ALBERT

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Раздел 1 - ПАЛЕОГЕОГРАФИЯ КРИОЛИТОЗОНЫ К созданию палеотемпературного сценария развития криосферы Северного полушария в позднечетвертичное время: сравнение изотопно-кислородных данных в ледяных жилах и ледниках / Васильчук Ю.К., Васильчук А.К. Почвенные образования заключительного этапа формирования лессово-ледовых отложений / Губин С.В. Эволюция криолитозоны западного сектора Арктики России в плейстоцене / Конищев В.И. Палеомерзлотные карты России эпох пос-ледних климатических экстремумов / Романовский И.И., Лисицына О.М. Уровни и возраст казанцевской морской трансгрессии на Восточном Таймыре (верхний плейстоцен) / Сулержицкий Л.Д., Арсланов Х.А., Герасимова С.А., Чернов С.Б., Фишер Э.Л. Развитие криолитозоны Российской Арктики-как основа для создания циркумарктической модели динамики криолитозо-ны в системе "шельф - континент" / Шполянская И.А., Розенбаум Г.Э. Изучение динамики криолитозоны по палинологическим данным / Шешина О.И. Раздел 2 - ПРОГНОЗ ЭВОЛЮЦИИ КРИОЛИТОЗОНЫ, МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ, МОНИТОРИНГ Теrшовое состояние криолитозоны Западной Сибири при воздействии климатических, геодинамических и техногенных факторов / Ан В.В., Девяткин В.И. Моделирование устойчивости криогенных ландшафтов севера Западной Сибири / Мельцер Л.И., Московченксi Д.В. Изменение геокриологических условий при случайных колебаниях климатических параметров / Минкин М.А., Дмитриева С.П., Кругикова В.А. Прогноз динамики криогенных геосистем северотаежной зоны Западной Сибири / Москаленко Н.Г. Прогноз эволюции криолитозоны на севере Западной Сибири (по данным мониторинга) / Павлов А.В. Комплексная диэлектрическая проницаемость мерзлых грунтов / Фролов А.Д. О перспективах использования комплексных площадных геофизических исследований криолитозоны / Хачай О.А., Бодин В.В., Новrородова Е.Н. Раздел 3 - ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ КОМПОНЕНТОВ КРИОГЕННЫХ ГЕОСИСТЕМ НА СУШЕ И ШЕЛЬФЕ СЕВЕРНОГО ЛЕДОВИТОГО ОКЕАНА Особенности инженерно-геокриологических условий северного отрезка проектируемой трассы железной дороги Обская - Бованенково / Ананьева Г.В. Криогенные процессы динамики береговой зоны арктических морей / Арэ Ф.Э. Теоретические основы конжеляционного льдообразования в криосфере Земли / Голубев В.И. Льдистость покровных отложений в бассейнах нижнего Вилюя и средней Лены / Конченко Л.А. Криогенные геосистемы Карского побережья и тенденции их развития / Корейша М.М., Леванrовская Н.П., Брушков А.В. Изменения состава и строения пород в зоне гипергенеза при термоденудации / Остроумов В.Е. Условия формирования засоленных покровных отложений Центральной Якутии / Пономарева О.Е. Результаты исследований эмиссии метана вдоль газопровода Надым - Пунга (северная часть Западной Сибири) / Ривкин Ф.М. О распределении метана в мерзлых породах на территории Бованенковского газоконденсатного месторождения на полуострове Ямал / Ривкин Ф.М. Криолитогенез и стратиграфия мерзлой толщи Центрального Ямала / Соломатин В.И., Коняхин М.А. Ивняковые тундры Ямала как индикатор засоленности поверх-ностных отложений / Украmщева Н.Г. Проблема создания и размещения криобанка семян редких и исчезающих видов растений в условиях вечной мерзлоты / Яшина С.Г., Шабаева Э.В., Розанов С.И. Раздел 4 - КРИОГЕННЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ Связь очагов активности нефтегазонакопления и глубинных криогенных источников / Бембель Р.М., Бембель С.Р., Кашин А.Е., Ласковец Е.Б. О прогнозе оползневой опасности в районах вечной мерзлоты при потеплении климата / Бондаренко Г.И. Сравнительный анализ математических моделей образования криотекстур / Горелик Я.Б., Колунин В.С., Пичугин О.И. Особенности механизма формирования переходного слоя и устойчивость насыпей в криолитозоне / Гречищев С.Е., Гречищева О.В. Реконструкция условий активизации криогенных оползней скольжения на полуострове Ямал / Егоров И.П., Лейбман М.О. Параметры фазового равновесия грунтовой влаги и динамика криолитосферы / Коновалов А.А. Количественное описание массопереноса в мерзлых породах на основе использования модели неоднородной среды / Комаров И.А. Особенности криолитогенеза в зоне абляции позднеплейстоценовых ледников / Котов, А. Н. О струйной дегазации углеводородов как источнике новообразований льда на шельфе Печорского моря / Мельников В.П., Спесивцев В.И., Куликов В.И. Метаногидраты в вечной мерзлоте: доказательства существования при низком геостатическом давлении / Ривкина Е.М., Гиличинский Д.А., Макк:ей К., Даллимор С., Остроумов В.Е. Раздел 5 - БАЗЫ ГЕОКРИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ДАННЫХ И ЭЛЕКТРОННЫЕ КАРТЫ Мощность многолетнемерзлых пород России и Монголии (база данных) / Конченко Л.А., Мельников Е.С. Карта криогенных геологических процессов криолитозоны России (м-б 1 : 7 500 ООО) / Мельников Е.С., Гравис Г.Ф., Конченко Л.А., Молчанова Л.С. Раздел 6 - КРИОГЕНЕЗ И ПРОЦЕССЫ ПОЧВООБРАЗОВАНИЯ Гелисоли: новый порядок, предлагаемый для почвенной таксономии США / Бокхейм Дж., Кимбл Дж.М., Тарнокай Ч., Чен-Лу-Пинr. Почвенный покров равнин и гор Новой Земли: состояние и динамика / Горячкин С.В. О классификации почв мерзлотных регионов / Макеев О.В. Почвы области вечной мерзлоты: обсуждение классификационной иерархии / Слеттен Р. Место криосолей в системе международной справочной базы по почвенным ресурсам / Соколов И.А., Наумов Е.М., Коmошков Д.Е. Педон - основная единица почвенных тел / Тарнокай Ч., Кимбл Дж.М., Бокхейм Дж., Чен-Лу-Пинr. Предложения по классификации мерзлотных почв для мировой справочной базы данных по почвенным ресурсам ФАО-ЮНЕСКО / Мажитова Г.Г., Забоева И.В., Втюрин Г.М. , In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Stuttgart: Kosmos; Frankh [in Komm.] (1958). 78 S.m.Abb.〈br〉([Kosmos.Ges.Ges.d. Naturfreunde.] Kosmos Bibliothek. 219.)

