ALBERT

Note: Contents: 1. The Politics and Political Economy of Forestland Regimes ; SECTION I: The Origins and Divergences of National Forestland Regimes ; 2. Colonialism and the Transformation of Hinterlands ; 3. Politics of 4. Political Mediation of Land Conflicts in the Hinterlands ; SECTION II: Politics of Institutional Change ; 5. Politics of Institutional Change in India's Forestland Regimes ; 6. Politics of Institutional Change in Tanzania and Mexico ; SECTION III: Policy Differences and Key Lessons ; 7. Public Accountability in Policy- making: Forest- Based Climate Change Mitigation in India, Tanzania, and Mexico ; 8. Conclusion: Toward Social Justice and Enduring Nature Conservation ; Appendix I: Number of People Affected by Forestland Conflicts ; Appendix II: A Sample of Specific Events Related to Forestland Conflicts ; Appendix III: Major Socioeconomic and Political Indicators in Case Study Countries ; Appendix IV: Inequality- Adjusted Human Development Index for Selected Regions ; Appendix V: Statistical Analysis of Forestland Claims in Gujarat, India ; References ; Index

Note: Contents: PART 1: The challenge of long-term democratic governance ; 1 Intertemporal policy-making in advanced democracies ; 2 The presentist bias ; 3 Probing the causes of the presentist bias ; 4 The policy dimensions of the presentist bias ; PART 2: Principles and proposals for improving long-term democratic governance ; 5 Foundations for prudent long-term governance ; 6 Countering the presentist bias ; PART 3: Assessing the options for improving long-term democratic governance ; 7 A constitution for the future ; 8 Committing to a better future ; 9 Insulating decision-making from short-term political pressures ; 10 Enhancing voices for the future ; 11 Advising for a better future ; 12 Designing and embedding a strategic foresight capability ; 13 Creating the political conditions for policy investments ; PART 4: Taking care of tomorrow today ; 14 Towards a better tomorrow ; Appendix ; Bibliography ; Index

Note: Contents: Foreword ; Executive summary ; Acknowledgements ; Chapter 1 The global outlook ; Chapter 2 Tracking clean energy progress ; Chapter 3 Accelerating the transition to sustainable buildings ; Chapter 4 Advancing the low-carbon transition in industry ; Chapter 5 Steering transport towards sustainability ; Chapter 6 Transforming electricity systems ; Chapter 7 Delivering sustainable bioenergy ; Chapter 8 Unlocking the potential of carbon capture and storage ; Annex A Analytical approach ; Annex B Abbreviations and acronyms ; Annex C Definitions, regional and country groupings and units ; Annex D List of figures, tables and boxes

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Note: Contents: TITLE PAGE -- COPYRIGHT PAGE -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PART I FORCINGS OF CLIMATE EXTREMES -- CHAPTER 1 THE CHANGING EL NIÑO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION AND ASSOCIATED CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 1.1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.2. CHANGES IN ENSO PROPERTIES -- 1.3. CHANGES IN ENSO DYNAMICS -- 1.4. CHANGES IN ENSO TELECONNECTIONS AND ASSOCIATED CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 1.5. ENSO IN THE FUTURE -- 1.6. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2 WEATHER EXTREMES LINKED TO INTERACTION OF THE ARCTIC AND MIDLATITUDES -- 2.1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.2. ARCTIC EFFECTS ON MIDLATITUDE EXTREMES -- 2.3. MIDLATITUDE EFFECTS ON ARCTIC EXTREMES -- 2.4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3 IMPACT OF AEROSOLS ON REGIONAL CHANGES IN CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 3.1. INTRODUCTION -- 3.2. DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF AEROSOLS ON CLOUDS AND RADIATION -- 3.3. AEROSOL IMPACT ON REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE -- 3.4. Mitigation scenarios for aerosol emissions -- 3.5. AEROSOL EFFECT ON TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION EXTREMES -- 3.6. FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 4 WEAKENED FLOW, PERSISTENT CIRCULATION, AND PROLONGED WEATHER EXTREMES IN BOREAL SUMMER -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. RESONANT CIRCULATION REGIMES -- 4.3. REAL EVENTS -- 4.4. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5 LAND PROCESSES AS THE FORCING OF EXTREMES: A REVIEW -- 5.1. INTRODUCTION -- 5.2. FORCINGS OF LAND PROCESSES ON CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 5.3. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PART II PROCESSES OF CLIMATE EXTREMES -- CHAPTER 6 TIMING OF ANTHROPOGENIC EMERGENCE IN CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 6.1. INTRODUCTION -- 6.2. DEFINING TIME OF EMERGENCE -- 6.3. DATA AND METHODS -- 6.4. RESULTS -- 6.5. DISCUSSION -- 6.6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES CHAPTER 7 RECENT INCREASES IN EXTREME TEMPERATURE OCCURRENCE OVER LAND -- 7.1. INTRODUCTION -- 7.2. DATA AND METHODOLOGY -- 7.3. RESULTS -- 7.4. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8 WHY FUTURE SHIFTS IN TROPICAL PRECIPITATION WILL LIKELY BE SMALL: THE LOCATION OF THE TROPICAL RAIN BELT AND THE HEMISPHERIC CONTRAST OF ENERGY INPUT TO THE ATMOSPHERE -- 8.1. INTRODUCTION -- 8.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ITCZ POSITION AND HEMISPHERIC CONTRAST OF ATMOSPHERIC HEATING -- 8.3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SEASONAL CYCLE OF ITCZ MIGRATION AND THE ANNUAL MEAN PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION -- 8.4. IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE ITCZ SHIFTS UNDER GLOBAL WARMING -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9 WEATHER-CLIMATE INTERACTIONS AND MJO INFLUENCES -- 9.1. INTRODUCTION -- 9.2. THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MJO, BACKGROUND STATE, AND SYNOPTIC WEATHER -- 9.3. A CASE STUDY ON INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION AND EL NIÑO -- 9.4. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MJO AND BREAKING WAVES -- 9.5. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MJO, TROPICAL CYCLONES, AND THE EXTRATROPICAL CIRCULATION -- 9.6. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10 RECENT CLIMATE EXTREMES ASSOCIATED WITH THE WEST PACIFIC WARMING MODE -- 10.1. INTRODUCTION -- 10.2. BACKGROUND -- 10.3. DATA AND METHODS -- 10.4. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 11 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN HEAT WAVES AND CIRCUMGLOBAL TELECONNECTION PATTERNS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SUMMER -- 11.1. INTRODUCTION -- 11.2. DATA AND METHODS -- 11.3. DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT WAVES -- 11.4. PLANETARY WAVES ASSOCIATED WITH THE HEAT WAVES -- 11.5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PART III REGIONAL CLIMATE EXTREMES -- CHAPTER 12 NORTH AMERICAN DROUGHT AND LINKS TO NORTHERN EURASIA: THE ROLE OF STATIONARY ROSSBY WAVES -- 12.1. INTRODUCTION -- 12.2. REANALYSIS DATA AND THE GEOS-5 AGCM EXPERIMENTS -- 12.3. RESULTS -- 12.4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 13 THE CALIFORNIA DROUGHT: TRENDS AND IMPACTS -- 13.1. INTRODUCTION -- 13.2. THE PROLONGED DROUGHT OF 2012-2016 -- 13.3. ROLE OF ENSO CYCLE -- 13.4. ARCTIC INFLUENCES -- 13.5. DROUGHT IMPACTS ON CALIFORNIA -- 13.6. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 14 OBSERVED TRENDS IN US TORNADO FREQUENCY -- 14.1. INTRODUCTION -- 14.2. STORM DATA TORNADO DATABASE -- 14.3. US TORNADO CLIMATOLOGY -- 14.4. CHANGES IN US TORNADO STATISTICS -- 14.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 15 MECHANISMS EXPLAINING RECENT CHANGES IN AUSTRALIAN CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 15.1. INTRODUCTION -- 15.2. AUSTRALIAN RAINFALL EXTREMES OF 2010-2012 -- 15.3. AUSTRALIA'S TEMPERATURE EXTREMES OF 2013 -- 15.4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 16 UNRAVELING EAST AFRICA'S CLIMATE PARADOX -- 16.1. INTRODUCTION -- 16.2. THE NATURE OF THE RECENT EAST AFRICAN LONG RAINS DECLINE -- 16.3. LINKS TO PACIFIC DECADAL VARIABILITY -- 16.4. PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- 16.5. CLIMATE MODEL SIMULATIONS OF EAST AFRICAN CLIMATE -- 16.6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 17 A PHYSICAL MODEL FOR EXTREME DROUGHT OVER SOUTHWEST ASIA -- 17.1. INTRODUCTION -- 17.2. PRECIPITATION PATTERNS -- 17.3. SST RELATIONSHIPS -- 17.4. ATMOSPHERIC TELECONNECTIONS -- 17.5. SUMMARY -- APPENDIX: DATA -- REFERENCES -- PART IV PREDICTION OF CLIMATE EXTREMES -- CHAPTER 18 EXTRATROPICAL PRECURSORS OF THE EL NIÑO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION -- 18.1. INTRODUCTION -- 18.2. OVERVIEW OF PRECURSORS AND THEIR IMPACT ON ENSO -- 18.3. DATA AND DEFINITIONS -- 18.4. EVALUATION OF PRECURSOR VARIABILITY AND COVARIABILITY -- 18.5. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRECURSORS AND ENSO -- 18.6. DIAGNOSING PRECURSORS AS ENSO PREDICTORS -- 18.7. RELATIONSHIP OF EXTRATROPICAL PRECURSORS TO 2014 AND 2015 EL NIñO -- 18.8. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 19 NORTH ATLANTIC SEASONAL HURRICANE PREDICTION: UNDERLYING SCIENCE AND AN EVALUATION OF STATISTICAL MODELS -- 19.1. INTRODUCTION -- 19.2. STATISTICALLY BASED SEASONAL HURRICANE OUTLOOK MODELS -- 19.3. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 20 PREDICTING SUBSEASONAL PRECIPITATION VARIATIONS BASED ON THE MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION -- 20.1. INTRODUCTION -- 20.2. THE MJO INFLUENCE ON THE VARIABILITY OF PRECIPITATION -- 20.3. FORECASTING THE MJO -- 20.4. THE MJO AND PREDICTABILITY OF PRECIPITATION -- 20.5. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 21 PREDICTION OF SHORT-TERM CLIMATE EXTREMES WITH A MULTIMODEL ENSEMBLE -- 21.1. INTRODUCTION -- 21.2. PREDICTION SKILL -- 21.3. PREDICTABILITY -- 21.4. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 22 TOWARD PREDICTING US TORNADOES IN THE LATE 21ST CENTURY -- 22.1. PROJECTING CHANGES IN US TORNADO ACTIVITY USING ENVIRONMENTAL PROXIES -- 22.2. SHORT-TERM TORNADO PREDICTION USING HIGH RESOLUTION MODELS AND APPLICATIONS TO DYNAMICAL DOWNSCALING -- 22.3. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX

Note: Contents: Part One: Value ; Chapter: 1. Introduction to Corporate Finance ; Chapter: 2. How to Calculate Present Values ; Chapter: 3. Valuing Bonds ; Chapter: 4. The Value of Common Stocks ; Chapter: 5. Net Present Value and Other Investment Criteria ; Chapter: 6. Making Investment Decisions with the Net Present Value Rule ; Part Two: Risk ; Chapter: 7. Introduction to Risk and Return ; Chapter: 8. Portfolio Theory and the Capital Asset Pricing Model ; Chapter: 9. Risk and the Cost of Capital ; Part Three: Best Practices in Capital Budgeting ; Chapter: 10. Project Analysis ; Chapter: 11. Investment, Strategy, and Economic Rents ; Chapter: 12. Agency Problems, Compensation, and Performance Measurement ; Part Four: Financing Decisions and Market Efficiency ; Chapter: 13. Efficient Markets and Behavioral Finance ; Chapter: 14. An Overview of Corporate Financing ; Chapter: 15. How Corporations Issue Securities ; Part Five: Payout Policy and Capital Structure ; Chapter: 16. Payout Policy ; Chapter: 17. Does Debt Policy Matter? ; Chapter: 18. How Much Should a Corporation Borrow? ; Chapter: 19. Financing and Valuation ; Part Six: Options ; Chapter: 20. Understanding Options ; Chapter: 21. Valuing Options ; Chapter: 22. Real Options ; Part Seven: Debt Financing ; Chapter: 23. Credit Risk and the Value of Corporate Debt ; Chapter: 24. The Many Different Kinds of Debt ; Chapter: 25. Leasing ; Part Eight: Risk Management ; Chapter: 26. Managing Risk ; Chapter: 27. Managing International Risks ; Part Nine: Financial Planning and Working Capital Management ; Chapter: 28. Financial Analysis ; Chapter: 29. Financial Planning ; Chapter: 30. Working Capital Management ; Part Ten: Mergers, Corporate Control, and Governance ; Chapter: 31. Mergers ; Chapter: 32. Corporate Restructuring ; Chapter: 33. Governance and Corporate Control Around the World ; Part Eleven: Conclusion ; Chapter: 34. Conclusion: What We Do and Do Not Know About Finance

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Why Forecast? -- 1.2 The Informatics Challenge in Forecasting -- 1.3 The Model-Data Loop -- 1.4 Why Bayes? -- 1.5 Models as Scaffolds -- 1.6 Case Studies and Decision Support -- 1.7 Key Concepts -- 1.8 Hands-on Activities -- 2. From Models to Forecasts -- 2.1 The Traditional Modeler's Toolbox -- 2.2 Example: The Logistic Growth Model -- 2.3 Adding Sources of Uncertainty -- 2.4 Thinking Probabilistically -- 2.5 Predictability -- 2.6 Key Concepts -- 2.7 Hands-on Activities -- 3. Data, Large and Small -- 3.1 The Data Cycle and Best Practices -- 3.2 Data Standards and Metadata -- 3.3 Handling Big Data -- 3.4 Key Concepts -- 3.5 Hands-on Activities -- 4. Scientific Workflows and the Informatics of Model-Data Fusion -- 4.1 Transparency, Accountability, and Repeatability -- 4.2 Workflows and Automation -- 4.3 Best Practices for Scientific Computing -- 4.4 Key Concepts -- 4.5 Hands-on Activities -- 5. Introduction to Bayes -- 5.1 Confronting Models with Data -- 5.2 Probability 101 -- 5.3 The Likelihood -- 5.4 Bayes' Theorem -- 5.5 Prior Information -- 5.6 Numerical Methods for Bayes -- 5.7 Evaluating MCMC Output -- 5.8 Key Concepts -- 5.9 Hands-on Activities -- 6. Characterizing Uncertainty -- 6.1 Non-Gaussian Error -- 6.2 Heteroskedasticity -- 6.3 Observation Error -- 6.4 Missing Data and Inverse Modeling -- 6.5 Hierarchical Models and Process Error -- 6.6 Autocorrelation -- 6.7 Key Concepts -- 6.8 Hands-on Activities -- 7. Case Study: Biodiversity, Populations, and Endangered Species -- 7.1 Endangered Species -- 7.2 Biodiversity -- 7.3 Key Concepts -- 7.4 Hands-on Activities -- 8. Latent Variables and State-Space Models -- 8.1 Latent Variables -- 8.2 State Space -- 8.3 Hidden Markov Time-Series Model -- 8.4 Beyond Time -- 8.5 Key Concepts -- 8.6 Hands-on Activities -- 9. Fusing Data Sources -- 9.1 Meta-analysis -- 9.2 Combining Data: Practice, Pitfalls, and Opportunities -- 9.3 Combining Data and Models across Space and Time -- 9.4 Key Concepts -- 9.5 Hands-on Activities -- 10. Case Study: Natural Resources -- 10.1 Fisheries -- 10.2 Case Study: Baltic Salmon -- 10.3 Key Concepts -- 11. Propagating, Analyzing, and Reducing Uncertainty -- 11.1 Sensitivity Analysis -- 11.2 Uncertainty Propagation -- 11.3 Uncertainty Analysis -- 11.4 Tools for Model-Data Feedbacks -- 11.5 Key Concepts -- 11.6 Hands-on Activities -- Appendix A Properties of Means and Variances -- Appendix B Common Variance Approximations -- 12. Case Study: Carbon Cycle -- 12.1 Carbon Cycle Uncertainties -- 12.2 State of the Science -- 12.3 Case Study: Model-Data Feedbacks -- 12.4 Key Concepts -- 12.5 Hands-on Activities -- 13. Data Assimilation 1: Analytical Methods -- 13.1 The Forecast Cycle -- 13.2 Kalman Filter -- 13.3 Extended Kalman Filter -- 13.4 Key Concepts -- 13.5 Hands-on Activities -- 14. Data Assimilation 2: Monte Carlo Methods -- 14.1 Ensemble Filters -- 14.2 Particle Filter -- 14.3 Model Averaging and Reversible Jump MCMC -- 14.4 Generalizing the Forecast Cycle -- 14.5 Key Concepts -- 14.6 Hands-on Activities -- 15. Epidemiology -- 15.1 Theory -- 15.2 Ecological Forecasting -- 15.3 Examples of Epidemiological Forecasting -- 15.4 Case Study: Influenza -- 15.5 Key Concepts -- 16. Assessing Model Performance -- 16.1 Visualization -- 16.2 Basic Model Diagnostics -- 16.3 Model Benchmarks -- 16.4 Data Mining the Residuals -- 16.5 Comparing Model Performance to Simple Statistics -- 16.6 Key Concepts -- 16.7 Hands-on Activities -- 17. Projection and Decision Support -- 17.1 Projections, Predictions, and Forecasting -- 17.2 Decision Support -- 17.3 Key Concepts -- 17.4 Hands-on Activities -- 18. Final Thoughts -- 18.1 Lessons Learned -- 18.2 Future Directions -- References -- Index

Note: Contents: Introduction: Entering a New Era of Water Management ; Part I. Abundance ; 1. First Water, Then the World ; 2. Laissez-Faire Metaphysics ; 3. Managing Water for “the People” ; Part II. Scarcity ; 4. America’s Post-colonial Model of Development ; 5. The Space of Scarcity ; Part III. Security ; 6. The Globalization of Normal Water ; 7. Securing the Water-Energy-Food-Climate Nexus ; Part IV. Rethinking the Anthropocene ; 8. The Anthropocene and the Naturalization of Process ; 9. Thinking Ecologically in an Age of Geology ; Conclusion: Water in the Anthropocene

Note: Contents: 1 Reforming the EU ETS: Where are we now? ; 2 Agreeing on the EU ETS price floor to foster solidarity, subsidiarity, and efficiency in the EU ; 3 Under pressure: European Electricity Markets and the Need for Reform ; 4 Reforming the EU energy tax directive: assessing the options ; 5 On the coherence of economic instruments: climate, renewables, and energy efficiency policies ; 6 Fiscal and regulatory instruments for clean technology development in the European Union ; 7 Lessons from the U.S. shale gas boom ; 8 Tax and regulatory policies for European transport: getting ther, but in the slow lane ; 9 Carbon pricing and taxation: overcoming obstacles to policy reform in the EU

Note: Contents: INTRODUCTION ; Part 1 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC AT A GLANCE ; Part 2 CLIMATE CHANGE IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC: OBSERVATIONS AND PROJECTIONS ; Part 3 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON HUMAN SYSTEMS IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC ; CONCLUSION

Note: Contents: List of contributors. - Preface. - 1 Overview of sea ice growth and properties / Chris Petrich & Hajo Eicken. - 2 Sea ice thickness distribution / Christian Haas. - 3 Snow in the sea-ice system : friend or foe? / Matthew Sturm & Robert A. Massom. - 4 Sea ice and sunlight / Donald K. Perovich. - 5 The sea ice-ocean boundary layer / Miles G. McPhee. - 6 The atmosphere over sea ice / Ola Persson & Timo Vihma. - 7 Sea ice and arctic ocean oceanography / Finlo Cottier, Mike Steele & Frank Nielsen. - 8 Oceanography and sea ice in the southern ocean / Michael P. Meredith & Mark A. Brandon. - 9 Methods of satellite remote sensing of sea ice / Gunnar Spreen & Stefan Kern. - 10 Gaining (and losing) antarctic sea ice : variability, trends and mechanisms / Sharon Stammerjohn & Ted Maksym. - 11 Losing arctic sea ice : observations of the recent decline and the long-term context / Walt N. Meier. - 12 Sea ice in earth system models / Dirk Notz & Cecilia M. Bitz. - 13 Sea ice as a habitat for bacteria, archaea and viruses / Jody W. Deming & R. Eric Collins. - 14 Sea ice as a habitat for primary producers / Kevin R. Arrigo. - 15 Sea ice as a habitat for micrograzers / David A. Caron, Rebecca J. Gast & Marie-Eve Garneau. - 16 Sea ice as a habitat for macrograzers / Bodil A. Bluhm, Kerrie M. Swadling & Rolf Gradinger. - 17 Nutrients, dissolved organic matter and exopolymers in sea ice / Klaus M. Meiners & Christine Michel. - 18 Gases in sea ice / Jean-Louis Tison, Bruno Delille & Stathys Papadimitriou. - 19 Transport and transformation of contaminants in sea ice / Feiyue Wang, Monika Pucko & Gary Stern. - 20 Numerical models of sea ice biogeochemistry / Martin Vancoppenolla & Letizia Tedesco. - 21 Arctic marine mammals and sea ice / Kristin L. Laidre & Eric V. Regehr. - 22 Antarctic marine mammals and sea ice / Marthán N. Bester, Horst Bornemann & Trevor McIntyre. - 23 A feathered perspective : the influence of sea ice on arctic marine birds / Nina J. Karnovsky & Maria V. Gavrilo. - 24 Birds and antarctic sea ice / David Ainley, Eric J. Woehler & Amelie Lescroel. - 25 Sea ice is our beautiful garden : indigenous perspectives on sea ice of sea ice in the arctic / Henry P. Huntington, Shari Gearheard, Lene Kielsen Holm, George Noongwook, Margaret Opie & Joelie Sanguya. - 26 Advances in palaeo sea-ice estimation / Leanne Armand, Alexander Ferry & Amy Leventer. - 27 Ice in subarctic seas / Hermanni Kaartokallio, Mats A. Granskog, Harri Kuosa & Jouni Vainio. - Index.

