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  • Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory  (28)
  • English  (28)
  • Undetermined
  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999  (4)
  • 1960-1964  (24)
  • 1
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    A literature review on decontaminating groundwater sampling devices : organic pollutants (1995)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-95/14
    In: CRREL Report, 95-14
    Description / Table of Contents: Current protocols for decontaminating devices used to sample groundwater for organic contaminants are re­viewed. Most of the methods given by regulatory agencies provide little scientific evidence that justify the recommended protocols. In addition, only a few studies that actually compared various decontamination proto­cols could be found in the open literature, and those studies were limited in their scope. Various approaches for decontamination and criteria that are important in determining how effectively a surface could be decontami­nated are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 95-14
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6067
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9194
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Sorption and desorption of organic contaminants Decontamination methods Aqueous cleaning methods Cleaning or rinsing with organic solvents Chemical neutralization methods Current protocols to decontaminate groundwater sampling devices Variations in methodology Special instructions for cleaning pumps Effectiveness of various decontamination methods Low-temperature considerations Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 2
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    Sealants and cold regions pavement seals : a review (1995)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-95/11
    In: CRREL Report, 95-11
    Description / Table of Contents: A pavement joint seal prevents the passage of liquids into the pavement base and the intrusion of solids into the joint. The primary mechanical requirements of a pavement seal are that it respond elastically or viscoelastically to any movement of the joint without failure and that it withstand indentation of hard objects like rocks. Because pavement joint movements and seal deformations can be large, elastomeric sealants are often used to form seals. Winter conditions are recognized as the most critical for a seal because of the possibility that failure stresses will be reached as the joint opens to a maximum and the material stiffens in response to the temperature reduction. This report reviews the specific problems and requirements that cold climates create for the performance of elastomeric seals. Emphasis is placed on the material response behavior that can lead to failure of a seal. In an attempt to clarity the mechanics of sealant and seal performance associated with low-temperature pavement applications and to address the issue of low-temperature stiffening That should be a dominant factor in the selection of a sealant, this report presents background information on the formulation and mechanical properties of elastomeric seal materials and the structural behavior of field-molded joint and crack seals.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 20 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 95-11
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA297360
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9185
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Introduction Elastomers and sealant formulations Mechanical behavior of sealants Phenomenological behavior of rubbers and elastomers Hyperelastic constitutive model Examples of sealant behavior Mechanical response of seals Basic structural geometry and loading configurations of seals Conventional performance testing for studying the load and deformation response of joint and crack seals Response of seals to joint movements Summary and recommendations Literature cited Abstract
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  • 3
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    Motion resistance of wheeled vehicles in snow (1995)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-95/7
    In: CRREL Report, 95-7
    Description / Table of Contents: Before vehicle mobility in snow can be reliably predicted, a complete understanding of motion resistance in snow is required. This report examines several aspects of wheeled vehicle motion resistance using results obtained with the CRREL instrumented vehicle. Resistances of leading and trailing tires are examined. Limited data are presented for undercarriage drag, and third and fourth wheel passes in the same rut are initially analyzed, as is how snow deforms around a wheel. For the CRREL instrumented vehicle, a trailing tire has a resistance coefficient of about 0.017 for snow depths less than about 22cm. For deeper snow, the disruption of the snowpack caused by a preceding wheel causes snow to fall into the rut, resulting in higher trailing tire coefficients. For larger vehicles, which in some cases have trailing tires carrying larger loads than preceding tires, the trailing tire coefficients are on the order of 0.048 and 0.025 for second and third trailing wheels respectively. Since there are no trailing tire data available for these larger vehicles, these values are based on nonlinear regression analysis, which includes a prediction of the leading tire resistance. The results and observations of this study are applied in a reanalysis of the towed resistance data obtained during the U.S. Army's Wheels vs. Tracks study. An improved algorithm is presented for predicting wheeled vehicle motion resistance caused by snow.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 39 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 95-7
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA294675
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9271
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental procedure Results and analysis Leading tire resistance Trailing tire resistance Deep snow Undercarriage drag Multiple passes Shallow snow resistance model Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Snow data Appendix B: Observations of snow deformation by a wheel Appendix C: Wheeled vehicle motion resistance data Abstract
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  • 4
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    Cold regions mobility models (1995)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-95/1
    In: CRREL Report, 95-1
    Description / Table of Contents: This report annotates the cold regions mobility prediction routines included in the CAMMS/ALBE mobility models. It further explains the development of the algorithms that are used in these models to describe the interaction of a vehicle with terrain that has been affected by cold weather. The following terrain conditions are discussed: undisturbed snow (shallow and deep); disturbed snow (moderately trafficked and hard packed); ice; and thawing soils. Several combinations of substrates are also considered. A stand-alone computer model is included.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 72 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 95-1
