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  • English  (2,154)
  • 1980-1984  (2,154)
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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Cambridge, Mass : MIT Press
    Call number: IASS 16.90011
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    ISBN: 0585374848 (electronic bk.) , 9780585374840 (electronic bk.) , 0262530457 (print)
    Parallel Title: Print version Macroeconomics after Keynes
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Call number: ZSP-980-89 ; ZSP-980-89(2. Ex.)
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen ; 89, Nr. 89
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 132 S. , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    ISSN: 0323-8776
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 89
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Preface. - Tritium in Antarctic precipitation - information on global distribution / D. Hebert. - On the physical geography of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica, Dronning Maud Land) / W. Richter. - Investigation of Deuterium concentration relations between atmospheric water vapour and precipitations in the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica / P. Kowski. - Isotope-hydrological and hydrochemical characterization of lakes in the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / W. Richter, U. Wand, G. Strauch, P. Kowski, W. Kurze. - Isotope-hydrological and hydrochemical studies of the interior Antarctic lake "Untersee" in the Wohlthat Massif, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / W.-D. Hermichen, M. Crelle, P. Kowski, W. Kurze, U. Wand. - The isotope-glaciological situation in the surroundings of the Schirmacher Oasis/Dronning Maud Land - a first overview / W.-D. Hermichen, P. Kowski, G. Strauch. - Radiocarbon dating of breeding places of petrels in the Antarctic / A. Hiller, U. Wand. - K - Ar dating of basalt dykes in the Schirmacher Oasis, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / G. Kaiser, U. Wand.
    Location: AWI Archive
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  • 3
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier Scientific Publ.
    Associated volumes
    Call number: AWI Bio-99-0079-2
    In: The Northwest European Pollen Flora, II
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: V, 265 S. , zahlr. Ill.
    ISBN: 0444418806
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: Preface / G. C. S. Clarke and W. Punt. - 8. Solanaceae / W. Punt and M. Monna-Brands. - 9. Saxifragaceae / A. A. M. L. Verbeek-Reuvers. - 10. Boraginaceae / G. C. S. Clarke. - 11. Escalloniaceae / A. A. M. L. Verbeek-Reuvers. - 12. Grossulariaceae / A.A.M.L. Verbeek-Reuvers. - 13. Hydrangeaceae / A. A. M. L. Verbeek-Reuvers. - 14. Parnassiaceae / A. A. M. L. Verbeek-Reuvers. - 15. Plantaginaceae / G. C. S. Clarke and M. R.Jones. - 16. Valerianaceae / G. C. S. Clarke and M. R. Jones. - 17. Aceraceae / G. C. S. Clarke and M. R. Jones. - 18. Hippuridaceae / M. S. Engel. - 19. Haloragaceae / M. S. Engel. - 20. Papaveraceae / A. J. Kalis. - Index. - Errata.
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  • 4
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/6
    In: CRREL Report, 83-6
    Description / Table of Contents: During the austral summers of 1976-77 and 1978-79, several ice cores were taken from the McMurdo Ice Shelf brine zone to investigate its thermal, physical and chemical properties. This brine zone consists of a series of super-imposed brine layers (waves) that originate at the seaward edge of the ice shelf and migrate at various rates, depending upon their age and position in the ice shelf. The brine in these layers becomes increasingly concentrated as the waves migrate inland through the permeable ice shelf firn. Chemical analyses of brine samples from the youngest (uppermost) brine wave show that it contains sea salts in normal seawater proportions. Further inland, deeper and older brine layers, though highly saline (S 〉 200 ‰), are severely depleted in SO2-4 with the SO2-4/Na+ ratio being an order of magnitude less than that of normal seawater. Analyses of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO2-4 and CI-, together with solubility and temperature considerations, show that the sulfate depletion is due to selective precipitation of mirabilite, Na2SO4*10H2O. The location of the inland boundary of brine penetration is closely related to the depth at which the brine en-counters the firn/ice transition. However, a small but measurable migration of brine is still occurring in otherwise impermeable ice; this is attributed to eutectic dissolution of the ice by concentrated brine as it moves into deeper and warmer parts of the McMurdo Ice Shelf.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-6
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/4
    In: CRREL Report, 83-4
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurements and analysis of seasonal ice growth and decay on Post Pond, New Hampshire, for the period 1973-1982 are presented. Observations included ice thickness measurements, examination of the various ice types contributing to the ice cover, and measurements of meteorological parameters for correlation with and modeling of the ice growth process. The overall nature of ice growth and decay (ice loss) on the Post Pond has been ascertained, the seasonal variability in the timing of freeze-up and ice-out and the duration of the ice cover have been determined, and the relationship of ice growth to freezing-degree-day (deg C) records evaluated on the basis of a Stefan conduction equation modified to deal with ice sheets covered with or free of snow. Ice growth occurs predominantly by the direct freezing of lake water, but snow ice may compose as much as 50% of the ice cover in winters with higher than average snowfall. Freeze-up leading to the establishment of a stable ice cover occurs during the 4-week period from the end of November to the end of December. Maximum seasonal ice thicknesses were from 45 to 67 cm and are generally attained during the first two weeks of March; ice-out, marking the final disappearance of ice from Post Pond, usually occurs by the third week of April. The overall rate of the ice loss is three to four times that of ice growth, and is dominated initially by melting from the top. As much as 50% of the ice may be lost in this way before the onset of any bottom melting. Final dissipation of the ice cover is usually expedited by candling resulting from preferential melting and disintegration of the ice at crystal boundaries.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-4
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Location of study Study methods Ice thickness Ice-cover composition Surface air temperatures Freeze-up and ice-out characteristics Results and discussion Ice-growth record Freezing-degree-day records Ice-growth predictions Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice-growth records Appendix B: Measured and computed ice-growth curves
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  • 6
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/7
    In: CRREL Report, 83-7
    Description / Table of Contents: Peak power generation with hydropower creates tailwater flow conditions characterized by high and low flows with abrupt transitions between these states. Flows occurring in tailwaters typically form sharp-fronted, large-amplitude waves of relatively short period. An understanding of the mechanics of downstream propagation of these waves is important both for direct application in studies of the tailwater and because of the similarity of these waves to those following a dam break. An analysis of the dynamic equations of open channel flow is used to quantify the relative importance of flow wave convection, diffusion and dispersion in rivers. The relative importance of each process is re­lated to the relative magnitude of terms in the dynamic equations, providing a physical basis for model formulation. A one-dimensional diffusion wave flow routing model, modified for tailwaters, simulates the important physical pro­cesses affecting the flow and is straightforward to apply. The model is based upon a numerical solution of the kine­matic wave equation. The “modified equation,” Hirt, and von Neumann analyses are used to gain insight into the stability and dissipative and dispersive behavior of the numerical solution, and results of these analyses are compared. A set of linear routings is used to demonstrate the dissipative and dispersive behavior predicted by the analyses and to verify the accuracy of an expression that quantifies the numerical diffusion of the model. The analyses provide a basis for selection of numerical parameters for model applications. The capability and accuracy of the model are enhanced when physical wave diffusion is balanced by numerical diffusion in the model. Maintaining the diffusion balance re­quires that the time derivative weighting parameter 0 be variable and in some instances negative. Though some amount of phase error is introduced, negative 0 values have no adverse effect upon model stability. Field studies were con­ducted to demonstrate the benefits of careful model development and analysis, and to verify the diffusion wave model for rapidly varying tailwater flow. The bed slope and roughness characteristics of the field study reaches (below Apalachia and Norris Dams) differ greatly, spanning those of a large number of rivers of practical interest. The accurate simulation of flow in both of these tailwaters attests to the soundness of both the physical basis of the model and the numerical solution technique. The field studies confirm, for the extreme case of rapidly varying flow in a mildly sloped river, that inertia has a negligible effect upon unsteady flow waves at low Froude numbers. Additionally, these studies verify that diffusion of short-period waves in rivers is generally significant.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-7
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Physical diffusion and dispersion in open channel flow Modeling approach Description of the diffusion wave flow routing model Analysis of the numerical model Modified equation and Hirt analyses of diffusion wave model von Neumann analysis of the diffusion wave model Linear case studies Accuracy considerations of the numerical solution Field studies Apalachia Dam tailwater Norris Dam tailwater Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 7
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/5
    In: CRREL Report, 83-5
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of dynamic ice-structure interaction model tests conducted at the CRREL Ice Engineering Facility. A flexible, single-pile, bottom-founded offshore structure was simulated by a test pile with about a one-to-ten scale ratio. Urea (instead of sodium chloride) was used as dopant to scale down the ice properties, resulting in good model ice properties. Six ice fields were frozen and 18 tests carried out. In all cases distinctive dynamic ice structure interaction vibrations appeared, from which abundant data were collected. In tests with linear ice velocity sweep, sawtooth-shaped ice force fluctuations occurred first. With increasing velocity the natural modes of the test pile were excited, and shifts from one mode to another occurred. The maximum ice force values appeared mostly with low loading rates, but high forces appeared random'y at high ice velocities. As a general trend, ice force maximums, averages and standard deviations decreased with increasing ice velocities. The aspect ratio effect of the ice force in continuous crushing follows the same dependence as in static loadings. The frequency of observed ice forces is strongly dominated by the natural modes of the structure. Dynamically unstable natural modes tend to make the developing ice force frequencies the same as the natural frequencies. Otherwise the resulting frequency depends directly on structural stiffness and ice velocity and inversely on the ice force range. During vibrations the displacement rates of the structure overcome the velocity of ice, making low loading rates and hence high ice forces possible. During crushing, ice induces both positive and negative damping.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 53 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-5
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test arrangements Ice properties Crushing patterns Maximum ice force vs velocity Dynamic aspect ratio effect and crushing strength Measured ice force frequencies Calculated ice force frequencies Accelerations, velocities and displacements Damping Ice-induced negative damping Limit cycles Buckling load Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 8
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/2
    In: CRREL Report, 83-2
    Description / Table of Contents: A numerical model of rime ice accretion on an arbitrary two-dimensional airfoil is presented. The physics of the model are described and results are presented that demonstrate, by comparison with other theoretical data and experimental data, that the model predictions are believable. Results are also presented that illustrate the capability of the model to handle time-dependent rime ice accretion, taking into account the feedback between the ice accretion and the airflow and droplet trajectory fields.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 81 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-2
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Methodology Potential flow around an arbitrary airfoil Incompressible velocity field Droplet trajectory equation Computational procedure for trajectories Determining the point of impact Calculation of collision efficiencies Accreting an ice layer Determining the accuracy of the flow field Determining the accuracy of the trajectories Results and discussion Comparing results with and without the history term Collision efficiency of NACA 0015 airfoil at 8° attack angle Time-dependent accretion on NACA 0015 airfoil at 8° attack angle Time-dependent accretion on NACA 0015 airfoil at 0° attack angle Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A : Sample input Appendix B: Sample output Appendix C : Program listing
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  • 9
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/1
    In: CRREL Report, 83-1
    Description / Table of Contents: Roof snow load case studies gathered throughout the United States over a three-year period are analyzed. The objective of the analysis is to determine a relationship between the snow load on the ground and the corresponding uniform snow load on flat and sloped roofs. The main parameters considered are the thermal characteristics of the roof, the roof slope and the exposure of the structure. Exposure has the strongest effect on the ratio of ground to roof snow loads. Comparisons are made with existing and proposed building codes and standards.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 47 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-1
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Data base Conversion factor Ground load effects Exposure effects Thermal effects Slope effects Expected value relationship Comparison with existing codes and standards Comparison with relationships proposed in new ANSI standard Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Roof snow load case history reports Appendix B. Roofs in the snow load case study data base Appendix C. Ground and roof snow load data Appendix D. Conversion factors from the 1982 ANSI standard
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  • 10
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/17
    In: CRREL Report, 84-17
    Description / Table of Contents: VHF-band radiowave short pulses were transmitted within the permafrost tunnel at Fox, Alaska, over distances between 2.2 and 10.5 m. The propagation medium was a frozen silt containing both disseminated and massive ice with temperatures varying from -7°C near the transmitter to probably -2 C near the center of the tunnel overburden. The short pulses underwent practically no dispersion in the coldest zones but did disperse and refract through the warmer overburden, as suggested by calculations of the effective dielectric constant. Most significantly the measured frequency content decreased as the effective dielectric constant increased. The results indicate that deep, cross-borehole pulse transmissions over distances greater than 10 m might be possible, especially when the ground is no warmer than -4°C. The information thus pined could be used for identifying major subsurface variations, including ground ice features.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 14 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-17
    Language: English
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  • 11
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/18
    In: CRREL Report, 84-18
    Description / Table of Contents: This report investigates the influences of turbulence and water temperature on frazil ice formation. The rate and thequantity of frazil ice formed in a specified volume of supercooled water increase with both increasing turbulence inten-sitv and decreasing water temperature. The influence of turbulence intensity on the rate of frazil ice formation, how-ever. is more pronounced for larger initial supercooling. The turbulence characteristics of a flow affect the rate offrazil ice formation by governing the temperature to which the flow can be supercooled, by influencing heat transferfrom the frazil ice to surrounding water, and by promoting collision nucleation, particle and floc rupture and increasingthe number of nucleation sites. larger frazil ice particles formed in water supercooled to lower temperatures. The par-ticles usually were disks, with diameters several orders greater than their thickness. Particle size generally decreased with increasing turbulence intensity. This report develops an analytical model, in which the rate of frazil ice formation isrelated to temperature rise of a turbulent volume of water from the release of latent heat of fusion of liquid water toice. Experiments conducted in a turbulence jar with a heated, vertically oscillating grid served both to guide and tocalibrate thanalytical'model as well as to afford insights into frazil ice formation. The formation of frazil ice wasstudied for Vemperatures of supercooled water ranging from -0.9° to -0.050°C.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 50 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Scope of study Literature review Introduction Incipient formation of frazil ice Particle size and evolution of frazil ice Influences of turbulence and water temperature on the rate of frazil ice formation Conclusions Analytical model Introduction Elements of heat transfer Elements of turbulence Experimentation Experimental apparatus Experimental procedure Results Introduction Nucleation of frazil ice Influences of turbulence on frazil ice formation Water temperature Influences of water temperature and turbulence on the concentration of frazil ice Frazil ice particle shape and size Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Preliminary frazil ice experiments Flume experiments Couette-flow Appendix B: Listing of computer program for calculation of frazil ice formation Appendix C: Water temperature rise attributable to frazil ice formation as computed usingthe analytical model .