Note: Contents: Chapter 1. The transport sector today ; Chapter 2. Transport demand and CO2 emissions to 2050 ; Chapter 3. International freight ; Chapter 4. International passenger aviation ; Chapter 5. Mobility in cities ; Statistical annex

Note: Introduction.- Spectral Analysis of Deterministic Process.- Structural Dynamics.- Spectral Analysis of Stationary Stochastic Process.- Stochastic Structural Dynamics.- Ambient Data Analysis and Simulation.- Bayesian Inference.- Classical Statistical Inference.- Bayesian OMA Framework.- Single Mode Problem.- Multi-Mode Problem.- Multi-Setup Problem.- Managing identification uncertainty.- Theory of Uncertainty Laws.

Note: Contents: Part 1: Introduction ; 1 Understanding Change Through the Lens of Resilience ; Part 2: Recognizing Vulnerability ; 2 Japan After March 11th 2011: Between Swift Reconstruction and Sustainable Restructuring ; 3 Climate Change Vulnerability of Olive Oil Groves in Dry Areas of Tunisia: Case Study in the Governorate of Médenine ; 4 The Vehicle Transportation Problem in the Megacity São Paulo (Brazil) ; 5 Disasters and Their Impacts on Air Quality in the Human Living Environment ; 6 Vulnerability of Pastoral Social-Ecological Systems in Mongolia ; Part 3: Awareness and Preparedness for Change ; 7 The Importance of Information Availability for Climate Change Preparedness in the Cultural Heritage Sector: A Comparison Between the UK and Japan ; 8 Anticipating Environmental Change in Development Planning for the Archipelago of Indonesia ; 9 Institutional and Technical Innovation in Pakistan for Resilience to Extreme Climate Events ; 10 Development of an International Institutional Framework for Climate Adaptation and Practice in Adaptation Planning in Developing Countries ; 11 Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation Products and Services by Japanese Companies with Base-of-the-Economic-Pyramid (BoP) Businesses ; 12 Systems Established for Reconstruction After the Great East Japan Earthquake, and the Current Situation on the Ground ; Part 4: Tools and Methods for Building Resiliency ; 13 Developing an ICT-Based Toolbox for Resilient Capacity Building: Challenges, Obstacles and Approaches ; 14 Development of Tools to Assess Vulnerability to Climate Change in South Asia ; 15 Development Plan as a Tool to Improve the Disaster Resilience of Urban Areas ; 16 Swarm Planning—Developing a Tool for Innovative Resilience Planning ; Part 5: Transformation from Disaster and Crisis ; 17 Green Infrastructure in Reconstruction After the 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami: A Case Study of Historical Change on Awaji Island in Japan ; 18 The Long Term Economic Value of Holistic Ecological Planning for Disaster Risk ; 19 Disaster Response and Public Consultation in Cleaning Up Radioactive Contamination of the Environment ; 20 Building Resilience in Africa Through Transformation and a Green Economy: Challenges and Opportunities ; Part 6: Building Resiliency with Community ; 21 Community Based Environmental Design: Empowering Local Expertise in Design Charrettes ; 22 Solar-Based Decentralized Energy Solution - A Case of Entrepreneur Based Model from Rural India ; 23 The Importance of Social Capital in Building Community Resilience ; 24 The Veneer House Experience: The Role of Architects in Recovering Community After Disaster ; Part 7: Conclusion ; 25 Understanding Resilience Through the Lens of Change

Note: Front Cover --- Introduction to Satellite Remote Sensing --- Introduction to Satellite Remote Sensing: Atmosphere, Ocean, Land and Cryosphere Applications --- Copyright --- Dedication --- Contents --- 1 - THE HISTORY OF SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING --- 1.1 THE DEFINITION OF REMOTE SENSING --- 1.2 THE HISTORY OF SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING --- 1.2.1 THE NATURE OF LIGHT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY --- 1.2.2 THE BIRTH OF EARTH-ORBITING SATELLITES --- 1.2.3 THE FUTURE OF POLAR-ORBITING SATELLITES --- 1.2.3.1 The Cross-Track Infrared Sounder --- 1.2.4 OTHER HISTORICAL SATELLITE PROGRAMS --- 1.2.4.1 The NIMBUS Program --- 1.2.4.2 The Landsat Program --- 1.2.4.3 The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program --- 1.2.4.4 Geostationary Weather Satellites --- 1.2.4.4.1 GOES-R --- 1.3 STUDY QUESTIONS --- 2 - BASIC ELECTROMAGNETIC CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS TO OPTICAL SENSORS --- 2.1 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS --- 2.2 THE BASICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION --- 2.3 THE REMOTE SENSING PROCESS --- 2.4 THE CHARACTER OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES --- 2.4.1 DEFINITION OF RADIOMETRIC TERMS --- 2.4.2 POLARIZATION AND THE STOKES VECTOR --- 2.4.3 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION AT THE INTERFACE OF TWO FLAT MEDIA --- 2.4.4 BREWSTER'S ANGLE --- 2.4.5 CRITICAL ANGLE --- 2.4.6 ALBEDO VERSUS REFLECTANCE --- 2.5 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: DISTRIBUTION OF RADIANT ENERGIES --- 2.5.1 GAMMA, X-RAY, AND ULTRAVIOLET PORTIONS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM --- 2.5.2 VISIBLE SPECTRUM --- 2.5.3 THERMAL INFRARED SPECTRUM --- 2.5.4 MICROWAVE SPECTRUM --- 2.6 ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION --- 2.6.1 SPECTRAL WINDOWS --- 2.6.2 ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS --- 2.6.2.1 Beer-Lambert Absorption Law --- 2.6.2.2 Beer-Lambert Absorption Law: Opacity --- 2.6.2.3 Atmospheric Scattering --- 2.7 SENSORS TO MEASURE PARAMETERS OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE --- 2.8 INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION --- 2.9 INFRARED EMISSIONS --- 2.10 SURFACE REFLECTANCE: LAND TARGETS --- 2.10.1 LAND SURFACE MIXTURES --- 2.11 STUDY QUESTIONS --- 3 - OPTICAL IMAGING SYSTEMS --- 3.1 PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES --- 3.2 BASIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS --- 3.2.1 PRISMS --- 3.2.2 FILTER-WHEEL RADIOMETERS --- 3.2.2.1 An Example: The Cloud Absorption Radiometer --- 3.2.2.2 Filters --- 3.2.3 GRATING SPECTROMETER --- 3.2.4 INTERFEROMETER --- 3.3 SPECTRAL RESOLVING POWER --- THE RAYLEIGH CRITERION --- 3.4 DETECTING THE SIGNAL --- 3.5 VIGNETTING --- 3.6 SCAN GEOMETRIES --- 3.7 FIELD OF VIEW --- 3.8 OPTICAL SENSOR CALIBRATION --- 3.8.1 VISIBLE WAVELENGTHS CALIBRATION --- 3.8.2 POLARIZATION FILTERS --- 3.9 LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING --- 3.9.1 PHYSICS OF THE MEASUREMENT --- 3.9.2 OPTICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS --- 3.9.3 APPLICATIONS OF LIDAR SYSTEMS --- 3.9.4 WIND LIDAR --- 3.9.4.1 Vector Wind Velocity Determination --- 3.9.4.1.1 Velocity Azimuth Display LIDAR Vector Wind Method --- 3.9.4.1.2 Doppler Beam Swinging LIDAR Vector Wind Method --- 3.9.4.2 Direct Detection Doppler Wind LIDAR --- 3.9.4.3 LIDAR Wind Summary --- 3.10 STUDY QUESTIONS --- 4 - Microwave Radiometry --- 4.1 Basic Concepts on Microwave Radiometry --- 4.1.1 Blackbody Radiation --- 4.1.2 Gray-body Radiation: Brightness Temperature and Emissivity --- 4.1.3 General Expressions for the Emissivity --- 4.1.3.1 Simple Emissivity Models: Emission From a Perfect Specular Surface --- 4.1.3.2 Simple Emissivity Models: Emission From a Lambertian Surface --- 4.1.3.1 Simple Emissivity Models: Emission From a Perfect Specular Surface --- 4.1.3.2 Simple Emissivity Models: Emission From a Lambertian Surface --- 4.1.4 Power Collected by an Antenna Surrounded by a Blackbody --- 4.1.5 Power Collected by an Antenna Surrounded by a Gray body: Apparent Temperature and Antenna Temperature --- 4.2 The Radiative Transfer Equation --- 4.2.1 The Complete Polarimetric Radiative Transfer Equation --- 4.2.2 Usual Approximations to the Radiative Transfer Equation --- 4.3 Emission Behavior of Natural Surfaces --- 4.3.1 The Atmosphere --- 4.3.1.1 Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases --- 4.3.1.2 Attenuation by Rain --- 4.3.1.3 Attenuation by Clouds and Fog --- 4.3.2 The Ionosphere --- 4.3.2.1 Faraday Rotation --- 4.3.2.2 Ionospheric Losses: Absorption and Emission --- 4.3.3 Land Emission --- 4.3.3.1 Soil Dielectric Constant Models --- 4.3.3.2 Bare Soil Emission --- 4.3.3.3 Vegetated Soil Emission --- 4.3.3.4 Snow-Covered Soil Emission --- 4.3.3.5 Topography Effects --- 4.3.4 Ocean Emission --- 4.3.4.1 Water Dielectric Constant Behavior --- 4.3.4.2 Calm Ocean Emission --- 4.3.4.2.1 Influence of the Salinity --- 4.3.4.2.2 Influence of Frequency --- 4.3.4.2.3 Influence of the Water Temperature --- 4.3.4.3 Influence of the Sea State --- 4.3.4.3.1 Influence of the Look Angle --- 4.3.4.4 Emissivity of the Sea Surface Covered With Oil --- 4.3.4.5 Emissivity of the Sea Ice Surface --- 4.4 Understanding Microwave Radiometry Imagery --- 4.5 Applications of Microwave Radiometry --- 4.6 Sensors --- 4.6.1 Historical Review of Microwave Radiometers and Frequency Bands Used --- 4.6.2 Microwave Radiometers: Basic Performance --- 4.6.2.1 Spatial Resolution --- 4.6.2.1.1 Real Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.2.1.2 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.2.2 Radiometric Resolution --- 4.6.2.2.1 Real Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.2.2.2 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.2.3 Trade-off Between Spatial Resolution and Radiometric Precision --- 4.6.3 Real Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.3.1 Instrument Considerations --- 4.6.3.1.1 Antenna Considerations --- 4.6.3.1.2 Receiver Considerations --- 4.6.3.1.3 Sampling Considerations --- 4.6.3.2 Types of Real Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.3.3 Radiometer Calibration --- 4.6.3.3.1 External Calibration --- 4.6.3.3.1.1 Using Hot and Cold Targets --- 4.6.3.3.1.2 Fully Polarimetric Radiometer Calibration Using External Targets --- 4.6.3.3.1.3 Tip Curves --- 4.6.3.3.1.4 Earth Targets: Vicarious Calibration --- 4.6.3.3.2 Internal Calibration --- 4.6.3.3.3 Radiometer Linearity --- 4.6.3.4 Radio Frequency Interference Detection and Mitigation --- 4.6.3.5 Example: Special Sensor Microwave Imager Radiometric and Geometric Corrections --- 4.6.4 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.4.1 Types of Synthetic Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.4.1.1 Mills Cross --- 4.6.4.1.2 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers using Matched Filtering --- 4.6.4.1.3 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers using Fourier Synthesis --- 4.6.4.1.3.1 1D Synthetic Aperture Radiometers: Array Thinning --- 4.6.4.1.3.2 2D Synthetic Aperture Radiometers: Array Topologies --- 4.6.4.1.3.3 Other Synthetic Aperture Radiometer Concepts --- 4.6.4.2 Radiometer Calibration --- 4.6.4.2.1 Internal Calibration --- 4.6.4.2.2 External Calibration --- 4.6.4.3 Image Reconstruction --- 4.6.4.4 ESA's SMOS Mission and the MIRAS Instrument --- 4.6.5 Future Trends in Microwave Radiometers --- 4.7 Study Questions --- 5 - RADAR --- 5.1 A COMPACT INTRODUCTION TO RADAR THEORY --- 5.1.1 REMOTE RANGING --- 5.1.2 DOPPLER ANALYSIS --- 5.2 RADAR SCATTERING --- 5.2.1 RADAR FREQUENCY BANDS --- 5.2.2 NORMALIZATIONS OF THE RADAR REFLECTIVITY --- 5.2.3 POINT VERSUS DISTRIBUTED SCATTERERS --- 5.2.4 SPECKLE, MULTILOOK, AND RADIOMETRIC RESOLUTION --- 5.2.5 RADAR EQUATION --- 5.2.6 RADAR WAVES AT AN INTERFACE --- 5.2.7 MULTIPLE REFLECTIONS: DOUBLE BOUNCE, TRIPLE BOUNCE, AND URBAN AREAS --- 5.2.8 BACKSCATTERING OF SURFACES --- 5.2.9 PERIODIC SCATTERING: THE BRAGG MODEL --- 5.2.10 BACKSCATTERING OF VOLUMES --- 5.2.11 OVERALL SUMMARY OF RADAR BACKSCATTER --- 5.2.12 DEPOLARIZATION OF RADAR WAVES --- 5.3 RADAR SYSTEMS --- 5.3.1 RANGE-DOPPLER RADARS --- 5.3.2 OPTIMAL RECEIVER FOR A SINGLE ECHO: THE MATCHED FILTER --- 5.3.3 MATCHED FILTER VERSUS INVERSE FILTER --- 5.3.4 OPTIMAL RECEIVER FOR RANGE-DOPPLER RADAR ECHOES: THE BACKPROJECTION OPERATOR --- 5.3.5 RADAR WAVEFORMS --- 5.3.6 A PARADIGMATIC EXAMPLE: LINEAR FREQUENCY MODULATED PULSES (CHIRPS) --- 5.3.7 GEOMET

