turner and N. H. Mann. - Microplanktonic polyunsaturated fatty acid markers: a Mesocosm trial / D. W. Pond, M. V. Bell, R. P. Harris and J. R. Sargent.

Anmerkung: pt. 1. Introduction. The need for better theories / Paul A. Sabatier ; The stages approach to the policy process: what has it done? where is it going? / Peter deLeon -- pt. 2. Alternative views of the role of rationality in the policy process. Institutional rational choice: an assessment of the institutional analysis and development framework / Elinor Ostrom ; Ambiguity, time, and multiple streams / Nikolaos Zahariadis -- pt. 3. Frameworks focusing on policy change over fairly long periods. Punctuated-equilibrium theory: explaining stability and change in American policymaking / James L. True, Bryan D. Jones, and Frank R. Baumgartner ; The advocacy coalition framework: an assessment / Paul A. Sabatier and Hank C. Jenkins-Smith -- pt. 4. Frameworks comparing policies across a large number of political systems. Innovation and diffusion models in policy research / Frances Stokes Berry and William D. Berry ; The policy process and large-N comparative studies / William Blomquist -- pt. 5. Conclusions. A comparison of frameworks, theories, and models of policy processes / Edella Schlager ; Fostering the development of policy theory / Paul A. Sabatier..

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface CONFERENCE SUMMARY / A. L. Fymat TEMPERATURE SOUNDING INVERSION METHODS AND THE OBSOLESCENCE OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR SPECIFYING PHYSICAL OBSERVABLES / J. I. F. King SOME EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECT OF REMOTE SOUNDING TEMPERATURES UPON WEATHER FORECASTING / M. Halem, M. Ghil and R. Atlas NONLINEAR INVERSION: THEORY AND PRAXIS / J. I. F. King A NEW TREATMENT OF THE BOUNDARY TERM IN THE INVERSION OF THE RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATION / H. E. Fleming and D. S. Crosby EVALUATION OF ERRORS IN DERIVED CLEAR COLUMN RADIANCES / L. McMillin RECURSIVE FILTERING OF RADIANCE DATA FROM NIMBUS-E SATELLITE / I. A. Ismail DEPENDENCE OF THE TEMPERATURE DEVIATION OF THE OCEAN SURFACE AS MEASURED BY SATELLITE ON THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF AEROSOLS / T. Takashima THE DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE PROFILES FROM INFRARED INTERFEROMETER MEASUREMENTS ON BOARD OF METEOR-25 / V. A. Golovko and D. Spänkuch COMPOSITION SOUNDING GLOBAL TOTAL OZONE DETERMINATION FROM NIMBUS 4 BUV SPACECRAFT DATA / A. J. Fleig, R. S. Fraser, B. W. Guenther, D. F. Heath, E. Hilsenrath, L. V. Novak, V. G. Kaveeshwar, R. D. McPeters, C. L. Mateer and A. G. Miller INFORMATION CONTENT AND RESULTS OF NON-LINEAR INVERSION OF NIMBUS 6 LIMB RADIANCE INVERSION RADIOMETER DATA / J. C. Gille and P. L. Bailey AN APPROXIMATE METHOD FOR NONLINEAR INVERSION OF LIMB RADIANCE OBSERVATIONS / P. L. Bailey and J. C. Gille A NONLINEAR TECHNIQUE FOR INVERTING LIMB ABSORPTION PROFILES / J. D. Mill and S. R. Drayson SENSITIVITY OF THE INVERSION OF LIMB RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS IN THE 6.3μm WATER VAPOR BAND / H. Fischer AN ANALYSIS OF NIMBUS-V THIR 6-7 μm OBSERVATIONS OVER THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA / M. Roulleau MICROWAVE GROUND-BASED DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC TOTAL WATER CONTENT / G. G. Shchukin and L. P. Bobylev A SOLAR HETERODYNE RADIOMETER FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE ALTITUDINAL PROFILES OF ATMOSPHERIC GASES / V. I. Astakhov, N. V. Vanin, V. V. Galaktionov, V. M. Dorokhov, V. M. Zakharovand V. U. Khattatov PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING IN THE PRESENCE OF MULTIPLE SCATTERING: A NUMERICAL INVERSION METHOD / B. R. Barkstrom PARTICULATE SOUNDING RECONSTRUCTING THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SPHERICAL PARTICLES FROM ANGULAR FORWARD SCATTERING DATA / A. L. Fymat and K. D. Mease COMPLEX REFRACTIVE INDEX OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS: A SIZE DISTRIBUTION INDEPENDENT RETRIEVAL APPROACH USING MULTISPECTRAL TRANSMISSION RATIOS / A. L. Fymat and K. D. Mease THE METHOD OF MULTIFREQUENCY LASER SOUNDING OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL MICROSTRUCTURE / V. E. Zuev and I. E. Naats LASER SOUNDING OF THE ATMOSPHERE USING AEROSOL SCATTERING / V. E. Zuev STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL LAYERS MONITORED BY LIDAR / R. Reiter, H. Jaeger, W. Carnuth and M. Littfass LIDAR DETECTION OF ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS BY RAMAN SCATTERING AND FLUORESCENCE SPECTRA / V. M. Zakharov and V. A. Torgovichev REMOTE SENSING OF CLOUD PROPERTIES FROM NIMBUS 5 / D. J. McCleese THE ATMOSPHERIC BLURRING EFFECT OF REMOTELY SENSED EARTH IMAGERY / S. Ueno, Y. Haba, Y. Kawata, T. Kusaka and Y. Terashita Author Index Subject Index

Anmerkung: Table of Contents Foreword The Global Context The Arctic in a Global Context The ARCSS Program The Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program The Scientific Goals of the ARCSS Program ARCSS Objectives Significant Research and Findings of the ARCSS Program ARCSS Program Research Implementation of ARCSS Program Research ARCSS Program Components Paleoenvironmental Studies Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Integrative Studies Synthesis, Integration, and Modeling Studies (SIMS) New Initiatives Human Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC) Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Environments in the Arctic (RAISE) International Collaboration The Future of the ARCSS Program Priorities for the Future Research Questions Integrative Strategies Community Coordination and Integration Coordination and Integration Logistics Support Working with Arctic Residents Community Planning and Science Management ARCSS Committee Science Steering Committees Periodic Meetings of ARCSS Principal Investigators Appendices ARCSS Program Contact Information A History of ARCSS Program Development ARCSS Data Protocol References and Relevant Reports Contributors and Reviewers

Anmerkung: Zugleich: Dissertation, Norges landbrukshøgskole, 1999 , Englisch

Anmerkung: Abstract Résumé Acknowledgments Welcome to Yellowknife Part I: The landscape and the people Geological evolution of the landscape Bedrock geology Surficial geology Climate and vegetation History of Yellowknife From gold to government Significant events Part II: Living with frozen ground Permafrost Regional distribution Permafrost occurrence in Yellowknife Significance of peat Significance of moisture Ice lenses Thaw stable and thaw unstable ground Thaw settlement Frost heave Development Buildings Roads Utilities Thermosyphons Climate change - an uncertain future for permafrost Climate and permafrost history Air temperature trends over the last century Response of air temperatures to doubling of greenhouse gases Effect of climate warming on permafrost in Yellowknife Impacts of climate warming Part III: Guide to field stops Introduction The Capital Tour - Capital Site to Bowling Green building Stop 1. The Capital Site - a profusion of peat Stop 2. Legislative Assembly - design with nature Stop 3. Legislative Assembly roadway - perils of paving peat Stop 4. Walking path - tipping trails Stop 5. Legislative Assembly parking lot - preserving permafrost Stop 6. Frame Lake - Yellowknife's aquatic centrepiece Stop 7. National Defence building - seeking solid ground Stop 8. Visitors Centre - rocking and rolling Stop 9. 49 Street thermosyphons - keeping it cool Stop 10. Bowling Green building - swallowing sidewalks The City Tour - 49 Avenue to Niven Lake Stop 11. 49 and 49 intersection - rolling roadways Stop 12. 49 Avenue - sagging sidewalks Stop 13. Downtown Yellowknife - safe on sand Stop 14. Gold Range Hotel - making things work Stop 15. Centre Square Mall - stemming shifting sands Stop 16. Boston Pizza - fast food on a slab Stop 17. Royal Oak Mines Inc. houses - half a century later Stop 18. 52 Avenue - up, up, and ... away Stop 19. 49 Street hill - leaving good ground Stop 20. 54 Avenue - frozen dangers underfoot Stop 21. Rockcliffe Apartments - creeping crawl space Stop 22. School Draw subdivision - houses on the move Stop 23. School Draw Park - from basements to basketballs Stop 24. Rock outcrop - on the shores of glacial Lake McConnell Stop 25. Detah ice road - crystal highway Stop 26. Old Town - doing things the old-fashioned way Stop 27. Franklin Avenue - whither frozen ground? Stop 28. Fritz Theil Park - from dump to diamond I Stop 29. Old sewage line - pipes and peat Stop 30. Niven Lake - a subarctic oasis I Part IV: The Niven Lake Trail Introduction Stop 1. A biological magnet for waterbirds Stop 2. The land of little sticks Stop 3. The wonder of wetlands Stop 4. Niven Lake -urban oasis for wildlife Stop 5. Peat, beautiful peat Stop 6. Honolulu north? Stop 7. Home sweet home -all year round Stop 8. Those mud-slinging, bug-poking shorebirds Glossary of terms Selected references List of field guides for Yellowknife