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  • 12
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/15
    In: CRREL Report, 84-15
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurements of meltwater pH from annual layers of South Pole firn and ice samples ranging in age from 40 to 2000 years B.P. show that precipitation at this remote site has a higher natural acidity than that expected from atmospheric equilibrium with CO2. The average pH of deaerated (CO2-free) samples was 5.64 + or - 0.08, while air-equilibrated samples averaged 5.37 + or - 0.008, a pH that is about a factor of two more acidic than the expected background pH of 5.65. The observed 'excess' acidity can be accounted for by natural SO4(2)- and NO(3)- levels in the samples probably originating from non-anthropogenic H2SO4 and HNO3. Because of the presence of these naturally occurring acids in South Pole precipitation, a pH of 5.4 is considered a more representative baseline reference pH for acid precipitation studies.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-15
    Language: English
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  • 13
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leipzig : Academy of Sciences of the GDR, Central Institute for Isotope and Radiation Research
    Associated volumes
    Call number: AWI G6-19-93042-2
    In: Interregional Training Course on Radiochemistry, [Supplement]
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 88 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Manual 2.2 The relative measurement of aktivity Lectures 1.3 Statistics / H. Baumbach 2.2 Sealed sources / K. Vormum 2.4 Energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis / H.-K. Bothe 3.1 The use of carriers / H. Koch 4.3 Autoradiography / K. Freyer 6.1 Radiometric methods in environmental control / H.-J. Große
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  • 14
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Leipzig : Academy of Sciences of the GDR, Central Institute for Isotope and Radiation Research
    Associated volumes
    Call number: AWI G6-19-93042-1
    In: Interregional Training Course on Radiochemistry, [Hauptband]
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 248 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Manual 1.1 Beta measurements 1.2 Measurement of the energy spectrum and range of α-radiation with semiconductor detectors 1.3 Error and statistical tests 1.4 Basic experiments of gamma spectroscopy 2.1 Determination of certain elements in sedimental atmospheric dust by x-ray fluorescence analysis 2.2 Calibration and efficiencies (see Supplement) 2.3 Thin-layer chromatographic separation and test of the purity of labelled compounds 2.4 Separation of Thorium-234 from Uranium-238 2.5 Separation of 137Ca/137mBa by precipitation and sorption 3.1 Determination of phosphate by simple isotope dilution analysis and determination of Zn in MgSO4 by substoichiometric isotope dilution analysis 3.2 The Szilard-Chalmers effect 3.3 Determination of the Ag content in slags by instrumental neutron activation analysis 4.1 Isotope exchange of Ethyl Iodide and Sodium Iodide 4.2 Liquid scintillation counting of Carbon-14 and Tritium 4.3 Autoradiography - Demonstration of Autoradiographic techniques Lectures 1.1 Fundamentals of radioactivity / G. K. Vormum 1.2 Interaction of nuclear radiation with matter / G. K. Vormum 1.4 Equations of radioactive decay / G. K. Vormum 1.5 Radiation detectors / M. Geisler 2.1 Radiation spectroscopy / M. Geisler 2.5 Handling of radioisotopes / G. K. Vormum 2.7 Behaviour of radionuclides in very low concentrations / H. Koch 3.6 Particle sources / J. W. Leonhardt 4.2 Tracers in chemical kinetics / J. Dermietzel 4.4 Liquid Scintillation Counting (LSC) / R. Trettin 5.1 Isotopic tracers in biology / H. Hübner 5.2 Low-level counting / R. Trettin 5.4 Basic concepts of radioimmunoassay (RIA) / G. K. Vormum 6.2 Radionuclide generators / R. Otto
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  • 15
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Stuttgart : Schweizerbart Science Publishers ; Volume 1, number 1 (1978)-
    Call number: M 18.91571
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 134 Seiten
    ISSN: 2363-7196
    Series Statement: Global tectonics and metallogeny : special issue Vol. 10/2-4
    Classification:
    Tectonics
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global tectonics and metallogeny
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
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  • 16
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Boston, Massachusetts : American Meteorological Society
    Call number: MOP 46673 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XIV, 276 Seiten
    Language: English
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  • 17
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/31
    In: CRREL Report, 83-31
    Description / Table of Contents: A mathematical model is described that is used to determine the maximum ice conveyance capacity of a river channel. Based upon this model, computer programs were developed that enable the ice discharge to be calculated for steady-state flow conditions. For rivers that have uniform flow, the maximum ice-conveying capacity can be described with a simple function expressed in terms of the size of the ice fragments, channel geometry, and the flow of water in the river. For nonuniform flows, the computer program determines the elevation profile of the surface layer in addition to other flow characteristics, such as the velocity and surface concentration of the ice fragments. The location along this surface profile where the ice conveyance capacity becomes less than the upstream supply is determined and is considered to be the position where a surface ice jam or ice bridge will be formed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-31
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Constitutive relationships Equations of motion Uniform flow Nonuniform flow Ice transport: Uniform flow Symmetric channel Asymmetric channel Ice transport: Nonuniform flow Further considerations Basis for model improvement Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 18
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/32
    In: CRREL Report, 83-32
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice forces on a bridge pier in the Ottauquechee River, in Quechee, Vermont, were measured by installing fourpanels-each capable of measuring forces in the normal and tangential direction - on both sides of a vertical V-shaped pier nose. The measured forces are presented for a short period during an ice run. After the ice run, the thickness and sizes of the ice floes were measured and the compressive strength of the ice was determined in the laboratory from the ice samples collected along the river banks. The water level measurements made at several locations along theriver are also presented for the period of the ice run.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ii, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-32
    Language: English
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  • 19
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/33
    In: CRREL Report, 83-33
    Description / Table of Contents: A thermodynamic model has been developed that for the first time describes the entire creep process, including primary, secondary, and tertiary creep, and failure for both constant stress (CSR) tests (σ= const.) and constant strain rate (CSR) tests (ϵ = const.), in the form of a unified constitutive equation and unified failure criteria. Deformation and failure areconsidered as a single thermoactivated process in which the dominant role belongs to the change of entropy. Failure occurs when the entropy change is zero. At that moment the strain rates in CS tests reach the minima and stress in CSR tests reaches the maximum (peak) values. Families of creep (ϵ vs τ) and stress-strain (σ vs ϵ) curves, obtained from uni-axial compression CS and CSR tests of frozen soil, respectively (both presented in dimensionless coordinates), are plotted as straight lines and are superposed, confirming the unity of the deformation and failure process and the validity of the model. A method is developed for determining the parameters of the model, so that creep deformation and the stress-strain relationship of ductile materials such as soils can be predicted based upon information obtained from either type of test.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-33
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Nomenclature Introduction Principal relationships Constitutive equation Failure criteria Secondary creep: Flow equations Creep at constant stress (σ = Const.) Creep model Creep strain (σ = Const.) Creep at constant strain rate (ϵ = Const.) Stress-strain relationship Stress/strain/strain rate at failure Test data Preliminary analysis Constant stress tests (σ = Const.) Constant strain rate tests (ϵ = Const.) The principle of superposition Thermodynamic equation of creep Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 20
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/3
    In: CRREL Report, 84-3
    Description / Table of Contents: The results of resistance tests in level ice and broken ice channels are presented for two models of the WTGB 140-fticebreaker at scales of 1:10 and 1:24, respectively. No scale effect on the resistance in level ice could be detected between the two models. From the test results an empirical predictor equation for the full scale ice resistance is derived. Predicted resistance is compared against, and found to be 25 to 40% larger than, available full-scale values estimated from thrust measurements during full-scale trials of the Great Lakes icebreaker Katmai Bay.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-3
    Language: English
    Note: COTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Model characteristics and test conditions Ice-hull coefficient of friction Measurements of ice properties Experimental procedures Data acquisition system Test program and procedures for 1:10 model Test program and procedures for 1:24 model Analysis of test results Comparison of test results between 1:10 and 1:24 models Analysis of tests in broken or brash-filled ice channels Analysis of tests in level ice Full-scale prediction of level ice resistance Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 21
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/4
    In: CRREL Report, 84-4
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice problems developed in the Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, portion of the St. Marys River because of winter navigation. Passing ships and natural influences moved ice from Soo Harbor into Little Rapids Cut in sufficient quantities to jam, cause high water in the harbor, and prevent further ship passage. After physical model and engineering studies, two ice booms with a total span of 1375 ft (419 m) with a 250-ft (76-m) navigation opening between were installed at the head of Little Rapids Cut in 1975. A modest field study program on the booms was conducted for the ensuring four winters to determine ice and boom interaction and the effects of ship passages on the system. Forces on some anchors were recorded and supplemental data were taken by local personnel. Several reports have been written about the booms' early operations. This paper presents four-year summary of the main effects of the booms on ice and ship interaction and vice versa. Throughout the four winter seasons, the small quantities of ice lost over and between the booms were manageable. Ships usually passed through the boom without influencing the boom force levels, but at time they brought about large changes. One boom needed strengthening, and artificial islands were added for upstream ice stability. Coast Guard icebreakers were also a necessary part of winter navigation in this area.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-4
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction St. Marys River Ice problems Remedial measures Field studies Highlights, trends, and major findings Modifications to boom Maximum forces Ship traffic Characteristics Effect of boom forces Effect on ice Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Ice boom forces
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  • 22
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/5
    In: CRREL Report, 84-5
    Description / Table of Contents: Diatom species composition and relative abundances were determined for ice cores obtained from Weddell Sea pack ice during the October-November 1981 Weddell Polynya Expedition (WEPOLEX). Ice thickness and salinity indicate that the ice was less than one year old. The predominant ice type (70%) was frazil, which has the capacity to mechanically incorporate biological material through nucleation and scavenging. Diatoms were found throughout the length of the cores. Species showed down-core fluctuations in abundance that appeared to be correlated with changes in ice type. Pennate forms were more abundant than centrics, the average ratio being 16:1. Diatom frustules with intact organic material were more abundant (5 billion cells/liter). Differences in species abundances are attributed initially to incorporation of algal cells from a temporally changing water column and subsequently to diatom reproduction within the ice. Scanning electron micrographs illustrating the morphologic characteristics of the predominant species are included.