Note: Contents: Introduction ; The Classical Maximum Entropy Formalism: A Review ; PURE INVERSE PROBLEMS ; Basic Maximum Entropy Principle: Formulation and Extensions ; Formulation and Solution of Pure Inverse Problems ; Generalized Pure Inverse Problems ; LINEAR INVERSE PROBLEMS WITH NOISE ; Generalized Maximum Entropy (GME) and Cross-Entropy (GCE) Formulations ; Finite Sample Extensions of GME-GCE ; GENERAL LINEAR MODEL APPLICATIONS OF GME-GCE ; GME-GCE Solutions to Ill-conditioned Problems ; General Linear Statistical Model with a Non-scalar Identity Covariance Matrix Statistical Model Selection ; A SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC STATISTICAL RELATIONS ; Sets of Linear Statistical Models ; Simultaneous Equations Statistical Model ; LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR DYNAMIC SYSTEMS ; Estimation and Inference of Dynamic Linear Inverse Problems ; Linear and Non-linear Dynamic Systems with Control ; DISCRETE CHOICE-CENSORED PROBLEMS ; Recovering Information from Multinomial Response Data ; Recovering Information from Censored Response Data ; COMPUTATIONAL NOTES ; Computing GME-GCE Solutions ; Epilogue

Note: Contents: Preface ; Part 1: Fire environment ; 1 Wildland fire fundamentals ; 2 Fire behavior ; 3 Wildland fuels ; 4 Fire weather ; Part 2: Fire regime ; 5 Fire ecology ; 6 Fire and culture ; 7 Administration of fire regimes ; Part 3: Fire Management ; 8 Programs for fire management ; 9 Fire suppression ; 10 Prescribed fire ; Part 4: Global fire ; 11 Global fire ; Bibliography

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1997. - C130 schedule. - NGRIP 1997 schedule. - Overview of 1997 schedule. - Camp layout. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1997 sub programs. - CARDS Radar test. - KMS elevation measurements. - SITREP. - Terms of reference during the field operation. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1997. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Other useful information for Thule passengers. - Uplift 1997. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan. - Summary of frequencies used in Greenland. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Map of NGRIP camp. - NGRIP, Central Camp. - NGRIP trenches. - Map of NGRIP area. - Map of Greenland. - Map of the ice divide north of GRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Positions in Greenland. - Relevant distances and directions. - 1997 Twin Otter hours. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1998. - C130 schedule. - NGRIP 1998 schedule. - Overview of 1998 schedule. - Camp setup. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1998 sub programs. - SITREP. - Term of reference for the NG RIP field work. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1998. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Other useful information for Thule passengers. - Uplift 1998. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan. - Summary of frequencies used in Greenland. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Operation of NERA lnmarsat M terminal. - Map of NGRIP camp. - NGRIP trenches. - Map of NGRIP area. - Map of Greenland. - Map of the ice divide north of GRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Density vs temperature of hole liquid. - Surface measurements near NGRIP. - Positions in Greenland. - Relevant distances and directions. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1996. - C130 schedule. - NGRIP 1996 Schedule. - Overview of 1996 schedule. - Camp Layout. - Buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1996 Sub programs. - CARDS Radar test. - KMS Elevation measurements. - SITREP. - Terms of Reference during the field operation. - Accidents and Illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1996. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and Surrounding Area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Other useful information for Thule passengers. - Uplift 1996. - Typical specs for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan. - Summary of frequencies used in Greenland. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Map of GRIP camp. - NGRIP, Maps of one and two line set up. - NGRIP trenches. - Map of Greenland. - Map of north Greenland. - Map of ice divide north of GRIP. - Map of magnetic declination in Greenland. - Positions in Greenland. - Relevant distances and directions. - 1996 Twin Otter hours. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: Table of Contents: Climate and American People. - Earth's climate: A dynamic system. - Why does earth's climate change?. - Can we change the climate?. - The Greenhouse Effect. - Why are Greenhouse gas amounts increasing?. - Aerosols: Sunscreen for the planet?. - How has climate changed in the past century?. - Can we predict climate change?. - What do climate models tell us about our future?. - Where do we go from here?