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA293728
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9179
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Shallow snow Undisturbed snow on a firm substrate Undisturbed snow on a soft substrate Undisturbed snow over ice Disturbed, processed and packed snow Deep snow Ice Freezing or thawing ground conditions Bearing capacity of freezing ground Effect of thawing conditions on vehicle performance Speed made good Internal motion resistance Slopes Summary and recornmendations Literature cited Appendix A: Cold Regions Mobility Model CRM-1.F Appendix B: FORTRAN code using NRMM/CAMMS variables and format Appendix C: Traction coefficients on packed snow Appendix D: NRMM checkout data Abstract
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  • 5
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    Climatological means and extremes on the Greenland ice sheet (1961)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-78
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 78
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: This climatological study makes use of the temperature, wind, and precipitation records from 12 stations on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Many of these stations were not in operation for concurrent periods and records for a year or more were available from only a few of them. The mean, mean maximum, mean minimum, absolute maximum, and absolute minimum temperatures were computed from the records. The highest absolute maximum temperature reported was 44°F at Mint Julep in southwestern Greenland. The lowest absolute minimum was -94°F at Northice in northern Greenland. This study shows that the prevailing wind usually was from the direction of the high central area of the ice sheet. Stations on the west slope had prevailing winds with an easterly component whereas stations on the east slope had prevailing winds with a westerly component. The wind speed varied from 0 to approximately 60 kt, but was predominantly in the 0 to 20 kt range. At some of the stations on the ice sheet, precipitation was measured in precipitation gages, at others it was measured as surface accumulation. At many locations the annual accumulation was determined from stratigraphic studies of the snow profile. The number of days on which snow occurred, expressed as percent of total days of observation, was used as an index to the amount of snowfall. The mean annual accumulation shows precipitation to be heavier on the west slope of the ice sheet than in other areas. The precipitation records at Northice indicate that the annual precipitation in that part of northern Greenland may be very light. The means for the various climatological parameters covered in this study are presented in tables and on a climatological map which presents a cartographic picture of the overall climatology of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 13, A5, B4 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 78
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5885
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Air temperature Wind direction and speed Precipitation and accumulation Climatological map for the Greenland Ice Sheet Appendix A: Temperature data Appendix B: Precipitation data
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  • 6
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    Studies of salt ice; I: the tensile strength of NaCl ice (1961)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-80
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 80
    Description / Table of Contents: From the Introduction: During the last few years, there has been an increased interest in developing a rational explanation for the rather considerable variation in such bulk properties of sea ice as its strength, density, thermal conductivity, latent heat of melting, and coefficient of thermal expansion. Of these properties, sea-ice strength has received by far the most attention for practical reasons.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 30, A6, B10, C2, D5 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 80
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5889
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimentation Method of growing salt ice Strength test procedures Bulk properties of salt ice Phase relations Density and air content Strength results Strength of fresh-water ice Strength of NaCl ice as a function of brine volume Strength of NaCl· 2H2O ice as a function of the relative volume of solid salt Effect of thermal history on salt-ice strength Phase hysteresis Geometric hysteresis Effect of short-term cooling on the strength of fresh-water and NaCl·2H2O ice Effect of the volume of inclosed air on the strength of salt ice Conclusions NaCl ice Sea ice References Appendix A: Volume of brine and NaCl· 2H2O in NaCl ice as a function of salinity and temperature Appendix B: Ring test results Normal test sequences Appendix C: Ring test results Hysteresis test sequences Appendix .b: Ring test results Thermal history test sequences
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  • 7
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    Equilibrium profile of ice caps (1961)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-84
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 84
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The law of sliding of ice over bedrock is generalized to include the effect of the presence of a longitudinal stress. The sliding velocity thus depends on both the shear stress acting at the bottom of an ice mass and the longitudinal stress. With this generalized law, it is still possible to make a one-dimensional analysis of the problem of calculating the profile of an ice cap or glacier, such as was carried out by Nye, and yet introduce the effect of large longitudinal stresses. As a result a profile can be calculated with two equations. One equation is applicable to the central region of an ice cap and the other equation (which was found by Nye) is valid elsewhere. By an appropriate joining of the profiles derived from these two equations, the complete profile of an ice cap can be obtained. From two sample calculations it is shown that, for a large ice cap, Nye's theory is valid practically everywhere, and there is no real need to bring in the modification. For a small ice cap, the modification to the profile is valid over an appreciable fraction of the total width of the ice cap. A very simple extension of the analysis of the ice cap profile allows for the effect of isostatic sinking of the bedrock surface under a large ice cap. (An initially flat bedrock surface was assumed. The analysis can be extended easily to allow for an arbitrarily shaped initial bedrock surface.)