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    Pages: iv, 46 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-5
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Taxonomic terms Appendix B: Differences in species composition and abundance in duplicate samples examined under optical and inverted light microscopes Appendix C: Morphologic descriptions and SEM micrographs
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  • 23
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/7
    In: CRREL Report, 84-7
    Description / Table of Contents: Experiments were conducted in CRREL's refrigerated flume facility to examine the two-dimensional force distribution of a floating, fragmented ice cover restrained by a boom in a simulated river channel. To determine the force distribution, a vertically walled channel, instrumented for measuring normal and tangential forces, and an instrumented restraining boom were installed in a 40.0- by 1.3-m flume. Two sizes of polyethylene blocks and two similar sizes of fresh-water ice blocks were tested using water velocities ranging from 10 to 30 cm/s. The forces measured at the instrumented boom leveled off with increasing cover length. The contribution of the increasing shear forces developed along theshorelines to this leveling off in the data was clearly evident. The shear coefficients of the polyethylene blocks averaged 0.43, and the freshwater ice averaged 0.044. The normal force measured along the instrumented shoreline could not be related simply by a K coefficient to the longitudinal force; another expression was required, with a term being a function of the cover thickness and independent of the undercover shear stress or cover length. By adding this term, good agreement was then found between the measured and predicted values of the boom forces and the shoreline normal and shear forces
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-7
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experiments Test flume facility Experimental apparatus Experimental procedure Results Plastic versus freshwater ice Shoreline forces Boom forces Average shear stress under ice cover Internal forces Discussion Data scatter Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Experimental results
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  • 24
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/6
    In: CRREL Report, 84-6
    Description / Table of Contents: An expression relating aerosol growth to cold environmental conditions was developed. This was accomplished by solving the diffusion equation with the method of Laplace transformation. The series solution was expressed in terms of the dimensionless parameters K (ratio of vapor density over droplet surface to droplet density), ω (ratio of environmental vapor density at time zero to vapor density over droplet surface), and dimensionless time τ (ratio of product of diffusion coefficient D and time t to square of initial radius of condensation nucleus). To take into account the variation of the vapor density over the surface of an acidic condensation nucleus due to the continuous dilution of the droplet, the solution was obtained by assuming various levels of constant vapor concentration. The final expression [R/R sub o - 1 = 2.4917 x 10 to the minus 18th power) exp(0.0737 θ) (P sub RHS/25) x (100-P sub RHS) τ to the 0.9890 powder] can be used to compute the value of R once the values of initial radius R sub o, relative humidity P sub RH, percent of relative humidity at the droplet surface P sub RHS, and environmental temperature θ are given.
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    Pages: vi, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-6
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature General background The problem Method of solution Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Evaluation of rn's in equation 25
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  • 25
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley
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    Call number: G 8116
    In: Chemical analysis, 27
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XI, 489 S
    Edition: 2nd. ed.
    ISBN: 047102743X
    Series Statement: Chemical analysis 27
    Language: English
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  • 26
    Call number: MOP 46028/1983 / Mitte
    In: World weather watch : Consolidated report on the voluntary co-operation programme including projects approved for circulation, 1983
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  • 27
    Call number: MOP 46080 / Mitte
    In: 82-16, Research reports / International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
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    Pages: 59 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISBN: 3704500364
    Series Statement: Research reports / International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis 82-16
    Language: English
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  • 28
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/17
    In: CRREL Report, 82-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Seismic P and SH wave refraction experiments at the NATO RSG-11 test site in Munster Nord, Federal Republic of Germany, reveal the presence of a nearly horizontal, three-layer velocity structure. The upper layer, composed of un­consolidated glacial till, is 1 m thick and has P (compressional) and SH (shear-horizontal) wave velocities of 240 and 165 m s-1. The second layer, made up of similar, more compacted material, is 9.5 m thick, with a P wave velocity of 470 m s-1 and an SH wave velocity of 275 m s-1. The third layer, interpreted as the groundwater table, is located at a depth of 10.5 m and has a P wave velocity of 1590 m s-1. The SH wave velocity of this layer is controlled by the matrix material and is the same as that of the second layer. A single, unreversed observation indicated a fourth layer at a depth of about 20 m, but the existence of this layer remains unconfirmed. The observed fundamental mode Love wave dispersion is in agreement with the theoretical dispersion predicted by the refraction velocities. Computed partial derivatives of phase velocity with respect to shear wave velocity show, for the frequencies observed, that the dispersion confirms the thicknesses and velocities of the two upper layers and is not affected by the deeper structure.
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    Pages: iv, 33 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-17
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Refraction experiments Procedure Equipment Results P waves Low velocity zone SH waves Surface wave experiments Summary and discussion Literature cited Appendix A: P wave refraction data Appendix B: SH wave refraction data. Appendix C: Surface wave dispersion calculations
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  • 29
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/18
    In: CRREL Report, 82-18
    Description / Table of Contents: Snow and ice control on highways has come to rely heavily on the use of sodium chloride to maintain a trafficable surface for unimpeded movement. Empirical approaches have led to a wide range of application rates, some clearly excessive, but justified on the ground of safety and expediency. The combination of environmental degradation from the huge quantities of salt entering the environment, along with the increased cost of salt itself and the cost of its application have spurred the search for more precise knowledge of the proper amount of salt to apply to a pavement, considering a range of environmental, traffic and chemical parameters. Since controlled tests in the field are extremely difficult to make, a circular test track of three test pavements, dense-graded asphaltic concrete (DGA), open-graded asphaltic concrete (DGA) and portland cement concrete (PCC), was constructed in a coldroom. Natural snow and ice were applied to the pavements and an instrumented slipping wheel was driven over the surfaces to generate frictional forces. These forces were measured and then used to evaluate the response to salt application with time for three test temperatures. OGA had the lowest friction values at a temperature near the freezing point, but higher initial values or more rapidly increasing values than DGA and PCC following salt application at the two lower temperatures. Optimum application rate of salt on PCC and DGA lies between 100 and 300 lb/lane mile (LM), and a higher rate resulted in slight or no improvement in friction. DGA showed anomalous results: lower friction for 300 Ib/LM and higher friction for both 100 and 500 Ib/LM.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Background Approach Influencing factors Field factors Laboratory Laboratory trafficking tests Force measurement and coefficient of friction Test tire slip Surface friction gauge Test procedure British portable tester Experimental results Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Test pavements Appendix B. Pennsylvania State University field study Appendix C. Rochester Institute of Technology field study
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  • 30
    Call number: MOP 45579 / Mitte
    In: Topics in current physics, 28
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: IX, 152 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISBN: 3540112294 , 0387112294
    Series Statement: Topics in current physics 28
    Language: English
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  • 31
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/2
    In: CRREL Report, 84-2
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of the in situ complex dielectric constant of sea ice were made using time-domain spectroscopy. It was found that (1) for sea ice with a preferred horizontal crystal c-axis alignment, the anisotropy of polarizing properties of the ice increased with depth, (2) brine inclusion conductivity increased with decreasing temperature down to about -8 C, at which point the conductivity decreased with decreasing temperature, (3) the DC conductivity of sea ice increased with increasing brine volume, (4) the real part of the complex dielectric constant is strongly dependent upon brine volume but less dependent upon the brine inclusion orientation, (5) the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant was strongly dependent upon brine inclusion orientation but much less dependent upon brine volume. Because the electromagnetic (EM) properties of sea ice are dependent upon the physical state of the ice, which is continually changing, it appears that only trends in the relationships between the EM properties of natural sea ice and its brine volume and brine inclusion microstructure can be established.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 38 Seiten , Illustrationen , 1 Beilage
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-2
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Dielectric properties of sea ice Time-domain spectroscopy measurement Laboratory measurements Field measurements Analysis of ladder data Conductivity of brine and sea ice Complex dielectric constant of brine and sea ice Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 32
    Call number: MOP 46175 / Mitte
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  • 33
  • 34
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/28
    In: CRREL Report, 80-28
    Description / Table of Contents: This report investigates the feasibility of clearing ice from the shipping channel of the St. Marys River. Four basic concepts are investigated: disposal under the ice, disposal on top of the ice, slurrying, and rafting. Each technique was found to have application in limited portions of the river with the exception of disposal on top of the adjacent ice sheet which is deemed feasible throughout the river system. Disposal onto the adjacent ice sheet will increase the free stream velocity less than 1.0 ft/s (30.5 cm/s) and raise the water level less than 1.0 ft (0.30 m). Further model and field tests are recommended to validate the findings of this report.
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    Pages: ii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-28
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The Environment Ice Growth and Accumulation Natural Ice Transport Accumulation Sites 1. Under-ice accumulation 2. Accumulation on top of the ice Evaluation of Ice Disposal Techniques 1. General 2. Disposal by displacement under the remaining ice sheet 3. Disposal by ejection on top of adjacent ice cover 4. Disposal by slurrying 5. Disposal by rafting Conclusions and Recommendations Literature Cited
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  • 35
    Call number: MOP 45822 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: in Auszügen
    ISBN: 0853122121 , 0470271833
    Series Statement: Ellis Horwood series in environmental sciences
    Language: English
    Note: Table of Contents Preface List of Participants Foreword Introduction Education and training in remote sensing Chapter 1 Background - the physical basis of remote sensing Chapter 2 The EARTHNET data acquisition, processing and distribution faculty Chapter 3 METEOSAT, Europe's contribution to the global weather observing system Chapter 4 Remote sensing from space: review of future plans and prospects Chapter 5 Guide to the design and specification of a primary user receiving station for meteorological and oceanographic satellite data Chapter 6 The design and implementation of DIBIAS, a digital interactive image processing system Chapter 7 A low-cost image data display system for teaching use Chapter 8 Elementary ideas of optical image processing Chapter 9 Geometrical aspects of remote sensing, space cartography Chapter 10 Statistical methods: a selective tutorial survey Chapter 11 The atmospheric correction of remotely sensed data and the quantitative determination of suspended matter in marine water surface layers Chapter 12 Remote sensing of a complex surface Chapter 13 Some legal aspects of remote sensing Chapter 14 Airborne remote sensing experiments with a fluorescent tracer Chapter 15 Remote sensing of pollution Chapter 16 Studies of dust storms from satellites Chapter 17 The use of remote sensing in hydrology in Norway Chapter 18 Radio echo sounding of ice masses: principles and applications Chapter 19 Examples of applications of digital image processing of remotely sensed phenomena Chapter 20 Sea surface fronts and temperatures Chapter 21 Remote sensing of ocean waves, currents and surface winds by dekametric radar Chapter 22 The SEASAT-1 synthetic aperture radar: introduction data reception and processing Chapter 23 Microwave radiometry and applications Chapter 24 Meteorological models and climatological data sets Chapter 25 Use of satellite images and derived meteorological parameters for weather analysis and forecast Chapter 26 The use of cinematographic methods for the presentation of atmospheric motions as revealed by remote sensing techniques from satellites Notes on Field Trips FT1 A field assessment of various forms of remote sensing imagery on theTay Estuary tidal flats FT2 Notes for field work on sea truth measurement for remote sensing verification Worksheets for Laboratory Exercises WS1 Example of an exercise in aerial photograph interpretation WS2 A case study of mid-latitude frontal cyclone structure using TIROS-N upper-air and surface observations WS3 A climatological archive from meteorological satellite data - the problems involved WS4 Interpretation of aerial infrared survey data WS5 Simple spatial filtering experiments WS6 Portable LANDSAT-type radiometer and classification of a LANDSAT scene of the Dundee area WS7 Estimation of the forest area in the County of Norfolk from LANDSAT MSS images WS8 Classification and temporal variation in Wessex using LANDSAT MSS images WS9 Mapping of the Abertay Sands using LANDSAT MSS digital data WS 10 Estimation of snow cover in the Scottish highlands from LANDSAT imagery WS 11 Snow cover determination from TIROS-N and NOAA-6 AVHRR data Index
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  • 36
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/9
    In: CRREL Report, 80-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Explosive cratering tests were conducted in seasonally frozen and thawed gravel at Ft. Richardson near Anchorage, Alaska, and in seasonallly frozen and thawed silt overlying permafrost and in silt permafrost at Ft. Wainwright near Fairbanks, Alaska. Explosive charge weights ranged from 26 to 3120 lb and charge burial depths ranged from about 3 to 40 ft. The cube root of the charge weight scaling was used to determine maximum scaled crater dimensions and optimum scaled depth of burial of the charge. Test results for frozen and thawed gravel were essentially the same because of the low moisture content and the relatively shallow depth of freezing (5 to 6 ft). The optimum depth of burial of the charge for maximizing the apparent radius and depth and the true radius was about 1.8 times the cube root of the charge weight for both the frozen and thawed conditions. In seasonally frozen silt overlying a talik and silt permafrost the maximum scaled crater dimensions and optimum scaled burial depths of the charge were smaller than for the thawed condition except for the true crater dimensions. The channeling of energy in the talik produces maximum crater dimensions and an optimum burial depth for the true crater that is larger than for the thawed condition. The results for the homogeneous silt permafrost were very similar to the frozen gravel results with much smaller maximum crater dimensions and smaller optimum charge burial depths than for the thawed silt overlying permafrost.