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Introduction Elastomers and sealant formulations Mechanical behavior of sealants Phenomenological behavior of rubbers and elastomers Hyperelastic constitutive model Examples of sealant behavior Mechanical response of seals Basic structural geometry and loading configurations of seals Conventional performance testing for studying the load and deformation response of joint and crack seals Response of seals to joint movements Summary and recommendations Literature cited Abstract

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Measurements and results Tunnel North-south trench East-west trench Deep pit Theoretical development Sorge's Law Deformation of acylindrical tunnel in a viscous compressible medium Discussion Tunnel Trenches Deep pit References Appendix

Note: Contents Introduction Acknowledgements Classification of British diatoms New combinations References Description of plates Index to the genera and plates

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Summary Introduction Temperature correction factors Crushing strength Tensile strength · Shear strength Torsional shear strength Work of disaggregation of snow Angle of internal friction and apparent unit cohesion Discussion of results References

Note: CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Instrumentation Recording of data III. Results Global radiation Albedo of snow Diffuse sky radiation Effect of clouds on radiation Atmospheric and terrestrial radiation Effect of low sun angle on measured radiation Global radiation gradient Atmospheric transmission coefficient Heat balance of snow cover Applied use of solar energy References. Appendix

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Results at Site 2 Discussion References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Derivation of mean annual air temperature data Annual accumulation References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Principle of measuring the visco-elastic nature of snow and ice by the vibration method Experimental method for determination of visco-elastic properties of snow and ice Visco-elastic properties of tunnel ice Elastic properties of snow samples from the deep pit Elastic properties of core samples obtained by drilling Elastic properties of snow near the ice-cap surface Vertical variation of Young's modulus near the surface Wind-packed snow Peter snow Relation between Young's modulus and density of snow Relation between Young's modulus and density over the range from surface snow to ice Supplementary experiments on the elastic nature of snow and ice at Site 2 Anisotropy of Peter snow Age hardening Temperature dependence of Young's modulus of core ice Viscosity measurement of snow and ice in Greenland Further experiments on the elastic nature of tunnel ice Temperature dependence of Young's modulus Frequency dependence of Young's modulus Further experiments on the viscous nature of tunnel ice Temperature dependence of loss factor Activation energy Frequency dependence of loss factor and viscosity Relation between viscosity and density Conclusions References Appendix: Experimental data

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Apparatus Specimens Experimental procedures and results Analysis of the data Discussion References

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Definition of whiteout Scope of this study Instrumentation and observations Location of project: Fog particle measurements Atmospheric humidity measurements Visibility measurements Air temperature measurements Radiation measurements Atmospheric nuclei Observations of fog whiteout Conditions prior to onset of whiteout Conditions at time of arrival and during whiteout Micro-structure of fog whiteout Analysis of moisture balance during two selected cases Synoptic situation for case 1 Synoptic situation for case 2 Computations Attempts at fog whiteout dispersal References Appendix A - Freezing nuclei observations Appendix B - Absolute humidity gradient data

Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction and statement of the problem Solution of the boundary value problems for simply supported boundaries Semi-infinite plate Wedge-shaped plate Rectangular corner plate Infinite strip Semi-infinite strip Rectangular plate Remarks on the problem of arbitrary load distribution References Appendix A Appendix B

Note: Masterarbeit, University of Waterloo, 1995 , TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE AUTHOR'S DECLARATION BORROWER'S PAGE ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DEDICATION LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF PLATES CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 PURPOSE 1.3 OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 THERMAL REGIME 2.3 INHERENT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 2.4 HYDROLOGICAL REGIME 2.5 INTEGRATED STUDIES 2.6 SUMMARY CHAPTER 3 STUDY SITE LOCATION 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 REGIONAL CLIMATE 3.3 GEOLOGY 3.4 VEGETATION 3.5 COLOUR LAKE BASIN CHAPTER4 INHERENT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVE LAYER 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 METHODS 4.3 RESULTS 4.4 DISCUSSION 4.4.1 SS, EIF and GC Transects 4.4.2 Permafrost Transects 4.5 SUMMARY CHAPTER 5 THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVE LAYER 5.1 lNTRODUCTION 5.2 THEORY 5.2.1 Energy Balance 5.2.2 Active Layer Development 5.3 METHODS 5.3.1 Energy Balance 5.3.2 Ground Thermal Regime 5.3.3 Predicting of Active Layer Depths 5.4 RESULTS 5.4.1 Energy Balance 5.4.2 Ground Thermal Regime 5.4.3 Predicting Active Layer Depths 5.5 DISCUSSION 5.S.1 Energy Balance 5.5.2 Ground Temperatures and Ground Heat Flux 5.5.3 Predicting Active Layer Depths 5.6 SUMMARY CHAPTER 6 HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ACTIVE LAYER 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 THEORY 6.2.1 Moisture Distribution 6.2.2 Maximum Storage within the Active Layer 6.3 METHODS 6.3.1 Moisture Profiles Using TDR 6.3.2 Precipitation and Evaporation 6.3.3 Changes in Water Storage in the Active Layer 6.3.4 Maximum Water Storage in the Active Layer 6.4 RESULTS 6.4.1 Moisture Distribution 6.4.1.1 Water Content Peaks 6.4.1.2 Apparent Unfrozen Water Content 6.4.1.3 Temporal Trends of a Typical Moisture Profile 6.4.1.4 Deviations from a Typical Site 6.4.1.5 Moisture Distribution Along a Hillslope 6.4.2 Precipitation Infiltration 6.4.3. Water Storage 6.5 DISCUSSION 6.5.1 Effect of Hydrology on Active Layer Development 6.5.1.1 Precipitation 6.5.1.2 Ice and Water Content 6.5.1.3 Seasonal Changes in Soil Moisture Distribution 6.5.2 Effect of Active Layer on Hydrology 6.5.2. 1 Impermeable Boundary 6.5.2.2 Subsurface Ponding 6.5.2.3 Permafrost/Active Layer Boundary Topography 6.5.2.4 Effect of Active Layer Hydrology on Surface Water 6.6 SUMMARY CHAPTER 7 CLIMATE CHANGE AND ACTIVE LAYER DEVELOPMENT 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 SUMMARY 7.3 CLIMATE CHANGE 7.3.1 Introduction 7.3.2 Increase of Temperature 7.3.3 Changing Precipitation 7.4 REMOTE SENSING 7.5 RECOMMENDATION FOR FuRTHER RESEARCH APPENDIX A PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS APPENDIX A.1: ACTIVE LAYER DEPTHS APPENDIX B THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS APPENDIX B.1: BASE CAMP METEOROLOGICAL STATION OBSERVATIONS APPENDIX B.2: DAILY ENERGY-BALANCE SUMMARY APPENDIX B.3: MONTHLY AVERAGES FROM THE DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE METEOROLOGICAL STATION APPENDIX B.4: EXAMPLE OF DIURNAL FLUCTUATIONS IN TEMPERATURE AND ENERGY BALANCE COMPONENTS APPENDIX B.5: SOIL TEMPERATURES AT THE INTENSIVE STUDY SITES APPENDIX B.6: ACCUMULATED THAWING DEGREE DAYS APPENDIX B.7: CURVE FOR FENWALL THERMISTORS APPENDIX B.8: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN √ADDT AND √TT APPENDIX C HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS APPENDIX C.1: VOLUMETRIC WATER CONTENT VALUES APPENDIX C.2: POTENTIAL INFILTRATION REFERENCES , Englisch