Note: Contents: INTRODUCTION ; 1: Ius Constitutionale Commune in América Latina: A Regional Approach to Transformative Constitutionalism ; PART I: FRAMEWORK ; 2: Ius Constitutionale Commune in América Latina: A Conceptual Clarification ; 3: Ius Constitutionale Commune in América Latina: Context, Challenges, and Perspectives ; 4: The Struggle for Rights and the Ius Constitutionale Commune ; 5: A Multidimensional Approach to Equality in the Inter-American Context: Redistribution, Recognition, and Participatory Parity ; 6: Transformative Constitutionalism and the Global South: The View from South Africa ; 7: Preserving the Acquis of Transformative Constitutionalism in Times of Constitutional Crisis: Lessons from the Hungarian Case ; PART II: THE DOMESTIC ELEMENT ; 8: The Mexican Constitution of 1917: An Early Example of Transformative Constitutionalism ; 9: The Amparo as an Instrument of Ius Constitutionale Commune ; 10: The Presidential System in Latin America: A Hallmark and Challenge to a Latin American Ius Constitutionale Commune ; 11: The Roberto Gargarella ; 12: The Block of Constitutionality as the Doctrinal Pivot of a Ius Commune ; 13: Inter-Americanization: Its Legal Bases and Political Impact ; PART III: THE INTER-AMERICAN ELEMENT ; 14: The Inter-American System of Human Rights: Essential Features ; 15: The American Human Rights Navigation: Toward a Ius Commune ; 16: The Conventionality Control as a Core Mechanism of the Ius Constitutionale Commune ; 17: The Transformative Dimension of Inter-American Jurisprudence ; 18: The Impact of Inter-American Judgments by Institutional Empowerment ; 19: The Added Value of the Inter-American Human Rights System: Comparative Thoughts

Note: Contents: Introduction ; Part 1 - Political Psychology ; 1 Understanding beliefs ; 2 The drunkyard's search ; Part 2 - Heuristics and Biases ; 3 Representativeness, foreign policy judgements, and theory-driven perceptions ; 4 Prospect theory: the political implication of loss aversion ; Part 3 - Political Psychology and International Relation Theory ; 5 Signaling and perception: projecting images and drawing inferences ; 6 Political psychology research and theory: bridges and barriers ; 7 Why intelligence and policymakers clash ; 8 Identit and the Colt War ; Part 4 - Psychology and National Security ; 9 Deterrence and perception ; 10 Psychology and crisis stability ; 11 Domino beliefs ; 12 Perception, misperception, and the end of the Cold War ; Index

Note: Contents: Field of Research in Sustainable Manufacturing ; Sustainability Dynamics ; Enabling Low-Carbon Development in Poor Countries ; Sustainable Solutions for Machine Tools ; Sustainable Technologies for Thick Metal Plate Welding ; Human-Centred Automation to Simplify the Path to Social and Economic Sustainability ; From Ecodesign to Sustainable Product/Service-Systems: A Journey Through Research Contributions over Recent Decades ; Design for High Added-Value End-of-Life Strategies ; Target-Driven Sustainable Product Development ; Future of Business Models in Manufacturing ; Material Reutilization Cycles Across Industries and Production Lines ; Integration of Sustainability into the Corporate Strategy ; Sustainable Value Creation—From Concept Towards Implementation ; Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment Approaches for Manufacturing ; Optimisation Methods in Sustainable Manufacturing ; Inducing Behavioural Change in Society Through Communication and Education in Sustainable Manufacturing

Note: Table of contents Abstract Zusammenfassung Abbreviations and nomenclatureI 1. Introduction 1.1 Scientific background 1.1.1 Permafrost and ground ice 1.1.2 Organic carbon pools and fluxes into the Arctic Ocean 1.1.3 Climate warming and permafrost thaw 1.1.4 Permafrost degradation and coastal erosion 1.1.5 Study area Yukon coast and Qikiqtaruk 1.2 Knowledge gaps 1.3 Aims and objectives 1.4 Thesis structure and author's contribution 2. Eroding permafrost coasts release low amounts of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from ground ice into the nearshore zone of the Arctic Ocean 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Study area 2.4 Methods 2.4.1 Field work 2.4.2 DOC concentration 2.4.3 DOC flux estimation 2.5 Results 2.5.1 Segmentation of the coast - literature synthesis 2.5.2 DOC concentration 2.5.3 DOC stocks and fluxes 2.6 Discussion 2.6.1 DOC concentrations in ground ice 2.6.2 DOC fluxes from the YC 2.6.3 DOC fluxes and the Arctic carbon budget 2.7 Conclusion and Outlook 2.8 Acknowledgements 3.Transformation of terrestrial organic matter along thermokarst-affected permafrost coasts in the Arctic 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Study area 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Field work 3.3.2 Sedimentology, stratigraphy, and vegetation 3.3.3 Organic matter 3.3.4 Statistics 3.3.5 Transformation of organic matter 3.3.6 Fate of organic matter in the nearshore zone 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Sedimentology, stratigraphy, and vegetation 3.4.2 Organic matter 3.4.3 C/N-ratios and δ13C 3.4.4 Biomarkers 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Transformation of organic matter in the disturbed zone 3.5.2 Fate of organic matter in the nearshore zone 3.5.3 Environmental impact of the RTS 3.6 Conclusion 3.7 Acknowledgements 4. Rapid greenhouse gas release from eroding permafrost coasts 4.1 Summary 4.2 Background 4.3 Study site 4.4 Sampling and incubation setup 4.5 Findings and discussion 4.6 Conclusion 4.7 Methods 4.7.1 Incubation conditions 4.7.2 Gas measurements 4.7.3 Geo- and hydrochemical analysis 4.8 Acknowledgements 5. Synthesis 5.1 Mobilization of permafrost OC pools by coastal erosion 5.2 Transformation of permafrost OM on transit from land to sea 5.3 Fate and pathways of permafrost OC in the nearshore zone 5.4 Conclusion and outlook References Appendix I: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in Arctic ground ice I-1 Abstract I-2 Introduction I-3 Study area and study sites I-4 Material and methods I-4-1 Laboratory analyses I-4-2 Statistical methods I-5 Results I-5-1 DOC and DIC concentrations I-5-2 Correlation matrix I-5-3 Principal components I-5-4 Univariate Tree Model (UTM) I-6 Discussion I-6-1 DOC stocks in ground ice and relevance to carbon cycling I-6-2 Carbon sequestration and origin in relation to inorganic geochemistry I-6-3 DOC mobility and quality upon permafrost degradation I-7 Conclusions and outlook I-8 Acknowledgements Appendix II: Supplementary material for Chapter 2 II-1 Supplementary table - Ground ice and geochemical data II-2 Supplementary table - Coastal segments and DOC flux Appendix III: Supplementary material for Chapter 3 III-1 Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index map III-2 Photograph of a massive ice bed in a RTS III-3 Calculation of biomarker proxies III-4 Supplementary table - Summary of geochemical data III-5 Supplementary table - Summary of statistical analysis AppendixI V: Supplementary material for Chapter 4 IV-1 Design of the incubation experiment IV-2 Photograph of a standard incubation setup IV-3 Conversion of gas amounts into mass IV-4 Total and daily aerobic CH4 production IV-5 Histogram summarizing OC losses and CO2 emissions IV-6 Supplementary table - Summary of TOC, DOC, and pH data IV-7 Supplementary table - Summary of TN, TOC/TN, and δ13C-TOC data IV-8 Supplementary table - Summary of total CO2 and CH4 production data IV-9 Supplementary table - Comparison of incubation setups IV-10 Supplementary table - Summary of daily CO2 production data IV-11 Supplementary table - Summary of daily CH4 production data Acknowledgements-Danksagung