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    Pages: v, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-9
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Test sites Test procedures and materials Analysis of test data Mobility tests Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 37
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/32
    In: CRREL Report, 82-32
    Description / Table of Contents: Low-frequency (10 Hz) volcanic earthquakes originate at a wide range of depths and occur before, during, and after magmatic eruptions. The characteristics of these earthquakes suggest that they are not typical tectonic events. Physically analogous processes occur in hydraulic fracturing of rock formations, low-frequency icequakes in temperate glaciers, and autoresonance in hydroelectric power stations. We propose that unsteady fluid flow in volcanic conduits is the common source mechanism of low-frequency volcanic earthquakes (tremor). The fluid dynamic source mechanism explains low-frequency earthquakes of arbitrary duration, magnitude, and depth of origin, as unsteady flow is independent of physical properties of the fluid and conduit. Fluid transients occur in both low-viscosity gases and high-viscosity liquids. A fluid transient analysis can be formulated as generally as is warranted by knowledge of the composition and physical properties of the fluid, material properties, geometry and roughness of the conduit, and boundary conditions. To demonstrate the analytical potential of the fluid dynamic theory, we consider a single-phase fluid, a melt of Mount Hood andeside at 1250 deg C, in which significant pressure and velocity variations occur only in the longitudinal direction.
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    Pages: 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-32
    Language: English
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  • 38
    Call number: MOP 46357 / Mitte
    In: Studies in geophysics
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XIV, 106 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISBN: 0309032849
    Series Statement: Studies in geophysics
    Language: English
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  • 39
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/25
    In: CRREL Report, 80-25
    Description / Table of Contents: Two new types of load cells for attachment to bridge piers and direct measurement of ice forces were developed and tested with one type being installed on a pier of the Yukon River Bridge northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska. Both types of load cells used beams supported by base plates and carried nose plates that were loaded by the ice. The loads were imposed at the beams at locations differing from the support reactions so that the loads developed moments in the beams. By instrumenting them with strain gauges, the loads could be measured. Details of the design of the load cells, the means of calculating the loads and experience obtained with load cells are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-25
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Conversion factors Introduction Estimates and field measurements of ice forces on structures General Indirect estimates Direct measurements Small-scale and laboratory studies Instrumentation plan for measuring ice loads on the Yukon River Bridge Load cell development The single reaction beam system Performance of a single reaction beam load cell The double reation beam load cell Reaction beam design Stress in the beam Deflection Axial tensile stress in the reaction beam Measurement techniques Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Finding load magnitude and location with a single reaction beam device Appendix B. Finding load magnitude and location on a double reaction beam device
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  • 40
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/23
    In: CRREL Report, 80-23
    Description / Table of Contents: The contribution of brine layers to observed reflective anisotropy of sea ice at 100 MHz is quantitatively assessed. The sea ice is considered to be a stratified, inhomogeneous, anisotropic dielectric consisting of pure ice containing ordered arrays of conducting inclusions (brine layers). Below the transition zone, the ice is assumed to have constant azimuthal c-axis orientation within the horizontal plane, so that the orientation of brine layers is uniform. The brine layers are also assumed to become increasingly well-defined with depth, since adjacent brine inclusions tend to fuse together with increasing temperature. A theoretical explanation for observed reflective anisotropy is proposed in terms of an isotropic electric flux penetration into the brine layers. Penetration anisotropy and brine layer geometry are linked to anisotropy in the complex dielectric constant of sea ice. In order to illustrate the above effects we present a numerical method of approximating the reflected power of a plane wave pulse incident on a slab of sea ice. Mixture dielectric constants are calculated for two polarizations of the incident wave: 1) the electric field parallel to the c-axis direction, and 2) the electric field perpendicular to the c-axis direction. These dielectric constants are then used to calculate power reflection coefficients for the two polarizations. Significant bottom reflection (R ~ 0.08) occurs when the polariza-tion is parallel to the c-axis. However, when the polarization is perpendicular to the c-axis, the return may be almost completely extinguished (R 〈 0.001). This extinction is due primarily to absorptive loss associated with the conduct-ing inclusions and secondarily to an impedance match at the ice/water interface that results in transmission of the wave to the water without reflection.
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    Pages: vi, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-23
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Anisotropy and sea ice macrostructure Anisotropy and sea ice microstructure A theory of anisotropic radar return from sea ice Anisotropic electric flux penetration into brine layers Implications of normal exclusion, tangential penetration, and brine layer geometry for dielectric behavior of sea ice Modeling of electromagnetic reflection from a stratified, anisotropic, inhomogeneous lossy medium Calculation of mixture complex dielectric constants Calculation of interfacial power reflection coefficients Calculation of bulk power reflection coefficients Calculation of attenuated power reflection coefficients Beam spread Results Anisotropic bottom reflections Anisotropic complex dielectric constants Sensitivity of parameters Internal reflection: the bumps Discussion Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 41
    Call number: ZSP-201-80/20
    In: CRREL Report, 80-20
    Description / Table of Contents: Results of impulse radar studies of sea ice give support to the concept of a sea ice model in which the ice bottom is composed of an array of lossy parallel plate waveguides. The fundametal relation between the average bulk brine volume of sea ice and its electrical and strength properties is discussed as is the remote detection of under-ice current alignment. It was found that 1) the average effective bulk dielectric constant is dependent upon the average bulk brine volume of the sea ice; 2) sea ice anisotropy, arising from a bottom structure of crystal platelets with a preferred c-axis horizontal alignment, can be detected by radio echo sounding measurements made not only on the ice surface but also from an airborne platform; 3) the effective coefficient of reflection from the seaiIce bottom decreases with increasing average effective bulk dielectric constant of the ice, decreases with increasing bulk brine volume, and is typically one to two orders of magnitude lower dhan the coefficient of reflection from the ice surface; and 4) the losses In sea ice increase with increasing average bulk brine volume.
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    Pages: v, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-24
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field program Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Data analysis procedures
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  • 42
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/17
    In: CRREL Report, 80-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Construction pads made of snow were used to build two sections of the Trans Alaska Pipeline and a small gas pipeline during the winter of 1975-76. Construction during the winter has become increasingly common in the Arctic. Surface travel and the use of heavy construction equipment on the unprotected tundra have been severely restricted, even during the winter, so the use of temporary winter roads and construction pads built of snow and ice has been advocated and is being adopted. The three snow construction pads mentioned above were the first snow roads and construction pads used on a large scale in Alaska. Snow roads and construction pads have two objectives: to protect the underlying vegetation and upper layers of the ground, and to provide a hard, smooth surface for travel and the operation of equipment. Several types have been built, and a brief discussion is given of their history and classification systems. The three snow construction pads used in construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline and the small gas pipeline in 1975-76 were visited and observed while in use. The Globe Creek snow pad, about 50 miles north of Fairbanks, was built primarily of manufactured snow hauled to the site and watered. With very high densities this pad withstood heavy traffic and use by heavy construction equipment except on one steep slope. There, the use of tracked vehicles and vehicles without front wheel drive disaggregated the snow on and near the surface so that vehicles without front wheel drive were unable to climb the hill. The Toolik snow pad, just north of the Brooks Range, was built of compacted snow and proved capable of supporting the heaviest traffic and construction equipment. The fuel gasline snow pad ran from the northern Brooks Range to the Arctic Coast and also proved capable of supporting the necessary traffic. Both the Toolik snow pad and the fuel gasline snow pad failed in very early May because of unseasonably warm and clear weather before the associated construction projects were completed. However, the three snow pads must be considered successful. Common problems were the lack of snow, slopes, unseasonably warm spring weather, and inexperience on the part of contractors and construction personnel.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-17
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction History of snow and ice roads Classification of snow and ice roads Snow pads used by Alyeska during the winter of 1975-1976 The Globe Creek snow pad The Toolik snow pad The gasline snow pad Summary and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 43
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-80/13
    In: CRREL Report, 80-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Specimens prepared from various types of ice without introducing excessive defects were tested at temperatures ranging from -2° to -190°C. These tests indicated slightly higher Charpy values at lower temperatures and in more highly dispersed material concentrations. Three modes of fracture occurred during testing. Depending on the temperature and the material composition, either of the first two modes, normal fracture or multiple fracture, will appear and will show a normal frequency distribution of Charpy values in each type of ice. The third mode, fracture from both ends,which frequently occurred in the NH4F doped ice, gave Charpy values two to five times higher than the mean value for normal fracture. It can, therefore, be concluded that certain types of doping can alter the mode of fracture, through which drastic modifications of impact resistance my be possible.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-13
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface lntroduction Experimental Sample preparation Testing procedure Results General features Commercial Ice Notched commercial ice Sanded commercial ice Pure ice Single crystal ice Snow-ice Colloidal alumina-dispersed ice Colloidal silica.dispersed ice NH4F doped ice HF doped ice Discussion Literature cited
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  • 44
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-80/31
    In: CRREL Report, 80-31
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice accretion on structures built on the earth’s surface is discussed. Sources of water are the atmosphere or water bodies near or surrounding the structure. Ice types include frost, rime, glaze, and spray; properties and conditions governing their formation are presented. Methods of estimating accretion rates and total accretion on structures are given, and extracts from U.S. and Canadian codes for ice and wind loads on structures are included. Techniques for preventing or removing ice accretion are presented.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-31
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface 1. Types of ice accretion a. Frost b. Rime c. Glaze d. Spray ice 2. Conditions governing type of accreted ice a. Meteorological b. Structural 3. Accretion rates a. Fundamentals b. Effect of height c. Geographical distribution 4. Spray icing 5. Structural design factors a. Dead loads b. Wind field in the boundary layer c. Windloads 6. Techniques for minimizing structural icing 7. Data collection needs 8. Literature cited
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  • 45
    Call number: AWI Bio-21-94346
    In: Bibliotheca diatomologica, 3
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 386 Seiten
    ISBN: 3768213757
    Series Statement: Bibliotheca diatomologica 3
    Language: English
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  • 46
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/21
    In: CRREL Report, 82-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The acoustic emission response from fine-grained polycrystalline ice subjected to constant compressive loads was examined. A number of tests were conducted with the nominal stress ranging from 0.8 to 3.67 MPa at a temperature of -5 C. The acoustic emission response was recorded and the data are presented with respect to time and strain. The source of acoustic emissions in ice is considered in terms of the formation of both microfractures and visible fractures that develop without catastrophic failure of the ice. A model to describe the acoustic emission response is developed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-21
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Experimental procedures Ice specimens Mechanical test equipment Acoustic emission equipment Data recording Acoustic emission sources in ice Acoustic events and visible fracturing Source mechanisms Tests on ice single crystals General acoustic emission response Analysis of data Transient response Steady-state response Amplitude distribution Combined transient and steady-state response in the time domain Discussion Summary Literature cited
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  • 47
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-81/20
    In: CRREL Report, 81-20