Note: Table of Contents Chapter 1 Analysis / John S. Robertson, Karen Bolinger, Lawrence M. Glasser, Neil J.A. Sloane, and Rob Gross Chapter 2 Algebra / Brad Wilson, John Michaels, Patrick J. Driscoll, and Rob Gross Chapter 3 Discrete Mathematics / George K. Tzanetopoulos, Jeff Goldberg, Joseph J. Rushanan, and Mel Hausner Chapter 4 Geometry / Ray McLenaghan and Silvio Levy Chapter 5 Continuous Mathematics / Catherine Roberts and Ray McLenaghan Chapter 6 Special Functions / Ahmed I. Zayed, Nicco M. Temme, and Paul Jameson Chapter 7 Probability and Statistics / William C. Rinaman, Christopher Heil, Michael T. Strauss, Michael Mascagni, and Mike Sousa Chapter 8 Scientific Computing / Gary Stanek Chapter 9 Financial Analysis / Daniel Zwillinger Chapter 10 Miscellaneous / Michael T. Strauss, Rob Gross, and Victor J. Katz List of Notations Index

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala, 1997 , Contents Frozen soil hydrology Review and practical relevance The complex frozen soil environment Objectives Heat exchange above and within frozen soils Heat exchange at the snow surface Heat transfer through the snow pack Soil freezing characteristic curve Frost-induced solute redistribution Water infiltration and redistribution in frozen soil Experimental work Modelling Model versus measurements Conclusions Ongoing and future work Improved description of the processes at the pore scale Improved description of the snow pack Link to larger-scale models References Acknowledgments , Englisch

Note: Contents Summary Introduction Material and Methods 2.1 Experimental Approach and Concept 2.2 Cold Chamber Experiments 2.2.1 Packed Sand Columns 2.2.2 Undisturbed Soil Monolith 2.3 Tracer Extraction and Determination of Tracer Concentrations 2.4 Digital Image Analysis 2.4.1 Photographic Recording 2.4.2 Image Analysis 2.4.3 Statistical Regression Analysis 2.5 Fluorescence Imaging 2.6 Low-Temperature SEM and X-Ray Analysis 2.7 Numerical Simulation 2.7.1 Model Description 2.7.2 Model Application 3 Results From Cold Chamber Experiments 3.1 Packed Sand Columns (Experiment I-III) 3.1.1 Infiltration Behaviour (Experiment I-III) 3.1.2 Dye Tracer Distribution (Experiment III) 3.1.3 Mass Recovery of Dye Tracers (Experiment III) 3.1.4 Vertical Distribution of Dye Tracers Determined From Large Sections (Experiment III) 3.2 Undisturbed Soil Monolith (Experiment IV) 3.2.1 Infiltration Behaviour 3.2.2 Dye Tracer Distributions 3.2.3 Mass Recovery of all Tracers Determined From Large Sections 3.2.4 Vertical Distribution of all Tracers Determined From Large Sections 4 Results From Low-Temperature SEM and X-Ray Analysis 4.1 Dry Sand and Loam 4.2 Wet Sand 4.3 Wet Loam 5 Modelling Results 5.1 Thermal Regime 5.2 Water Content Profile Before the Irrigation 5.3 Infiltration Behaviour 5.4 Water Content Profile After the Irrigation 5.5 Solute Transport 5.6 Energy Exchange at the Surface 6 Conclusions 6.1 Conclusions About the Methods 6.2 Conclusions About the Water Infiltration in Frozen Soil List of Figures List of Tables Bibliography