Note: Contents: Recent Advances in the Emerging Field of Paleotempestology ; Archival Evidence of Secular Changes in Georgia Hurricanes: 1750–2012 ; Near-Time Sea Surface Temperature and Tropical Cyclone Intensity in the Eastern North Pacific Basin ; Modern Tropical Cyclone Wind Observation and Analysis ; Inland Tropical Cyclones and the “Brown Ocean” Concept ; Typhoon/Hurricane Disaster Prediction and Prevention for Coastal, Offshore, and Nuclear Power Plant Infrastructure ; The Use of Global Climate Models for Tropical Cyclone Risk Assessment ; High-Resolution Multi-decadal Simulation of Tropical Cyclones ; Analysis of Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Landfall Forecasts in Coupled GCMs on Seasonal and Decadal Timescales ; Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Changes in a Warmer Climate

Note: Contents: PART 1: INTRODUCTION ; 1. The Corporation and Financial Markets ; 2. Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis ; 3. Financial Decision Making and the Law of One Price ; PART II: TIME, MONEY, AND INTEREST RATES ; 4. The Time Value of Money ; 5. Interest Rates ; 6. Valuing Bonds ; PART III: VALUING PROJECTS AND FIRMS ; 7. Investment Decision Rules ; 8. Fundamentals of Capital Budgeting ; 9. Valuing Stocks ; PART IV: RISK AND RETURN ; 10. Capital Markets and the Pricing of Risk ; 11. Optimal Portfolio Choice and the Capital Asset Pricing Model ; 12. Estimating the Cost of Capital ; 13. Investor Behavior and Capital Market Efficiency ; PART V: CAPITAL STRUCTURE ; 14. Capital Structure in a Perfect Market ; 15. Debt and Taxes ; 16. Financial Distress, Managerial Incentives, and Information ; 17. Payout Policy ; PART VI: ADVANCED VALUATION ; 18. Capital Budgeting and Valuation with Leverage ; 19. Valuation and Financial Modeling: A Case Study ; PART VII: OPTIONS ; 20. Financial Options ; 21. Option Valuation ; 22. Real Options ; PART VIII: LONG-TERM FINANCING ; 23. Raising Equity Capital ; 24. Debt Financing ; 25. Leasing ; PART IX: SHORT-TERM FINANCING ; 26. Working Capital Management ; 27. Short-Term Financial Planning ; PART X: SPECIAL TOPICS ; 28. Mergers and Acquisitions ; 29. Corporate Governance ; 30. Risk Management ; 31. International Corporate Finance

Note: Dissertation, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2017 , Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation, research questions and overview 1.1.1 Rainfall estimation at high spatial and temporal resolution 1.1.2 Precipitation estimation with cars 1.1.3 Motion estimation from in-situ sensor data 1.2 Outline 2 Basics 2.1 Precipitation 2.1.1 Resolution, accuracy and precision of precipitation measurements 2.1.2 In-situ point measurements of precipitation by rain gauges 2.1.3 Weather radar 2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks 2.2.1 Modeling sensor networks 2.2.2 Sensor network algorithms and protocols 2.3 Statistics 2.3.1 Basics and notation 2.3.2 Regression 2.3.3 Stochastic processes 2.3.4 Stochastic filtering and the Kalman filter 2.3.5 Geostatistics 2.4 Interpolation methods 2.4.1 Inverse-Distance-Weighted 2.4.2 Ordinary kriging 2.4.3 Regression kriging 2.4.4 Cross-validation for performance assessment 2.5 Optical flow 2.5.1 Optical flow intensity conservation 2.5.2 Gradient-based optical flow 2.5.3 Probabilistic optical flow 3 Related Work 3.1 Quantitative precipitation estimation from rain gauges, weather radar and other data sources 3.1.1 Precipitation estimation with weather radar 3.1.2 Precipitation estimation by interpolation of rain gauges measurements 3.1.3 Geostatistical merging of radar and rain gauge data 3.1.4 Motion-based methods used in nowcasting 3.1.5 New data sources for precipitation estimation 3.2 Decentralized estimation with geosensor networks 3.2.1 Estimation of spatio-temporal field properties with GSN 3.2.2 Object-tracking with GSN 4 Methodology for precipitation intensity estimation at 1-min resolution 4.1 Time-window approach for estimation 4.1.1 Estimation of field motion 4.1.2 Weather radar upsampling 4.1.3 Variogram estimation 4.2 Estimation methods 4.2.1 Spatial rain gauge interpolation methods 4.2.2 Space-time symmetric rain gauge interpolation method 4.2.3 Space-time asymmetric rain gauge interpolation methods 4.2.4 Radar-rain gauge merging methods 4.2.5 Estimation methods solely based on radar 4.3 Summary 5 Methodology for precipitation intensity estimation with car sensors 5.1 Car sensors 5.1.1 Wiper Frequency Sensor 5.1.2 Xanonex optical sensor 5.1.3 Other sensors investigated 5.1.4 Experimental setup and preprocessing 5.2 Theoretical considerations for the calibration of the W-R relationship in the field . 5.3 Dependency between car speed, windscreen angle and sensor readings 5.3.1 Manually-operated windscreen wipers 5.3.2 Automatically-operated windscreen wipers 5.3.3 Xanonex optical sensor 5.4 Summary 6 Methodology for motion estimation with a geosensor network 6.1 Algorithm overview 6.2 Network and field model 6.3 Gradient constraint estimation in the network 6.3.1 Gradient constraint estimation from irregular data 6.3.2 Requirements on node stationarity and sampling synchronicity 6.3.3 Estimation of partial derivative error 6.3.4 Gradient constraint selection and derivation of gradient constraint error 6.4 Temporal coherence: Kalman filter for recursive motion estimation 6.4.1 Estimation of process noise Q 6.4.2 Estimation of measurement noise R 6.4.3 Difference to common Kalman filtering problems 6.5 Algorithm protocol 6.6 Algorithm complexity 6.6.1 Communication complexity 6.6.2 Load balance 6.6.3 Computational complexity of partial derivative estimation 6.6.4 Computational complexity of motion estimation 6.7 Summary 7 Results 7.1 Precipitation intensity estimation at 1-min resolution 7.1.1 Study area and data basis 7.1.2 Performance assessment via cross-validation 7.1.3 Exploratory and visual data analysis 7.1.4 Radar estimation and rain gauge cross-validation results 7.1.5 Summary 7.2 Precipitation intensity estimation with cars 7.2.1 Study area and data basis 7.2.2 Selection of the reference method 7.2.3 Manually-operated windscreen wipers 7.2.4 Automatically-operated windscreen wipers 7.2.5 Xanonex optical rain sensor 7.2.6 Results of experiments on the VW rain track 7.2.7 Summary 7.3 Motion estimation with a geosensor network 7.3.1 Study Area, sensor network and deployment strategies 7.3.2 Error measures 7.3.3 Setting the filter parameters 7.3.4 Results - simulated field 7.3.5 Results - radar field 7.3.6 Summary 8 Summary and discussion of the research hypotheses 8.1 Discussion of research hypotheses 1 and 2: 1-min precipitation intensity estimation 8.2 Discussion of research hypothesis 3: precipitation estimation with cars 8.3 Discussion of research hypothesis 4: decentralized motion estimation 8.4 Outlook 9 Appendix 9.1 Discussion on the 'frozen field' distance function 9.2 Executable Kalman filter equations for the motion estimation algorithm 9.3 Controllability and Observability of the Kalman filter for motion estimation List of Figures List of Tables References

Note: Contents Part I The Baltic Sea environment 1 Brackish water as an environment / Hendrik Schubert, Dirk Schories, Bernd Schneider, and Uwe Selig 2 Why is the Baltic Sea so special to live in? / Pauline Snoeijs-Leijonmalm and Elinor Andrén Part II Ecological processes in the Baltic Sea 3 Biogeochemical cycles / Bernd Schneider, Olaf Dellwig, Karol Kuliński, Anders Omstedt, Falk Pollehne, Gregor Rehder, and Oleg Savchuk 4 Patterns of biodiversity / Pauline Snoeijs-Leijonmalm 5 Biological invasions / Sergej Olenin, Stephan Gollasch, Maiju Lehtiniemi, Mariusz Sapota, and Anastasija Zaiko 6 Genetic diversity and evolution / Risto Väinölä and Kerstin Johannesson 7 Physiological adaptations / Hendrik Schubert, Irena Telesh, Mikko Nikinmaa, and Sergei Skarlato Part III Subsystems of the Baltic Sea ecosystem 8 The pelagic food web / Agneta Andersson, Timo Tamminen, Sirpa Lehtinen, Klaus Jürgens, Matthias Labrenz, and Markku Viitasalo 9 Life associated with Baltic Sea ice / David N. Thomas, Hermanni Kaartokallio, Letizia Tedesco, Markus Majaneva, Jonna Piiparinen, Eeva Eronen-Rasimus, Janne-Markus Rintala, Harri Kuosa, Jaanika Blomster, Jouni Vainio, and Mats A. Granskog 10 Deep soft seabeds / Urszula Janas, Erik Bonsdorff, Jan Warzocha, and Teresa Radziejewska 11 The phytobenthic zone / Hans Kautsky, Georg Martin, and Pauline Snoeijs-Leijonmalm 12 Sandy coasts / Teresa Radziejewska, Jonne Kotta, and Lech Kotwicki 13 Estuaries and coastal lagoons / Hendrik Schubert and Irena Telesh Part IV Monitoring and ecosystem-based management of the Baltic Sea 14 Biological indicators / Michael L. Zettler, Alexander Darr, Matthias Labrenz, Sigrid Sagert, Uwe Selig, Ursula Siebert, and Nardine Stybel 15 Bio-optical water quality assessment / Susanne Kratzer, Piotr Kowalczuk, and Sławomir Sagan 16 Chemical pollution and ecotoxicology / Kari K. Lehtonen, Anders Bignert, Clare Bradshaw, Katja Broeg, and Doris Schiedek 17 Ecosystem health / Maria Laamanen, Samuli Korpinen, Ulla Li Zweifel, and Jesper H. Andersen 18 Ecosystem goods, services and management / Jan Marcin Węsławski, Eugeniusz Andrulewicz, Christoffer Boström, Jan Horbowy, Tomasz Linkowski, Johanna Mattila, Sergej Olenin, Joanna Piwowarczyk, and Krzysztof Skóra Subject index Taxonomy index

Note: Contents Chapter 1. Introduction to the Landscapes and Landforms of Italy (Mauro Soldati) -- Part I: Physical Environment -- Chapter 2. The Great Diversity of Italian Landscapes and Landforms: Their Origin and Human Imprint (Mauro Marchetti) -- Chapter 3. Outline of the Geology of Italy (Alfonso Bosellini) -- Chapter 4. The Climate of Italy (Simona Fratianni) -- Chapter 5. Morphological Regions of Italy (Paola Fredi) -- Part II: Landscapes and Landforms. Chapter 6. The Glaciers of the Valle d’Aosta and Piemonte Regions: Records of Present and Past Environmental and Climate Changes (Marco Giardino) -- Chapter 7. Landscapes of Northern Lombardy: From the Glacial Scenery of Upper Valtellina to the Prealpine Lacustrine Environment of Lake Como (Irene Bollati) -- Chapter 8. The Adamello-Presanella and Brenta Massifs, Central Alps: Contrasting High-mountain Landscapes and Landforms (Alberto Carton) -- Chapter 9. Large Ancient Landslides in Trentino, Northeastern Alps, as Evidence of Post-glacial Dynamics (Alberto Carton) -- Chapter 10. The Dolomite Landscape of the Alta Badia (Northeastern Alps): A Remarkable Record of Geological and Geomorphological History (Mauro Marchetti) -- Chapter 11. The Vajont Valley (Eastern Alps): A Complex Landscape Deeply Marked by Landsliding (Alessandro Pasuto) -- Chapter 12. Karst Landforms in Friuli Venezia Giulia: From Alpine to Coastal Karst (Franco Cucchi) -- Chapter 13. The Tagliamento River: The Fluvial Landscape and Long-term Evolution of a Large Alpine Braided River (Nicola Surian).-Chapter 14. Lake Garda: An Outstanding Archive of Quaternary Geomorphological Evolution (Carlo Baroni) -- Chapter 15. Geomorphological Processes and Landscape Evolution of the Lagoon of Venice (Aldino Bondesan) -- Chapter16. The Po Delta Region: Depositional Evolution, Climate Change and Human Intervention Through the Last 5,000 Years (Marco Stefani) -- Chapter 17. Landscapes and Landforms Driven by Geological Structures in the Northwestern Apennines (Luisa Pellegrini) -- Chapter 18. Fingerprints of Large-scale Landslides in the Landscape of the Emilia Apennines (Giovanni Bertolini) -- Chapter 19. Mud Volcanoes in the Emilia-Romagna Apennines: Small Landforms of Outstanding Scenic and Scientific Value (Doriano Castaldini) -- Chapter 20. The Outstanding Terraced Landscape of the Cinque Terre Coastal Slopes (Eastern Liguria) (Pierluigi Brandolini) -- Chapter 21. Tuscany Hills and Valleys: Uplift, Exhumation, Valley Downcutting and Relict Landforms (Mauro Coltorti) -- Chapter 22. Landscapes and Landforms of the Duchy of Urbino in Italian Renaissance Paintings (Olivia Nesci) -- Chapter 23. Rocky Cliffs Joining Velvet Beaches: The Northern Marche Coast (Daniele Savelli) -- Chapter 24. The Typical Badlands Landscapes Between the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Tiber River (Maurizio Del Monte) -- 25. The Tuff Cities: A ‘Living Landscape’ at the Border of Volcanoes in Central Italy (Claudio Margottin) -- Chapter 26. A Route of Fire in Central Italy: The Latium Ancient Volcanoes (Paola Fredi) -- Chapter 27. Relief, Intermontane Basins and Civilization in the Umbria-Marche Apennines: Origin and Life by Geological Consent (Marta Della Seta) -- Chapter 28. The Terminillo, Gran Sasso and Majella Mountains: The ‘Old Guardians’ of the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Seas (Tommaso Piacentini) -- Chapter 29. Aeternae Urbis Geomorphologia - Geomorphology of Rome, Aeterna Urbs (Maurizio Del Monte) -- Chapter 30. Granite Landscapes of Sardinia: Long-term Evolution of Scenic Landforms (Rita T. Melis) -- Chapter 31. The Coastal Dunes of Sardinia: Landscape Response to Climate and Sea Level Changes (Rita T. Melis) -- Chapter 32. The Terrestrial and Submarine Landscape of the Tremiti Archipelago, Adriatic Sea (Enrico Miccadei) -- Chapter 33. Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei: Volcanic History, Landforms and Impact on Settlements (Pietro P.C. Aucelli) -- Chapter 34. Sorrento Peninsula and Amalfi Coast: The Long-term History of an Enchanting Promontory (Aldo Cinque) -- Chapter 35. The Coastal Landscape of Cilento (Southern Italy): A challenge for Protection and Tourism Valorisation (Alessio Valente) -- Chapter 36. The Salento Peninsula (Apulia, Southern Italy): A Water-shaped Landscape Without Rivers (Giuseppe Mastronuzzi) -- Chapter 37. The Landscape of the Aspromonte Massif: A Geomorphological Open-air Laboratory (Gaetano Robustelli) -- Chapter 38. Volcanic Landforms and Landscapes of the Aeolian Islands (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Sicily): Implications for Hazard Evaluation (Federico Lucchi) -- Chapter 39. Geomorphology of the Capo San Vito Peninsula (NW Sicily): An Example of Tectonically and Climatically Controlled Landscape (Valerio Agnesi) -- Chapter 40. Landforms and Landscapes of Mount Etna (Sicily): Relationships Between a Volcano, its Environment and Human Activity (Stefano Branca) -- Chapter 41. Pantelleria Island (Strait of Sicily): Volcanic History and Geomorphological Landscape (Silvio G. Rotolo) -- Part III: Geoheritage -- Chapter 42. Geoheritage in Italy (Maria Cristina Giovagnoli) -- Chapter 43. Geomorphodiversity in Italy: Examples from the Dolomites, Northern Apennines and Vesuvius (Mario Panizza) -- Chapter 44. Goethe’s Italian Journey and the Geological Landscape (Paola Coratza) -- Chapter 45. Wine Landscapes of Italy (Vincenzo Amato) -- Index

Note: Contents Part I Social Behavior in Rodents Conspecific Interactions in Adult Laboratory Rodents: Friends or Foes? / Michael Lukas and Trynke R. de Jong Recognizing Others: Rodent’s Social Memories / Judith Camats Perna and Mario Engelmann Social Odors: Alarm Pheromones and Social Buffering / Yasushi Kiyokawa Acoustic Communication in Rats: Effects of Social Experiences on Ultrasonic Vocalizations as Socio-affective Signals / Markus Wöhr, K. Alexander Engelhardt, Dominik Seffer, A. Özge Sungur and Rainer K.W. Schwarting From Play to Aggression: High-Frequency 50-kHz Ultrasonic Vocalizations as Play and Appeasement Signals in Rats / Theresa M. Kisko, Markus Wöhr, Vivien C. Pellis and Sergio M. Pellis The Psycho-Neurology of Cross-Species Affective/Social Neuroscience: Understanding Animal Affective States as a Guide to Development of Novel Psychiatric Treatments / Jaak Panksepp Social Reward and Empathy as Proximal Contributions to Altruism: The Camaraderie Effect / Garet P. Lahvis A Social Reinforcement Learning Hypothesis of Mutual Reward Preferences in Rats / Julen Hernandez-Lallement, Marijn van Wingerden, Sandra Schäble and Tobias Kalenscher Part II Social Behavior in Humans A Plea for Cross-species Social Neuroscience / Christian Keysers and Valeria Gazzola Models, Mechanisms and Moderators Dissociating Empathy and Theory of Mind / Philipp Kanske, Anne Böckler and Tania Singer Reward: From Basic Reinforcers to Anticipation of Social Cues / Lena Rademacher, Martin Schulte-Rüther, Bernd Hanewald and Sarah Lammertz Human Cooperation and Its Underlying Mechanisms / Sabrina Strang and Soyoung Q. Park The Social Neuroscience of Interpersonal Emotions / Laura Müller-Pinzler, Sören Krach, Ulrike M. Krämer and Frieder M. Paulus Deconstructing Anger in the Human Brain Gadi Gilam and Talma Hendler On the Control of Social Approach–Avoidance Behavior: Neural and Endocrine Mechanisms / Reinoud Kaldewaij, Saskia B.J. Koch, Inge Volman, Ivan Toni and Karin Roelofs Mapping Social Interactions: The Science of Proxemics / Cade McCall Part III Clinical Implications Genetic Animal Models for Autism Spectrum Disorder / Jan C. Schroeder, Dominik Reim, Tobias M. Boeckers and Michael J. Schmeisser Treatment Approaches in Rodent Models for Autism Spectrum Disorder / Susanna Pietropaolo, Wim E. Crusio and Francesca R. D’amato Neuroimaging-Based Phenotyping of the Autism Spectrum / Boris C. Bernhardt, Adriana Di Martino, Sofie L. Valk and Gregory L. Wallace Current Practice and Future Avenues in Autism Therapy / L. Poustka and I. Kamp-Becker The Social Context Network Model in Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases / Sandra Baez, Adolfo M. García and Agustín Ibanez Social-Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia Daniela Mier and Peter Kirsch The Programming of the Social Brain by Stress During Childhood and Adolescence: From Rodents to Humans / Stamatina Tzanoulinou and Carmen Sandi