    Description / Table of Contents: A historical review of research is presented to establish the state- of-the-art for analyzing the behavior of vehicles in shallow snow. From this review, the most comprehensive and promising model is put together to establish a first-cut performance prediction model for vehicles operating in shallow snow, slush, ice and thawing soils.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-20
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Historical review Model selection Traction Resistance Slush and thawing soils Ice, hard-packed snow, packed snow River and lake ice Model use Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 48
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-81/19
    In: CRREL Report, 81-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Field observations support the interpretation that differences in the strength of radar returns from the ice covers of lakes on the North Slope of Alaska can be used to determine where the lake is frozen completely to the bottom. An ice/frozen soil interface is indicated by a weak return and an ice/ water interface by a strong return. The immediate value of this result is that SLAR (side-looking airborne radar) imagery can now be used to prepare maps of large areas of the North Slope showing where the lakes are shallower or deeper than 1.7m (the approximate draft of the lake ice at the time of the SLAR flights). The bathymetry of these shallow lakes is largely unknown and is not obvious from their sizes or outlines. Such information could be very useful, for example in finding suitable year-round water supplies.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The experiment Results Maps of completely frozen North Slope lakes Literature cited
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  • 49
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-81/21
    In: CRREL Report, 81-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The reflection of solar radiation by a snow cover in situ and the apparent influence of selected substrates were examined in wavelength bands centered at 0.81, 1.04, 1.10, 1.30, 1.50 and 1.80 micrometers. Substrates included winter wheat, timothy, corn, alfalfa, grass, concrete and subsurface layers of 'crusty' snow and ice. Reasonable qualitative agreement between measurements and theoretical predictions was demonstrated, with indications of quantitative agreement in the definition of a 'semi-infinite depth' of snow cover. It was concluded that ultimate quantitative agreement between theory and measurement will require that an 'optically effective grain size' be defined in terms of physically measuarable dimensions or meteorologically predictable characteristics of the ice crystals composing the snowpack.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-21
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental method Substrate preparation Experimental configuration Radiometric measurements Snow characterization Reflectance standards Data analysis Reflectance measurements Snow replica analysis Discussion of results Comparative reflectance of various substrates under snow Ablation of a snow cover Reflectance from a very light, fresh snow cover Measurements at angles other than vertical Reflectance from substrates Concluding observations Literature cited
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  • 50
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-81/18
    In: CRREL Report, 81-18
    Description / Table of Contents: During the growing seasons of 1977, 1978, and 1979, revegetation techniques were studied on the Chena River Lakes Project, a flood control dam and levee near Fairbanks, Alaska, to find an optimal treatment for establishing permanent vegetation cover on the gravel structures. The treatments tested on plots at the dam andor levee involved three main variables 1 vegetation grass and clover seed andor willow cuttings, 2 mulch, mulch blanket, andor sludge, and 3 substrate gravel or fine-grained soil over the gravel base. The mulches were hay, wood-cellulose-fiber, peat moss, and Conwed Hydro Mulch 2000, which is a wood-cellulose-fiber mulch with a polysaccharide tackifier. A constant rate of fertilizer was applied to all plots except the control. A section of each plot was refertilized again in their third growing season to compare annual and biannual fertilization. The high fertilization rate produced above-average growth. Fescue, brome, and foxtail were the most productive species on the dam, while alsike cover was the most productive on the wetter levee site. When grass seed and willow cuttings were planted at the same time, willow survival and growth were reduced. Fertilization is required for at least two years to produce an acceptable permanent vegetation cover, although fine- grained soil or sludge reduces the amount of fertilizer needed in the second year. Third-year fertilization may not be necessary since the benefits of the second fertilization continue for at least two years. A sludge treatment refertilized during its second growing season produces the highest biomass recorded in this study.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: ix, 59 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Abbreviations Conversion factors Summary Introduction Background Site characterization Climate Purpose Materials and methods General Moose Creek Dam site Tanana Levee site Sampling and measurement Abiotic controls on vegetation Meteorological data Soil moisture as a limiting factor Soil chemical analysis Vegetation growth and survival Moose Creek Dam site Tanana Levee site Biomass by species Roof penetration Seedling density of invading woody species Weeds Supplemental observations Sediment loss Sludge and runoff-water composition Cost analysis Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: 1977 grass growth on 1977 dam treatments Appendix B: 1978 grass growth on 1977 dam treatments Appendix C: 1979 grass growth on 1977 dam treatments Appendix D: Grass growth on 1978 dam treatments Appendix E: 1977, 1978, and 1979 survival of willow treatments Appendix F: Grass growth on Tanana levee treatments Appendix C: Chemical analysis of sludge and runoff water
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  • 51
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-81/24
    In: CRREL Report, 81-24
    Description / Table of Contents: This report develops a method of analysis for heat transmission systems operating under district heating load conditions. The method accounts for the effects of heat source and load characteristics. The use of thermal energy storage systems is outlined and advantages are given. The transmission model itself considers the following technical aspects: (1) frictional pressure losses in piping system, (2) pump characteristics, (3) pump driver characteristics, and (4) heat losses from the buried piping. The capital costs considered are the piping system and necessary pumps. Operation and maintenance costs include cost of heat loss and cost of pumping energy input. Allowances are also made for system maintenance and repair over the assumed lifetime.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 53 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 81-24
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Modes of heat transmission History and state of the art Technical aspects of heat transmission systems Heat sources Space heating loads Thermal energy storage Fluid dynamics considerations Pump drivers Buried piping systems Economic aspects of heat transmission systems Capital costs Operation and maintenance costs Problem formulation Criteria for the optimum solution The objective function Problem solution The response surface Methods of solution Sample results, conclusions and suggestions for future work Results from model calculations Conclusions and suggestions for future work Literature cited Appendix A: Computer program listing
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  • 52
    Call number: MOP 45321 / Mitte
    In: Antarctic research activities of the German Democratic Republic
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 13 Seiten
    Series Statement: Antarctic research activities of the German Democratic Republic : report to SCAR No 3
    Language: English
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  • 53
    Call number: MOP 45206 / Mitte
    In: Daily Global Analyses
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 5, 368 Seiten , graphische Darstellungen
    Series Statement: Daily Global Analyses Part 1
    Language: English
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
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  • 54
    Call number: MOP 45206 / Mitte
    In: Daily Global Analyses
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 6, 371 Seiten , graphische Darstellungen
    Series Statement: Daily Global Analyses Part 3
    Language: English
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  • 55
    Call number: MOP 45206 / Mitte
    In: Daily Global Analyses
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 6, 381 Seiten , graphische Darstellungen
    Series Statement: Daily Global Analyses Part 2
    Language: English
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  • 56
    Call number: MOP 45206 / Mitte
    In: Daily Global Analyses
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 6, 371 Seiten , graphische Darstellungen
    Series Statement: Daily Global Analyses Part 4
    Language: English
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  • 57
    Call number: S 90.0006(154)
    In: Memoir / Geological Society of America, 154
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: X, 824 Seiten , Illustrationen, graphische Darstellungen, Karten , 3 Beil. (Mikrofiches)
    Edition: Reprinted
    ISBN: 0-8137-1154-1
    Series Statement: Memoir / Geological Society of America 154
    Language: English
    Note: Preface INTRODUCTION History of the Nazca Plate Project George P. Woollard and La Verne D. Kulm DIVERGENT BOUNDARY Tectonics of the Nazca-Pacific divergent plate boundary David K. Rea Structure and evolution of the Easter plate D. W. Handschumacher, R. H. Pilger, Jr., J. A. Foreman, and J. F. Camphell Petrogenesis and secondary alteration of upper layer 2 basalts of the Nazca plate K. F. Scheidegger and J. B. Corliss Temporal variations in secondary minerals from Nazca plate basalts, diabases, and microgabbros Debra S. Slakes and K. F. Scheidegger METALLIFEROUS SEDIMENTS Geochemistry of Nazca plate surface sediments: An evaluation of hydrothermal, biogenic, detrital, and hydrogenous sources Jack Dymond Metalliferous-sediment deposition in time and space: East Pacific Rise and Bauer Basin, northern Nazca plate G. Ross Heath and Jack Dymond Lead isotopic composition of metalliferous sediments from the Nazca plate E. Julius Dasch Sediment accumulation rate patterns on the northwest Nazca plate G. M. McMurtry. H. H. Veeh, and C. Moser Uranium and thorium isotopic investigations in metalliferous sediments of the northwestern Nazca plate H. Herbert Veeh Formation and growth of ferromanganese oxides on the Nazca plate Mitchell Lyle Sediment and associated structure of the northern Nazca plate D. L. Erlandson, D. M. Hussong, and J. F. Campbell Economic appraisal of Nazca plate metalliferous sediments Cvrus W. Field, Dennis G. Wetherell, and E. Julius Dasch CONTINENTAL MARGIN AND TRENCH Tectonics, structure, and sedimentary framework of the Peru-Chile Trench W. J. Schweller, L. D. Kulm, and R. A. Prince Coastal structure of the continental margin, northwest Peru and southwest Ecuador Glenn L. Shepherd and Ralph Moberly Sedimentary basins of the Peru continental margin: Structure, stratigraphy, and Cenozoic tectonics from 6°S to 16°S latitude T. Thornburg and L. D. Kulm Crustal structures of the Peru continental margin and adjacent Nazca plate, 9°S latitude Paul R. Jones III Crustal structure and tectonics of the central Peru continental margin and trench L. D. Kulm, R. A. Prince, W. French, S. Johnson, and A. Masias Late Cenozoic carbonates on the Peru continental margin: Lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and tectonic history La Verne D. Kulm, Hans Schroder, Johanna M. Resig, Todd M. Thornburg, Antonio Masias, and Leonard Johnson Vertical movement and tectonic erosion of the continental wall of the Peru-Chile Trench near 1 l°30'S latitude Donald M. Hussong and Larry K. Wipperman Shallow structures of the Peru Margin 12°S - 18°S S. H. Johnson and G. E. Ness Clay mineralogy of the Peru continental margin and adjacent Nazca plate: Implications for provenance, sea level changes, and continental accretion Victor J. Rosato and La Verne D. Kulm Structures of the Nazca Ridge and continental shelf and slope of southern Peru Richard Couch and Robert M. Whitsett Tectonics of the Nazca plate and the continental margin of western South America, 18° to 23°S William T. Coulbourn Biogeography of benthic foraminifera of the northern Nazca plate and adjacent continental margin Johanna M. Resig Estimation of depth to magnetic source using maximum entropy power spectra, with application to the Peru-Chile Trench Richard J. Blakely and Siamak Hassanzadeh An active spreading center collides with a subduction zone: A geophysical survey of the Chile Margin triple junction E. M. Herron, S. C. Cande, and B. R. Hall Structures of the continental margin of Peru and Chile Richard Couch, Robert Whit sett, Bruce Huehn, and Luis Briceno-Guarupe ANDEAN CONVERGENCE ZONE Volcanic gaps and the consumption of aseismic ridges in South America Amos Nur and Zvi Ben-Avraham Geological and geophysical variations along the western margin of Chile near lat 33° to 36°S and their reaction to Nazca plate subduction Allen Lowrie and Richard Hey Chile Margin near lat 38°S: Evidence for a genetic relationship between continental and marine geologic features or a case of curious coincidences? E. M. Herron Convergence and mineralization — Is there a relation? C. Wayne Burnham Role of subducted continental material in the genesis of calc-alkaline volcanics of the central Andes David E. James Isotopic composition of Pb in Central Andean ore deposits George R. Tilt on, Robert J. Pollak, Alan H. Clark, and Ronald C. R. Robertson Epilogue: Geostill reconsidered Cyrus W. Field and E. Julius Dasch
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  • 58
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Tulsa, Oklahoma : American Ass. of Petroleum Geologists
    Call number: MR 22.94992
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 237 Seiten , überwiegend Illustrationen, graphische Darstellungen
    ISBN: 0-89181-653-4
    Series Statement: AAPG methods in exploration series 4
    Language: English
    Note: INTRODUCTION WHY SEM ANALYSIS? FORMAT SAMPLE PREPARATION HOW THE SEM WORKS THE SEM MICROGRAPH ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS BY SEM EDX ANALYSIS OF MINERALS SILICATES Silica Quartz Cristobalite (Opal-CT) Opal (Opal-A) Feldspars Potassium Feldspar Resorbed Potassium Feldspar Plagioclase Feldspar with K-Feldspar Overgrowths Resorbed Plagioclase Feldspar Clays Chlorite Illite Kaolinite Halloysite Smectite Nontronite Hectorite Illite-smectite Corrensite Glauconite Rectorite Palygorskite Vermiculite Zeolites Analcime Chabazite Clinoptilolite Erionite Heulandite Laumontite Mordenite Phillipsite Thomsonite Yugawaralite Micas Biotite Muscovite Phlogopite Amphiboles Hornblende Actinolite Riebeckite Pyroxenes Augite Hypersthene Others Talc Chrysotile Sphene CARBONATES Calcite Dolomite Ferroan Dolomite/Ankerite Siderite Chalk PHOSPHATES Apatite Collophane Florencite HALIDES Halite SULFIDES Pyrite Sphalerite SULFATES Gypsum Anhydrite Copiapite Melanterite Barite OXIDES Hematite and Goethite Rutile Magnetite llmenite MISCELLANEOUS Wood ENERGY TABLE OF CHARACTERISTIC X-RAY TRANSITIONS GLOSSARY REFERENCES