Note: Abstract Résumé Acknowledgments Welcome to Yellowknife Part I: The landscape and the people Geological evolution of the landscape Bedrock geology Surficial geology Climate and vegetation History of Yellowknife From gold to government Significant events Part II: Living with frozen ground Permafrost Regional distribution Permafrost occurrence in Yellowknife Significance of peat Significance of moisture Ice lenses Thaw stable and thaw unstable ground Thaw settlement Frost heave Development Buildings Roads Utilities Thermosyphons Climate change - an uncertain future for permafrost Climate and permafrost history Air temperature trends over the last century Response of air temperatures to doubling of greenhouse gases Effect of climate warming on permafrost in Yellowknife Impacts of climate warming Part III: Guide to field stops Introduction The Capital Tour - Capital Site to Bowling Green building Stop 1. The Capital Site - a profusion of peat Stop 2. Legislative Assembly - design with nature Stop 3. Legislative Assembly roadway - perils of paving peat Stop 4. Walking path - tipping trails Stop 5. Legislative Assembly parking lot - preserving permafrost Stop 6. Frame Lake - Yellowknife's aquatic centrepiece Stop 7. National Defence building - seeking solid ground Stop 8. Visitors Centre - rocking and rolling Stop 9. 49 Street thermosyphons - keeping it cool Stop 10. Bowling Green building - swallowing sidewalks The City Tour - 49 Avenue to Niven Lake Stop 11. 49 and 49 intersection - rolling roadways Stop 12. 49 Avenue - sagging sidewalks Stop 13. Downtown Yellowknife - safe on sand Stop 14. Gold Range Hotel - making things work Stop 15. Centre Square Mall - stemming shifting sands Stop 16. Boston Pizza - fast food on a slab Stop 17. Royal Oak Mines Inc. houses - half a century later Stop 18. 52 Avenue - up, up, and ... away Stop 19. 49 Street hill - leaving good ground Stop 20. 54 Avenue - frozen dangers underfoot Stop 21. Rockcliffe Apartments - creeping crawl space Stop 22. School Draw subdivision - houses on the move Stop 23. School Draw Park - from basements to basketballs Stop 24. Rock outcrop - on the shores of glacial Lake McConnell Stop 25. Detah ice road - crystal highway Stop 26. Old Town - doing things the old-fashioned way Stop 27. Franklin Avenue - whither frozen ground? Stop 28. Fritz Theil Park - from dump to diamond I Stop 29. Old sewage line - pipes and peat Stop 30. Niven Lake - a subarctic oasis I Part IV: The Niven Lake Trail Introduction Stop 1. A biological magnet for waterbirds Stop 2. The land of little sticks Stop 3. The wonder of wetlands Stop 4. Niven Lake -urban oasis for wildlife Stop 5. Peat, beautiful peat Stop 6. Honolulu north? Stop 7. Home sweet home -all year round Stop 8. Those mud-slinging, bug-poking shorebirds Glossary of terms Selected references List of field guides for Yellowknife

Note: Contents: Introduction / P. J. le B. Williams. - The management and behaviour of the Mesocosms / P. J. le B. Williams and J. K. Egge. - Evolution of phytoplankton pigments in Mesocosm experiments / R. G. Barlow, R. F. C. Mantoura, D. G. Cummings, D. W. Pond and R. P. Harris. - Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) gene expression and photosynthetic activity in nutrient-enriched Mesocosm experiments / M. Wyman, J. T. Davies, K. Weston, D. W. Crawford and D. A. Purdie. - Bacterial response to blooms dominated by diatoms and Emiliania huxleyi in nutrient-enriched Mesocosms / R. Sanders and D. A. Purdie. - Population dynamics of phytoplankton and viruses in a phosphate-limited Mesocosm and their effect on DMSP and DMS production / W. H. Wilson, S. Turner and N. H. Mann. - Microplanktonic polyunsaturated fatty acid markers: a Mesocosm trial / D. W. Pond, M. V. Bell, R. P. Harris and J. R. Sargent.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: Natural-resource regionalization of Russia / I. L. Savelyeva. - Ecological substantiation of land improvement in Russia / V. M. Ivonin. - Soil and geochemical mapping for purposes of environment conservation / A. D. Abalakov, E. G. Nechaeva, A. I. Schetnikov. - Equiplains and equiplainazation in the mountains of South Siberia / L. N. Ivanovsky. - Environmental control. - Changes of natural conditions under the influence of reservoirs / Yu. B. Trzhtsinsky, E. A. Kozyreva, O. A. Mazayeva. - Consequences of Severomuisky tunnel construction / L. L. Shabynin. - On heavy metals content in glaciers of Katunsky Ridge / A. A. Bondarovich. - Changes of mercury concentration in natural objects of the ecosystem of Kureiskoye Reservoir / L. M. Sorokovikova, L. D. Andrulaitis, V. M. Domysheva. - Nature management in the Baikal Basin. - Dam lakes of the East Siberia rifts' floor: the evidence from the past and likelyhood in the future / A. A. Kulchitsky, T. M. Skovitina, G. F. Ufimtsev. - Changes of state of the South Baikal Shelf under the influence of drainage waters from the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill (BPPM) / E. I. Grosheva, R. P. Loseva, N. I. Kchotilovitch, G. N. Voronskaya, G. V. Belyavtseva, N. P. Melchakova, E. V. Shisiareva. - Patterns of structure and development of mountain landscapes of Pribaikalye (on the example of Baikal Ridge) / V. M. Plyusnin. - Geomorfological processes of the Priolkhonye in Holocene / S. A. Makarov. - Regional problems of nature studying and using the natural resources. - Special features of river bends in variuos natural environments (on the example of rivers Vychegda, Tchulym, Viluyi) / A. S. Zavadsky, L. N. Nikitina, R. S. Chalov. - The relief of and contemporary exogenic processes in the basins of Tsipa Branch (North-West of Zabaikalye) / V. B. Vyrkin. - Loose deposits and exogenic processes on the watershed of rivers Kaya and Irkut / D. D. Perevoznikov. - Quaternary volcanic ash in landscapes of Northern Priochotye / A. A. Galanin, O. P. Galanina. - Dynamics of landscape-climatic turns in the PriYenisei part of Kasskaya Plain in Holocene / A. D. Koshkarov, V. L. Koshkarova. - Consentration of microelements, and its season changes in conditions of PriokskoTerrasny biosphere nature reserve / S. V. Litkens. - Development and allocation of productive forces. - Restoration of sea bottom ecosystems (ecologic-economical aspect) / V. V. Zharikov, B. V. Preobrazhensky. - An assessment of territorial ecological balance in the Krasnoyarsk industrial-urban agglomeration / A. E. Miroshnikov, T. P. Strimzha, O. V. Antsiferova, N. A. Kochneva, S. V. Maksimova. - Traditional culture as base of sustainable development of indigenous people of the North / D. D. Mangataeva, G. Fondale. - Techniques of scientific studies. - Principles and methods of desighning ecologic-geographical maps using satellite imagery / B. L. Kochurov, N. N. Malakhova. - Nature-ecological assessment of urban environmental quality / T. I. Konovalova, I. E. Trofimova. - Some approaches to assessment of climate resources / L. B. Bashalkhanova. - An appraisement of thunderstorms and fire danger in forests of the left bank of River Yenisei / V. A. Ivanov, G. A. Ivanova. - Experimental creation of an artificial dune on the sandy shore of the Black Sea / Yu. D. Shuisky, G. V. Vykhovanets. - Geography abroad. - Heavy metals in bio-objects of fresh water ecosystems of Japan / P. V. Ivashov, S. E. Sirotsky. - Maunder minimum of solar activity in the evolution of natural environment of Eastern Mongolia / V. P. Chichagov. - Reviews. - Conception of sustainable development in the Irkutsk Region / Yu. P. Michailov. - Integrational potential of Geography / A. P. Chechel. - State of landscapes: the book on detailed researches in Priladozhie / V. A. Snytko. - Chronicles. - Geoinformation technologies in the environmental mapping: the International Conference in Irkutsk / A. R. Batuev, V. A. Chervyakov. - The simposium in Poland: eolian processes and shapes of the relief / T. Schipek, G. N. Martyanova, V. A. Snytko. - Geographical scientific conferences in Smolensk / V. B. Pozdeev. - Anniversaries. - On the 75-th anniversary of Aleksey Alexandrovitch Nedeshev. , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: 1 The Biological Paradigm ; 2 Threshold Logic ; 3 Weighted Networks - The Perceptron ; 4 Perceptron Learning ; 5 Unsupervised Learning and Clustering Algorithms ; 6 One and Two Layered Networks ; 7 The Backpropagation Algorithm ; 8 Fast Learning Algorithms ; 9 Statistics and Neural Networks ; 10 The Complexity of Learning ; 11 Fuzzy Logic ; 12 Associative Networks ; 13 The Hopfield Model ; 14 Stochastic Networks ; 15 Kohonen Networks ; 16 Modular Neural Networks ; 17 Genetic Algorithms ; 18 Hardware for Neural Networks