Note: Contents Preface A Review of Source Models of the 2015 Illapel, Chile Earthquake and Insights from Tsunami Data / Kenji Satake and Mohammad Heidarzadeh, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1450-5 Rapidly Estimated Seismic Source Parameters for the 16 September 2015 Illapel, Chile Mw 8 3 Earthquake / Lingling Ye, Thorne Lay, Hiroo Kanamori and Keith D. Koper, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-015-1202-y Rupture Process During the 2015 Illapel, Chile Earthquake: Zigzag-Along-Dip Rupture Episodes / Ryo Okuwaki, Yuji Yagi, Rafael Aránguiz, Juan González and Gabriel González, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1271-6 Imaging Rupture Process of the 2015 Mw 8 3 Illapel Earthquake Using the US Seismic Array / Bo Li and Abhijit Ghosh, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1323-y Interseismic Coupling, Megathrust Earthquakes and Seismic Swarms Along the Chilean Subduction Zone (38°–18°S) / M. Métois, C. Vigny and A. Socquet, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1280-5 Low-Frequency Centroid Moment Tensor Inversion of the 2015 Illapel Earthquake from Superconducting-Gravimeter Data / Eliška Zábranová and Ctirad Matyska, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1252-9 Coseismic Fault Slip of the September 16, 2015 Mw 8 3 Illapel, Chile Earthquake Estimated from InSAR Data / Yingfeng Zhang, Guohong Zhang, Eric A. Hetland, Xinjian Shan, Shaoyan Wen and Ronghu Zuo, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1266-3 Analysis of the Illapel Mw = 8 3 Thrust Earthquake Rupture Zone Using GOCE-Derived Gradients / Orlando Álvarez, Agustina Pesce, Mario Gimenez, Andres Folguera, Santiago Soler and Wenjin Chen, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1376-y Chile2015: Lévy Flight and Long-Range Correlation Analysis of Earthquake Magnitudes in Chile / Maria P. Beccar-Varela, Hector Gonzalez-Huizar, Maria C. Mariani, Laura F. Serpa and Osei K. Tweneboah, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1334-8 Time-Based Network Analysis Before and After the Mw 8 3 Illapel Earthquake 2015 Chile / Denisse Pastén, Felipe Torres, Benjamín Toledo, Víctor Muñoz, José Rogan and Juan Alejandro Valdivia, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1335-7 Chilean Earthquakes: Aquifer Responses at the Russian Platform / Alina Besedina, Evgeny Vinogradov, Ella Gorbunova and Igor Svintsov, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1256-5 Ionospheric Plasma Response to Mw 8 3 Chile Illapel Earthquake on September 16, 2015 / C. D. Reddy, Mahesh N. Shrivastava, Gopi K. Seemala, Gabriel González and Juan Carlos Baez, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1282-3 Remote Sensing of Atmospheric and Ionospheric Signals Prior to the Mw 8 3 Illapel Earthquake, Chile 2015 / Mohammad Reza Mansouri Daneshvar and Friedemann T. Freund, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1366-0 Chile2015: Induced Magnetic Fields on the Z Component by Tsunami Wave Propagation / V. Klausner, T. Almeida, F. C. De Meneses, E. A. Kherani, V. G. Pillat and M. T. A. H. Muella, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1279-y First Report on Seismogenic Magnetic Disturbances over Brazilian Sector / V. Klausner, T. Almeida, F. C. De Meneses, E. A. Kherani, V. G. Pillat, M. T. A. H. Muella and P. R. Fagundes, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1455-0 The 16 September 2015 Chile Tsunami from the Post-Tsunami Survey and Numerical Modeling Perspectives / Rafael Aránguiz, Gabriel González, Juan González, Patricio A. Catalán, Rodrigo Cienfuegos, Yuji Yagi, Ryo Okuwaki, Luisa Urra, Karla Contreras, Ian Del Rio and Camilo Rojas, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-015-1225-4 Field Survey of the 2015 Chile Tsunami with Emphasis on Coastal Wetland and Conservation Areas / Manuel Contreras-López, Patricio Winckler, Ignacio Sepúlveda, Adolfo Andaur-Álvarez, Fernanda Cortés-Molina, Camila J. Guerrero, Cyntia E. Mizobe, Felipe Igualt, Wolfgang Breuer, José F. Beyá, Hernán Vergara and Rodrigo Figueroa-Sterquel, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-015-1235-2 A Study of the 2015 Mw 8 3 Illapel Earthquake and Tsunami: Numerical and Analytical Approaches / Mauricio Fuentes, Sebastián Riquelme, Gavin Hayes, Miguel Medina, Diego Melgar, Gabriel Vargas, José González and Angelo Villalobos, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1305-0 Real-Time Assessment of the 16 September 2015 Chile Tsunami and Implications for Near-Field Forecast / Liujuan Tang, Vasily V. Titov, Christopher Moore and Yong Wei, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-015-1226-3 . Comparison Between Tsunami Signals Generated by Different Source Models and the Observed Data of the Illapel 2015 Earthquake / Ignacia Calisto, Matthew Miller and Iván Constanzo, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1253-8 Tsunami Characteristics Along the Peru–Chile Trench: Analysis of the 2015 Mw8 3 Illapel, the 2014 Mw8 2 Iquique and the 2010 Mw8 8 Maule Tsunamis in the Near-field / R. Omira, M. A. Baptista and F. Lisboa, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-016-1277-0 Tsunami Penetration in Tidal Rivers, with Observations of the Chile 2015 Tsunami in Rivers in Japan / Elena Tolkova, DOI: 10.1007/s00024-015-1229-0

Note: Contents Part I Introduction 1 Understanding Change Through the Lens of Resilience / Wanglin Yan and Will Galloway Part II Recognizing Vulnerability 2 Japan After March 11th 2011: Between Swift Reconstruction and Sustainable Restructuring / Christian Dimmer 3 Climate Change Vulnerability of Olive Oil Groves in Dry Areas of Tunisia: Case Study in the Governorate of Médenine / Mohamed Ouessar 4 The Vehicle Transportation Problem in the Megacity São Paulo (Brazil) / Renato Cesar Sato and Luciana Ferreira da Silva 5 Disasters and Their Impacts on Air Quality in the Human Living Environment / Yoshika Sekine and Naohide Shinohara 6 Vulnerability of Pastoral Social-Ecological Systems in Mongolia / T. Chuluun, M. Altanbagana, Dennis Ojima, R. Tsolmon and B. Suvdantsetseg Part III Awareness and Preparedness for Change 7 The Importance of Information Availability for Climate Change Preparedness in the Cultural Heritage Sector: A Comparison Between the UK and Japan / Matthew Jones 8 Anticipating Environmental Change in Development Planning for the Archipelago of Indonesia / Abimanyu Takdir Alamsyah 9 Institutional and Technical Innovation in Pakistan for Resilience to Extreme Climate Events / Pervaiz Amir 10 Development of an International Institutional Framework for Climate Adaptation and Practice in Adaptation Planning in Developing Countries / Makoto Kato 11 Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation Products and Services by Japanese Companies with Base-of-the- Economic-Pyramid (BoP) Businesses / Tokutaro Hiramoto 12 Systems Established for Reconstruction After the Great East Japan Earthquake, and the Current Situation on the Ground / Sosuke Tanaka Part IV Tools and Methods for Building Resiliency 13 Developing an ICT-Based Toolbox for Resilient Capacity Building: Challenges, Obstacles and Approaches / Qian Ye, Xiaobing Hu and Zhangang Han 14 Development of Tools to Assess Vulnerability to Climate Change in South Asia / Upali Imbulana 15 Development Plan as a Tool to Improve the Disaster Resilience of Urban Areas / Ranjith Perera and Dzul Khaimi bin Khailani 16 Swarm Planning—Developing a Tool for Innovative Resilience Planning / Rob Roggema and Nikolay Popov Part V Transformation from Disaster and Crisis 17 Green Infrastructure in Reconstruction After the 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami: A Case Study of Historical Change on Awaji Island in Japan / Tomohiro Ichinose 18 The Long Term Economic Value of Holistic Ecological Planning for Disaster Risk / Misato Uehara 19 Disaster Response and Public Consultation in Cleaning Up Radioactive Contamination of the Environment / Mimi Nameki 20 Building Resilience in Africa Through Transformation and a Green Economy: Challenges and Opportunities / Andries Jordaan Part VI Building Resiliency with Community 21 Community Based Environmental Design: Empowering Local Expertise in Design Charrettes / Rob Roggema, Lisa Vos and John Martin 22 Solar-Based Decentralized Energy Solution—A Case of Entrepreneur Based Model from Rural India / Manjushree Banerjee, I.H. Rehman and Jitendra Tiwari 23 The Importance of Social Capital in Building Community Resilience / Daniel P. Aldrich 24 The Veneer House Experience: The Role of Architects in Recovering Community After Disaster / Hiroto Kobayashi Part VII Conclusion 25 Understanding Resilience Through the Lens of Change / Will Galloway and Wanglin Yan

Note: Introduction: extreme city , Capital sinks , Environmental blowback , Sea change , The jargon of resilience , Climate apartheid , Disaster communism , Conclusion: urban futures

Note: Contents Realistic Benchmarks for Point Cloud Data Management Systems / Peter van Oosterom, Oscar Martinez-Rubi, Theo Tijssen and Romulo Gonçalves Does a Finer Level of Detail of a 3D City Model Bring an Improvement for Estimating Shadows? / Filip Biljecki, Hugo Ledoux and Jantien Stoter Interactive and View-Dependent See-Through Lenses for Massive 3D Point Clouds / Sören Discher, Rico Richter and Jürgen Döllner Representation of CityGML Instance Models in BaseX / Sabine Koch and Marc-O. Löwner A Spatio-Semantic Query Language for the Integrated Analysis of City Models and Building Information Models / S. Daum, A. Borrmann and T.H. Kolbe A Methodology for Modelling of 3D Spatial Constraints / Daniel Xu, Peter van Oosterom and Sisi Zlatanova Reconstructing 3D Building Models with the 2D Cadastre for Semantic Enhancement / Frédéric Pedrinis and Gilles Gesquière A 3D LADM Prototype Implementation in INTERLIS / Eftychia Kalogianni, Efi Dimopoulou and Peter van Oosterom Web-Based Tool for the Sustainable Refurbishment in Historic Districts Based on 3D City Model / Iñaki Prieto, Jose Luis Izkara and Rubén Béjar Terrestrial Laser Scanners Self-calibration Study: Datum Constraints Analyses for Network Configurations / Mohd Azwan Abbas, Halim Setan, Zulkepli Majid, Albert K. Chong, Lau Chong Luh, Khairulnizam M. Idris and Mohd Farid Mohd Ariff Managing Versions and History Within Semantic 3D City Models for the Next Generation of CityGML / Kanishk Chaturvedi, Carl Stephen Smyth, Gilles Gesquière, Tatjana Kutzner and Thomas H. Kolbe Cartographic Enrichment of 3D City Models—State of the Art and Research Perspectives / Stefan Peters, Mathias Jahnke, Christian E. Murphy, Liqiu Meng and Alias Abdul-Rahman Comparison of 2D & 3D Parameter-Based Models in Urban Fine Dust Distribution Modelling / Yahya Ghassoun and M.-O. Löwner Investigating Semantic Functionality of 3D Geometry for Land Administration / George Floros, Eva Tsiliakou, Dimitrios Kitsakis, Ioannis Pispidikis and Efi Dimopoulou 3D Complete Traffic Noise Analysis Based on CityGML / Lu Lu, Thomas Becker and Marc-Oliver Löwner Highly Efficient Computer Oriented Octree Data Structure and Neighbours Search in 3D GIS / Noraidah Keling, Izham Mohamad Yusoff, Habibah Lateh and Uznir Ujang Framework for on an Open 3D Urban Analysis / Marc-O. Löwner and Thomas Becker Usability Assessment of a Virtual Globe-Based 4D Archaeological GIS / Berdien De Roo, Jean Bourgeois and Philippe De Maeyer Temporal and Spatial Database Support for Geothermal Sub-surface Applications / M. Jahn, M. Breunig, E. Butwilowski, P.V. Kuper, A. Thomsen, M. Al-Doori and E. Schill Automatic Semantic and Geometric Enrichment of CityGML Building Models Using HOG-Based Template Matching / Jon Slade, Christopher B. Jones and Paul L. Rosin Stochastic Buildings Generation to Assist in the Design of Right to Build Plans / Mickaël Brasebin, Julien Perret and Romain Reuillon 3D Marine Administration System Based on LADM / Aikaterini Athanasiou, Ioannis Pispidikis and Efi Dimopoulou Assessing the Suitability of Using Google Glass in Designing 3D Geographic Information for Navigation / Kelvin Wong and Claire Ellul Review and Assessment of Current Cadastral Data Models for 3D Cadastral Applications / Ali Aien, Abbas Rajabifard, Mohsen Kalantari and Ian Williamson The Hierarchical Three-Dimensional (3D) Dynamic Water Infiltration on Multi-layers of Soil According to Voronoi Sequence Nodes Based on the Three-Dimensional Triangular Irregular Network (3D TIN) / Siti Nurbaidzuri Reli, Izham Mohamad Yusoff, Habibah Lateh and Uznir Ujang A Data Model for the Interactive Construction and Correction of 3D Building Geometry Based on Planar Half-Spaces / Martin Kada, Andreas Wichmann, Nina Manzke and Yevgeniya Filippovska The Potential of the 3D Dual Half-Edge (DHE) Data Structure for Integrated 2D-Space and Scale Modelling: A Review / Hairi Karim, Alias Abdul Rahman, Pawel Boguslawski, Martijn Meijers and Peter van Oosterom Towards Integrating BIM and GIS—An End-to-End Example from Point Cloud to Analysis / Claire Ellul, Gareth Boyes, Charles Thomson and Dietmar Backes

Note: Contents 1 An Observational Overview of the Equatorial Ocean 1.1 The Thermocline: The Tropical Ocean as a Two-Layer Model 1.2 Equatorial Currents 1.3 The Somali Current and the Monsoon 1.4 Deep Internal Jets 1.5 The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 1.6 Upwelling in the Gulf of Guinea 1.7 Seasonal Variations of the Thermocline 1.8 Summary References 2 Basic Equations and Normal Modes 2.1 Model 2.2 Boundary Conditions 2.3 Separation of Variables 2.4 Lamb’s Parameter, Equivalent Depths, Kelvin Phase Speeds and All that 2.5 Vertical Modes and Layer Models 2.6 Nondimensionalization References 3 Kelvin, Yanai, Rossby and Gravity Waves 3.1 Latitudinal Wave Modes: An Overview 3.2 Latitudinal Wave Modes: Structure and Spatial Symmetries 3.3 Dispersion Relations: Exact and Approximate Frequencies 3.4 Analytic Approximations to Equatorial Wave Frequencies 3.4.1 Explicit Formulas 3.4.2 Long Wave Series 3.5 Separation of Time Scales 3.6 Forced Waves 3.7 How the Mixed-Rossby Gravity Wave Earned Its Name 3.8 Hough-Hermite Vector Basis 3.8.1 Introduction 3.8.2 Inner Product and Orthogonality 3.8.3 Orthonormal Basis Functions 3.9 Applications of the Hough-Hermite Basis: Linear Initial-Value Problems 3.10 Initialization Through Hough-Hermite Expansion 3.11 Energy Relationships 3.12 The Equatorial Beta-Plane as the Thin Limit of the Nonlinear Shallow Water Equations on the Sphere References 4 The “Long Wave” Approximation & Geostrophy 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Quasi-Geostrophy 4.3 The “Meridional Geostrophy”, “Low Frequency” or “Long Wave” Approximation 4.4 Boundary Conditions 4.5 Frequency Separation of Slow [Rossby/Kelvin] and Fast [Gravity] Waves 4.6 Initial Value Problems in an Unbounded Ocean, Linearized About a State of Rest, in the Long Wave Approximation 4.7 Reflection from an Eastern Boundary in the Long Wave Approximation 4.7.1 The Method of Images 4.7.2 Dilated Images 4.7.3 Zonal Velocity 4.8 Forced Problems in the Long Wave Approximation References 5 The Equator as Wall: Coastally Trapped Waves and Ray-Tracing 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Coastally-Trapped Waves 5.3 Ray-Tracing For Coastal Waves 5.4 Ray-Tracing on the Equatorial Beta-Plane 5.5 Coastal and Equatorial Kelvin Waves 5.6 Topographic and Rotational Rossby Waves and Potential Vorticity References 6 Reflections and Boundaries 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Reflection of Midlatitude Rossby Waves from a Zonal Boundary 6.3 Reflection of Equatorial Waves from a Western Boundary 6.4 Reflection from an Eastern Boundary 6.5 The Meridional Geostrophy/Long Wave Approximation and Boundaries 6.6 Quasi-normal Modes: Definition and Other Weakly Non-existent Phenomena 6.7 Quasi-normal Modes in the Long Wave Approximation: Derivation 6.8 Quasi-normal Modes in the Long Wave Approximation: Discussion 6.9 High Frequency Quasi-free Equatorial Oscillations 6.10 Scattering and Reflection from Islands References 7 Response of the Equatorial Ocean to Periodic Forcing 7.1 Introduction 7.2 A Hierarchy of Models for Time-Periodic Forcing 7.3 Description of the Model and the Problem 7.4 Numerical Models: Reflections and “Ringing” 7.5 Atlantic Versus Pacific 7.6 Summary References 8 Impulsive Forcing and Spin-Up 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Reflection of the Switched-On Kelvin Wave 8.3 Spin-Up of a Zonally-Bounded Ocean: Overview 8.4 The Interior (Yoshida) Solution 8.5 Inertial-Gravity Waves 8.6 Western Boundary Response 8.7 Sverdrup Flow on the Equatorial Beta-Plane 8.8 Spin-Up: General Considerations 8.9 Equatorial Spin-Up: Details 8.10 Equatorial Spin-Up: Summary References 9 Yoshida Jet and Theories of the Undercurrent 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Wind-Driven Circulation in an Unbounded Ocean: f-Plane 9.3 The Yoshida Jet 9.4 An Interlude: Solving Inhomogeneous Differential Equations at Low Latitudes 9.4.1 Forced Eigenoperators: Hermite Series 9.4.2 Hutton–Euler Acceleration of Slowly Converging Hermite Series 9.4.3 Regularized Forcing 9.4.4 Bessel Function Explicit Solution for the Yoshida Jet 9.4.5 Rational Approximations: Two-Point Padé Approximants and Rational Chebyshev Galerkin Methods 9.5 Unstratified Models of the Undercurrent 9.5.1 Theory of Fofonoff and Montgomery (1955) 9.5.2 Model of Stommel (1960) 9.5.3 Gill (1971) and Hidaka (1961) References 10 Stratified Models of Mean Currents 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Modal Decompositions for Linear, Stratified Flow 10.3 Different Balances of Forces 10.3.1 Bjerknes Balance 10.4 Forced Baroclinic Flow in the “Bjerknes” Approximation 10.4.1 Other Balances 10.5 The Sensitivity of the Undercurrent to Parameters 10.6 Observations of Subsurface Countercurrents (Tsuchiya Jets) 10.7 Alternate Methods for Vertical Structure with Viscosity 10.8 McPhaden’s Model of the EUC and SSCC’s: Results 10.9 A Critique of Linear Models of the Continuously-Stratified, Wind-Driven Ocean References 11 Waves and Beams in the Continuously Stratified Ocean 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Equatorial Beams: A Theoretical Inevitability 11.1.2 Slinky Physics and Impedance Mismatch, or How Water Can Be as Reflective as Silvered Glass 11.1.3 Shallow Barriers to Downward Beams 11.1.4 Equatorial Methodology 11.2 Alternate Form of the Vertical Structure Equation 11.3 The Thermocline as a Mirror 11.4 The Mirror-Thermocline Concept: A Critique 11.5 The Zonal Wavenumber Condition for Strong Excitation of a Mode 11.6 Kelvin Beams: Background 11.7 Equatorial Kelvin Beams: Results References 12 Stable Linearized Waves in a Shear Flow 12.1 Introduction 12.2 UðyÞ: Pure Latitudinal Shear 12.3 Neutral Waves in Flow Varying with Both Latitude and Height: Numerical Studies 12.4 Vertical Shear and the Method of Multiple Scales References 13 Inertial Instability, Pancakes and Deep Internal Jets 13.1 Introduction: Stratospheric Pancakes and Equatorial Deep Jets 13.2 Particle Argument 13.2.1 Linear Inertial Instability 13.3 Centrifugal Instability: Rayleigh’s Parcel Argument 13.4 Equatorial Gamma-Plane Approximation 13.5 Dynamical Equator 13.6 Gamma-Plane Instability 13.7 Mixed Kelvin-Inertial Instability 13.8 Summary References 14 Kelvin Wave Instability: Critical Latitudes and Exponentially Small Effects 14.1 Proxies and the Optical Theorem 14.2 Six Ways to Calculate Kelvin Instability 14.2.1 Power Series for the Eigenvalue 14.2.2 Hermite-Padé Approximants 14.2.3 Numerical Methods 14.3 Instability for the Equatorial Kelvin Wave in the Small Wavenumber Limit 14.3.1 Beyond-All-Orders Rossby Wave Instability 14.3.2 Beyond-All-Orders Kelvin Wave Instability in Weak Shear in the Long Wave Approximation 14.4 Kelvin Instability in Shear: The General Case References 15 Nonmodal Instability 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Couette and Poiseuille Flow and Subcritical Bifurcation 15.3 The Fundamental Orr Solution 15.4 Interpretation: The “Venetian Blind Effect” 15.5 Refinements to the Orr Solution 15.6 The “Checkerboard” and Bessel Solution 15.6.1 The “Checkerboard” Solution 15.7 The Dandelion Strategy 15.8 Three-Dimensional Transients 15.9 ODE Models and Nonnormal Matrices 15.10 Nonmodal Instability in the Tropics 15.11 Summary References 16 Nonlinear Equatorial Waves 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Weakly Nonlinear Multiple Scale Perturbation Theory 16.2.1 Reduction from Three Space Dimensions to One 16.2.2 Three Dimensions and Baroclinic Modes 16.3 Solitary and Cnoidal Waves 16.4 Dispersion and Waves 16.4.1 Derivation of the Group Velocity Through the Method of Multiple Scales 16.5 Integrability, Chaos and the Inverse Scattering Method 16.6 Low Order Spectral Truncation (LOST) 16.7 Nonlinear Equatorial Kelvin Waves 16.7.1 Physics of the One-Dimensional Advection (ODA) Equation: ut + cux + buux = 0 16.7.2 Post-Breaking: Overturning, Taylor Shock or “Soliton Clusters”? 16.7.3 Viscous Regularization of Kelvin Fronts: Burgers’ Equation And Matched Asymptotic Perturbation Theory 16.8 Kelvin-Gravity Wave Shortwave Resonance: Curving Fronts and Undulations 16.9 Kelvin Solitary and Cnoidal Waves 16.10 Corner Waves and the Cnoidal-Corner-Breaking Scenario 16.11 Rossby Solitary Waves 16.12 Antisymmetr

Note: Contents: 1 Overview ; 2 The anatomy of climate-related natural disasters ; 3 The rising threat of climate-related natural disasters ; 4 Climate change mitigation ; 5 Climate adaptation and disaster management ; 6 Transforming mindsets, motivation, and politics ; 7 A new development paradigm

Note: Contents: Part I: Dynamics of the Green Transition; 1. Introduction; 2. Evolutionary Dynamics of Our Industrial Civilization; 3. Ecomodernization –with ‘Chinese Characteristics’; 4. Sociotechnical Transitions: A Sixth Wave; 5. No Wonder China and India Are Pursuing Green Growth Strategies So Vigorously; 6. Finance Now Playing a Central Role in the Green Shift; 7. Can the China Model Be Utilized by Other Industrializing Countries?; 8. Green Growth Development Strategies, Local Content Requirements and World Trade; 9. Farewell Fossil Fuels; Part II: Sixth Wave Eco- Innovations; 10. Global Population Peaking […] and Urbanizing; 11. Energy That Is Clean, Cheap, Abundant – and Safe; 12. Reframing Renewables as Enhancing Energy Security; 13. The Myths of ‘Renewistan’; 14. Recirculation and Regeneration of Resources (Circular Economy); 15. Food and Fresh Water Production; 16. Energy, Water, Food for Cities: Deploying a Positive Triple Nexus; 17. Eco- Cities of the Future; 18. When Ceres Meets Gaia; Bibliography; Index.

Note: Contents: Fundamentals -- Applications of catastrophe modelling -- The perils in brief -- Building catastrophe models -- Developing a view of risk -- Summary and the future