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  • 59
    Call number: MR 22.94954
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XIV, 223 Seiten , Illustrationen, graphische Darstellungen, Karten , 1 Karte
    ISBN: 0-620-06587-7
    Series Statement: Geological Society of South Africa : Special publication 9
    Language: English
    Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Provisional geological map of the barberton greenstone belt and surrounding granitic terrane, Eastern Transvaal and Swaziland 〈1: 250000〉 : drawn by N.A.De N.C. Gomes and R.M. N.C. Gomes /by C.R. Anhaeusser, L.J. Robb and M.J. Viljoen, 1981
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  • 60
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Geneva : WMO
    Call number: MOP 45420 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: Getrennte Zählung , Illustrationen , 28 cm
    Language: English
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  • 61
    Call number: MR 22.94922
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: X, 326 Seiten , Illustrationen, graphische Darstellungen, Karten
    ISBN: 0-906812-26-7 , 0-906812-25-9
    Series Statement: Shiva geology series
    Language: English
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  • 62
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    London u.a. : Allen & Unwin
    Call number: MR 22.94921
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 128 Seiten , zahlreiche Illustrationen
    ISBN: 0-04-551051-2 , 0-04-551052-0
    Language: English
    Note: Preface Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 2 Stress and strain 3 Structural symmetry 4 Structure and stratigraphical succession 5 Structures in brittle rocks: tension fractures and shear zones 6 Rock cleavage and schistosity: generalities 7 Fracture cleavage and strain-slip cleavage 8 Flow cleavage, schistosity and lineation 9 Boudinage 10 Drag-folds and parasitic folds 11 Mullion and rodding structures 12 Superposed minor structures 13 Minor structures and large-scale tectonics 14 Conclusions Bibliography Index
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  • 63
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 17/M 17.90969/1
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XI, 622 Seiten
    Edition: First edition published in 1984, reprinted 2011
    ISBN: 0198556020
    Series Statement: International series of monographs on chemistry 9
    Language: English
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  • 64
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union
    Associated volumes
    Call number: M 17.90361/1
    In: Chinese Geophysics
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: Seiten 1-230 , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Chinese Geophysics Volume 1, Number 1
    Language: English
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  • 65
    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-6
    In: Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 6
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 38 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 6
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 83-October 84. - II. Planned Activities, October 84-October 85. - References.
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  • 66
    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-5
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 5
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 35 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 5
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 82-October 83. - II. Planned Activities, October 83-October 84. - References.
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  • 67
    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-4
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 4
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 24 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 4
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 81-October 82. - II. Planned Activities, October 82-October 83. - References.
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  • 68
    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-2
    In: Report to SCAR on Antarctic research activities of Germany (FRG), 2
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 16 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: Report to SCAR on Antarctic research activities of Germany (FRG) 2
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research of the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Station. - Antarctic Research Activities 1979-1980. - Planned Research Activities 1980-1981. - References.
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  • 69
    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-3
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 3
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 16 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 3
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 80-October 81. - II. Planned Activities, October 81-October 82. - References.
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  • 70
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar]
    Call number: AWI P2-19-92186
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 23 Seiten
    Language: English
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  • 71
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Department of Science and Technology, Antarctic Division Australia
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    Call number: AWI P2-86-0256
    In: Antarctic Telecommunications Guidance Manual, Volume 1
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: Diverse Seitenangaben (ca. 50 Seiten)
    Language: English
    Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Distribution List. - List of acronyms and abbreviations used. - Record of Amendments. - Foreword to 1st Edition. - Foreword to 2nd Edition. - HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTS OF ANTARCTIC COMMUNICATIONS. - CONSIDERATION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS BY SCAR AND ANTARCTIC TREATY CONSULTATIVE PARTIES. - OPERATION OF INDIVIDUAL NATIONS' NETWORKS. - Australia's Antarctic Communications. - Japan's Antarctic communications. - UK Antarctic communications. - US Antarctic communications. - ANTARCTIC TREATY RESOLUTIONS ON ANTARCTIC COMMUNICATIONS. - WMO RESOLUTIONS AND PRINCIPLES ON ANTARCTIC COMMUNICATIONS. - Introduction. - Engineering principles of the GTS. - Functions and responsibilities of Meteorological Telecommunications Centres. - Characteristics of the networks of the GTS. - Operational principles of the GTS. - The transmission of meteorological data an the GTS. - Collection and transmission of meteorological data. - Data processing. - Telecommunications system. - Weather reporting by traverse parties. - Automatic weather station in the Antarctic. - AIREP reports. - Mobile ship stations. - OTHER RELEVANT RECOMMENDATIONS AND RESOLUTIONS. - APPENDIXES. - APPENDIX I. - Manual an the Global Data Processing System, Regional Aspects, the Antarctic. - APPENDIX II. - Network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations in the Antarctic. - APPENDIX III. - Results of the monitoring of Antarctic data reception carried out during the period 12-15 March 1982. - APPENDIX IV. - Existing links for the daily international exchange of meteorological data within the Antarctic. - APPENDIX V. - Principal routes by which Antarctic meteorological data enters the GTS. - APPENDIX VI. - List of Antarctic stations and the routing of their meteorological data to the GTS.
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  • 72
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/43
    In: CRREL Report, 82-43
    Description / Table of Contents: The radar signatures of ice wedges and wedge-like structures have been investigated for a variety of soil conditions. The radar used for this study emitted short sinusoidal pulses of about 10-ns duration with an approximate center frequency of 150 MHz. Most of the ice wedges existed at depths of about 1 m in a variety of silty and sandy soils with both frozen and thawed active layers. The position of the wedges was usually identified from corresponding surface features. An artificial ice wedge in coarse-grained alluvium was also profiled as well as wedge-like structures of fine silt in a coarse-grained glacial outwash. All wedges and wedge-like structures produced a hyperbolic reflection profile except when an active layer of thawed, saturated silt was present which eliminated returns from the wedges. The peaks of the hyper-bolas were sometimes masked by reflections from the permafrost table or other material interfaces, and multiple hyperbolas occurred at some sites. The dielectric constant of the host medium was often calculated from the linear portions of the hyperbolas and the results were verified by laboratory time domain reflectometry measurements per-formed on field samples. In some cases, hyperbolic profiles originated at several meters depth suggesting that deep ice wedges could be detected in areas of cold permafrost.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-43
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Objectives and procedures Equipment used Radar TDR Definitions Massive ice Results Artificial wedge: Norwich, Vermont Ice wedges in sand: Fish Creek, Alaska Ice wedges: Prudhoe Bay, Alaska Ice wedges under thawed fine-grained soils: North Slope, Alaska Wedge-like soil structures: Ft. Greely, Alaska TDR measurements Summary and concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Brief discussion of dispersion
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  • 73
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/42
    In: CRREL Report, 82-42
    Description / Table of Contents: A high-resolution impulse radar profiling system was evaluated for 1) detecting the existence of sea ice which coring has revealed to exist on the bottom of the Ross Ice Shelf at Site J-9, 2) detecting the preferred horizontal c-axis azi-muthal direction of the sea ice crystals, using the voltage amplitude of the radar reflection from the sea ice bottom, and 3) determining the direction of the currents under an Antarctic ice shelf. A field program was conducted consisting of a surface radar survey on the Ross Ice Shelf at Site J-9 and surface and airborne radar profiling on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. The CRREL impulse radar system, operating at a center frequency of either 80 MHz or 20 MHz, was unable to detect the shelf bottom at Site J-9, which drilling revealed to be 416 m below the snow surface. The radar system was used to profile the McMurdo Ice Shelf both from the snow surface and from the air; a shelf thickness of about 275 m was easily detected. Theoretical considerations indicate that the bulk conductivity of the ice shelf at Site J1-9 was higher than originally anticipated, and this limited the radar sounding depth to about 405 m when operating at a frequency of 20 MHz.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-42
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Introduction Profiling system Theoretical considerations Field program Discussion Literature cited
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  • 74
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/18
    In: CRREL Report, 83-18
    Description / Table of Contents: An evaluation of an impulse radar system for detecting cavities under concrete pavement is discussed, and field results are presented. It was found that a dual antenna mode of surveying was ideal for void detection. In this mode one antenna operated in a transceive mode and a second, offset from the first, operated in a receive-only mode. This arrangement allowed a refraction-type profile survey to be performed, which enabled subpavement voids to be easily detected. Field trails were held at Plattsburgh Air Force Base, where 28 cavities were detected and mapped. Drilling of holes verified that a cavity existed and allowed cavity depth to be measured. The cavities varied from 1.5 in. to 23 in, depth and were up to 20 ft. long.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Plattsburgh Air Force Base Radar sounding system Survey procedure Cavity inspection Radar cavity detection test Radar profile results Falling-weight deflectometer tests Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 75
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/12
    In: CRREL Report, 83-12
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper documents the development and verification of two finite difference models that solve the general two-dimensional form of the heat conduction equation, using the alternative-direction implicit method. Both can handle convective, constant flux, specified temperature and semi-infinite boundaries. The conducting medium may be composed of many materials. The first program, ADI, solves for the case where no change of state occurs. ADIPC solves for case where a freeze/thaw change of phase may occur, using the apparent heat capacity method. Both models are verified by comparison to analytical results.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 74 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-12
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Finite differences applied to heat transfer Heat conduction equation Boundary conditions Phase change Computer program ADDATA, the data subroutine TRIDIG, the matrix solver ISOTHM, the isotherm finider ADI, main program ADEPC, main program Verification of ADI Comparison of ADI with analytical results Comparison of ADI with experimental results Verification of ADIPC Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-the Neumann solution Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-two-dimensional phase change verification User instruction for ADI User instruction for ADIPC Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Program INFSUM and sample input and output for program ADI Appendix B. Program ADIPC and sample input and output
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  • 76
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/14
    In: CRREL Report, 83-14
    Description / Table of Contents: An analysis of ice fracture that incorporates dislocation mechanics and linear elastic fracture mechanics is discussed. The derived relationships predict a brittle to ductile transition in polycrystalline ice under tension with a Hall-Petch type dependence of brittle fracture strength on grain size. A uniaxial tensile testing technique, including specimen preparation and loading system design was developed and employed to verify the model. The tensile strength of ice in purely brittle fracture was found to vary with the square root of the reciprocal of grain size, supporting the relationship that the theory suggests. The inherent strength of the ice lattice and the Hall-Petch slope are evaluated and findings discussed in relation to previous results. Monitoring of acoustic emissions was incorporated in the tests, providing insights into the process of microfracture during ice deformation.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Development of testing technique Test specimens Tensile testing Compression testing Experimental results Tensile tests Compression tests Discussion Conclusions Suggestions for further work Literature cited Appendix A: Additional information on seed grains Appendix B: Thin-sectioning procedure Appendix C: Displacement transducer calibration
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  • 77
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/13
    In: CRREL Report, 83-13
    Description / Table of Contents: A review on past experimental and theoretical work indicates a need for additional experimentation to characterize the response of snow to inelastic pressure waves. Pressure data from previously conducted explosion tests are analyzed to estimate the elastic limit of snow of 400 -kg/cu m density to be about 36 kPa. This pressure corresponds to a scaled distance of 1.6 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired beneath the surface of the snow, and to a scaled distance of 1.2 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired in the air. The effects of a snow cover on the method of clearing a minefield by using an explosive charge fired in the air above the snow surface are also discussed and recommendations are given for further work in this area. Explosive pressure data are used to estimate the maximum effective scaled radius for detonating buried mines at shallow depth to be 0.8 m/cu.rt.kg. Fuel-air explosive will increase this effective radius significantly because of the increase in the size of the source region.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 33 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-13
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Objectives Background Problems in describing the response of snow to an applied stress Methods of determining the dynamic behavior of materials Review of previous studies on snow Experimental measurements on snow Summary of snow experiments Theoretical studies Confirmation of the theory Discussion Applications Recommendations Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Selected data from Wisotski and Snyder (1966) Appendix B. Pressure data from Livingston (1964)
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  • 78
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/16
    In: CRREL Report, 83-16
    Description / Table of Contents: The presence of snow on the ground can impose limitations on the mobility of wheeled and tracked vehicles. Snow depth and density are the two most easily measured snow properties that can be related to mobility over snow. Existing models of snowpack accumulation and ablation processes and models of internal snowpack structure were examined to determine if a model of the snowpack can be developed for use in predicting the snow parameters that affect mobility. Simple models, such as temperature index models, do not provide sufficient snowpack details, and the more detailed models require too many measured inputs. Components of the various models were selected from a basis of a snowpack model for predicting snow properties related to mobility over snow. Methods of obtaining the input data from some components are suggested, and areas where more development is needed are described.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 34 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-16
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion of metric units Introduction Review of existing models Accumulation models Ablation models Using existing models for studying mobility Proposed snowpack model for mobility studies Model components Implementation of the model Developing input data Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 79
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/17
    In: CRREL Report, 83-17
    Description / Table of Contents: A sea ice model was applied to the East Greenland Sea to examine a 60-day ice advance period beginning 1 October 1979. This investigation compares model results using driving geostrophic wind fields derived from three sources. Winds calculated from sea-level pressures obtained from the National Weather Service's operational analysis system resulted in strong velocities concentrated in a narrow band adjacent to the Greenland coast, with moderate velocities elsewhere. The model showed excessive ice transport and thickness build-ups in the coastal region. The extreme pressure gradient parallel to the coast resulted partially from a pressure reduction procedure that was applied to the terrain-following sigma coordinate system to obtain sea-level pressures. Additional sea-level pressure fields were obtained from an independent optimal interpolation analysis that merged FGGE buoys drifting in the Arctic basin with high latitude land stations and from manual digitization of the NWS hand-analyzed Northern Hemisphere Surface Charts. Modeling results using winds from both of these fields agreed favorably.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-17
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Description of study Model results The problem Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 80
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/22
    In: CRREL Report, 83-22
    Description / Table of Contents: A new experimental method for measuring the soil-water diffusivity of frozen soil under isothermal conditions is introduced. The theoretical justification of the method is presented and the feasibility of the method is demonstrated by experiments conducted using marine-deposited clay. The measured values of the soil-water diffusivity are found comparable to reported experimental data.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-22
    Language: English
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  • 81
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/11
    In: CRREL Report, 83-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of ground radar performance over thawed and seasonally frozen silts, and sands and gravels containing artificial and natural reflectors were carried out in Alaska. The radar emitted 5-10 ns pulses, the center frequency of which was approximately 150 MHz. The artificial reflectors were metal sheets and discs and the natural reflectors were the groundwater table and interfaces between frozen and thawed material. The water table was profiled at three sites where the subsurface material was coarse-grained alluvium. Dielectric constants of 16 to 18 were measured for the thawed silts, 6 to 7 for the frozen silts and 3 to 9 for the sands and gravels. Signal penetration in the thawed high moisture content silts may be achieved only by use of a lower frequency radar, whereas in the sands and gravels greater depths may be detected with more sophisticated signal processing.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-11
    Language: English
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  • 82
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/26
    In: CRREL Report, 83-26
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice accreted on high-speed rotors operating in supercooled fog can be thrown off by centrifugal force, creating severe unbalance and dangerous projectiles. A simple force balance analysis indicates that the strength of accreted ice and its adhesive strength can be obtained by measuring the thickness of the accretion, the location of the separation, the rotor speed, and the density. Such an analysis was applied to field and laboratory observations of self-shedding events. The results agree reasonably well with other observations.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-26
    Language: English
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  • 83
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/23
    In: CRREL Report, 83-23
    Description / Table of Contents: The problems associated with measuring stresses in ice are reviewed. Theory and laboratory test results are then presented for a stiff cylindrical sensor made of steel that is designed to measure ice stresses in a biaxial stress field. Loading tests on freshwater and saline ice blocks containing the biaxial ice stress sensor indicate that the sensor has a resolution of 20 kPa and an accuracy of better than 15% under a variety of uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions. Principal stress directions can also be determined within 5 degrees. The biaxial ice stress sensor is not significantly affected by variations in the ice elastic modulus, ice creep or differential thermal expansion between the ice and gauge. The sensor also has a low temperature sensitivity (5 kPa/deg C).
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 38 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-23
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Stress measurements Design considerations Stress sensors Biaxial ice stress sensor Biaxial stress sensor theory Gauge deformation Stresses associated with cylindrical sensors Determination of ice stresses Gauge calibration Evaluation of the biaxial ice stress sensor Temperature sensitivity Biaxial loading test equipment Biaxial loading test results Differential thermal expansion Long-term drift Discussion of test results Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 84
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/19
    In: CRREL Report, 84-19
    Description / Table of Contents: In this study a method for making long-range forecasts of freeze-up dates in rivers is developed. The method requires the initial water temperature at an upstream station, the long-range air temperature forecast, the predicted mean flow velocity in the river reach, and water temperature response parameters. The water temperature response parameters can be either estimated from the surface heat exchange coefficient and the average flow depth or determined empirically from recorded air and water temperature data. The method is applied to the St. Lawrence River between Kingston, Ontario, and Massena, New York, and is shown to be capable of accurately forecasting freeze-up. Originator-supplied keywords include: Ice formation, and River ice.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Problem formulation Analytical treatment Application to the upper St. Lawrence River Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Basic program for St. Lawrence River freeze-up forecast
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  • 85
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/24
    In: CRREL Report, 84-24
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the growth characteristics and crystalline textures of urea ice sheets which are now used extensively in the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab. (CRREL) test basin for modeling sea ice. The aims of the report are to describe the different kinds of crystalline texture encountered in urea ice sheets and to show that even small variations in texture can drastically influence the mechanical behavior of urea ice sheets. Standard petrographic techniques for studying microstructure in thin sections were used on 24 urea ice sheets. These investigations entailed observations of the crystalline texture of the ice (including details of the subgrain structure), grain size measurements, and studies of the nature and extent of urea entrapment and drainage patterns in the ice. Increased knowledge of the factors controlling the crystalline characteristics of urea ice sheets has progressed to the point where test basin researchers at CRREL are now able to fabricate ice sheets with prescribed structures leading to predictable mechanical properties. Originators supplied keywords include: Sea ice, and Mechanical properties.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-24
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Procedures for growing urea ice sheets Analysis of the crystalline structure of urea ice Characteristics of urea ice Results and discussion Ice sheet no. 1 Ice sheet no. 2 Ice sheet no. 3 Ice sheet no. 4 Ice sheet no. 5 Ice sheet no. 6 Ice sheet no. 7 Ice sheet no. 8 Ice sheet no. 9 Ice sheet no. 10 Ice sheet no. 11 Ice sheet no. 12 Ice sheet no. 13 Ice sheet no. 14 Ice sheet no. 15 Ice sheet no. 16 Ice sheet no. 17 Ice sheet no. 18 Ice sheet no. 19 Ice sheet no. 20 Ice sheet no. 21 Ice sheet no. 22 Ice sheet no. 23 Ice sheet no. 24 Urea concentrations in test tank solution and ice Discussion and conclusions E/σf ratio Thickness of incubation layer Crystal properties Literature cited Appendix A: Thin sections of urea ice sheets
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  • 86
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    [Reading, Berkshire] : [European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts]
    Call number: MOP 44987 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: i, 97 Seiten , Illustrationen , 30 cm
    Language: English
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  • 87
    Call number: MOP 47169 / Mitte
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: I, 209 Seiten , Illustrationen , 30 cm
    Language: English
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  • 88
    Call number: AWI G6-19-92758
    In: 2nd Working Meeting "Radioisotope Application and Radiation Processing in Industry", Abstracts of papers
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 167 Seiten
    Language: English
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  • 89
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-80/27
    In: CRREL Report, 80-27
    Description / Table of Contents: No general, analytical solution exists for phase change around a cylinder, thus, approximate methods have been evaluated. The heat balance integral technique applied to the cylinder gave excellent results when compared to published numerical solutions. Graphical solutions are given for phase change about a cylinder for ranges of the Stefan number, superheat parameter, and property value ratios for typical soils. An approximate, general solution has been derived which is reasonably accurate and can be used for any values of the above-mentioned parameters. The effective thermal diffusivity method has been shown to be useful for practical problems of phase change.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-27
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Zero superheat Constant phase change rate Zero sensible heat Finite sensible heat Finite superheat Quasi-steady solution Heat balance integral solution Approximate methods Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 90
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-80/24
    In: CRREL Report, 80-24
    Description / Table of Contents: The fluid shear stress applied to the underside of a simulated floating ice cover was measured in a laboratory flume. The measured values were compared with values of the shear stress computed from the von Karman-Prandtl velocity distribution fitted to the velocity profiles measured beneath the cover. For the lower velocity runs (approx 0.079 m/s) the measured and computed values of the shear stress were in close agreement. At the high velocity flows (approx 0.137 m/s) the measured values were roughly one-half those calculated from the velocity distribution. As the underside of the cover became increasingly rougher, the position of maximum velocity moved closer to the bottom of the channel. It was shown that the Darcy friction coefficient is exponentially related to a normalized ice cover thickness, which suggests that it is measure of the roughness of a fragmented ice cover.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 11 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-24
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Experimental apparatus Experimental procedures Analysis of forces Experimental results Analysis of data Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 91
    Call number: ZSP-201-80/19
    In: CRREL Report, 80-19
    Description / Table of Contents: During the period 1975-1978 the Federal Highway Administration sponsored a series of environmental engineering in­vestigations along the Yukon River to Prudhoe Bay Haul Road. In 1976 the Department of Energy joined these in­vestigations with a series of ecological projects which continue to the present. Both agencies research efforts were con­ducted on a cooperative basis with CRREL’s in-house research program. The objectives of the research focused on 1) an evaluation of the performance of the road, 2) an assessment of changes in the environment associated with the road, 3) documentation of flora and vegetation along the 577-km-long transect, 4) methodologies for revegetation and restoration, and 5) an assessment of biological parameters as indicators of environmental integrity. In support of these objectives, specific studies were undertaken that investigated the climate along the road, thaw and subsidence beneath and adjacent to the road, drainage and side slope performance, distribution and properties of road dust, vegetation distribution, vegetation disturbance and recovery, occurrence of weeds and weedy species, erosion and its control, revegetation and restoration, and construction of the fuel gas line. This report presents background, information on the region, detailed results of the road thaw subsidence and dust investigations, and summaries of revegetation, fuel gas line, vegetation distribution, soil, and weed studies.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: xv, 187 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Chapter 1. The road and its environment Introduction General physiography Regional climate Surficial and bedrock geology Permafrost and ground ice General biota Vegetation Floristic survey Vegetation mapping Soils and mapping Chapter 2. Roadbed performance and associated investigations Roadbed investigations Roadbed performance Performance of drainage features Performance of sideslopes Conclusions from road, drainage and sideslope performance studies Fuel gas line construction Chapter 3. Distribution and properties of road dust along the northern portion of the Haul Road Introduction Methods Results of wind direction and velocity measurements Dust load and distribution Particle size analyses of dust Chemical composition properties of dust and related samples Soil cation composition Dust impacts on vegetation Discussion and conclusions Chapter 4. Revegetation and restoration investigations Introduction Revegetation approaches Alyeska erosion control and revegetation program Weeds and weedy plants Performance of revegetation Alyeska willow cutting program CRREL restoration experiments Conclusions Revegetation recommendations General report recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: General environmental guidelines applicable to subarctic and arctic road construction Appendix B: University-based studies along the Yukon River-Prudhoe Bay Haul Road Appendix C: CRREL maps of Haul Road showing locations of all study Sites Appendix D: Additional Haul Road cross-sectional profiles Appendix E: Clay mineralogy of road-related materials Appendix F: List of reports in the Joint State/Federal Fish and Wildlife Ad­visory Team series
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  • 92
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-80/15
    In: CRREL Report, 80-15
    Description / Table of Contents: This report discusses the time constraints on measuring the thermal resistance (R-value) of building components. Temperature changes on either side of a building component perturb measurement accuracy. Long measurement times and measurement times corresponding to a consistent diurnal cycle can be satisfactory; however, individual temperature changes cause significant error for shorter measurement periods. This report shows how to scale the thermal properties of individual constituent materials in a building element to determine its characteristic thermal time constant. The report then demonstrates the size of measurement error resulting from a variety of changes in temperature with representative walls of different time constants.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-15
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Field measurement and analysis of transient heat flow A closer look at handling the constraints Random change Step change Ramp change Application of theory Literature cited Appendix A. Percentage error from a step input Appendix B. Time constraints of sample walls Appendix C. Percentage error from a ramp input Appendix D. Percentage error from a sinusoidal input Appendix E. Percentage error programs for a Hewlett-Packard HP-25 calculator Appendix F. Experimental determination of time constants Appendix G. Derivation of time constant formula for multiple layers
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  • 93
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Washington, D.C. : Mineralogical Society of America
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 11/M 19.92803
    In: Reviews in mineralogy, 6
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: ix, 380 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Edition: second printing
    ISBN: 978-0-939950-06-5
    Series Statement: Reviews in mineralogy 6
    Language: English
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  • 94
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Washington, D.C. : Mineralogical Society of America
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 11/M 19.92807
    In: Reviews in mineralogy, 3
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: viii, L1-L88; R1-R24, Hg1-Hg100, EG1-EG72, SH1-SH17, Hg101-Hg300 , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Edition: second printing
    ISBN: 0-939950-03-0
    Series Statement: Reviews in mineralogy 3
    Language: English
    Location: Reading room
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  • 95
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Washington, D.C. : Mineralogical Society of America
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 11/M 19.92815
    In: Reviews in mineralogy, 1
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: vi, diverse Seitenangaben , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Edition: fourth printing
    ISBN: 0-939950-01-4
    Series Statement: Reviews in mineralogy 1
    Language: English
    Location: Reading room
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  • 96
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Washington, D.C. : Mineralogical Society of America
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 11/M 19.92818
    In: Reviews in mineralogy, 20
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: xi, 369 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    ISBN: 0-939950-24-3
    Series Statement: Reviews in mineralogy 20
    Language: English
    Location: Reading room
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  • 97
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Washington, D.C. : Mineralogical Society of America
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 11/M 19.92819
    In: Reviews in mineralogy, 27
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: xv, 516 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Edition: second printing
    ISBN: 0-939950-32-4
    Series Statement: Reviews in mineralogy 27
    Language: English
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  • 98
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Bonn : Federal Republic of Germany, Press and Public Relations Department
    Call number: AWI P6-18-91970
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: iv, 169 Seiten
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: Introduction. - International co-operation. - Intergovernmental co-operation. - Non-governmental co-operation. - I. Scientific Programme. - 1. Astronomy. - 2. Biological Sciences. - 2.1 The marine ecosystem and its living resources. - 2.1.1 Food resources, phytoplankton production and zooplankton. - 2.1.2 The role of the benthos. - 2.1.3 The role of micro-organisms. - 2.1.4 Distribution and incidence of seals in the pack-ice of the Weddell Sea. - 2.1.5 Distribution and life history of fishes. - 2.1.6 Large-scaie distribution and drift of krill. - 2.1.7 Composition and behaviour of krill shoals. - 2.1.8 Preservation and processing of krill. - 2.2 The adaptation of antarctic marine organisms to their environment. - 2.2.1 Experiments and marine studies on .the ecophysiology of krill. - 2.2.2 Temperature regulation and food requirements of warm-blooded antarctic animals. - 2.2.3 Growth, digestive system and food economy of antarctic fishes. - 2.2.4 Freezing resistance of sea animals. - 2.2.5 Taxonomy of antarctic marine organisms. - 2.3 Terrestrial biology in Antarctica. - 2.3.1 Temperature adjustments in the reproductive biology of antarctic birds. - 2.3.2 Biochemical bases of growth processes in poikilothermic organisms at very low temperatures. - 2.3.3 Nutritional biology of poikilothermic herbivora. - 2.3.4 Study of lichens, fungi and bacteria in Antarctica and on offshore islands. - 2.3.5 Photosynthesis and heterotrophic life cycle of plants at very low temperatures. - 2.4 Environmental protection in Antarctica. - 2.5 Human biology and medicine in polar regions. - 3. Geodesy, Cartography and Remote Sensing. - 3.1 Satellite geodesy. - 3.2 Doppler satellite positioning. - 3.3 Geodetic mapping of ice-free areas. - 3.4 Remote-sensing by satellite. - 4. Geology and Geophysics. - 4.1 Study of drift processes as a contribution to the geological history of Antarctica. - 4.1.1 Study of magnetic structures by means of aeromagnetic photography. - 4.1.2 Paleomagnetic studies of drift evolution. - 4.1.3 Micro-earthquakes as indicators of tectonic activity. - 4.1.4 Earth tides and natural oscillations of the earth. - 4.2 Studies of the structure of crust and mantle. - 4.2.1 Structure of the basement complex of the transantarctic mountain chain in the area east of the Filchner Ice Shelf. - 4.2.2 Structure of the basement of the Weddell Sea, the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf, and the peripheral area. - 4.2.3 Oldest and highly metamorphous rocks of the East Antarctic. - 4.3 Stratigraphy, tectonics and magmatism in the mobile areas. - 4.3.1 Mobile fringe areas of the East Antarctic. - 4.3.2 Paleozoic and mesozoic mountains(Beacon upper group) in the transantarctic mountains. - 4.3.3 Early paleozoic to cainozoic orogenes in the area around the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf. - 4.4 Study of exogenous processes under extremely cold conditions. - 4.4.1 Glacial geology and geomorphology. - 4.4.2 Weathering and detrital formation. - 4.5 Geoscientific marine research. - 5. Glaciology. - 5.1 Volume and dynamics of the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf. - 5.2 Determining the extent and thickness of the ice and its temporal variation in the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf sector and peripheral areas. - 5.3 Determining the composition and inner structure of the Filchner/Ronne Ice Shelf on the basis of geophysical surface measurements. - 5.4 Studies of the dynamics of the pack-ice in the Weddell Gyre. - 5.5 Physical characteristics of ocean ice. - 5.6 Glaciological drillings. - 5.7 Chemical composition and accumulation genesis of antarctic background aerosol; global transport of trace gases and aerosols. - 5.8 Study of the elastic and rheological characteristics of ice, its heat conductability and texture affected by deformation. - 6. Upper Atmosphere and Extraterrestrial Physics. - 6.1 Investigation of whistlers and VLF radio emissions (chorus, hiss, etc) at conjugated points. - 6.2 Study of terresterial magnetic pulsations at conjugated points. - 6.3 Study of atmospherics to obtain more precise data on worldwide thunderstorms. - 6.4 Measurements of the aero-electric field. - 6.5 Balloon-based study of the ionosphere in the light of Mg t resonance lines. - 6.6 Measurement of the vertical distribution of ozone, steam and aerosol up to an altitude of 30 km. - 6.7 Measurements of emission in the infrared 9.6 µ ozone band from the ground. - 6.8 Other projects which may be carried out simultaneously with the above or later. - 6.9 Proposed basic terrestrial magnetic equipment for the Antarctic Station. - 6.10 Meteorite search expedition. - 6.11 Study of micrometeorites and cosmic dust. - 7. Meteorology and Oceanography. - 7.1 Meteorology. - 7.1.1 Atmospheric boundary stratum. - 7.1.2 Study of stratospheric circulation. - 7.1.3 Measurement of trace gases over long periods. - 7.1.4 Other research projects. - 7.1.5 Weather service observations and consultations. - 7.1.6 Basic meteorological equipment for the Antarctic Station. - 7.2 Physical oceanography. - 7.2.1 Formation and extent of bottom water in the Atlantic sector of the circumantarctic ocean. - 7.2.2 Numeric simulation of the vertical flows of material, energy and impulses. - 7 2.3 Time scales of transportation in deep water with the aid of radioactive trace elements. - 7.2.4 Detection of heavy metals in the Antarctic Ocean. - 7.2.5 Fishery oceanography in circumantarctic waters. - 7.2.6 Other research projects. - 8. Engineering Sciences. - 8.1 Shipbuilding technology. - 8.1.1 Measuring and testing programme regarding the performance of vessels in ice and technical developments in the construction of ice-going vessels. - 8.2 Iceberg location and navigation. - 8.2.1 Iceberg location. - 8.2.2 Development of precision positioning systems (also for dynamic positioning) to ensure noninterference with signals transmitted through ice and water masses of different thicknesses. - 8.3 Construction techniques. - 8.4 Exploration techniques. - 8.5 Other topics. - The Antarctic Research Station. - The Polar Research and Supply Ship. - The Polar Research Institute. - Institutions contributing to the Programme.
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  • 99
    Call number: MOP 45321 / Mitte
    In: Antarctic research activities of the German Democratic Republic
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 15 Seiten
    Series Statement: Antarctic research activities of the German Democratic Republic : report to SCAR No 2
    Language: English
    Location: MOP - must be ordered
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  • 100
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/19
    In: CRREL Report, 82-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Under proper design and management, a forest ecosystem in the central United States should renovate municipal wastewater as long or longer than conventional agricultural systems, especially when design limitations are hydraulic loading rate, heavy metals, P and N. Forest systems require smaller buffer zones than agricultural systems and lower sprinkler pressures. Immature forests are better wastewater renovators than mature forests.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 22 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Forest systems design Pretreatment Distribution systems Public health considerations Buffer zone requirements Toxic effects Public access Hydraulic loading Nutrient uptake and loading Introduction Nitrogen Phosphorus Trace metals Design considerations Hydraulic loading rates Nitrogen loading rates Forest management options Reforestation Existing forest ecosystems Short term rotation plantations Potential long term effects on forest ecosystems Longevity of forest systems Consequences of overloading Soil chemical, physical and hydrologic properties Productivity Summary Literature cited
    Location: AWI Archive
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