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1999. - LC130 schedule. - NGRIP 1999 schedule. - Overview of 1999 schedule. - lnfo for August1998 meeting. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1999 sub programs. - SITREP. - Term of reference for the NGRIP field work. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1999. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NG RIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Uplift 1998. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan and frequencies used. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Operation of Thrane & Thrane STDC telex terminal. - Operation of NERA lnmarsat M terminal. - Map of NGRIP camp. - NGRIP inclined pit and trenches. - Map of NGRIP Region. - Map of Greenland and North Greenland. - Map of skiway. - Ice divide North of NGRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Glycol specification. - Density vs temperature of hole liquid. - Positions in Greenland, distances and directions. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: Teilweise in kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents: 1. Personnel at DC. - 2. Summary timetable of events for EPICA personnel. - 3. Transport to/from DC for EPICA personnel. - 4. Building period. - 5. Scientific activity - equipment layout. - 6. Science processing line. - 7. Results from this season. - 8. General comments on communications, logistics and general status of the camp. - 9. Tasks that EPICA personnel need to do next season. - 10. Recommendations for 1998/99. - 11. Acknowledgements.

Note: CONTENT: Introduction / M. Latif. - Graphic & Design at the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology / Norbert P. Noreiks. - Atmospheric Modelling. - First results from ECHAM-5 / Erich Roeckner. - QBO experiments with MA/ECHAM4 and ECHAMS / Marco A. Giorgetta. - Using prognosed sub-grid scale cloud variability in shortwave radiation code / Georg Bäuml, Adrian Tompkins, Erich Roeckner. - Using ClearCase for ECHAMS Development / Monika Esch. - Estimation of Systematic Errors Using ECHAM in Data Assimilation Mode / Ingo Kirchner. - Atmospheric data assimilation activities at MPI-M / Andreas Rhodin, Luis Komblueh. - Software Design / Uwe Schulzweida. - Ocean and Coupled Modelling. - On the status of the new global coupled atmosphere-ocean model and applications of a limited area model to tackle regional aspects of climate and socio-economic issues / Michael Botzet. - The C-HOPE Ocean Model: Status of the Model Development / Johann Jungclaus. - Simulating Variabilty of the North Atlantic Ocean / Helmut Haak. - Taking C-HOPE's temperature / Scott Johnson. - C-HOPE simulation of the Southern Ocean/sea ice coupled system / Simon Marsland. - Land Surface and Vegetation Modelling. - Hydrological Cycle in ERA-40 and a refined surface runoff/drainage formulation based on the ARNO scheme / Stefan Hagemann. - Land Surface and Biogeochemical Modelling in Hamburg and Jena - Status, Co-operation, Outlook / Wolfgang Knorr. - Towards an improved land surface scheme in ECHAM / Reiner Schnur. - Impact of vegetation feedback on climate variability in the coupled ECHAM -land-vegetation model / Karl-Georg Schnitzler. - Impact of dynamic vegetation on the carbon cycle / Marko Scholze. - Natural Climate Variability and Anthropogenic Climate Change Intraseasonal variability in the Tropics / Stefan Liess. - Study on Monsoon Predictability with ECHAM4.5 / Y. Zhao, L. Diimenil. - Simulation of the rainfall variability in West-Africa Project ,IMPETUS" / Jürgen Bader. - Influence of SST on the NAO Variability / Holger Pohlmann. - The impact of ENSO on tropical and extratropical storms as simulated in high resolution ECHAM4 experiments / Ute Merkel. - Low-frequency variability in the tropical Indian Ocean / Astrid Baquero Bernal. - Assimilation of altimeter and temperature data for ENSO hindcasting / Sigrid Schöttle. - The heat content of the world ocean in ECHAM4/0PYC3 and observations / Katja Lohmann. - Trends in daily precipitation characteristics: transient climate change simulations with a coupled A OGCM / Vladimir Semenov and Lennart Bengtsson.