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 84
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5893
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Theory Effective sliding velocity Estimate of stresses Surface profilecalculations Effect of the weight of ice on the bedrock base Sample calculations References
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  • 8
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    The frost behavior of soils : laboratory and field data for a new concept; Part I: vertical sorting (1961)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-85,1
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 85,1
    In: The frost behavior of soils : laboratory and field data for a new concept, Part I
    Description / Table of Contents: Partial summary: Laboratory experiments have been performed with special cabinets in which soil samples, under complete saturation and without surcharges, were subjected to alternate freezing and thawing cycles. Tests included series with both freezing and thawing from the top and with freezing from the bottom and thawing from the top. The soil materials used were well-graded, sandy gravels, the finest one with 14% finer than no. 200 mesh (0. 074 mm).
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 85,1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5895
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction to the problem Laboratory data Preliminary experiments Vertical sorting and volume changes produced by cyclic freeze -thaw Volume increase by sorting in straight graded samples without freezing and thawing Field data Vertical sorting of the active layer Correlation between laboratory and field data Conclusion and recommendations References
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  • 9
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    Analysis of data from a snow profile (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-90
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 90
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A new method is presented for extracting more meaningful information from snow profile data which will simplify the study of the permeability of snow. Earlier analyses normally employed statistical methods to determine property variations with depth, with the line of mean values established by the method of least squares. The mean curves derived in this manner may not represent properly the true nature of the snow pack, or aid in understanding the dynamic processes which are in action. The new graphical methods described distinguish the separate effects of densification and thermal metamorphism on permeability, permitting future advances in the analysis. Profile data obtained in 1954 and 1960 are reanalyzed using the new techniques. For a natural polar pack under conditions when no melting occurs and the accumulation is assumed continuous, the following conclusions may be made: permeability for a given density of snow increases with depth and time except possibly near the surface or at depths below 30 m; the rate of permeability change with depth for given densities decreases in a calculable way relative to the density; and, mean permeability changes with depth in a complex manner.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 14, A3, B2, C2 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 90
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5875
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Standard methods of data presentation- A class interval method of data presentation Interpretation of the numerical data Interpretation of thin sections Conclusions References Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C
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  • 10
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    Mechanism for the formation of inner moraines found near the edge of cold ice caps (1962)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-94
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 94
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A new mechanism is described which explains the formation of moraines in the ablation areas of cold ice caps. The mechanism involves the freezing of water onto the bottom surface of an ice cap. This water comes from regions of the bottom surface where the combination of the geothermal heat and the heat produced by sliding of ice over the bed is sufficient to melt ice. A number of criticisms are made of the shear hypothesis, which has been advanced to explain moraines occurring on Baffin Island and near Thule, Greenland. It is concluded that this older hypothesis may be inadequate to account for these moraines. Although in theory the mechanism proposed here undoubtedly would lead to the formation of moraines, the existing field data are insufficient to prove conclusively that actual moraines have originated in this way.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 94
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/5876
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Comments on the shear hypothesis Appearance of the debris layers The possibility of cold ice scraping up debris The shear across a debris layer The geometry of the debris layers Freezing model Theory Discussion Conclusion References
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