ALBERT

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sites and ice cover properties Beam testing Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Segregation freezing Analysis Heat conduction in the nascent ice layer Water flow in the unfrozen soil Heat transfer in the unfrozen soil Energy balance at the segregation-freezing front Numerical computation Literature cited Appendix A. Essence of Portnov’s method Appendix B. Frost-heaving without air available

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Site description Background and objectives Project history Approach General Aircraft imagery and sensor data LANDSAT imagery Ground truth data Results and discussion Remote sensing techniques Conventional techniques Comparison of results Conclusions Advantages and disadvantages Applications Recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sources and properties of tabular icebergs Sources Characteristics of ice shelves near the ice front Characteristics of tabular icebergs Towing Geophysical and engineering considerations Tug characteristics Handling and processing Cutting and boring with thermal devices Penetration with electrothermal devices Electrothermal cutting Making vertical cuts by pre-split blasting Primary fragmentation by blasting Primary fragmentation by mechanical sawing Comminuting ice with machines Slurry pipelines Conclusion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Experimental design Similitude considerations The model Model operation Results Velocity Fence height Porosity Model correlation Summary and conclusions Recommeqdations for future work Literature cited Appendix A

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Locale and techniques Observations Vertical variations in crystal orientation Regional variations in crystal orientation Summary of observations Causes Initial ice skim Earth’s magnetic field Currents Conclusions and consequences Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S.customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Freeze-thaw system Construction materials Controlled environment test section Outdoor sections Temperature monitoring instrumentation Repetitive plate bearing test apparatus Test results and analyses Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Comparison of winters Ship effects Measured forces Sequential breaking of the structure Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Force level fluctuations in west ice boom, 20 January 1977

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: Metric (SI) to U.S. customary units of measurement Introduction Selection of experimental approach Previous investigations of effect of freeze-thaw on soil deform ability Selection of laboratory test method Selection of method of field validation tests Field repeated-load plate-bearing tests Test pavements, soils and materials Test procedures and results Resilient modulus of subgrade calculated from field tests Mathematical model Characterization of asphalt concrete Characterization of frozen silt Calculated resilient modulus of silt within the zone of freezing Laboratory repeated-load triaxial tests Specimens, equipment and testing procedures Apparatus Procedures Resilient properties calculated from laboratory tests Calculation methods Asphalt concrete - test results Asphalt concrete - statistical analysis and discussion Silt - test results Silt - statistical analysis Discussion and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Repeated-load plate-bearing test results Appendix B. Laboratory repeated-load triaxial test results Appendix C. Regression equation coefficients for resilient modulus and Poisson’s ratio from repeated-load triaxial test data on asphalt concrete and silt Appendix D. Detailed procedures for repeated-load triaxial testing

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Types of pipelines and cables Potential hazards to pipelines and cables Areas of concern Waterdepth Sea ice Icebergs and ice islands Submarine permafrost Ice gouging Seabed erosion by water jets Protection methods Protection of unburied pipes and cables Protection by burial Backhoe digging Wireline equipment Plowing and ripping from the surface Plowing and ripping by self-propelled seabed vehicles Bucket ladder dredges Suction dredging Conventional cutterhead dredges Low pressure water jetting Bottom-traveling cutterhead dredges Explosive methods Novel methods Disc saws, wheel ditchers and milling drums Ladder trenchers and chain saws Repetitive impulse devices High pressure water jets Flame jets and plasma torches Electrical discharge and electromagnetic radiation Chemical methods Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Historical literature review Relationships between midwinter temperature and freezing season Mean freezing index 4 Average January air temperature U.S. comparative study Correlation of AJAT and duration of freezing season Relationships between average January air temperature and snow conditions U.S. relationships German relationships Mapping of average January air temperatures Analysis of observed AJ AT data Development of detailed maps Application and discussion Examples Influence of vegetation Literature cited Appendix A. interpretation of snow cover by satellite Appendix B. Contour, station elevation and Aj AT maps for East and West Germany

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Methods and results Methods of analysis Salinity-chlorophyll a associations Discussion Comparison of ice and water column standing crops Estimated mass of ice associated chl. a Mechanism of ice algae formation in the Weddell Sea Differences between the biological environments of fast and drifting pack ice Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Species variations - ice and water column

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental procedure Grain growth Stressed particle contacts Fluid pressure Packing geometry Temperature distribution and heat flow Fluid and impurity flows Results The liquid film Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Background Objective and procedure Theory of plane surface waves Waveguide design and characteristics Physical apparatus Frequency characteristics Spatial distribution of Ey above the guide Guide wave length Surface wave interaction with a slab discontinuity Experiments with a trough Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Theory Solution by superposition Solution by Fourier integral Solution by Fourier series Application and results Literature cited Appendix A: Bearing capacity of river ice for military vehicles Appendix B: Vehicle specifications Appendix C: Fortran II computer program

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Descriptions of road test sections Test equipment and procedures Field repetitive plate bearing tests Data analysis General Layered-elastic analysis of the pavement systems Statistical analysis Flexural analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Resilient surface deflections for the test points

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Ice fog from cooling ponds Evaporation Relative humidity and cold air Ice fog suppression Air movement Plastic films Rafts Injection wells Cooling towers Chemical films Reinforced film experiments Meteorological data collection Floating reinforcement grid Application of the hexadecanol film Hexadecanol, octadecanol mixes Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Laboratory tests of suppression effectiveness Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Design for an automatic thin chemical film applicationsystem Appendix B. Meteorological data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction 1. The problem 2. Abstract of the result Part I. Fundamental solutions 3. Fuchsian type solutions 4. Contour integral solution 5. Integration of the integral solution 6. Fundamental solutions for α = 1 7. Fundamental solutions for α = 0 8. Eigenvalues for α = 0 9. Fundamental solutions for α 〉 1 Part II. Asymptotic expansions 10. Asymptotic expansion for 0 〈 α ⩽1 11. Asymptotic expansion for 1 ≦ α ≦ 2 12. Asymptotic expansion for 2 ≦ α ≦ ∞ Part III. Eigenvalues 13. Range of eigenvalues 14. Eigenvalues for the free-edge condition 15. Eigenvalues for the clamped-edge and simple-edge conditions 16. Deflection Acknowledgement Literature cited Appendix A. Analytical continuation at the singular point Appendix B. Tensorial transformations Appendix C. Comparison of the semi-infinite plate buckling with the asymptotic buckling

Note: Contents Acknowledgements Executive Summary with Key Findings and Recommendations Current State of the Art Key Scientific Challenges and Recommendations Major New Synthesis Initiative Required Implementation of Arctic-CHAMP Policy Implications Summary 1. Introduction Rationale for Pan-Arctic Hydrologic Synthesis Report Framework 2. A Strategy for Detecting and Understanding Arctic Hydrological Change: Arctic-CHAMP Arctic-CHAMP Basic Long-Term Monitoring Arctic-CHAMP Field-Based Process Studies Arctic-CHAMP Synthesis Modeling Execution of Arctic-CHAMP 3. Role and Importance of Water in the Arctic System The Integrated Water Cycle of the Pan-Arctic Land Atmosphere Ocean Importance of Arctic Hydrology to the Arctic System Importance of the Arctic to the Earth System 4. Unprecedented Change to Arctic Hydrological Systems Changes to the Land-Based Hydrologic Cycle Changes to the Atmosphere The Changing Arctic Ocean and its Regional Seas 5. Impacts and Feedbacks Associated with Arctic Hydrological Change Direct Impacts on Ecosystems Arctic Water Cycle Change and Humans Land-Atmosphere-Ocean Feedbacks Land-Atmosphere-Ocean-Human Feedbacks 6. Implementation of Arctic-CHAMP References Appendix 1. NSF-ARCSS Arctic Hydrology Workshop Participants Appendix 2. Current Gaps in Understanding the Pan-Arctic Hydrological Cycle Appendix 3. Integration of Arctic-CHAMP with NSF and Other Federal Agency Initiatives Appendix 4. International Collaborations

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Derivation of the power reflection coefficient-depth variation Possible sources of dielectric constant variation with depth in ice sheets Ice density variations Effect of macroscopic impurity layers Effect of microscopic impurtty layers Changes in inclusion geometry Effect of crystal orientation changes Physical properties of the Cape Folger core Density-depth profile Air bubble-geometry depth profile Crystal orientation-depth profile Radio-echo sounding data Results and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test procedure Test program Test samples Number of test for determining strength index Effect of temperature Effect of sample length Effect of load point size Tests on snow Discussion Recommendations Literature cited

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Some terminology 1.3 Electrical analogues 1.4 State determined systems 1.5 Simulation languages 2 Exponential growth 2.1 Analytical and numerical integration 2.2 Simulation 2.3 Time constant and time interval of integration 2.4 Integration method and time interval 3 The growth of yeast 3.1 Description of the system 3.2 Relational diagrams 3.3 Simulation 3.4 Logistic growth 4 Interference of plants 4.1 Replacement series 4.2 Density of sowing 4.3 Simulation of plant interference 4.4 Further modelling aspects 4.4.1 The INDEX and MACRO feature 4.4.2 The INITIAL and DYNAMIC section 5 Growth and competition of Paramecium 5.1 Description of the system 5.2 A simulation program 5.3 Preliminary estimation of parameters 5.4 Final determination of parameters 5.5 Stochastic aspects 5.6 The programming of probability functions 6 Modelling of development, dispersion and diffusion 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Physiological age and development stage 6.3 Demographic models 6.3.1 Age-classes 6.3.2 Errors of approximation 6.3.3 The matrix method 6.4 Germination models 6.4.1 Boxcar train without dispersion 6.4.2 Boxcar train with constant relative dispersion 6.4.3 Boxcar train with controlled dispersion 6.4.4 Refinements 6.5 The flow of heat in soils 7 Growth and development of Helminthosporium maydis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The weather 7.3 Appearance and growth of lesions 7.4 Sporophore or stalk formation 7.5 Sporulation of green stalks 7.6 Sporulation of dried stalks 7.7 Dispersal of spores 7.8 Germination of spores and penetration of germtubes 7.9 Timing, initialization and output organization 7.10 Results and sensitivity analyses 8 Population models for fruit-tree red spider miteand predatory mites 8.1 Fruit-tree red spider mite 8.2 Predatory mite, Amblyseius potentillae 8.3 Relations between predator and prey 8.4 Preference as a competitive process 8.5 Verification 9 Solutions of the exercises References Appendix A Appendix B Index

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction and statement of problem Review of relevant analyses and tests Determination of the largest ice force on an isolated structure Preliminary remarks The buckling analysis of a floating wedge Proposed method to determine Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Background Previous investigations Analytical procedures Results and discussion Shoreline changes: High-water line Shoreline changes: Cliff recession Volumetric changes Nodal zone location and direction of littoral transport Error evaluation Summary and conclusions Future research Selected bibliography Appendix A: Maps of shoreline with overlays for 1938, 1952, 1971 and 1974 Appendix B: Supplementary data for estimating shoreline change

Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Analysis of stress Geometry of the Mohr circle Stress characteristic directions Analysis of strain rate Constitutive equations Strain-rate characteristic directions Constitutive geometry Strain-rate tensor The dyadic expression Plastic work rate Coordinate transformation Example The stress solution Velocity equations in the a-characteristic curvilinear coordinates The constant speed solution Velocity equations in the constant density region Solution in the first constant-density subregion Solution in the second constant-density subregion Solution in the passive region Conclusion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The problem The solution Method of numerical integration Ramp/steady loading Curve fitting to time lapse deflections Asymptotic deflection Deflection profiles Acknowledgement Literature cited Appendix I. Analytical background Appendix II. Computer programs, ramp time profiles and steady time profiles

Note: Table of contents List of contributors Preface A global vegetation index for SeaWiFS: Design and applications / N. Gobron, F, Melin, B. Pinty, M. M. Verstraete, J.-L. Widlowski and G. Bucini Modeling sensible heat flux using estimates of soil and vegetation temperatures: the HEIFE and IMGRASS experiments / Li Jia, Massimo Menenti, Zhongbo Su, Zhao-Liang Li, Vera Djepa and Jiemin Wang Exploitation of Surface Albedo Derived from the Meteosat Data to Characterize Land Surface Changes / Bernard Pinty, Michel M. Verstraete, Nadine Gobron, Fausto Roveda, Yves Govaerts, John V. Martonchik,David J. Diner and Ralph A. Kahn Towards a Climatology of Australian Land Surface Albedo for use in Climate Models / Ian F. Grant Collocated surface and satellite observations as constraints for Earth radiation budget simulations with global climate models / Martin Wild How well do aerosol retrievals from satellites and representation in global circulation models match ground-based AERONET aerosol statistics? / S. Kinne, B. Holben, T. Eck, A. Smirnov, O. Dubovik, I. Slutsker, D. Tanre, G. Zibozdi, U. Lohmann, S. Ghan, R. Easter, M. Chin, P. Ginoux, T. Takemura, I, Tegen, D. Koch, R. Kahn, E. Vermote, L. Stowe, O. Torres, M. Mishchenko, I. Geogdzhayev and A. Hiragushi Remote Sensing of Snow and Characterization of Snow Albedo for Climate Simulations / Anne W. Nolin and Allan Frei Using the Special Sensor Microwave Imager to Monitor Surface Wetness and Temperature / Alan Basist and Claude Williams Snow Cover Fraction in a General Circulation Model / A. Roesch, M. Wild and A. Ohmura Boreal Forest Fire Regimes and Climate Change / B.J. Stocks, B.M. Wotton, M.D. Flannigan, M.A. Fosberg, D.R. Cahoon and J.G. Goldammer Specification of surface characteristics for use in a high resolution regional climate model: on the role of glaciers in the Swiss alps / Stéphane Goyette, Claude Collet and Martin Beniston Using Satellite Data Assimilation to Infer Global Soil Moisture Status and Vegetation Feedback to Climate / Wolfgang Knorr and Jan-Peter Schulz The Use of Remotely-sensed Data for the Estimation of Energy Balance Components in a Mountainous Catchment Area / P.A. Brivio, R. Colombo and M. Meroni Integration of operationally available remote sensing and synoptic data for surface energy balance modelling and environmental applications on the regional scale / Stefan Niemeyer and Jürgen Vogt