Note: ÍNDICE PRÓLOGO INTRODUCCIÓN El estudio científico de las cavidades kársticas y las Ciencias Geológicas. Una buena alianza / J.J. Durán. KARST, TECTÓNICA Y SISMICIDAD Evidencias tectónicas y sísmicas a partir del estudio de espeleotemas: conocimiento actual y desarrollo futuro / P. Forti Evolución tectosedimentaria del entorno de la Cueva de Nerja durante el Plio-Cuatemario. / A. Guerra-Merchán, D. Ramallo y F. Serrano Análisis de la fracturación reciente en los espelotemas de la Cueva de Nerja, Málaga. / P. Gumiel, J.J. Durán, J. López-Martínez, J.M. González-Casado, B. Andreo y F. Carrasco La fracturación en la Cueva de los Enebralejos, Segovia, borde norte del Sistema Central. / J. Barea, J.J. Durán, J. Giner, J.M. González-Casado y J. López-Martínez Control estructural de la cavidad kárstica "La Cuevona" (Ribadesella, Asturias) / J. L. Alonso, J. G. García-Ramos y M. Gutiérrez-Claverol El karst de la Alquería (Vélez-Rubio, Almería) / A. González y J.A. Martínez The influence of tectonics on karstification of Permian-Carboniferous limestone from westem Serbia. / P. Pavlovic and D. Stojiljkovic Estudio preliminar de la Cueva de Castelar (Ciudad Real). El ejemplo español de karst en rocas cristalinas / C. J. Gavilán, l. Alonso y J.J. Durán REGISTROS SEDIMENTARIOS KÁRSTICOS Y RECONSTRUCCIONES PALEOAMBIENTALES Endokarstic sedimentary records and paleo-environmental reconstructions in caves / D. C. Ford Speleothem records of environmental changes and the past-bases and potential. / Y. Y. Shopov, L. Tsankov, L. N Georgiev, C.J Yonge, H.P.R. Krouse and A.J.T. Jull Significance of Luminescent spelothem records for determination of orbital variations, glaciations and timing of termination-II. / Y.Y. Shopov, D. Stoykova, M. Sanambria, L. Tsankov, D. Ford, L. Georgiev and D. Georgieva Dataciones isotópicas de espeleotemas procedentes de cuevas costeras de Mallorca. Estado actual de las investigaciones / A. Ginés, J. Ginés, J.J. Fornós y P. Tuccimei Estudio isotópico sobre las condiciones de precipitación de "calcitas flotantes" actuales procedentes de tres cuevas en la isla de Mallorca / C. Jiménez de Cisneros y E. Caballero Geoquimica de travertinos procedentes de una fuente termal. Estimaciones sobre su velocidad de formación. / E. Caballero, C. Jiménez de Cisneros y C. Jiménez Travertinos asociados a los manantiales del borde occidental de la Sierra de la Alfaguara (Granada, Sur de España) / B. Andreo, M. Martín-Martín, A. Martín-Algarra y R. Julia Espeleotemas y morfogénesis exokárstica. El ejemplo de la Sierra del Endrinal (Grazalema, Cádiz) / J Rodríguez Vidal, G. Alvarez, L. M. Cáceres, A. Martínez Aguirre y J. M. Alcaraz La evolución de los materiales de acumulación en el Altiplano carbonatado de Cantanhede (NO de Coimbra-Portugal) / A. De Marco y L. A. Dimuccio Cave genesis in karst regions of Balkan Península / D. Vasileva Skocjanske Jame, Slovenia: development of caves related to rock characteristics and rock relief / M. Knez and T. Slabe Facies mineralógicas de las arenas de los rellenos kársticos de la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos) / T. Aleixandre y A. Pérez González Mineralogy of cave deposits from Bihor Mountains (Romanía) / L. Ghergari and T. Tamas Análisis polínico de sedimentos en cavidades kársticas: hacia un nuevo desarrollo conceptual / J. S. Carrión, C. Navarro y M. Munuera El karst de la Espluga de Francolí: características fisicas e hidrogeológicas. Interés en la educación ambiental / J M Cervelló, M Monterde, J Ramoneda y A. Freixes Análisis sistemático y ecológico de los roedores del Pleistoceno Superior procedentes de la Cueva de las Ventanas (Granada, España) / A. Ruiz-Bustos y J A. Riquelme Cantal Geology, geomorphology, tectonics and geological map ofthe Cave of Riomurtas (Narcao, Southwest Sardinia). J De Waele and A. Muntoni CONSERVACIÓN DE CAVIDADES: EL IMPACTO ANTRÓPICO La dynamique du milieu souterrain, concepts de base servant a la conservation des grottes / A. Mangin, D. D 'Hulst et F. Bourges L' eclairage et la protection des grottes / F. Bourges, A. Mangin et D. D'Hulst Análisis de las concentraciones de 222Rn del aire de la Cueva de Nerja / C. Dueñas, M.C. Fernández, J Carretero, E. Liger y S. Cañete El medio ambiente subterráneo de la Cueva de Nerja (Málaga). Modificaciones antrópicas / F. Carrasco, B. Andreo, I Vadillo, J.J. Durán y C. Liñán EL AGUA Y EL KARST Recharge and behaviour of karst aquifers. Examples from Southeastem