Anmerkung: Table of Contents Introduction W. W. Bishop Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, NP, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.01 Historical background: Early exploration in the East African Rift—the Gregory Rift valley Peter Kent Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 1-4, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.02 Part I. Frameworks: Structural—Volcanic—Geophysical Rifting in east Africa and large-scale tectonic processes E. Ronald Oxburgh Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 7-18, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.03 Structural development of the East African Rift system Robert M. Shackleton Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 19-28, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.04 Structural and volcanic evolution of the Gregory Rift Valley Basil C. King Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 29-54, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.05 Character of Quaternary volcanism in the Gregory Rift Valley Laurence A. J. Williams Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 55-69, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.06 Geophysical investigations and the Rift Valley geology of Kenya M. Aftab Khan and Christopher J. Swain Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 71-83, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.07 Part II. Background: Palaeontological and Archaeological Problems Taphonomical background to fossil man-problems in palaeoecology Andrew Hill Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 87-101, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.08 A statistical approach to temporal biostratigraphy R. T. Shuey, Frank H. Brown, G. G. Eck and F. Clark Howell Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 103-124, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.09 Allometry and Hominid studies Bernard A. Wood Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 125-138, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.10 The first geologists—the archaeology of the original rock breakers Glynn Ll. Isaac Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 139-147, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.11 Part III. Regional Studies in the Gregory Rift Valley Olduvai Gorge 1911–75: a history of the investigations Mary D. Leakey Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 151-155, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.12 Fossil hominids from the Laetolil Beds, Tanzania Mary D. Leakey, R. L. Hay, G. H. Curtis, R. E. Drake, M. K. Jackes and T. D. White Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 157-170, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.13 Geological Map of the Olorgesailie Area, Kenya Robert M. Shackleton Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 171-172, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.14 The Olorgesailie Formation: Stratigraphy, tectonics and the palaeogeographic context of the Middle Pleistocene archaeological sites Glynn Ll. Isaac Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 173-206, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.15 Chronostratigraphy of the Baringo Basin, Kenya Gregory R. Chapman and Maureen Brook Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 207-223, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.16 Preliminary observations on the palaeomagnetic stratigraphy of the area west of Lake Baringo, Kenya Peter Dagley, Alan E. Mussett and H. C. Palmer Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 225-235, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.17 Geology, palaeoenvironments and vertebrate faunas of the mid-Miocene Ngorora Formation, Kenya Martin H. L. Pickford Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 237-262, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.18 Stratigraphy and mammalian palaeontology of the late-Miocene Lukeino Formation, Kenya Martin H. L. Pickford Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 263-278, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.19 Fossil Hippopotamidae from the Baringo Basin and relationships within the Gregory Rift, Kenya Shirley Cameron Coryndon Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 279-292, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.20 The fossil bovidae of the Baringo Area, Kenya Alan W. Gentry Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 293-308, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.21 Chesowanja: a revised geological interpretation William Bishop, Andrew Hill and Martin Pickford Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 309-327, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.22 (A) Geological framework of the Kilombe Acheulian archaeological site, Kenya Walter W. Bishop Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 329-336, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.23 (B) Kilombe—an Acheulian site complex in Kenya John A. J. Gowlett Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 337-360, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.24 Geological setting of the hominid fossils and Acheulian artifacts from the Kapthurin Formation, Baringo District, Kenya Peter W. J. Tallon Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 361-373, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.25 The early history of the Turkana Depression Robert J. G. Savage and Peter G. Williamson Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 375-394, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.26 Stratigraphy, sedimentary facies and paleoenvironments, East Lake Turkana, Kenya Carl F. Vondra and Bruce E. Bowen Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 395-414, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.27 Isochronous surfaces within the Plio-Pleistocene sediments east of Lake Turkana Ian C. Findlater Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 415-420, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.28 Y Correlation of Plio-Pleistocene sequences in the northern Lake Turkana Basin: a summary of evidence and issues Anna K. Behrensmeyer Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 421-440, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.29 Geochronological problems and radioisotopic dating in the Gregory Rift Valley Frank J. Fitch, Paul J. Hooker and John A. Miller Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 441-461, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.30 Age of KBS Tuff in Koobi Fora Formation, East Lake, Turkana, Kenya G. H. Curtis, R. E. Drake, T. E. Cerling, B. W. Cerling and J. H. Hampel Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 463-469, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.003.01.31 Magneto-stratigraphy east of Lake Turkana and at Olduvai Gorge: a brief summary Andrew Brock Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 471, 1 January 1978, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1978.006.01.32 Observations on problems of correlation of late Cenozoic hominid-bearing formations in the North Lake Turkana Basin F. H. Brown, F. Clark Howell and G. G. Eck Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 6, 473-

Anmerkung: Contents Summary Introduction Material and Methods 2.1 Experimental Approach and Concept 2.2 Cold Chamber Experiments 2.2.1 Packed Sand Columns 2.2.2 Undisturbed Soil Monolith 2.3 Tracer Extraction and Determination of Tracer Concentrations 2.4 Digital Image Analysis 2.4.1 Photographic Recording 2.4.2 Image Analysis 2.4.3 Statistical Regression Analysis 2.5 Fluorescence Imaging 2.6 Low-Temperature SEM and X-Ray Analysis 2.7 Numerical Simulation 2.7.1 Model Description 2.7.2 Model Application 3 Results From Cold Chamber Experiments 3.1 Packed Sand Columns (Experiment I-III) 3.1.1 Infiltration Behaviour (Experiment I-III) 3.1.2 Dye Tracer Distribution (Experiment III) 3.1.3 Mass Recovery of Dye Tracers (Experiment III) 3.1.4 Vertical Distribution of Dye Tracers Determined From Large Sections (Experiment III) 3.2 Undisturbed Soil Monolith (Experiment IV) 3.2.1 Infiltration Behaviour 3.2.2 Dye Tracer Distributions 3.2.3 Mass Recovery of all Tracers Determined From Large Sections 3.2.4 Vertical Distribution of all Tracers Determined From Large Sections 4 Results From Low-Temperature SEM and X-Ray Analysis 4.1 Dry Sand and Loam 4.2 Wet Sand 4.3 Wet Loam 5 Modelling Results 5.1 Thermal Regime 5.2 Water Content Profile Before the Irrigation 5.3 Infiltration Behaviour 5.4 Water Content Profile After the Irrigation 5.5 Solute Transport 5.6 Energy Exchange at the Surface 6 Conclusions 6.1 Conclusions About the Methods 6.2 Conclusions About the Water Infiltration in Frozen Soil List of Figures List of Tables Bibliography

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1999. - LC130 schedule. - NGRIP 1999 schedule. - Overview of 1999 schedule. - lnfo for August1998 meeting. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1999 sub programs. - SITREP. - Term of reference for the NGRIP field work. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1999. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NG RIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Uplift 1998. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan and frequencies used. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Operation of Thrane & Thrane STDC telex terminal. - Operation of NERA lnmarsat M terminal. - Map of NGRIP camp. - NGRIP inclined pit and trenches. - Map of NGRIP Region. - Map of Greenland and North Greenland. - Map of skiway. - Ice divide North of NGRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Glycol specification. - Density vs temperature of hole liquid. - Positions in Greenland, distances and directions. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Anmerkung: Contents: 1. Introduction. - 2. Design of the existing base. - 3. Why a new concept. - 4. Considerations for a new base. - 5. Building alternatives for a floating ice shelf. - 6. Design criteria. - 7. Concept adopted. - 8. Technical data. - 9. Services. - 9.1. Electrical. - 9.2. Mechanical. - 9.3. Fire Protection. - 9.4. Toilets. - 10. Stores. - 11. External buildings. - 12. Conclusion.

Anmerkung: In kyrillischer Schrift , Zusammenfassung und Inhaltsverzeichnis in englischer Sprache

Anmerkung: Contents Preface List of Contributors Section I. Floristics, Vegetation, and Primary Production Ia. Vascular Plants Ib. Nonvascular Plants 1. Introduction / LARRY L. TIESZEN Background Research Design and Site Selections Overview of the Barrow Ecological System References 2. Vegetation, Floristics, and Phytogeography of Northern Alaska / D. F. MURRAY Tundra Landscapes and Vegetation Floristics and Phytogeography Acknowledgments References 3. Spatial and Temporal Variation of the Vegetation and its Productivity / P. J. WEBBER Introduction and Site Overview Methods Results Discussion Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 4. Seasonal Dynamics of Above- and Belowground Production of Vascular Plants at Barrow, Alaska / J. G. DENNIS , L. L. TIESZEN and M. A. VETTER Introduction Methods and Materials Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 5. Floristics, Phytogeography and Ecology of Arctic Alaskan Bryophytes / W. C. STEERE The Bryophyte Flora and its Floristic Elements Ecology and Physical Factors of the Environment Acknowledgments References 6. Composition and Bryomass of the Moss Layers of Two Wet-Tundra-Meadow Communities near Barrow, Alaska / J. R. RASTORFER Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 7. The Role of Lichens in the Structure, Productivity, and Mineral Cycling of the Wet Coastal Alaskan Tundra / M. E. WILLIAMS , E. D. RUDOLPH , E. A. SCHOFIELD , and D. C. PRASHER Introduction Environmental Setting Lichen Occurrence Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 8. The Role of Algae in Tundra Soil / R. E. CAMERON , A. D. KNOX , and F. A. MORELLI Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 9. Ecto- and Endomycorrhizae of Arctic Plants at Barrow, Alaska / O. K. MILLER, JR. and G. A. LAURSEN Introduction Distribution of Ectomycorrhizae Distribution of Endomycorrhizae Distribution of Mycorrhizal Fungi Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Conclusions and Discussion Acknowledgments References Section II. Photosynthesis, Respiration and Water Relations. IIa. Plant and Community Photosynthesis IIb. Photosynthesis and Water Relations 10. Photosynthesis in the Principal Barrow, Alaska Species: A Summary of Field and Laboratory Responses / L. L. TlESZEN Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 11. Primary Production Processes in Arctic Bryophytes at Barrow, Alaska / W. C. OECHEL and B. SVEINBJÖRNSSON Introduction Field Research Site Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 12. Meteorological Assessment of CO2 Exchange Over an Alaskan Arctic Tundra / P. I. COYNE and J. J. KELLEY Introduction Theory Experimental Procedure Data Analysis Results Contents Discussion Acknowledgments References 13. Constraints on Tundra Productivity: Photosynthetic Capacity in Relation to Solar Radiation Utilization and Water Stress in Arctic and Alpine Tundras / M. M. CALDWELL, D. A. JOHNSON and M. FAREED Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Acknowledgments References 14. Some Aspects of Water Relations of Arctic and Alpine Regions / P. C. MILLER, W. A. STONER, and J. R. EHLERINGER Introduction Conceptual Framework Methods Results Discussion and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 15. Radio-Tracer Measurement of Transpiration in Tundra Vegetation, Barrow, Alaska / J. J. KORANDA , B. CLEGG, and M. STUART Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 16. Simulation of the Effect of the Tundra Vascular Plant Canopy on the Productivity of Four Moss Species / W. A. STONER, P. C. MILLER, and W. C. OECHEL Introduction Simulation Models and Methods Results and Discussion Acknowledgments References Section III. Growth and the Allocation and Use of Mineral and Organic Nutrients IIIa. Growth and Organic Nutrient Allocation IIIb. Inorganic Nutrient Utilization, Response to Fertilization, and Nitrogen Fixation IIIc. Growth, Nutrient and Population Modeling 17. Translocation and Allocation of 14C-Photoassimilate by Dupontia fisheri / M. L. ALLESSIO and L. L. TIESZEN Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 18. Growth, Turnover, and Respiration Rates of Roots and Tillers in Tundra Graminoids / W. D. BILLINGS, K. M. PETERSON, and G. R. SHAVER Introduction Methods Results Conclusions Acknowledgments References 19. The Interactions of Organic Nutrients, Soil Nitrogen, and Soil Temperature and Plant Growth and Survival in the Arctic Environment / B. H. MCCOWN Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 20. Plant Nutrient Limitations of Tundra Plant Growth / A. ULRICH and P. L. GERSPER Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Discussion and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 21. Phosphate Uptake and Nutrient Utilization by Barrow Tundra Vegetation / F. S. CHAPIN, III Introduction Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 22. Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on Carbohydrate and Nutrient Levels in Dupontia fisheri and Arctagrostis latifolia / J. D. MCKENDRICK, V. J. OTT , and G. A. MITCHELL Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 23. Nitrogen Fixation in Arctic and Alpine Tundra / V. ALEXANDER, M. BILLINGTON, and D. M. SCHELL Introduction Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References 24. A Model of Plant Growth and Phosphorus Allocation for Dupontia fisheri in Coastal, Wet-Meadow Tundra / W. A. STONER, P. C. MILLER, and L. L. TIESZEN Introduction Description of the Model Results Discussion Acknowledgments References 25. A Model of Carbohydrate, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Allocation and Growth in Tundra Production / P. C. MILLER, W. A. STONER, L. L. TIESZEN , M. ALLESSIO, B. MCCOWN , F. S. CHAPIN, and G. SHAVER Introduction Results and Discussion Acknowledgments References 26. A Simulation Model of Population Processes of Arctic Tundra Graminoids / B. A. LAWRENCE , M. C. LEWIS , and P. C. MILLER Introduction The Model Methods of Simulations Validation Simulation Experiments Summary Acknowledgments References 27. Summary / L. L. TIESZEN Introduction Historical and Floristic Relationships Abiotic Relationships Spatial and Temporal Relationships Summary References Appendix: Checklists of Vascular Plants, Bryophytes, and Lichens for the Alaskan U.S. IBP Tundra Biome Study Areas - Barrow, Prudhoe Bay, Eagle Summit / BARBARA M. MURRAY AND DAVID F. MURRAY Introduction Checklists References Index

Anmerkung: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Anmerkung: Preface 1 Introduction 2 Introduction to Equilibrium Thermodynamics Gibbs energy and equilibrium G-x and T-x diagrams Algebraic equilibrium relations Approach 1 Approach 2 General equilibrium relation Worked examples 2 Problems 2 References 3 Activities and Standard States Standard state 1 Standard state 2 Standard state 3 Standard state 4 Summary Worked examples 3 Problems 3 References 4 Thermodynamics of Solids Mole fractions Activity coefficients Worked examples 4 Problems 4 References 5 Thermodynamics of Fluids Aqueous fluids Ions in solution Silicate liquids Worked examples 5 Problems 5 References 6 Equilibrium Thermodynamic Calculations Data Uncertainties Worked examples 6 Problems 6 References 7 Processes 1 Nucleation and growth Mass transfer Temperature-time dependence of rate processes Worked examples 7 References 8 Processes 2 Buffering Metasomatism Fractionation Worked examples 8 Problems 8 References 9 Petrological Topics Worked examples 9 References Appendix A Thermodynamic Properties Introduction Volume Entropy Enthalpy Gibbs energy Simplifications Approximations Volume Heat capacity Entropy and enthalpy Thermodynamic data References Appendix B A Maths Refresher Some formulae and relationships Solving a set of simultaneous equations Appendix C Standard States for Fluids Appendix D Solutions to Problems Appendix E Symbols, Units and Constants Index

Anmerkung: Contents Foreword by Y. I. Chernov Introduction Explanations to tables Table 1: Distribution of the vascular plants within the Russian Arctic and adjacent territories Table 2: The main characteristics of the vascular plants within the Russian Arctic and adjacent territories Table 3: List of the weedy and adventitious vascular plants within the Russian Arctic and adjacent territories Conclusion Acknowledgements References

Anmerkung: Contents List of contributors Preface Introduction Guidelines and codes of conduct for Arctic tourism: implementation and evaluation of an operator program / Margaret E. Johnston and David G. Twynam Drafting tourism codes for the Arctic / Peter Mason The importance of an overall visitor education program - experiences with tour operators in the Antarctic / Debra J. Enzenbacher Mechanisms for promoting and monitoring compliance with Arctic tourism guidelines / Debra J. Enzenbacher Polar ship-borne tourism: do guidelines and codes of conduct work? / Bernard Stonehouse The conservation perspective on Antarctic tourism / Cassandra Phillips Tourism regulation - cultural norms or legislation? Outdoor life and tourism regulation in Finnmark and on Svalbard / Arvid Viken Opportunities and problems associated with the development of Arctic tourism: a case study from Svalbard / Reidar Hindrum Mechanisms and organisational structures for implementing Arctic tourism guidelines / Tutta May Endresen Report on the IUCN and tourism-related activities in the Arctic / Jeanne Pagnan Planning for ecotourism in Kangerlussuaq - Søndre Strømfjord, Greenland / Jeppe Mordhorst Whale-watching guidelines: a special case / Cassandra Phillips Guidelines for whale-watching in Norway / Tiu Similä The frame conditions for ecologically acceptable tourism and its guidelines on Svalbard / Andreas Umbreit Appendices

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - Water masses and mixing near the Antarctic slope front. - Observations and modelling of Antarctic downslope flows : a review. - On the interaction of the Katabatic-Land-Sea Wind system of Antarctica with the high latitude Southern Ocean. - Thermohaline variability of the waters overlying the West Antarctica Peninsula Continental Shelf. - Oceanic erosion of a floating Antarctic Glacier in the Amundsen Sea. - Winter atmospheric forcing of the Ross Sea Polynya. - Interannual ocean and sea ice variability in the Ross Sea. - On the Origin and influence of Adélie Land bottom water. - Ocean-Ice shelf interaction and possible bottom water formation in Prydz Bay, Antarctica. - Acoustical techniques in Antarctic Oceanography. - Transport and water masses of the Antarctic slope front system in the Eastern Weddell Sea. - Western Weddell Sea thermohaline stratification. - Transient tracer observations from the western Weddell Sea during the drift and recovery of ice station Weddell. - Interactions between floating ice platelets and ocean water in the Southern Weddell Sea. - Impact of grounded icegergs on the hydrographic conditions near the Filchner Ice shelf. - Physical controls on ocean circulation beneath ice shelves revealed by numerical models. - Ocean circulation beneath the Western Ronne Ice Shelf, as derived from in situ measurements of water currents and properties. - Marine ice beneath Filchner Ice Shelf : evidence from a multi-disciplinary approach. - Tides in the Weddell Sea. - The new bathymetric charts of the Weddell Sea : AWI BCWS

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: Preface page. - Conventions and Notation. - Chapter 1. The Physical Properties of Fluids. - 1.1 Solids, liquids and gases. - 1.2 The continuum hypothesis. - 1.3 Volume forces and surface forces acting on a fluid. - Representation of surface forces by the stress tensor. - The stress tensor in a fluid at rest. - 1.4 Mechanical equilibrium of a fluid. - A body 'floating' in fluid at rest. - Fluid at rest under gravity. - 1.5 Classical thermodynamics. - 1.6 Transport phenomena. - The linear relation between flux and the gradient of a scalar intensity. - The equations for diffusion and heat conduction in isotropic media at rest, Molecular transport of momentum in a fluid. - 1.7 The distinctive properties of gases. - A perfect gas in equilibrium. - Departures from the perfect-gas laws. - Transport coefficients in a perfect gas. - Other manifestations of departure from equilibrium of a perfect gas. - 1.8 The distinctive properties of liquids. - Equilibrium properties. - Transport coefficients. - 1.9 Conditions at a boundary between two media. - Surface tension. - Equilibrium shape of a boundary between two stationary fluids. - Transition relations at a material boundary. - Chapter 2. Kinematics of the Flow Field. - 2.1 Specification of the flow field. - Differentiation following the motion of the fluid. - 2.2 Conservation of mass. - Use of a stream function to satisfy the mass-conservation equation. - 2.3 Analysis of the relative motion near a point. - Simple shearing motion. - 2.4 Expression for the velocity distribution with specified rate of expansion and vorticity. - 2.5 Singularities in the rate of expansion. Sources and sinks. - 2.6 The vorticity distribution. - Line vortices. - Sheet vortices. - 2.7 Velocity distributions with zero rate of expansion and zero vorticity. - Conditions for Δϕ to be determined uniquely. - lrrotational solenoidal flow near a stagnation point. - The complex potential for irrotational solenoidal flow in two dimensions. - 2.8 Irrotational solenoidal flow in doubly-connected regions of space. - Conditions for Δϕ to be determined uniquely. - 2.9 Three-dimensional flow fields extending to infinity. - Asymptotic expressions for ue and uv. - The behaviour of ϕ at large distances. - Conditions for Δϕ to be determined uniquely. - The expression of ϕ as a power series. - Irrotational solenoidal flow due to a rigid body in translational motion. - 2.10 Two-dimensional flow fields extending to infinity. - lrrotational solenoidal flow due to a rigid body in translational motion. - Chapter 3. Equations Governing the Motion of a Fluid. - 3.1 Material integrals in a moving fluid. - Rates of change of material integrals. - Conservation laws for a fluid in motion. - 3.2 The equation of motion. - Use of the momentum equation in integral form. - Equation of motion relative to moving axes. - 3.3 The expression for the stress tensor. - Mechanical definition of pressure in a moving fluid. - The relation between deviatoric stress and rate-of-strain for a Newtonian fluid. - The Navier-Stokes equation. - Conditions on the velocity and stress at a material boundary. - 3.4 Changes in the internal energy of a fluid in motion. - 3.5 Bernoulli's theorem for steady flow of a frictionless non-conducting fluid. - Special forms of Bemoulli's theorem. - Constancy of H across a transition region in one-dimensional steady flow. - 3.6 The complete set of equations governing fluid flow. - Isentropic flow. - Conditions for the velocity distribution to be approximately solenoidal. - 3.7 Concluding remarks to chapters 1, 2 and 3. - Chapter 4. Flow of a Uniform Incompressible Viscous Fluid. - 4.1 Introduction. - Modification of the pressure to allow for the effect of the body force. - 4.2 Steady unidirectional flow. - Poiseuille flow. - Tubes of non-circular cross-section. - Two-dimensional flow. - A model of a paint-brush. - A remark on stability. - 4.3 Unsteady unidirectional flow. - The smoothing-out of a discontinuity in velocity at a plane. - Plane boundary moved suddenly in a fluid at rest. - One rigid boundary moved suddenly and one held stationary. - Flow due to an oscillating plane boundary. - Starting flow in a pipe. - 4.4 The Ekman layer at a boundary in a rotating fluid. - The layer at a free surface. - The layer at a rigid plane boundary. - 4.5 Flow with circular streamlines. - 4.6 The steady jet from a point source of momentum. - 4.7 Dynamical similarity and the Reynolds number. - Other dimensionless parameters having dynamical significance. - 4.8 Flow fields in which inertia forces are negligible. - Flow in slowly-varying channels. - Lubrication theory. - The Hele-Shaw cell. - Percolation through porous media. - Two-dimensional flow in a corner. - Uniqueness and minimum dissipation theorems. - 4.9 Flow due to a moving body at small Reynolds number. - A rigid sphere. - A spherical drop of a different fluid. - A body of arbitrary shape. - 4.10 Oseen's improvement of the equation for flow due to moving bodies at small Reynolds number. - A rigid sphere. - A rigid circular cylinder. - 4.11 The viscosity of a dilute suspension of small particles. - The flow due to a sphere embedded in a pure straining motion. - The increased rate of dissipation in an incompressible suspension. - The effective expansion viscosity of a liquid containing gas bubbles. - 4.12 Changes in the flow due to moving bodies as R increases from 1 to about 100. - Chapter 5. Flow at Large Reynolds Number: Effects of Viscosity. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Vorticity dynamics. - The intensification of vorticity by extension of vortex-lines. - 5.3 Kelvin's circulation theorem and vorticity laws for an inviscid fluid. - The persistence of irrotationality. - 5.4 The source of vorticity in motions generated from rest. - 5.5 Steady flows in which vorticity generated at a solid surface is prevented by convection from diffusing far away from it. - (a) Flow along plane and circular walls with suction through the wall. - (b) Flow toward a 'stagnation point' at a rigid boundary. - (c) Centrifugal flow due to a rotating disk. - 5.6 Steady two-dimensional flow in a converging or diverging channel. - Purely convergent flow. - Purely divergent flow. - Solutions showing both outflow and inflow. - 5.7 Boundary layers. - 5.8 The boundary layer on a flat plate. - 5.9 The effects of acceleration and deceleration of the external stream. - The similarity solution for an external stream velocity proportional to x^m. - Calculation of the steady boundary layer on a body moving through fluid. - Growth of the boundary layer in initially irrotational flow. - 5.10 Separation of the boundary layer. - 5.11 The flow due to bodies moving steadily through fluid. - Flow without separation. - Flow with separation. - 5.12 Jets, free shear layers and wakes. - Narrow jets. - Free shear layers. - Wakes. - 5.13 Oscillatory boundary layers. - The damping force on an oscillating body. - Steady streaming due to an oscillatory boundary layer. - Applications of the theory of steady streaming. - 5.14 Flow systems with a free surface page. - The boundary layer at a free surface. - The drag on a spherical gas bubble rising steadily through liquid. - The attenuation of gravity waves. - 5.15 Examples of use of the momentum theorem. - The force on a regular array of bodies in a stream. - The effect of a sudden enlargement of a pipe. - Chapter 6. Irrotational Flow Theory and its Applications. - 6.1 The role of the theory of flow of an inviscid fluid. - 6.2 General properties of irrotational flow. - Integration of the equation of motion. - Expressions for the kinetic energy in terms of surface integrals. - Kelvin's minimum energy theorem. - Positions of a maximum of q and a minimum of p. - Local variation of the velocity magnitude. - 6.3 Steady flow : some applications of Bernoulli's theorem and the momentum theorem. - Efflux from a circular orifice in an open vessel. - Flow over a weir. - Jet of liquid impinging on a plane wall. - lrro

Anmerkung: Enthaltener Beitrag: Russian-German cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA 2000: the Lena Delta 1998 expedition / edited by Volker Rachold and Mikhail Grigoryev with contributions of the participants , Enthaltener Beitrag: EURASIAN ICE SHEETS: expedition to the lake Lyadhej-To (Polar Urals) in July-August 1998/ by Wolf-Dieter Hermichen and Frank Wischer , Contents for "Russian-German cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA 2000: the Lena Delta 1998 expedition" 1 lntroduction 2 Expedition Itinerary 2.1 Selection of working areas 2.2 General logistics and transport 2.3 Time tables of individual working groups 2.3.1 Team 1 (Samoylov) 2.3.2 Team 2 (Dunay) 2.3.3 Team 3 (Bykovsky) 2.3.4 Team 4 (Sagastyr) 2.4 Appendix Table A2-1: List of participants Table A2-2: Participating institutions 3 Modern Processes i n Permafrost Affected Soils 3.1 General lntroduction 3.2 Investigation site ,,Samoylov' 3.3 Soils of Samoylov Island 3.3.1 Soil distribution and classification 3.3.2 Soils of the measurement sites 3.4 Energy and water balance of the active layer 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Field work and methods 3.4.3 First data 3.4.4 Future work 1999 3. 5 Trace gas fluxes in permafrost affected soils 3.5.1 Methane balance 3.5.1.1 Introduction 3.5.1 .2 Methods and fieldwork 3.5.1.3 Results of the soil survey and geological investigations 3.5.1 .4 First results of the methane gas fluxes 3.5.2 CO2-fluxes in permafrost affected soils 3.5.2.1 Introduction 3.5.2.2 Methods and fieldwork 3.5.2.3 Results 3.6 Biological investigations 3.6.1 Botanical research 3.6.2 Soil zoological research 3.6.2.1 Introduction 3.6.2.2 Field work 3.6.2.3 First results 3.6.3 Ornithological observations 3.6.3.1 Methods 3.6.3.2 Results 3.6.4 Distribution and Abundance of Birds in the Lena Delta 3.6.4.1 Introduction 3.6.4.2 Methods and materials 3.6.4.3 Results and discussion 3.7 Further investigations 3.8 References 3.9 Appendix Table A3-1 : List of samples TP 1 Table A3-2: Precipitation and water samples Table A3-3: List of species of the different measurement sites (Site 1 - 3) Table A3-4: Bird species. Lena Delta, rnid-July - August 1998 Table A3-5: Abundance of birds in the channels (inv.110 km) of the different sites of the Lena Delta List A3-1: Description of the soils along the transects of Sarnoylov Island List A3-2: Preliminary total list of plant species from the Sarnoylov Island 4 Modern Sedimentation and Environmental History of the Lena Delta 4.1 lntroduction 4.2 Modern Sedimentation in the Lena Delta 4.2.1 Recent mechanisms of particle transport in the Lena Delta 4.2.2 In-situ conditions of the water column in August 1998 4.2.3 Seasonal changes of water level in the delta region 4.3 Sedimentation and environmental history of the Lena Delta 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Samples and methods 4.3.3 Field work and preliminary results Arga Island 4.3.4 Field work and preliminary results at Olenyok channel 4.3.5 Field work and preliminary results at Sardakh channel 4.3.6 Field work and preliminary results at Samoylov Island 4.4 Geological-Geomorphological Studies in the Northern Lena River Delta 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Methods 4.4.3 Study region 4.4.4 Field work results 4.4.5 Conclusions 4.4.6 Acknowledgments 4.5 References 4.6 Appendix Table A4-1: List of stations for hydrological. sedimentological and geophysical investigations Table A4-2: List of sarnples for sedimentological and geochemical investigation Table A4-3: List of samples for Geological-Geomorphological Studies in the Northern Lena River Delta Table A4-4: List of plant species found in the northern Lena River delta 5 Paleoclimate Signals of Ice-rich Permafrost 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Geologie-geomorphological characteristics of the study area 5.3 Modern geological processes on Bykovsky Peninsula 5.4 Ground ice studies 5.4.1 Study subjects. their characteristics 5.4.2 Methods 5.4.3 Sampling conception 5.4.4 First results 5.5 Cryolithological studies 5.5.1 Methods 5.5.2 First results 5.6 Geochronometric age determination 5.7 Paleontological research On the Bykovsky Peninsula 5.7.1 Methods 5.7.2 Collection of large mammal bones 5.7.3 Collection of screened samples for small fossils 5.8 References 5.9 Appendix Table A5-1: List of water and ice samples collected on Bykovsky Peninsula during field season 1998 Table A5-2: List and description of sediment samples collected on Bykovsky Peninsula Table A5-3: List of bone samples submitted to the Radiocarbon Laboratory of the Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences Table A5-4: List of samples collected for absolute age determinations Table A5-5: List of bone samples Table A5-6: List of screened samples for small fossils from the sediments of the Bykovsky Peninsula

Anmerkung: CONTENTS 1. Preface 2. Features of Land Surface Components, Permafrost, Climate and Hydrology 2.1 Relief and geologic structure (Korzshuev S.S.) 2.2 Soil conditions (Kashutina E.A.) 2.3 Short characteristic of main zonal and height types of vegetation (Tishkov A.A.) 2.4 Permafrost (Balobaev V.T., Lyubomirov A.S.) 2.5 Climatic regime 2.5.1 Climatic regionalization (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 2.5.2 Atmospheric circulation (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 2.5.3 Precipitation (Zaitseva I.S.) 2.5.4 The state of knowledge about snow cover within Lena river basin (Krenke A.N.) 2.5.5 Thermic regime (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 2.5.6 Energy balance (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 2.6 Water cycle components 2.6.1 Hydrologic regionalization (Georgiadi A.G.) 2.6.2 River runoff (Georgiadi A.G.) 2.6.3 Interaction between ground water and river runoff (Sokolov B.L.) 2.6.4 Evapotranspiration (Georgiadi A.G.) 2.6.5 Evaporation from the water surface (Golubev V.S.) 2.6.6 Soil moisture regime (Georgiadi A.G.) 2.7 Cryogenic hydrologic phenomenon and processes (Sokolov B.L., Markov M.L., Deikin B.N.) 2.8 Glaciers and snow - patches (Osokin N.I.) 2.9 Lakes and reservoirs (Malik L.K.) 2.10 Swamps (Malik L.K.) 2.11 The human impact on natural landscapes, water and energy cycles (Zaitseva I.S.) 3. Land Surface Parameters for Energy Cycle Analysing (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 3.1 Geographical distribution of parameters 3.2 Intraannual variation of albedo 4. Global and Regional Atmospheric Circulation and Hydrometeorological Element Changes 4.1 Global and regional atmospheric circulation indexes (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 4.2. Interannual changes of circulation indexes (Zolotokrylin _A._N.) 17? 4.3. Long-term fluctuations of hydroclimatological characteristics and runoff forecasting of some Siberian rivers (Leonov E.A.) 5. Zonal Features of Energy Cycle (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 5.1 Tundra zone 5.2 Plain Taiga region 6. Overview of Experimental Research of Water and Energy Cycles 6.1. Review of experimental investigations results (Lybomirov A.S.) 6.2. Thermal-water-balance polygon ''Mogot'' (Vasilenko N.G.) 6.3. Thermal and water regime of the icing fields (Deikin B.N .) 6.4. Energy balance of forests and surrounding territories in Lena river vallue (Pavlov A. V.) 6.5. The Experimental energy balance studies at the boundary layer within Lena river basin (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 7. Description of Data Base 7.1 Data of field experiments 7.1.1. Experimental polygon Tynda (Deikin B.N.) 7.1.2. Icing field polygon Mururin (Deikin B.N.) 7.1.3. Experimental polygon Mogot (Vasilenko N.G.) 7.1.4. Catalogization of icing fields of underground waters (Deikin B.N.) 7.1.5 Geocryological data for the regions of planned experimental works (Lyubomirov A.S.) 7.2 Hydrometric station network of Lena River Basin (Georgiadi A.G.) 7.3. Data for Siberia Lena River Basin (Georgiadi A.G.) 7.3.1. Meteorological network (Razuvaev V.N.) 7.3.2 Geocryological network (Lyubomirov A.S.) 7.3.3. Network of soil moisture content measurements (Georgiadi A.G.) References List of Authors

Anmerkung: Table of contents 1. Introduction: Perceptions of weather and climate 1.1 Meteorology and/or climatology? 1.2 Perceptions of reality: schools of thought 1.3 Inadequacies in schools of thought, and associated problems 1.4 The approach ofthis book Part I GENERAL CIRCULATION IN THE TROPOSPHERE 2. Radiation 2.1 Processes of radiation 2.2 The greenhouse effect 2.3 The shape and motions of the Earth 2.4 The geographical factor 2.5 Conclusion 3. Circulation in the lower layers of the troposphere 3.1 Circulation in high and mid-latitudes: MPHs Perception of circulation in high and mid-latitudes The existence of mobile anticyclones Mobile Polar Highs (MPHs) The polar thermal deficit The birth of MPHs MPH trajectories The MPH-associated wind field 3.2 Anticyclonic agglutinations (AAs) A look at the so-called "subtropical" high-pressure areas Meridional transport by MPHs and anticyclonic agglutination (AA) Oceanic and continental anticyclonic agglutinations 3.3 Tropical circulation A look at tropical circulation Pressure and wind fields over the tropics The trade wind Trade winds The monsoon Monsoons 4. General circulation 4.1 General circulation: evolution of ideas 4.2 Areas of circulation in the lower layers 4.3 General circulation in the troposphere The mean tropospheric picture Seasonal variation in circulation Aerological stratification 4.4 Zonal "Walker" circulation: myth or reality? 4.5 General circulation: conclusion Part II DYNAMICS OF THE WEATHER: PERTURBATIONS 5. Pluviogenesis 5.1 Precipitation potential 5.2 Origin of an updraft The thermal factor The dynamical factor 5.3 Structuralconditions 6. Dynamics of weather in polar and temperate regions: MPHs 6.1 Perception of the "perturbed field" in high and mid-latitudes 6.2 The MPH: pressure field and wind field 6.3 Weather associated with an MPH 6.4 MPHs and the ''polar front" 6.5 Interactions between MPHs 6.6 Dynamics of weather in North America 6.7 Dynamics of weather in France MPHs and relief Winter dynamics Summer dynamics 6.8 Dynamics of weather in temperate and polar regions: conclusion 7. MPHs at tropical margins 7.1 The temperate-tropical boundary 7.2 Mechanisms 7.3 North and Central America 7.4 South America 7.5 Nmthern Africa, Arabia and India 7.6 Southern Africa 7.7 Eastern Asia 7.8 Australia 7.9 Conclusion 8. Pulses in trades and monsoons 8 1 Trade winds and "easterly waves" 8.2 Vertical structure of the trades 8.3 Pulses in the trades Maritime trades The continental trade wind 8.4 Pulses in the monsoon 9. The meteorological equator 9.1 The meteorological equator: the evolution of a concept 9.2 The inclined meteorological equator (IME) 9.3 IME activity: squall line.s (SL) 9.4 The vertical meteorological equator (VME) 9.5 The meteorological equator over continents: IME and VME 10. Tropical cyclones 10.1 Cyclone structure and associated weather 10.2 Conditions for cyclogenesis 10.3 The geography of tropical cyclones Part III DYNAMICS OF CLIMATE: CLIMATIC EVOLUTION The global climatic system 11. Causes of climatic variations 11.1 Variations in solar activity The sunspot cycle Solar activity and climate 11.2 Orbital parameters of radiation Variation of the Earth-Sun distance, or eccentricity of the Earth's orbit Variation of the angle of inclination of the Earth's polar axis Variation of the direction of the polar axis, or precession of the equinoxes Orbital parameters and climatic evolution 11.3 Volcanism and climate Volcanic emissions and ejecta (silicates and sulphates) Optical radiative and thermal effects 11.4 The anthropic greenhouse effect The anthropic greenhouse effect: predictions from models Predictions and observations Recent climatic change does not conform to the "greenhouse effect"scenario Conclusion on the causes of climatic change 12. Palaeoclimatic variations and modes of general circulation 12.1 A Palaeoenvironments in Africa Present-day dynamics of climate in Africa The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the LGM (18- 15 kyr BP) The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the HCO (9-6 kyr BP) Palaeometeorological interpretation 12.2 Variations in insolation and in modes of general circulation Variations in insolation at high latitudes Rapid general circulation Slow general circulation Glaciation and deglaciation Palaeocirculations over Africa Circulation at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum Circulation at the time of the Holocene Climatic Optimum Conclusion 13. Recent climatic evolution Recent climatic evolution in France 13.1 Dynamics of the great Sahel drought Sahelian pluviogenesis Causes of the great drought The southward movement of pluviogenetic structures 13.2 Climatic evolution in the North Atlantic/Europe/Mediterranean space Recent regional climatic evolutions Dynamics of weather and climate in the North Atlantic space Conclusion Polar and Alpine glaciers 13. 3 Dynamics of the Pacific space - El Niño Aerological dynamics of the North Pacific space The "El Niño phenomenon" The components of El Niño in the eastern Pacific The origin of torrential rains in northern Peru The components of El Niño in the tropical Pacific The increasing frequency of the El Niño phenomenon 13.4 The expansion of the northern meteorological hemisphere Climatic consequences in the tropics Lack of rainfall at norhern tropical margins The inverse relationship between northern and southern tropical rainfall Greatly increased cyclonic activity south of the equator "Global warning"? Climatic perspectives 14. General conclusion Bibliography Index

Anmerkung: Inhalt: Abstract. - Abstract in russischer Sprache. - Einleitung. - Material. - Ergebnisse und Diskussion. - Tabelle 1: Kosmopolitsche und holarktisch verbreitete Taxa, die in NW-Sibirien und in Mitteleuropa gleichermaßen vorkommen. - Tabelle 2: Taxa, die bisher in Mitteleuropa noch nicht identifiziert werden konnten. - Neue Taxa, neue Kombinationen und andere besonders bemerkenswerte Diatomeen aus der sibirischen Arktis (in alphabetischer Reihenfolge). - Neidiopsis nov. gen. - Dank. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Bildtafeln mit Legenden. - Index der Taxa. - Appendices. - Kobayasiella Nov. Nom. für Kobayasia Lange-Bertalot. - Neue Kombinationen von Taxa aus Achnanthes Bory (Sensu Lato). - Neue Kombinationen von Taxa in der Gattung Microcostatus Johansen & Spay 1998. - Validierung von Cymbopleura Nov. Gen. - Kurze Bemerkung zu Didymosphenia Dentata (Dorogost.) Skvortzow & Meyer. , Text lat. u. dt. , Zsfass. in engl. u. russ. Sprache

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgments. - Chapter 1 Data Acquisition and Recording. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Basic sampling requirements. - 1.2.1 Sampling interval. - 1.2.2 Sampling duration. - 1.2.3 Sampling accuracy. - 1.2.4 Burst sampling versus continuous sampling. - 1.2.5 Regularly versus irregularly sampled data. - 1.2.6 Independent realizations. - 1.3 Temperature. - 1.3.1 Mercury thermometers. - 1.3.2 The mechanical bathythermograph (MBT). - 1.3.3 Resistance thermometers (expendable bathythermograph: XBT). - 1.3.4 Salinity/conductivity-temperature-depth profilers. - 1.3.5 Dynamic response of temperature sensors 19 1.3.6 Response times of CTD systems. - 1.3.7 Temperature calibration of STD/CTD profilers. - 1.3.8 Sea surface temperature. - 1.3.9 The modern digital thermometer. - 1.3.10 Potential temperature and density. - 1.4 Salinity. - 1.4.1 Salinity and electrical conductivity. - 1.4.2 The practical salinity scale. - 1.4.3 Nonconductive methods. - 1.5 Depth or pressure. - 1.5.1 Hydrostatic pressure. - 1.5.2 Free-fall velocity. - 1.5.3 Echo sounding. - 1.5.4 Other depth sounding methods. - 1.6 Sea-level measurement. - 1.6.1 Tide and pressure gauges. - 1.6.2 Satellite altimetry. - 1.6.3 Inverted echo sounder (IES). - 1.6.4 Wave height and direction. - 1.7 Eulerian currents. - 1.7.1 Early current meter technology. - 1.7.2 Rotor-type current meters. - 1.7.3 Nonmechanical current meters. - 1.7.4 Profiling acoustic Doppler current meters (ADCM). - 1.7.5 Comparisons of current meters. - 1.7.6 Electromagnetic methods. - 1.7.7 Other methods of current measurement. - 1.7.8 Mooring logistics. - 1.7.9 Acoustic releases. - 1.8 Lagrangian current measurements. - 1.8.1 Drift cards and bottles. - 1.8.2 Modern drifters. - 1.8.3 Processing satellite-tracked drifter data. - 1.8.4 Drifter response. - 1.8.5 Other types of surface drifters. - 1.8.6 Subsurface floats. - 1.8.7 Surface displacements in satellite imagery. - 1.9 Wind. - 1.10 Precipitation. - 1.11 Chemical tracers. - 1.11.1 Conventional tracers. - 1.11.2 Light attenuation and scattering. - 1.11.3 Oxygen isotope: δ18O. - 1.11.4 Helium-3; helium/heat ratio. - 1.12 Transient chemical tracers. - 1.12.1 Tritium. - 1.12.2 Radiocarbon. - 1.12.3 Chlorofluorocarbons. - 1.12.4 Radon-222. - 1.12.5 Sulfur hexachloride. - 1.12.6 Strontium-90. - Chapter 2 Data Processing and Presentation. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Calibration. - 2.3 Interpolation. - 2.4 Data presentation. - 2.4.1 Introduction. - 2.4.2 Vertical profiles. - 2.4.3 Vertical sections. - 2.4.4 Horizontal maps. - 2.4.5 Map projections. - 2.4.6 Characteristic or property versus property diagrams. - 2.4.7 Time-series presentation. - 2.4.8 Histograms. - 2.4.9 New directions in graphical presentation. - Chapter 3 Statistical Methods and Error Handling. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Sample distributions. - 3.3 Probability. - 3.3.1 Cumulative probability functions. - 3.4 Moments and expected values. - 3.4.1 Unbiased estimators and moments. - 3.4.2 Moment generating functions. - 3.5 Common probability density functions. - 3.6 Central limit theorem. - 3.7 Estimation. - 3.8 Confidence intervals. - 3.8.1 Confidence interval for μ (σ known) 3.8.2 Confidence interval for μ (σ unknown) 3.8.3 Confidence interval for σ^2. - 3.8.4 Goodness-of-fit test. - 3.9 Selecting the sample size. - 3.10 Confidence intervals for altimeter bias estimates. - 3.11 Estimation methods. - 3.11.1 Minimum variance unbiased estimation. - 3.11.2 Method of moments. - 3.11.3 Maximum likelihood. - 3.12 Linear estimation (regression). - 3.12.1 Method of least squares. - 3.12.2 Standard error of the estimate. - 3.12.3 Multivariate regression. - 3.12.4 A computational example of matrix regression. - 3.12.5 Polynomial curve fitting with least squares. - 3.12.6 Relationship between least-squares and maximum likelihood. - 3.13 Relationship between regression and correlation. - 3.13.1 The effects of random errors on correlation. - 3.13.2 The maximum likelihood correlation estimator. - 3.13.3 Correlation and regression: cause and effect. - 3.14 Hypothesis testing. - 3.14.1 Significance levels and confidence intervals for correlation. - 3.14.2 Analysis of variance and the F-distribution. - 3.15 Effective degrees of freedom. - 3.1 5.1 Trend estimates and the integral time scale. - 3.16 Editing and despiking techniques: the nature of errors. - 3.16.1 Identifying and removing errors. - 3.16.2 Propagation of error. - 3.16.3 Dealing with numbers: the statistics of roundoff. - 3.16.4 Gauss-Markov theorem. - 3.17 Interpolation: filling the data gaps. - 3.17.1 Equally and unequally spaced data. - 3.17.2 Interpolation methods. - 3.17.3 Interpolating gappy records: practical examples. - 3.18 Covariance and the covariance matrix. - 3.18.1 Covariance and structure functions. - 3.18.2 A computational example. - 3.18.3 Multivariate distributions. - 3.19 Bootstrap and jackknife methods. - 3.19.1 Bootstrap method. - 3.19.2 Jackknife method. - Chapter 4 The Spatial Analyses of Data Fields. - 4.1 Traditional block and bulk averaging. - 4.2 Objective analysis. - 4.2.1 Objective mapping: examples. - 4.3 Empirical orthogonal functions. - 4.3.1 Principal axes of a single vector time series (scatter plot). - 4.3.2 EOF computation using the scatter matrix method. - 4.3.3 EOF computation using singular value decomposition. - 4.3.4 An example: deep currents near a mid-ocean ridge. - 4.3.S Interpretation of EOFs. - 4.3.6 Variations on conventional EOF analysis. - 4.4 Normal mode analysis. - 4.4.1 Vertical normal modes. - 4.4.2 An example: normal modes of semidiurnal frequency. - 4.4.3 Coastal-trapped waves (CTWs). - 4.5 Inverse methods. - 4.5.1 General inverse theory. - 4.5.2 Inverse theory and absolute currents. - 4.5.3 The IWEX internal wave problem. - 4.5.4 Summary of inverse methods. - Chapter 5 Time-series Analysis Methods. - 5.1 Basic concepts. - 5.2 Stochastic processes and stationarity. - 5.3 Correlation functions. - 5.4 Fourier analysis. - 5.4.1 Mathematical formulation. - 5.4.2 Discrete time series. - 5.4.3 A computational example. - 5.4.4 Fourier analysis for specified frequencies. - 5.4.5 The fast Fourier transform. - 5.5 Harmonic analysis. - 5.5.1 A least-squares method. - 5.5.2 A computational example. - 5.5.3 Harmonic analysis of tides. - 5.5.4 Choice of constituents. - 5.5.5 A computational example for tides. - 5.5.6 Complex demodulation. - 5.6 Spectral analysis. - 5.6.1 Spectra of deterministic and stochastic processes. - 5.6.2 Spectra of discrete series. - 5.6.3 Conventional spectral methods. - 5.6.4 Spectra of vector series. - 5.6.5 Effect of sampling on spectral estimates. - 5.6.6 Smoothing spectral estimates (windowing). - 5.6.7 Smoothing spectra in the frequency domain. - 5.6.8 Confidence intervals on spectra. - 5.6.9 Zero-padding and prewhitening. - 5.6.10 Spectral analysis of unevenly spaced time series. - 5.6.11 General spectral bandwidth and Q of the system. - 5.6.12 Summary of the standard spectral analysis approach. - 5.7 Spectral analysis (parametric methods). - 5.7.1 Some basic concepts. - 5.7.2 Autoregressive power spectral estimation. - 5.7.3 Maximum likelihood spectral estimation. - 5.8 Cross-spectral analysis. - 5.8.1 Cross-correlation functions. - 5.8.2 Cross-covariance method. - 5.8.3 Fourier transform method. - 5.8.4 Phase and cross-amplitude functions. - 5.8.S Coincident and quadrature spectra. - 5.8.6 Coherence spectrum (coherency). - 5.8.7 Frequency response of a linear system. - 5.8.8 Rotary cross-spectral analysis. - 5.9 Wavelet analysis. - 5.9.1 The wavelet transform. - 5.9.2 Wavelet algorithms. - 5.9.3 Oceanographic examples. - 5.9.4 The S-transformation. - 5.9.5 The multiple filter technique. - 5.10 Digital filters. - 5.10.1 Introduction. - 5.10.2 Basic concepts. - 5.10.3 Ideal filters. -

Anmerkung: Contents Contributors Abbreviations and symbols Introduction Section 1. Isotope sources, analysis and interpretation of organic composition 1. High-precision deuterium and BC measurement by continuous flow-lRMS: organic and position-specific isotope analysis / J. T Brenna, H.J. Tobias and T.N. Corso Introduction CF-IRMS analysis of HD/H2 Carbon isotopes: automated position-specific isotope analysis (PSIA) References 2. Carbon isotope effects on key reactions in plant metabolism and 13C-patterns in natural compounds / H.-L. Schmidt and G. Gleixner Introduction Influence of carboxylations on the initial 13C distribution pattern Influence of aldol reactions and decarboxylations on secondary distribution patterns Ester and aldol reactions during secondary metabolism Effect of other lyase reactions Reactions involving C1-metabolism Isotope effects on reactions introducing hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in biological compounds Conclusion References 3. Interpretation of oxygen isotope composition of leaf material/ G.D. Farquhar, M.M. Barbour and B.K. Henry Why are we interested in the oxygen isotope ratio of organic matter? Oxygen isotopes in plant organic matter: a historical perspective On the enrichment of 18O in water within the plant Variation within the leaf 30 Isotopic exchange of oxygen during metabolism Isotopic history of oxygen in organic molecules The potential for oxygen isotopes in evaluating plant water use Oxygen isotope composition of organic matter: methodology and analysis References Appendix 1 Appendix 2 4. lntramolecular deuterium distributions and plant growth conditions / J. Schleucher Introduction Methodology Variation of intramolecular D distributions Discussion and outlook References Section 2. Soils, nutrients and plants 5. Stable isotope studies of soil nitrogen / D.W. Hopkins, R.E. Wheatley and D. Robinson Introduction Transformations of soil nitrogen Distribution of soil nitrogen Spatial variability of soil N Use of 15N natural abundance to investigate soil processes Conclusions References 6. 15N at natural abundance levels in terrestrial vascular plants: a précis / L.L. Handley, C.M. Scrimgeour and J.A. Raven Introduction What are the patterns in the δ15N signal? Experimental systems Needs for research References 7. Variations in fractionation of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in higher plants : N metabolism and partitioning in phloem and xylem / T. Yoneyama, H. Fujiwara and J.M. Wilson Introduction Acquisition of nitrogen Metabolism of nitrogen Translocation of nitrogen C and N concentration and isotope composition in castor bean (Ricinus communis) Conclusions and future directions References Section 3. Photosynthesis, plants and water 8. Carbon isotope discrimination in terrestrial plants: carboxylations and decarboxylations / J.S. Gillon, A.M. Borland, K.G. Harwood, A. Roberts, M.S.J. Broadmeadow and H. Griffiths Introduction Net carbon isotope discrimination Photosynthetic discrimination Respiratory discrimination Refixation of respiratory CO2 Discrimination under natural conditions Conclusions References 9. Carbon isotope discrimination in structural and non-structural carbohydrates in relation to productivity and adaptation to unfavourable conditions / E. Brugnoli, A. Scartazza, M. Lauteri, M.C. Monteverdi and C. Máguas 133 Introduction Theoretical background to carbon isotope discrimination WUE and plant productivity 1 Carbon isotope discrimination in soluble carbohydrates and productivity Soluble carbohydrate Δ13C and CO2 mesophyll conductance Concluding remarks References 10. Oxygen-18 of leaf water: a crossroad for plant-associated isotopic signals / D. Yakir Introduction Evaporative enrichment Source water Atmospheric moisture and boundary layers Bulk leaf water 2-D simulation of 18O in leaf water 18O of water in chloroplasts Conclusions References 11. The role of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in understanding water movement along the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum / T.E. Dawson, R.C. Pausch, H.M. Parker Introduction Stable isotopes and our understanding of water movement along the soil-plant-atmospheric continuum Future research on isotopes and the SPAC References Section 4. Integration of terrestrial ecosystems 12. Oxygen isotope effects during CO2 exchange: from leaf to ecosystem processes / L.B. Flanagan Introduction Discrimination against C18O16O during photosynthetic gas exchange Oxygen isotope effects during respiratory CO2 exchange Relative influence of photosynthesis, respiration and turbulent fluxes on the isotope ratio of atmospheric CO2 in plant canopies Regional and global variation in the influence of terrestrial ecosystems on the oxygen isotope ratio of atmospheric CO2 References 13. Carbon isotope discrimination of terrestrial ecosystems / N. Buchmann, R.J. Brooks, L.B. Flanagan and J.R. Ehleringer Introduction Methodology Variation in Δe estimates Conclusions References 14. Assessing sensitivity to change in desert ecosystems - a stable isotope approach / J.R. Ehleringer, R.D. Evans and D. Williams Introduction Deserts as pulse-driven ecosystems Water uptake patterns by aridland plants Stomatal limitations as inferred from carbon isotope ratios Nitrogen sources Sensitivity of Colorado Plateau arid land ecosystems to invasions Conclusions References Section 5. Integration of marine ecosystems 15. Carbon stable isotope fractionation in marine systems: open ocean studies and laboratory studies / A.M. Johnston and H. Kennedy Introduction Open ocean studies Laboratory studies Recommendations for future research References 16. 15N and the assimilation of nitrogen by marine phytoplankton: the past, present and future? / N.J.P Owens and L.J. Watts Introduction The past - a short historical review Natural abundance v tracer studies The present - methods and techniques The present - a discussion of results from recent studies The future - possible developments for 15N studies in biological oceanography Summary and conclusions References Section 6. The immediate past: the Holocene 17. Archaeological reconstruction using stable isotopes / A.M. Pollard Introduction Isotope archaeology Dietary reconstruction using stable isotopes Isotopes and human mobility Summary References 18. Stable isotopes in tree ring cellulose / R. Switsur and J. Waterhouse Introduction Atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon stable isotope ratios Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios References Section 7. Palaeoclimatic reconstructions from Precambrian to Quaternary 19. Phylogeny, palaeoatmospheres and the evolution of phototrophy / J.A. Raven Introduction The phylogeny of O2-producing phototrophs and their carboxylases Timing of origin of taxa of O2-evolving phototrophs in relation to changes in atmospheric composition The contribution of 13C/12C measurements to our understanding of the evolution of phototrophy Is the 13CO2/12CO2 discrimination factor of RUBISCO subject to direct natural selection? Conclusions and prospects References 20. Modelling changes in land plant function over the Phanerozoic / D.J. Beerling and F.I. Woodward Introduction Atmospheric evolution Phanerozoic changes in leaf function Terrestrial productivity in the Carboniferous Global patterns of leaf carbon isotope composition Concluding remarks References 21. Carbon isotopes, diets of North American equids, and the evolution of North American C4 grasslands / T.E. Cerling, J.M. Harris and B.J. McFadden Introduction Sampling protocol and sources of material Transition to C4 diet in equids: occurrence of C4-dominated diets, hypsodonty, and the radiation of equid genera Geographical and temporal distribution of C4 grasses in North America Regional patterns and variations History of C4 grasses versus C4 grasslands in North America Equid diversity during the Neogene Global expansion of C4 ecosystems Summary and implications References 22. Carbon isotopes in lake sediments and peats of last glacial age: implicati