Note: Contents List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgments List of Notations PART A. BEACH SYSTEMS: DEFINITION AND GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 1 Beaches / Andrew D. Short 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Two-dimensional beaches 1.3 Three-dimensional beaches 1.4 Beach components and boundary conditions 1.5 Beach classifications 1.6 Beach Quantification 1.7 Beach morphodynamics 1.8 The study of beaches 1.9 Rationale for beach studies in the 21st century 2 Global variation in beach systems / Andrew D. Short 2.1 Global variation in beach systems 2.2 Coastal boundaries 2.3 Global climates 2.4 Global coastal sediments 2.5 Beach sediments 2.6 Global wave climates 2.7 Global and coastal tide regimes 2.8 Summary PART B. BEACH MORPHODYNAMICS 3 The shoreface / Peter J. Cowell, David J. Hanslow and Justin F. Meleo 3.1 Introduction: definition and significance 3.2 Morphological scale 3.3 Morphodynamics and shoreface equilibrium 3.4 Morphodynamic time scale and external controls 3.5 Summary 4 The surf zone / Troels Aagaard and Gerhard Masselink 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Wave transformation and wave set-up 4.3 Infragravity wave motion in the surf zone 4.4 Surf zone currents 4.5 Sediment transport 4.6 Bar morphology 5 The beachface / Michael Hughes and Ian Turner 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Swash kinematics 5.3 Beachface slope 5.4 Berms 5.5 Beach step 5.6 Swash cusps 5.7 Concluding remarks 6 The beach backshore and beyond / Patrick A. Hesp 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Backshore beach morphology 6.3 Backshore sand transport 6.4 Backshore aerodynamics 6.5 Beach- Backshore - dune sediment transport 6.6 Impact of salt aerosols 6.7 Overwash processes and deposits 6.8 Swash-deposited backshore landforms 6.9 Backshore dunes 6.10 Erosional and transgressive dunes 6.11 Summary PART C. BEACH TYPES AND APPLICATIONS 7 Wave-dominated beaches / Andrew D. Short 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Historical perspective 7.3 Wave-dominated beach types 7.4 Sequential beach changes 7.5 Multi-bar micro-tidal beaches 7.6 Beach 'state' curves: beaches in time and space 8 The effect of tides on beach morphodynamics / Gerhard Masselink and Ian L. Turner 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Tide-induced migration of hydrodynamic processes 8.3 Tide-induced fluctuations of the beach ground water table 8.4 Morphological response to tides 8.5 The parameterisation of tidal effects 8.6 A morphodynamic classification of tidal beaches 8.7 Summary 9 Embayed and structurally controlled beaches / Andrew D. Short and Gerhard Masselink 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Beach planform 9.3 Beach morphodynamics 9.4 Beach rotation 9.5 Headland sand bypassing 9.6 Structural impacts 9.7 Summary PART D. BEACH SYSTEMS AND IMPACTS 10 Beach Modification: natural impacts on beach morphodynamics / Andrew D. Short 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Determining beach type, circulation and bar number 10.3 Modification by cold climates 10.4 Modification by tropical climates 10.5 Modification of beach parameters 10.6 Summary 11 Beach ecology / Andrew D. Short and Patrick A. Hesp 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Beach habitats 11.3 Beach organisms 11.4 The beach energy system 11.5 Beach ecology and beach systems 11.6 Physical implication 11.7 Summary 12 Beach and dune stratification / Andrew D. Short and Patrick A. Hesp 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Boundary layer processes 12.3 Beach type and stratification 12.4 Dune stratification 12.5 Summary 13 Beach hazards and safety / Andrew D. Short 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Beach hazards 13.3 Wave-dominated beach hazards 13.4 Tide-modified beach hazards 13.5 Beach hazard rating 13.6 Applications to beach management 13.7 Summary PART E. LARGE SCALE BEACH BEHAVIOUR 14 Barrier morphodynamics / Patrick A. Hesp and Andrew D. Short 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The origin of barriers 14.3 Factors contributing to barrier type and evolution 14.4 Barrier morphodynamics and types 14.5 Controls on barrier evolution 14.6 Conclusion References Author Index Location index Subject Index

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Series Preface. - Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - Part 1 Introduction. - 1 Modeling Dynamic Systems. - 1.1 Model Components. - 1.2 Dynamic Modeling as a Skill and Art. - 1.3 Modeling in STELLA. - 1.4 Principles of Modeling. - Part 2 Some General Methods for Modeling. - 2 Four-Model Set. - 2.1 Stimulus-Response Model. - 2.2 Self-Referencing Model. - 2.3 Goal-Seeking Model. - 2.4 Goal-Setting Model. - 2.5 Examples. - 2.5.1 Exponential Decay of a Stock. - 2.5.2 Newtonian Cooling. - 3 Gradual Development of a Dynamic Model. - 3.1 Modeling Industrialization for a Simple Agrarian Society. - 3.2 Impacts of Per Capita Food Consumption on Population Growth. - 3.3 Adding Agriculture. - 3.4 Adding Industry. - 4 Two Independent Variables. - 4.1 Population Cohorts. - 4.1.1 Basic Cohort Model. - 4.1.2 Population Cohort Array. - 4.1.3 U.S. Population Growth. - 4.2 River Toxins. - 5 Randomness. - 5.1 Flipping a Coin. - 5.2 Intoxication Model. - 6 Positive and Negative Feedback. - 6.1 The Basic Model. - 6.2 Positive Feedback with Fixed Points. - 6.3 Elaborations. - 7 Derivatives and Lags. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Applications of Derivatives and Lags. - 7.2.1 Simple Population Model. - 7.2.2 Two-Population Model. - Part 3 Chemistry Models. - 8 The Law of Mass Action. - 8.1 Breakdown of Nitrogen Dioxide into Nitrogen Oxide and Oxygen. - 8.2 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. - 9 Chance-Cleland Model for Enzyme-Substrate Interaction. - 10 The Olsen Oscillator. - Part 4 Genetics Models. - 11 Mating of Alleles. - 11.1 Heterozygosity and Disease Resistance. - 11.2 The Mating of Two Alleles into a Genotype: Proving the Hardy-Weinberg Law. - 12 Natural Selection and Mutation. - 13 Artificial Worms. - Part 5 Ecological Models. - 14 Robin Population. - 15 Two-Stage Insect Model. - 16 The Zebra Mussel. - 17 Single Cell Forest. - 18 Predator-Prey Models. - 18.1 Basic Model of Predator-Prey Interactions. - 18.2 Spatial Predator-Prey Model. - 19 Epidemic Modeling. - 20 Reestablishment of Wolves. - 21 Lyme Disease. - 22 Tragedy of the Commons. - Part 6 Economic Models. - 23 Introduction to Modeling Economic Processes. - 24 The Competitive Firm. - 25 The Monopolistic Firm. - 25.1 Basic Model. - 25.2 Taxing Monopolies. - 26 Competitive Equilibrium. - 27 Substitution. - 27.1 Isoquants. - 27.2 Finding the Profit-Maximizing Output Level and Input Combinations. - 28 Time Value. - 29 Opportunity Cost. - 30 Optimal Tree Cutting. - 31 Fisheries Reserve Model. - 32 Dynamic Scarcity. - 32.1 Competitive Scarcity. - 32.2 Monopoly Scarcity. - 33 Market Game. - 34 Pig Cycle. - Part 7 Engineering Models. - 35 The Assembly Line. - 35.1 Basic Model. - 35.2 Car Assembly Line. - 36 Models of Gravity and Acceleration. - 36.1 Falling Rock. - 36.2 Projectile Motion. - 36.3 Mass-Damper-Spring. - 36.4 Mechanical Amplifier. - 37 Chaos. - 37.1 A New Paradigm. - 37.2 Jenson Chaos. - 37.3 Lorenz Chaos. - 37.4 Two-Well Chaos. - Part 8 Conclusion. - 38 Beginning a Dialog. - Appendixes. - A1 System Requirements. - A1.1 Macintosh. - A1.2 Windows. - A2 Quick Help Guide. - A2.1 Overview of the STELLA(r) Operating Environment. - A2.2 Drawing an Inflow to a Stock. - A2.3 Drawing an Outflow from a Stock. - A2.4 Replacing a Cloud with a Stock. - A2.5 Bending Flow Pipes. - A2.6 Repositioning Flow Pipes. - A2.7 Reversing Direction of a Flow. - A2.8 Flow Define Dialog-Builtins. - A2.9 Moving Variable Names. - A2.10 Drawing Connectors. - A2.11 Defining Graphs and Tables. - A2.12 Dynamite Operations on Graphs and Tables. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction to the atmosphere. - Weather and climate. - Atmospheric hazards: assault by the elements. - The atmosphere: a part of the earth system. - Earth's four spheres. - Earth's spheres interact. - The carbon cycle. - Composition of the atmosphere. - Major components. - Carbon dioxide. - Variable components. - Ozone depletion - a global issue. - The ozone hole. - Effects of ozone depletion. - Montreal Protocol. - Probing the atmosphere. - Height and structure of the atmosphere. - Pressure changes. - Temperature changes. - Vertical variations in composition. - The ionosphere. - 2 Heating Earth's Surface and Atmosphere. - Earth-Sun Relationships. - Earth's Motions. - The Seasons. - Earth's Orientation. - Solstices and Equinoxes. - Energy, Heat, and Temperature. - Types of Energy. - Heat Energy Versus Temperature. - Mechanisms of Energy Transfer. - Conduction. - Convection. - Radiation. - Laws of Radiation. - The Fate of Incoming Solar Radiation. - Reflection and Scattering. - Absorption by Earth's Surface and Atmosphere. - Radiation Emitted by Earth. - Heating the Atmosphere. - The "Greenhouse Effect". - Role of Clouds in Heating Earth. - Heat Budget. - Latitudinal Heat Balance. - 3 Temperature. - For the Record: Air Temperature Data. - Why Temperatures Vary: The Controls of Temperature. - Land and Water. - Ocean Currents. - Altitude. - Geographic Position. - Cloud Cover and Albedo. - World Distribution of Temperatures. - Cycles of Air Temperature. - Daily Temperature Variations. - Magnitude of Daily Temperature Changes. - Annual Temperature Variations. - Temperature Measurement. - Mechanical Thermometers. - Electrical Thermometers. - Instrument Shelters. - Temperature Scales. - Applications of Temperature Data. - Heating Degree-Days. - Cooling Degree-Days. - Growing Degree-Days. - Temperature and Comfort. - 4 Moisture and Atmospheric Stability. - Movement of Water Through the Atmosphere. - Water's Changes of State. - Water in the Atmosphere. - Vapor Pressure and Saturation. - Relative Humidity. - How Relative Humidity Changes. - Natural Change in Relative Humidity. - Dew Point Temperature. - Humidity Measurement. - Adiabatic Temperature Changes. - Adiabatic Cooling and Condensation. - Lifting Processes. - Orographic Lifting. - Frontal Wedging. - Convergence. - Localized Convective Lifting. - Contents. - The Critical Weathermaker: Atmospheric Stability. - Types of Stability. - Stability and Daily Weather. - How Stability Changes. - Temperature Changes and Stability. - Vertical Air Movement and Stability. - 5 Forms of Condensation and Precipitation. - Condensation. - Condensation Aloft and Cloud Formation. - Clouds. - Cloud Classification. - Cloud Descriptions. - Fog. - Fogs Formed by Cooling. - Fogs Formed by Evaporation. - Dew and Frost. - How Precipitation Forms. - Precipitation from Cold Clouds: The Bergeron Process. - Precipitation from Warm Clouds: The Collision-Coalescence Process. - Forms of Precipitation. - Rain. - Snow. - Sleet and Glaze. - Hail. - Rime. - Precipitation Measurement. - Standard Instruments. - Measuring Snowfall. - Measurement Errors. - Precipitation Measurement by Weather Radar. - Intentional Weather Modification. - Cloud Seeding. - Fog and Cloud Dispersal. - Hail Suppression. - Frost Prevention. - Inadvertent Weather Modification: Urban-Induced Precipitation. - 6 Air Pressure and Winds. - Understanding Air Pressure. - Measuring Air Pressure. - Factors Affecting Air Pressure. - Pressure Changes With Altitude. - Factors Affecting Wind. - Pressure-Gradient Force. - Coriolis Force. - Friction. - Winds Aloft and Geostrophic Flow. - Curved Flow and the Gradient Wind. - Surface Winds. - How Winds Generate Vettical Air Motion. - Vertical Airflow Associated with Cyclones and Anticyclones. - Factors That Promote Vertical Airflow. - Wind Measurement. - 7 Circulation of the Atmosphere. - Scales of Atmospheric Motion. - Large- and Small-Scale Circulation. - Structure of Wind Patterns. - Local Winds. - Land and Sea Breezes. - Mountain and Valley Breezes. - Chinook (Foehn) Winds. - Katabatic (Fall) Winds. - Country Breeze. - Global Circulation. - Single-Cell Circulation Model. - Three-Cell Circulation Model. - Observed Distribution of Pressure and Winds. - Idealized Zonal Pressure Belts. - Semipermanent Pressure Systems: The Real World. - Monsoons. - The Asian Monsoon. - The North American Monsoon. - The Westerlies. - Why Westerlies?. - Jet Streams. - Origin of the Midlatitude Jet Stream. - Subtropical Jet Stream. - Waves in the Westerlies. - Westerlies and Earth's Heat Budget. - Global Winds and Ocean Currents. - The Importance of Ocean Currents. - Ocean Currents and Upwelling. - El Niño and La Niña. - Global Distribution of Precipitation. - Zonal Distribution of Precipitation. - Distribution of Precipitation Over the Continents. - Precipitation Regimes on a Hypothetical Continent. - 8 Air Masses. - What Is an Air Mass?. - Source Regions. - Classifying Air Masses. - Air-Mass Modification. - Properties of North American Air Masses. - Continental Polar (cP) and Continental Arctic (cA) Air Masses. - Lake-Effect Snow: Cold Air Over Warm Water. - Maritime Polar (mP) Air Masses. - Maritime Tropical (mT) Air Masses. - Continental Tropical (eT) Air Masses. - 9 Weather Patterns. - Polar-Front Theory. - Fronts. - Warm Fronts. - Cold Fronts. - Stationary Fronts. - Occluded Fronts. - Drylines. - Life Cycle of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Formation: The Clash of Two Air Masses. - Development of Cyclonic Flow. - Occlusion: The Beginning of the End. - Idealized Weather of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Cyclogenesis. - Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Circulation. - Divergence and Convergence Aloft. - Traveling Cyclones. - Patterns of Movement. - Anticyclonic Weather and Blocking Highs. - Case Study of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Violent Spring Weather. - Weather in Peoria. - 10 Thunderstorms and Tornadoes. - What's in a Name?. - Thunderstorms. - Air-Mass Thunderstorms. - Stages of Development. - Occurrence. - Severe Thunderstorms. - Supercell Thunderstorms. - Squall Lines and Mesoscale Convective Complexes. - Lightning and Thunder. - What Causes Lightning?. - The Lightning Stroke. - Thunder. - Tornadoes. - The Development and Occurrence of Tornadoes. - Tornado Development. - Tornado Climatology. - Profile of a Tornado. - Tornado Destruction. - Tornado Forecasting. - Tornado Watches and Warnings. - Doppler Radar. - 11 Hurricanes. - Profile of a Hurricane. - Hurricane Formation and Decay. - Hurricane Formation. - Hurricane Decay. - Hurricane Destruction . - Storm Surge. - Wind Damage. - Inland Flooding. - Detecting and Tracking Hurricanes. - The Role of Satellites. - Aircraft Reconnaissance. - Radar and Data Buoys. - Hurricane Watches and Warnings. - 12 Weather Analysis and Forecasting. - The Weather Business: A Brief Overview. - Weather Analysis. - Gathering Data. - Weather Maps: Pictures of the Atmosphere. - Weather Forecasting. - Synoptic Weather Forecasting. - Numerical Weather Prediction. - Statistical Methods. - Techniques Used in Short-Range Forecasting. - Long-Range Forecasts. - Forecast Accuracy. - Tools in Weather Forecasting. - Satellites in Weather Forecasting. - What Weather Satellites Reveal. - Measurement by Satellite. - Weather Forecasting and Upper-Level Flow. - The Winter of 1977. - 13 Air Pollution. - A Brief Historical Perspective. - Air Pollution: Not a new Problem. - Some Historic Episodes. - Sources and Types of Air Pollution. - Primary Pollutants. - Secondary Pollutants. - Trends in Air Quality. - Meteorological Factors Affecting Air Pollution. - Wind as a Factor. - The Role of Atmospheric Stability. - Acid Precipitation. - Extent and Potency of Acid Precip