France / J Mudry, Y. Guglielmi, A. Chalumeau, A. Reynaud and Y. Paquette ¿Pueden las teorías sobre el desarrollo del karst contribuir al mejor conocimiento de la moderna hidrogeología del karst? / J Silar Behaviour of the epikarst aquifer: signal analysis and flow analysis. Si te of Lascaux Cave. / R. Lastennet, A. Denis, Ph. Malaurent and J Vouvé Primeros datos sobre la variabilidad estacional de la infiltración en la Cueva del Agua (lznalloz, Granada) / F. Sánchez-Martos, J. M Calaforra y M J González-Ríos Primeros resultados sobre la caracterización hidroquímica y evolución espacial de las aguas del sistema kárstico de Valporquero, Cordillera Cantábrica / JJ Durán, M Vallejo, l. Herráez y J López-Martínez Hidrodinámica e hidroquímica de las aguas de goteo de la Cueva de Nerja / C. Liñán, B. Andreo, F Carrasco e l. Vadillo Modelización de los procesos hidrogeoquímicos que afectan al agua de goteo de la Cueva de Nerja / J. Cardenal, J. Benavente, B. Andreo y F. Carrasco Algunos procesos hidrogeoquímicos en la Cueva de Canalobre y en el acuífero del Cabeçó D'Or (Alicante) / J. M Andreu, J.C. Cerón, A. Pulido-Bosch y A. Estévez Tracing technique as a contribution to karstology: past experience, new directions / Ph. Meus and C. Ek Ensayos de trazadores en acuíferos kársticos: desarrollo histórico y anecdotario / J. G. Yélamos Trazados en la Unidad Hidrogeológica Izarraitz (País Vasco): consideraciones sobre la complejidad estructural y dinámica del medio kárstico / l. Mugerza, T. Morales, l. Antigüedad, J.A. Uriarte, l. Fernández de Valderrama, J.M Gonzalo y P. Bezares d18O and average recharge-altitude relationships in karstic springs / Th. Herold, S.M. Bernasconi, P. Jordan and F. Zwahlen Concentración inicial de radiocarbono en agua subterránea del karst de Bohemia central / J. Silar y K. Záhrubsky Los sistemas kársticos del Parque Natural del Cadí-Moixeró (Pirineo oriental, Catalunya) / J. Ramoneda, A. Freixes, M. Monterde, J. P. Morin y L. Gourcy Hidroquímica de la Sierra de Guara / J. A. Cuchí, J.A. Manso, M. Subías y J. Buera Nuevas aportaciones sobre el funcionamiento hidrogeológico del acuífero kárstico multicapa del Calar del Mundo (Provincias de Albacete y Jaén) / T. Rodríguez-Estrella Posible contribución del karst de Los Berros (Argentina) para el abastecimiento a la industria de la región / C. Wetten y O.A. Damiani Karst groundwater quality in Austria / M. Kralik Modelo numérico del flujo subterráneo de un acuífero kárstico en Yucatán, México. Implicaciones hidrogeológicas / R. González, l. Sánchez y J. Gamboa Aprovechamiento de manantiales kársticos de carácter intermitente mediante operaciones de recarga artificial de acuíferos. Las Ufanes de Gabellí (Mallorca) / J. M Murillo, C.J. Gavilán, J.A. de la Orden The karstic aquifer ofthe Izhora Plateau (Russia) and problems ofits use under anthropogenic pressure / A. N Voronov, NA. Vinograd and A.A. Shvarts Aspects of groundwater vulnerability mapping in karst regions with the help of GIS / P.S. Bezrukov Natural and anthropogenic influences as threats to pits in the Debeli Namet Glacier (Durmitor National Park, Montenegro) / P. Djurovic Carbon inorganic total dissolved origine, repartition and it's karstification impact / C. Emblanch, H. Celle, B. Blavoux and J. M. Puig , Beiträge teilweise in spanischer, teilweise in englischer Sprache

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental procedure Results and analysis Leading tire resistance Trailing tire resistance Deep snow Undercarriage drag Multiple passes Shallow snow resistance model Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Snow data Appendix B: Observations of snow deformation by a wheel Appendix C: Wheeled vehicle motion resistance data Abstract

Note: CONTENTS Page Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Shallow snow Undisturbed snow on a firm substrate Undisturbed snow on a soft substrate Undisturbed snow over ice Disturbed, processed and packed snow Deep snow Ice Freezing or thawing ground conditions Bearing capacity of freezing ground Effect of thawing conditions on vehicle performance Speed made good Internal motion resistance Slopes Summary and recornmendations Literature cited Appendix A: Cold Regions Mobility Model CRM-1.F Appendix B: FORTRAN code using NRMM/CAMMS variables and format Appendix C: Traction coefficients on packed snow Appendix D: NRMM checkout data Abstract

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift