ALBERT

Note: Contents: What has changed since the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment in 2005? Part 1. How the Arctic cryosphere is changing 1.1. The Arctic cryosphere 1.2. Monitoring change in the Arctic cryosphere 1.3. Snow cover is decreasing 1.4. Permafrost is thawing 1.5. Lakes and rivers are losing ice cover 1.6. Mountain glaciers, ice caps and the Greenland Ice Sheet are all diminishing 1.7. Summer sea-ice cover has declined dramatically Part 2. Why the Arctic cryosphere is changing 2.1. The Arctic climate is changing 2.2. The cryosphere interacts with other aspects of climate Part 3. More change is expected. Where in the Arctic? 3.1. Modelling the future 3.2. Future changes in temperature, rain and snowfall 3.3. Future changes in snow, permafrost, lake and river ice 3.4. Future changes in mountain glaciers, ice caps and the Greenland Ice Sheet 3.5. Future changes in sea ice Part 4. How these changes affect people and nature. Where in the Arctic? 4.1. Changing Arctic ecosystems 4.2. Changing supplies of natural resources 4.3. Changing access 4.4. Changing risks to buildings and land 4.5. Changing movement of contaminants 4.6. Changing Arctic living conditions Part 5. Why changes in the Arctic matter globally 5.1. Changes in the Arctic cryosphere affect the global climate 5.2. Melting Arctic land ice contributes to sea-level rise 5.3. Consequences for global society Part 6. What should be done? 6.1. Adapting to change 6.2. The big unknowns Glossary.

Note: Contents: Part 1: Introduction ; The Global Adaptation Community Expands Its Scope ; Part 2: Urban Risk and Assessing Vulnerability at the Local Level ; Introduction: Urban Risk and Assessing Vulnerability at the Local Level ; A Region at Risk: Policy Determination Through Vulnerability Hotspot Assessment ; Developing a Framework for Assessing Coastal Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise in Southern New England, USA ; Quantifying Impacts of Potential Sea-Level Rise Scenarios on Irish Coastal Cities ; Mapping Risk and Vulnerability in São Paulo Metropolitan Region ; Water Crisis: Public Management of a Critical Situation ; Environmental Assessment and Restoration of Typhoon Morakot Disaster: A Case Study in Kaohsiung, Chinese Taipei ; Flood Risk Protection Concept for the Urban Region Geising/Altenberg in the Flood Formation Area of the Eastern Ore Mountains, Germany ; Part 3: Toward the Resilient City ; Introduction: Toward the Resilient City ; Water, Energy and Food Security in Mexico City ; Nature at the Heart of Urban Design for Resilience ; Smart City: Energy Efficiency in a New Scope ; Resilient Food Systems for Resilient Cities ; Urban Agriculture Casablanca ; Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Scenarios for Urban Neighbourhoods in the City of Essen ; Combining Urban Development with Climate Change Adaptation Using a Systems Approach ; Towards Resilient Architecture ; Towards More Resilient Water Infrastructures ; Building ‘Equitable’ Urban Resilience: The Challenge for Cities ; Climate Change and the Urban Poor: Support of the German Development Cooperation to a City in Bangladesh ; The Green Infrastructure Transect: An Organizational Framework for Mainstreaming Adaptation Planning Policies ; Part 4: Frameworks for Local Response to Climate Change: Challenges and Recommendations ; Introduction: Framework for Local Responses to Climate Change: Challenges and Recommendations ; Building Resilience in Asian Cities ; A Science-Policy Approach Towards Local Adaptation Planning: The Case of Santiago de Chile ; Participatory Action Adaptation: Tools for Increasing Climate Change Capacity and Preparedness at the Local Government Level ; Knowledge and Information for Resilient Cities ; Climate Change Guidelines for Urban Planning in the Basque Country ; Integrated Roadmapping to Shape Adaptation Processes in Metropolitan Areas ; The Significance of Adaptation Framing in Local and Regional Climate Change Adaptation Initiatives in Australia ; Decision-Making Frameworks for Adaptation to Extremes in Two Local Government Areas: Comparing and Contrasting India and Australia ; Urban Climate Governance in the Philippines, Mexico and South Africa: National- and State-Level Laws and Policies ; Space for Adapting: Reconciling Adaptation and Mitigation in Local Climate Change Plans ; The Early Experiences of Local Climate Change Adaptation in Norway Compared with That of Local Agenda 21 ; Climate Change Adaptation Plan of Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain ; Integrated Climate Action: Linking Mitigation and Adaptation to Make Indonesian Cities Resilient ; Enhancing the Climate Change Adaptation Capabilities of Local Governments in Korea: Supporting Programs for Local Adaptation Plan ; Reality Check: Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ; Part 5: Financing the Resilient City ; Introduction: Financing the Resilient City ; A Demand-Driven Approach to Development, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Climate Adaptation ; Smarter Interventions in an Age of Uncertainty ; Linking Resilience and Green Growth: How Green Business Can Contribute to More Resilient Cities in India ; Green Areas Inner-City Agreement (GAIA): How Local Enterprises Can Contribute to Local Adaptation to Climate Change ; Financing Climate Change Adaptation: The Copenhagen Case ; Challenges on the Way to Financing Urban Climate Change Adaptation

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1998. - C130 schedule. - NGRIP 1998 schedule. - Overview of 1998 schedule. - Camp setup. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1998 sub programs. - SITREP. - Term of reference for the NG RIP field work. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1998. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Other useful information for Thule passengers. - Uplift 1998. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan. - Summary of frequencies used in Greenland. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Operation of NERA lnmarsat M terminal. - Map of NGRIP camp. - NGRIP trenches. - Map of NGRIP area. - Map of Greenland. - Map of the ice divide north of GRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Density vs temperature of hole liquid. - Surface measurements near NGRIP. - Positions in Greenland. - Relevant distances and directions. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: Table of Contents: Climate and American People. - Earth's climate: A dynamic system. - Why does earth's climate change?. - Can we change the climate?. - The Greenhouse Effect. - Why are Greenhouse gas amounts increasing?. - Aerosols: Sunscreen for the planet?. - How has climate changed in the past century?. - Can we predict climate change?. - What do climate models tell us about our future?. - Where do we go from here?

Note: CONTENTS: Foreword / Klaus Hasselmann. - GROUP HASSELMANN. - Improving the SIAM Economy Module / Volker Barth. - A Nonlinear Impulse Response Model of the Coupled Carbon Cycle-Ocean-Atmosphere Climate System / Georg Hooß. - Potential Impact of Uncertainty and Natural Climate Variability in the Design of Optimal Climate Protection Policies / Victor Ocaña. - Climate Change Detection for the Annual Cycle of Temperature and Precipitation / Reiner Schnur. - Estimating the Sensitivity of a Regional Atmospheric Model to a Sea State Dependent Roughness Using Ensemble Calculations / Ralph Weisse, Hauke Heyen, and Hans von Storch. - CLIMATE MODEL AND DATA SECTION DKRZ. - Modellbetreuungsgruppe - An Update / Ulrich Cubasch. - Prediction of Global Change Using Different Models: An Intercomparison / Ulrich Cubasch. - The ECHO-G Coupled Climate Model on the NEC SX-4 / Stephanie Legutke. - Data Group Activities and Status / Hans Luthardt. - GROUP GRAF. - The Possible Effect of Biomass Burning on Local Precipitation and Global Climate / Hans-F. Graf. - The Leading Variability Mode of the Coupled Troposphere-Stratosphere Winter Circulation in Different Climate Regimes / Judith Perlwitz. - Numerical Simulation of Scavenging Processes in Explosive Volcanic Eruption Clouds / Christiane Textor. - Three-dimensional Simulation of Stratospheric Aerosol / Claudia Timmreck. - GROUP LATIF. - Oceanic Control of Decadal North Atlantic Sea Level Pressure Variability in Winter / Mojib Latif, Klaus Arpe, and Erich Roeckner. - Climatology and Variability in the Tropical Pacific in the Coupled GCM ECHO-G / Astrid Baquero. - Large-scale Air-sea Interactions in the Midlatitudes / Dietmar Dommenget. - ENSO Prediction Experiments with the Coupled GCM ECHO-G / Anselm Grötzner, Mojib Latif, and Stephan Venzke. - Simulating the Response of an Ocean General Circulation Model to North Atlantic Oscillation-type Forcing / Helmuth Haak. - The Role of Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature in Forcing East African Climate Anomalies / Mojib Latif, Dietmar Dommenget, and Mihai Dima. - A Circulation Model for Paleoclimate Studies: Model Description and First Applications / Gerrit Lohmann. - Southern Ocean Investigations with the HOPE Model / Simon J. Marsland. - The Atmospheric Response to SST Anomalies in Midlatitudes / Ute Merkel. - Equatorial Pacific Thermocline Circulation and Decadal Climate Variability / Keith Rodgers. - Ocean Model Intercomparison Project / Frank Röske. - Assimilation of Topex/Poseidon Altimeter Data into an Ocean GCM to Improve ENSO Forecasts / Sigrid Schöttle. - GROUP MIKOLAJEWICZ. - Development of the new C-HOPE OGCM / Uwe Mikolajewicz. - The Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation: Large Scale and Small Scale Aspects / Johann Jungclaus. - The Global Ocean Assimilation System GOAS / Detlev Müller. - Study of the Climate Variability in the Northern European and Arctic Seas Using Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models / Dmitry Sein. - GROUP MAIER-REIMER. - Modeling of Marine Biogeochemistry / Ernst Maier-Reimer. - (1) Optimisation of a Marine Silicon Cycle Model and (2) Artificial Sediment Cores / Christoph Heinze. - Modeling Stable Water Isotopes and Vapor Source Regions over Greenland and Antarctica / Martin Werner. - OTHERS. - Ongoing Work in the Bengtsson Department / Marco Giorgetta. - E-journals and Databases for MPG Scientists: How to's / Carola Kauhs. - INDEX OF AUTHORS. -

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART ONE: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTS OF ANTARCTIC COMMUNICATIONS. - CONSIDERATION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS BY SCAR AND ANTARCTIC TREATY CONSULTATIVE PARTIES. - ANTARCTIC TREATY RESOLUTIONS ON ANTARCTIC COMMUNICATIONS. - WMO RESOLUTIONS AND PRINCIPLES ON ANTARCTIC COMMUNICATIONS. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Engineering principles of the GTS. - 3. Functions and responsibilities of Meteorological Telecommunications Centres. - 4. Characteristics of the networks of the GTS. - 5. Operational principles of the GTS. - 6. The transmission of meteorological data on the GTS. - 7. Collection and transmission of meteorological data. - 8. Data processing. - 9. Telecommunications system. - 10. Weather reporting by traverse parties. - 11. Automatic weather stations in the Antarctic. - 12. AIREP reports. - 13. Mobile ship stations. - OTHER RELEVANT RECOMMENDATIONS AND RESOLUTIONS. - APPENDICES. - APPENDIX I. - Manual on the Global Data Processing System. - Vol. II - regional aspects, the Antarctic. - Data-processing and meteorological service activities in the Antarctic. - APPENDIX II. - Stations and observational programs comprising the Basic Synoptic Network in the Antarctic. - APPENDIX III. - Network of CLIMA T and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations in the Antarctic. - APPENDIX IV. - Summary information of the collection of meteorological observational data by individual centres. - APPENDIX V. - Manual on the Global Telecommunications System. - Vol. II - regional aspects, the Antarctic. - Antarctic data telecommunications arrangements. - , TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART TWO: INTRODUCTION TO PART TWO. - RADIO PROCEDURES IN ANTARCTICA. - Introduction. - Distress and emergency procedures. - Control of circuits. - Traffic procedures. - USES OF CODES AND ABBREVIATIONS. - General. - Radio telegraphy. - Radio telephony. - Signal reporting codes. - Unofficial codes. - RADIO TELEPHONE OPERATIONS. - RADIO TELEPRINTER (RTTY) PROCEDURE. - General. - Preparation of teleprinter tapes. - General message format. - METEOROLOGICAL MESSAGES. - Introduction. - Format of meteorological messages. - Addressed messages. - Additional procedures. - Types of meteorological data messages. - List of stations carrying out meteorological observations. - Radio facsimile broadcasts of meteorological analyses charts. - Radio Teletype broadcasts of coded meteorological data. - ANTARCTIC STATIONS FITTED WITH INMARSAT FACILITIES. - EXCHANGE INFORMATION ON ANTARCTIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS. - EQUIPMENT AND SCHEDULES.

Note: Contents Preface Curriculum Vitae List of Publications by Horst Lange-Bertalot Bahls, L.: Seven new species in Navicula sensu stricto from the Northern Great Plains and Northern Rocky Mountains. Blanco, S., B. Van de Vijver, A. Vinocur, G. Mataloni, J. Goma, M. H. Novais & L. Ector: Hippodonta lange-bertalotii Van de Vijver, Mataloni & Vinocur sp. nov. and related small-celled Hippodonta taxa. Burliga, A. L. & J. P. Kociolek : Four new Eunotia Ehrenberg species (Bacillariophyceae) from pristine regions of Carajas National Forest, Amazonia, Brazil. Cantonati, M., M. Leira, N. Angeli & C. Lopez Rodriguez: Naviculadicta langebertcdotii sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from streams in Galicia (N-W Spain). Karthick, B., P. B. Hamilton & J. P. Kociolek: Taxonomy and biogeography of some Surirella Turpin (Bacillariophyceae) taxa from Peninsular India. Karthick, B. & Kociolek, J. P.: A new species of Pleurosigma from Western Ghats, South India. Metzeltin, D.: Eunotia langebertalotii, a new species from Lambir Hills National Park in Sarawak, tropical East Malaysia Monnier, O., L. Ector, F. Rimet, M. Ferreol & L. Hoffmann: Adlafia langebertalotii sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae), a new diatom from the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg morpho­logically similar to A. suchlandtii comb. nov. Morales, E. A., K. M. Manoylov & L. L. Bahls: Fragilariforma horstii sp. nov. (Ba­cillariophyceae) a new araphid species from the northern United States of America Reichardt, E.: Der Artenkomplex um Gomphonema occultum E. Reichardt & Lange-Bertalot (Bacillariophyceae): Variability und drei neue Arten Stachura-Suchoples, K.: On taxonomy of Pliocaenicus costatus species complex, varieties, demes or/and morphological variability? Trobajo, R., D. G. Mann & E. J. Cox: Studies on the type material of Nitzschia abbreviata (Bacillariophyta) Van de Vijver, B., B. Chattova, D. Metzeltin & M. Lebouvier: The genus Pinnularia (Bacillariophyta) on lie Amsterdam (TAAF, Southern Indian Ocean) Van de Vijver, B., A. Jarlman, M. de Haan & L. Ector: New and interesting diatom species (Bacillariophyceae) from Swedish rivers Williams, D. M.: Diatoma moniliforme: Commentary, relationships and an appropriate name Ake-Castillo, J. A., Y. B. Okolodkov, S. Espinosa-Matias, F. del C. Merino-Virgilio, J. A. Herrera-Silveira & L. Ector: Cyclotella marina (Tanimura, Nagumo et Kato) Ake-Castillo, Okolodkov et Ector comb, et stat. nov. (Thalassiosiraceae): a bloom-forming diatom in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico Belando, M. D., A. Marin & M. Aboal: Licmophora species from a Mediterranean hyper-saline coastal lagoon (Mar Menor, Murcia, SE Spain) Reid, G.: Toxonidea langebertalotii sp. nov. A new marine diatom from the Salvages Islands Riaux-Gobin, C., R Compere, A. Y. Al-Handal & F. Straub: SEM survey of some small-sized Planothidium (Bacillariophyta) from coral sands off Mascarenes. (Western Indian Ocean) Khursevich, G. & Kociolek, J. P.: A preliminary, worldwide inventory of the extinct, freshwater fossil diatoms from the orders Thalassiosirales, Stephanodiscales, Paraliales, Aulacoseirales, Melosirales, Coscindiscales, and Biddulphiales 315 Kulikovskiy, M. S., G. K. Khursevich & A. Witkowski: Encyonema horstii sp. nov., a species of unusual valve outline from the Pleistocene deposits of Lake Baikal Witkowski, J., D. M. Harwood & M. Kulikovskiy: Observations on Late Cretaceous ma­rine diatom resting spore genera Pseudoaulacodiscus and Archaegoniothecium gen. nov. Jasprica, N., M. Caric, F Krsinic, T. Kapetanovic, M. Batistic & J. Njire: Planktonic dia­toms and their environment in the lower Neretva River estuary (Eastern Adriatic Sea, NE Mediterranean) Solak, C. N., L. Ector, A. Z. Wojtal, E. Acs & E. A. Morales: A review of investigations on diatoms (Bacillariophyta) in Turkish inland waters Bak, M. & A. Szlauer-Lukaszewska: Bioindicative potential of diatoms and ostracods in the Odra mouth environment quality assessment Starrat, S. W.: Holocene diatom flora and climate history of Medicine Lake, Northern California, USA. Medlin, L., I. Yang & S. Sato: Evolution of the Diatoms. VII. Four gene Phylogeny as­sesses the validity of celected araphid genera Lang, I. & I. Kaczmarska: Morphological and molecular identity of diatom cells retrieved from ship ballast tanks destined for Vancouver, Canada Buczko, K.: The Pantocsek diatom and photomicrograph collectio n from 19th to 21th cen­tury

Note: ÍNDICE PRÓLOGO INTRODUCCIÓN El estudio científico de las cavidades kársticas y las Ciencias Geológicas. Una buena alianza / J.J. Durán. KARST, TECTÓNICA Y SISMICIDAD Evidencias tectónicas y sísmicas a partir del estudio de espeleotemas: conocimiento actual y desarrollo futuro / P. Forti Evolución tectosedimentaria del entorno de la Cueva de Nerja durante el Plio-Cuatemario. / A. Guerra-Merchán, D. Ramallo y F. Serrano Análisis de la fracturación reciente en los espelotemas de la Cueva de Nerja, Málaga. / P. Gumiel, J.J. Durán, J. López-Martínez, J.M. González-Casado, B. Andreo y F. Carrasco La fracturación en la Cueva de los Enebralejos, Segovia, borde norte del Sistema Central. / J. Barea, J.J. Durán, J. Giner, J.M. González-Casado y J. López-Martínez Control estructural de la cavidad kárstica "La Cuevona" (Ribadesella, Asturias) / J. L. Alonso, J. G. García-Ramos y M. Gutiérrez-Claverol El karst de la Alquería (Vélez-Rubio, Almería) / A. González y J.A. Martínez The influence of tectonics on karstification of Permian-Carboniferous limestone from westem Serbia. / P. Pavlovic and D. Stojiljkovic Estudio preliminar de la Cueva de Castelar (Ciudad Real). El ejemplo español de karst en rocas cristalinas / C. J. Gavilán, l. Alonso y J.J. Durán REGISTROS SEDIMENTARIOS KÁRSTICOS Y RECONSTRUCCIONES PALEOAMBIENTALES Endokarstic sedimentary records and paleo-environmental reconstructions in caves / D. C. Ford Speleothem records of environmental changes and the past-bases and potential. / Y. Y. Shopov, L. Tsankov, L. N Georgiev, C.J Yonge, H.P.R. Krouse and A.J.T. Jull Significance of Luminescent spelothem records for determination of orbital variations, glaciations and timing of termination-II. / Y.Y. Shopov, D. Stoykova, M. Sanambria, L. Tsankov, D. Ford, L. Georgiev and D. Georgieva Dataciones isotópicas de espeleotemas procedentes de cuevas costeras de Mallorca. Estado actual de las investigaciones / A. Ginés, J. Ginés, J.J. Fornós y P. Tuccimei Estudio isotópico sobre las condiciones de precipitación de "calcitas flotantes" actuales procedentes de tres cuevas en la isla de Mallorca / C. Jiménez de Cisneros y E. Caballero Geoquimica de travertinos procedentes de una fuente termal. Estimaciones sobre su velocidad de formación. / E. Caballero, C. Jiménez de Cisneros y C. Jiménez Travertinos asociados a los manantiales del borde occidental de la Sierra de la Alfaguara (Granada, Sur de España) / B. Andreo, M. Martín-Martín, A. Martín-Algarra y R. Julia Espeleotemas y morfogénesis exokárstica. El ejemplo de la Sierra del Endrinal (Grazalema, Cádiz) / J Rodríguez Vidal, G. Alvarez, L. M. Cáceres, A. Martínez Aguirre y J. M. Alcaraz La evolución de los materiales de acumulación en el Altiplano carbonatado de Cantanhede (NO de Coimbra-Portugal) / A. De Marco y L. A. Dimuccio Cave genesis in karst regions of Balkan Península / D. Vasileva Skocjanske Jame, Slovenia: development of caves related to rock characteristics and rock relief / M. Knez and T. Slabe Facies mineralógicas de las arenas de los rellenos kársticos de la Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos) / T. Aleixandre y A. Pérez González Mineralogy of cave deposits from Bihor Mountains (Romanía) / L. Ghergari and T. Tamas Análisis polínico de sedimentos en cavidades kársticas: hacia un nuevo desarrollo conceptual / J. S. Carrión, C. Navarro y M. Munuera El karst de la Espluga de Francolí: características fisicas e hidrogeológicas. Interés en la educación ambiental / J M Cervelló, M Monterde, J Ramoneda y A. Freixes Análisis sistemático y ecológico de los roedores del Pleistoceno Superior procedentes de la Cueva de las Ventanas (Granada, España) / A. Ruiz-Bustos y J A. Riquelme Cantal Geology, geomorphology, tectonics and geological map ofthe Cave of Riomurtas (Narcao, Southwest Sardinia). J De Waele and A. Muntoni CONSERVACIÓN DE CAVIDADES: EL IMPACTO ANTRÓPICO La dynamique du milieu souterrain, concepts de base servant a la conservation des grottes / A. Mangin, D. D 'Hulst et F. Bourges L' eclairage et la protection des grottes / F. Bourges, A. Mangin et D. D'Hulst Análisis de las concentraciones de 222Rn del aire de la Cueva de Nerja / C. Dueñas, M.C. Fernández, J Carretero, E. Liger y S. Cañete El medio ambiente subterráneo de la Cueva de Nerja (Málaga). Modificaciones antrópicas / F. Carrasco, B. Andreo, I Vadillo, J.J. Durán y C. Liñán EL AGUA Y EL KARST Recharge and behaviour of karst aquifers. Examples from Southeastem France / J Mudry, Y. Guglielmi, A. Chalumeau, A. Reynaud and Y. Paquette ¿Pueden las teorías sobre el desarrollo del karst contribuir al mejor conocimiento de la moderna hidrogeología del karst? / J Silar Behaviour of the epikarst aquifer: signal analysis and flow analysis. Si te of Lascaux Cave. / R. Lastennet, A. Denis, Ph. Malaurent and J Vouvé Primeros datos sobre la variabilidad estacional de la infiltración en la Cueva del Agua (lznalloz, Granada) / F. Sánchez-Martos, J. M Calaforra y M J González-Ríos Primeros resultados sobre la caracterización hidroquímica y evolución espacial de las aguas del sistema kárstico de Valporquero, Cordillera Cantábrica / JJ Durán, M Vallejo, l. Herráez y J López-Martínez Hidrodinámica e hidroquímica de las aguas de goteo de la Cueva de Nerja / C. Liñán, B. Andreo, F Carrasco e l. Vadillo Modelización de los procesos hidrogeoquímicos que afectan al agua de goteo de la Cueva de Nerja / J. Cardenal, J. Benavente, B. Andreo y F. Carrasco Algunos procesos hidrogeoquímicos en la Cueva de Canalobre y en el acuífero del Cabeçó D'Or (Alicante) / J. M Andreu, J.C. Cerón, A. Pulido-Bosch y A. Estévez Tracing technique as a contribution to karstology: past experience, new directions / Ph. Meus and C. Ek Ensayos de trazadores en acuíferos kársticos: desarrollo histórico y anecdotario / J. G. Yélamos Trazados en la Unidad Hidrogeológica Izarraitz (País Vasco): consideraciones sobre la complejidad estructural y dinámica del medio kárstico / l. Mugerza, T. Morales, l. Antigüedad, J.A. Uriarte, l. Fernández de Valderrama, J.M Gonzalo y P. Bezares d18O and average recharge-altitude relationships in karstic springs / Th. Herold, S.M. Bernasconi, P. Jordan and F. Zwahlen Concentración inicial de radiocarbono en agua subterránea del karst de Bohemia central / J. Silar y K. Záhrubsky Los sistemas kársticos del Parque Natural del Cadí-Moixeró (Pirineo oriental, Catalunya) / J. Ramoneda, A. Freixes, M. Monterde, J. P. Morin y L. Gourcy Hidroquímica de la Sierra de Guara / J. A. Cuchí, J.A. Manso, M. Subías y J. Buera Nuevas aportaciones sobre el funcionamiento hidrogeológico del acuífero kárstico multicapa del Calar del Mundo (Provincias de Albacete y Jaén) / T. Rodríguez-Estrella Posible contribución del karst de Los Berros (Argentina) para el abastecimiento a la industria de la región / C. Wetten y O.A. Damiani Karst groundwater quality in Austria / M. Kralik Modelo numérico del flujo subterráneo de un acuífero kárstico en Yucatán, México. Implicaciones hidrogeológicas / R. González, l. Sánchez y J. Gamboa Aprovechamiento de manantiales kársticos de carácter intermitente mediante operaciones de recarga artificial de acuíferos. Las Ufanes de Gabellí (Mallorca) / J. M Murillo, C.J. Gavilán, J.A. de la Orden The karstic aquifer ofthe Izhora Plateau (Russia) and problems ofits use under anthropogenic pressure / A. N Voronov, NA. Vinograd and A.A. Shvarts Aspects of groundwater vulnerability mapping in karst regions with the help of GIS / P.S. Bezrukov Natural and anthropogenic influences as threats to pits in the Debeli Namet Glacier (Durmitor National Park, Montenegro) / P. Djurovic Carbon inorganic total dissolved origine, repartition and it's karstification impact / C. Emblanch, H. Celle, B. Blavoux and J. M. Puig , Beiträge teilweise in spanischer, teilweise in englischer Sprache

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives and procedures Equipment Radar Brash ice probe Temperature measurements St. Clair River ice conditions Results and discussion Thickness and temperature Size distribution Radar survey Discussion of errors Porosity Phase state of the ice Partial submergence of individual pieces Spectra of reflected energy Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Laboratory verification of surface scattering from a simulated ice jam Appendix B: Display of digitized and processed data

Note: Contents Preface Symbols Abbreviations 1 The atmospheric boundary layer 1.1 Introduction 1.2 History 1.3 Observing the ABL 1.4 ABL modelling 1.5 Applications 1.6 Scope of the book 1.7 Nomenclature and some definitions Notes and bibliography 2 Basic equations for mean and fluctuating quantities 2.1 Turbulence and flow description 2.2 Governing equations for mean and fluctuating quantities 2.3 The simplified mean equations 2.4 The turbulence closure problem 2.5 The second-moment equations 2.6 Turbulent kinetic energy and stability parameters Notes and bibliography 3 Scaling laws for mean and turbulent quantities 3.1 The wind profile: simple considerations 3.2 Wind profile laws: the neutral case 3.3 Monin-Obukhov similarity theory: the non-neutral surface layer 3.4 Generalized ABL similarity theory 3.5 Similarity theory and turbulence statistics Notes and bibliography 4 Surface roughness and local advection 4.1 Aerodynamic characteristics of the land 4.2 Scalar roughness lengths 4.3 The vegetation canopy 4.4 Flow over the sea 4.5 Local advection and the internal boundary layer Notes and bibliography 5 Energy fluxes at the land surface 5.1 Surface energy balance and soil heat flux 5.2 Radiation fluxes 5.3 Evaporation 5.4 Condensation Notes and bibliography 6 The thermally stratified atmospheric boundary layer 6.1 The convective boundary layer 6.2 The stable (nocturnal) boundary layer 6.3 The marine atmospheric boundary layer 6.4 Mesoscale flow and IBL growth Notes and bibliography 7 The cloud-topped boundary layer 7.1 General properties of the CTBL 7.2 Observations 7.3 Radiation fluxes and cloud-top radiative cooling 7.4 Entrainment and entrainment instability 7.5 Numerical modelling of the CTBL Notes and bibliography 8 Atmospheric boundary-layer modelling and parameterization schemes 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Surface temperature 8.3 Surface humidity (soil moisture) 8.4 Canopy parameterization 8.5 Surface fluxes 8.6 Rate equation for ABL depth 8.7 Turbulence closure schemes 8.8 ABL cloud parameterization Notes and bibliography 9 The atmospheric boundary layer, climate and climate modelling 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Sensitivity of climate to the ABL and to land surface 9.3 Research priorities Notes and bibliography Appendices References Index

Note: CONTENTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE CHAPTER 1 THE CHALLENGE Oil and gas pipelines: early development Pipelines for cold regions Pipelines and the public interest Where does the "North" begin? The freezing of soils Permafrost CHAPTER 2 THE TERRAIN IN COLD REGIONS Patterned ground Solifluction and other soil movements on slopes Ice-wedge polygons, pingoes and palsar Other ice in the ground and thermokarst The climate of the ground CHAPTER 3 A BRIEF HISTORY OF GEOTECHNICAL ACTIVITIES AND ASSOCIATED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN THE NORTH The passive, or pre-technological approach Post-war Northern development and the geotechnical approach up to 1960 Pressure The scientific approach What happens when soils freeze? Conservation and concern for the natural environment CHAPTER 4 THE TRANS-ALASKA PIPELINE The first big pipeline on permafrost Permafrost and earthquakes Terrain conditions and site investigations The pipeline and hydrological conditions Solutions to the problems The completed pipeline CHAPTER 5 THE GAS PIPELINES AND THE FROST HEAVE PROBLEM The Mackenzie Valley pipeline Frost heave and the cold pipeline Origin of the heaving pressure Frost heave and the shut-off pressure Measuring the movement of water through frozen ground A difference of opinion A change of plans CHAPTER 6 THE ALASKA HIGHWAY PIPELINE The approved pipeline Some general problems applying to gas pipelines Creeping soils, rivers, and glacier-dammed lakes The Alaska Highway Pipeline and the frost heave problem Another change of plans CHAPTER 7 MORE PIPELINES, MORE SCIENCE AND MORE POLITICS Russian pipelines The Norman Wells oil pipeline Applied science carried out by a company A pipeline bent in France International science More mega projects CHAPTER 8 FREEZING GROUND, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY Pipelines in cold places: the future A new problem or an old one? A scientific challenge neglected Who is responsible? The unanswered questions Conclusion

Note: Contents: PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND. - ANTARCTICA - THE REGION AND ITS GLOBAL IMPORTANCE. - ANTARCTICA - THE SCIENTIFIC OPPORTUNITY AND CHALLENGE. - ANTARCTICA - THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT. - ANTARCTICA - ITS SCIENCE AS A NATIONAL RESOURCE. - ANTARCTICA - SOME IMPORTANT BENEFITS FROM RESEARCH. - PART 2: STRATEGY FOR BAS SCIENCE. - INTRODUCTION. - SCIENCE THEMES. - Pattern and Change in the Physical Environment of Antarctica. - Atmospheric Dynamics in the Antarctic. - Ice and Atmosphere Chemistry. - Dynamics of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. - Evolution of Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic Palaeoenvironments. - Southern Ocean Palaeo-Oceanography and Palaeoclimate. - Geological Evolution of West Antarctica. - West Antarctic Crustal Development and Plate Tectonic Evolution. - Subduction-related Processes. - Dynamics of Antarctic Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems. - Survival Strategies. - Ecosystems and Conservation. - Structure and Dynamics of the Southern Ocean Ecosystem. - Pelagic Ecosystem Studies. - Higher Predators. - Ecological and Physiological Adaptations. - Physics of Solar Terrestrial Phenomena from Antarctica. - Radio Wave Generation and Propagation. - Energy Flow and Dissipation within Geospace. - Humans In Isolated Polar Communities. - Antarctic Geographic Information and Mapping. - LOGISTICS REQUIREMENTS. - TIMEFRAME OF ACTIVITIES. - PART 3: STRATEGY FOR NERC SCIENCE PROGRAMMES OTHER THAN BAS. - INTRODUCTION. - NERC STRATEGY FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES. - Earth Sciences. - Marine Sciences. - Terrestrial and Freshwater Sciences. - Atmospheric Sciences. - THE ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITIES AND POLYTECHNICS AND THE ANTARCTIC SPECIAL TOPIC. - LOGISTICS. - PRIVATE SECTOR/INDUSTRIAL COLLABORATION. - PART 4: CONCLUSION.

Note: Contents Preface Preface to the First Edition List of figures Abbreviations 1 Historical perspective (Roland A. Madden and Paul R. Julian) 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The intraseasonal, tropospheric oscillation 1.3 The elementary 4-D structure 1.4 Other early studies of the oscillation 1.5 The oscillation in 1979 1.6 Complexity of cloud movement and structure 1.7 Seasonal variations in the oscillation 1.8 The oscillation in the zonal average 1.9 Other effects of the oscillation 1.10 Summary 1.11 References 2 South Asian monsoon (B. N. Goswami) 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 South Asian summer monsoon and active/break cycles 2.1.2 Amplitude and temporal and spatial scales 2.1.3 Regional propagation characteristics 2.1.4 Relationship between poleward-propagating ISOs and monsoon onset 2.1.5 Relationship with the MJO 2.2 Mechanism for temporal-scale selection and propagation 2.2.1 30 to 60-day mode 2.2.2 10 to 20-day mode 2.3 Air-sea interactions 2.4 Clustering of synoptic events by ISOs 2.5 Monsoon ISOs and predictability of the seasonal mean 2.6 Aerosols and monsoon ISOs 2.7 Predictability and prediction of monsoon ISOs 2.8 Summary and discussion 2.9 Acknowledgments 2.10 Appendix 2.11 References 3 Intraseasonal variability of the atmosphere-ocean-climate system: East Asian monsoon (Huang-Hsiung Hsu) 3.1 Introduction 3.2 General characteristics of EA/WNP monsoon flow 3.3 Periodicity, seasonality, and regionality 3.4 Intraseasonal oscillation propagation tendency 3.5 Relationship with monsoon onsets and breaks 3.6 The 10 to 30-day and 30 to 60-day boreal summer ISO 3.6.1 The 30 to 60-day northward/northwestward-propagating pattern 3.6.2 The 10 to 30-day westward-propagating pattern 3.7 Relationship with tropical cyclone activity 3.8 Upscale effect of TC and synoptic systems 3.9 Final remarks 3.9.1 Close association with the EA/WNP monsoon 3.9.2 The CISO vs. interannual variability 3.9.3 Multiperiodicities and multiscale interaction 3.9.4 Others 3.10 References 4 Pan America (Kingtse C. Mo, Charles Jones, and Julia Nogues Paegle) 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Variations in the IS band 4.3 IS variability in December-March 4.3.1 EOF modes 4.3.2 The Madden Julian Oscillation 4.3.3 The submonthly oscillation 4.4 IS variability in June-September 4.4.1 EOF modes 4.4.2 Madden-Julian Oscillation 4.4.3 Submonthly oscillation 4.5 Intraseasonal modulation of hurricanes 4.6 Summary 4.7 References 5 Australasian monsoon (M. C. Wheeler and J. L. McBride) 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Seasonal cycle of background flow 5.3 Broadband intraseasonal behavior: Bursts and breaks 5.4 Broadband intraseasonal behavior: Spectral analysis 5.5 Meteorology of the bursts and breaks 5.6 Characteristics and influence of the MJO 5.7 1983/1984 and 1987/1988 case studies 5.8 MJO influence on monsoon onset 5.9 Other modes and sources of ISV 5.10 Modulation of tropical cyclones 5.11 Extratropical-tropical interaction 5.12 Prediction 5.13 Conclusions 5.14 References 6 The oceans (William S. Kessler) 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Heat fluxes 6.2.1 Salinity and the barrier layer 6.2.2 A 1-D heat balance? 6.2.3 The role of advection 6.3 Vertical structure under westerly winds 6.4 Remote signatures of wind-forced Kelvin waves 6.5 El Nino and rectification of ISV 6.6 ISV in the Indian Ocean 6.6.1 Differences between the Indian and Pacific Ocean warm pools and their consequences 6.6.2 Oscillations lasting about 60 days in the western equatorial Indian Ocean 6.6.3 Recent models of wind-forced ISV in the Indian Ocean 6.7 Other intrinsic oceanic ISV 6.7.1 Global ISV 6.7.2 Non-TISO-forced ISV in the tropical Indo-Pacific 6.7.3 ISV outside the equatorial Indo-Pacific 6.8 Conclusion 6.9 References 7 Air-sea interaction (Harry Hendori) 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Air-sea fluxes for the eastward MJO 7.3 Air-sea fluxes associated with northward propagation in the Indian summer monsoon 7.4 SST variability 7.5 Mechanisms of SST variability 7.6 SST-atmosphere feedback 7.7 Impact of slow SST variations on MJO activity 7.8 Concluding remarks 7.9 Acknowledgments 7.10 References 8 Mass, momentum, and geodynamics (Benjamin F. Chao and David A. Salstein) 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Angular momentum variations and Earth rotation 8.2.1 Length-of-day variation and axial angular momentum 8.2.2 Polar motion excitation and equatorial angular momentum 8.2.3 Angular momentum and torques 8.3 Time-variable gravity 8.4 Geocenter motion 8.5 Conclusions 8.6 Acknowledgments 8.7 References 9 El Nino Southern Oscillation connection (William K. M. Lau) 9.1 Introduction 9.2 A historical perspective 9.3 Phase 1: The embryonic stage 9.3.1 OLR time-longitude sections 9.3.2 Seasonality 9.3.3 Supercloud clusters 9.3.4 Early modeling framework 9.4 Phase 2: The exploratory stage 9.4.1 MJO and ENSO interactions 9.4.2 WWEs 9.5 Phase 3: ENSO case studies 9.5.1 El Nino of 1997/1998 9.5.2 Stochastic forcings 9.6 Phase-4: Recent development 9.6.1 A new ISO index 9.6.2 Composite events 9.6.3 The ISV-ENSO biennial rhythm 9.7 TISV and predictability 9.8 Acknowledgments 9.9 References 10 Theories (Bin Wang) 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Review of ISO theories 10.2.1 Wave CISK 10.2.2 Wind-evaporation feedback or WISHE 10.2.3 Frictional convergence instability (FCI) 10.2.4 Cloud-radiation feedback 10.2.5 Convection-water vapor feedback and the moisture mode 10.2.6 Multiscale interaction theory 10.2.7 Mechanisms of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation 10.2.8 Atmosphere-ocean interaction 10.3 A general theoretical framework 10.3.1 Fundamental physical processes 10.3.2 Governing equations 10.3.3 Boundary layer dynamics near the equator 10.3.4 The 1.5-layer model for the MJO 10.3.5 The 2.5-layer model including the effects of basic flows 10.4 Dynamics of the MJO 10.4.1 Low-frequency equatorial waves and the associated Ekman pumping 10.4.2 Frictional convergence instability (FCI) 10.4.3 FCI mode under nonlinear heating 10.4.4 The role of multiscale interaction (MSI) in MJO dynamics 10.5 Dynamics of boreal summer ISO 10.5.1 Effects of mean flows on the ISO 10.5.2 Mechanism of northward propagation 10.6 Role played by atmospheric-ocean interaction 10.7 Summary and discussion 10.7.1 Understanding gained from the FCI theory 10.7.2 Model limitations 10.7.3 Outstanding issues 10.8 Acknowledgments 10.9 References 11 Modeling intraseasonal variability (K. R. Sperber, J. M. Slingo, and P. M. Inness) 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Modeling the MJO in boreal winter 11.2.1 Interannual and decadal variability of the MJO 11.2.2 Sensitivity to formulation of the atmospheric model 11.2.3 Modeling the MJO as a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon 11.3 Boreal summer intraseasonal variability 11.3.1 GCM simulations 11.3.2 Air-sea interaction and boreal summer intraseasonal variability 11.3.3 Modeling studies of the links between boreal summer intraseasonal and interannual variability 11.4 The impact of vertical resolution in the upper ocean 11.5 Concluding remarks 11.6 Acknowledgments 11.7 References 12 Predictability and forecasting (Duane Waliser) 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Empirical models 12.3 Dynamical forecast models 12.4 Predictability 12.5 Real time forecasts 12.6 Discussion 12.7 Appendix 12.8 Acknowledgments 12.9 References 13 Africa and West Asia (Mathew Barlow) 13.1 Overview 13.2 Summary of Africa research 13.2.1 West Africa 13.2.2 Eastern Africa 13.2.3 Southern Africa 13.3 Summary of West Asia research 13.4 Station data analysis 13.4.1 Methodology and data 13.4.2 Nairobi 13.4.3 Riyadh 13.5 Relevance of Gill-Matsuno dynamics and the role of mean wind 13.6 Summary and discussion 13.7 References 14 Tropical-extratropical interactions (Paul E. Roundy) 14.1 Introduction 14.2 A boreal winter composite of the global flow associated with the MJO 14.3 Response of the global atmosphere to heating in tropical convection 14.4 Influence of extratropical waves on tropical convection 14.5 Two-way interactions between the tropics and extratropics 14.6 MJO inf

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Blue-ice areas Blue-ice areas as airfield sites The formation of blue-ice areas Ablation rates at blue-ice areas Exploratory surveys at blue-ice areas Mount Howe Mill Glacier / Plunket Point Patriot Hills Rosser Ridge Mount Lechner The S-1 site near Casey station The McMurdo "Pegasus Site" Surface roughness of blue ice Analysis and characterization of surface roughness Surface preparation to reduce ice roughness Ground facilities Ground transport Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited and selected references Appendix A: Survey data for Patriot Hills, Mount Howe and Mill Glacier Appendix B: Analysis of surface roughness at blue-ice sites Appendix C: Meteorological conditions to be expected in summer in the Trans-antarctic Mountains

Note: pt. 1. Introduction. The need for better theories / Paul A. Sabatier ; The stages approach to the policy process: what has it done? where is it going? / Peter deLeon -- pt. 2. Alternative views of the role of rationality in the policy process. Institutional rational choice: an assessment of the institutional analysis and development framework / Elinor Ostrom ; Ambiguity, time, and multiple streams / Nikolaos Zahariadis -- pt. 3. Frameworks focusing on policy change over fairly long periods. Punctuated-equilibrium theory: explaining stability and change in American policymaking / James L. True, Bryan D. Jones, and Frank R. Baumgartner ; The advocacy coalition framework: an assessment / Paul A. Sabatier and Hank C. Jenkins-Smith -- pt. 4. Frameworks comparing policies across a large number of political systems. Innovation and diffusion models in policy research / Frances Stokes Berry and William D. Berry ; The policy process and large-N comparative studies / William Blomquist -- pt. 5. Conclusions. A comparison of frameworks, theories, and models of policy processes / Edella Schlager ; Fostering the development of policy theory / Paul A. Sabatier..

Note: Contents: Preface ; Random Thoughts on “Birth and Death,” by Kenneth J. Arrow ; Birth and Death: Arrow Lecture ; 1. Economic Demography ; 2. Utilitarian Ethics ; 3. Ends and Means ; 4. Synopsis ; Part I: Foundations ; 5. Genesis Under Total Utilitarianism ; 6. Death ; 7. A Problem Like Sleeping Beauty ; 8. Generation-Centered Prerogatives in the Timeless World ; 9. Generations Across the Indefinite Future ; Part II: Applications ; 10. The Biosphere as a Renewable Natural Resource ; 11. Estimates of Globally Optimum Population ; 12. Technology and Institutions ; 13. Existential Risks and Informed Ends ; Appendix 1: Socially-Embedded Well-Being Functions ; Appendix 2: Common Property Resources and Reproductive Choices ; Appendix 3: Notes on Rawls’ Principle of Just Saving ; Appendix 4: Modeling the Biosphere ; Appendix 5: Inclusive Wealth and Social Well-Being ; Appendix 6: Valuing Freedom of Choice ; References ; Commentary on Birth and Death, by Scott Barrett ; Commentary on Birth and Death, by Eric Maskin ; Commentary on Birth and Death, by Joseph Stiglitz ; Response to Commentaries ; Epilogue ; Socially Embedded Preferences, Environmental Externalities, and Reproductive Rights, with Aisha Dasgupta - Reprinted from Population and Development Review (September 2017) ; Contributors ; Author Index ; Subject Index

Note: Rules of engagementOn being disciplined -- A guide to the style guides -- Voice and echo -- Smart sentencing -- Tempting titles -- Hooks and sinkers -- The story net -- Show and tell -- Jargonitis -- Structural designs -- Points of reference -- The big picture -- The creative touch..

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Norges landbrukshøgskole, 1999 , Englisch

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Uppsala, 1997 , Contents Frozen soil hydrology Review and practical relevance The complex frozen soil environment Objectives Heat exchange above and within frozen soils Heat exchange at the snow surface Heat transfer through the snow pack Soil freezing characteristic curve Frost-induced solute redistribution Water infiltration and redistribution in frozen soil Experimental work Modelling Model versus measurements Conclusions Ongoing and future work Improved description of the processes at the pore scale Improved description of the snow pack Link to larger-scale models References Acknowledgments , Englisch

Note: Contents 1 Noctilucent Clouds 1.1 Introduction 1.2 How, When and Where Noctilucent Clouds Are Seen 1.3 Amateur Observations 1.4 Cloud Types 1.5 Structure of the Upper Atmosphere 2 History 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Discovery of the "Shining Night-Clouds" 2.3 Measurements of Noctilucent Clouds 2.4 The Middle Period of Noctilucent Cloud Research 3 Observations from Ground Level 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Geometry of Twilight Scattering 3.3 Latitude of Observation 3.4 Absorption of Light in the Atmosphere 3.5 Height of Noctilucent Clouds 3.6 Drift Motions 3.7 Wave Structure 4 Spectrophotometry 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Spectroscopic Observations 4.3 Spectrophotometry from Ground Level 4.4 Rocket-Borne Photometers 4.5 Spectrophotometry from Satellites 4.6 Conclusions About Cloud Particle Sizes 5 Polarimetry 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Polarization by Scattering 5.3 Measurement of Polarized Light 5.4 Polarization Measured from Ground Level 5.5 Measurements of Polarization from Rockets 5.6 Conclusions About Cloud Particle Sizes 6 Rocket-Borne Sampling 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Flights over Sweden in 1962 and 1967 6.3 Flights over Sweden in 1970 and 1971 6.4 Flights over Canada in 1968 and 1970 6.5 Collectors Flown by Max-Planck-Institut Researchers, 1968 to 1971 6.6 Conclusions About Cloud Particle Sizes 7 Variation of Occurrence 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Sunspot Cycle 7.3 Seasonal Frequency of Noctilucent Clouds 7.4 Climatology of the Mesosphere 8 Other Observations 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Association with Hydroxyl Airglow Emission 8.3 Association with Aurora and Planetary Magnetic Activity 8.4 Lunar Effects 8.5 Lidar Observations 8.6 Artificial Noctilucent Clouds 8.7 Abnormal Observations 9 Environment of Noctilucent Clouds 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Atmospheric in Temperature 9.3 D-Region 9.4 Dust 9.5 Water Vapour in the Mesosphere 9.6 Radiation 9.7 Rates of Growth 9.8 Nucleation of Ice 9.9 Settling of Particles 9.10 Modelling Noctilucent Clouds by Numerical Simulation 10 The Nature of Noctilucent Clouds 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Formation in Noctilucent Clouds 10.3 Growth of Noctilucent Cloud Particle 10.4 Evaporation of Noctilucent Cloud Particles 10.5 The Relationship Between Polar Mesospheric Clouds and Noctilucent Clouds 10.6 Summary 11 Bibliography A) Before 1900 B) 1900-1950 C) Bibliography since 1950 Appendix 1: Atmospheric Refraction . Appendix 2: Atmospheric Transmission Along Grazing Pays Subject Index Name Index

Note: J.S. Daly, R.A. Cliff, and B.W.D. Yardley: Preface / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:vii-viii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.01 --- E. J. Essene: The current status of thermobarometry in metamorphic rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:1-44, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.02 --- L. Ya. Aranovich and K. K. Podlesskii: Geothermobarometry of high-grade metapelites: simultaneously operating reactions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:45-61, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.03 --- Frank S. Spear: Relative thermobarometry and metamorphic P-T, paths / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:63-81, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.04 --- R. H. Vernon: Porphyroblast-matrix microstructural relationships: recent approaches and problems / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:83-102, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.05 --- John Ridley: Vertical movement in orogenic belts and the timing of metamorphism relative to deformation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:103-115, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.06 --- R. A. Jamieson and C. Beaumont: Deformation and metamorphism in convergent orogens: a model for uplift and exhumation of metamorphic terrains / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:117-129, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.07 --- Peter K. Zeitler: The geochronology of metamorphic processes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:131-147, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.08 --- James J. Irwin, Charles Kirschbaum, Tek. H. Lim, Derek Powell, and William E. Glassley: A laser-microprobe study of argon isotopes in deformed pegmatites from the Northern Highlands of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:149-160, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.09 --- A. Reuter and R. D. Dallmeyer: K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating of cleavage formed during very low-grade metamorphism: a review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:161-171, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.10 --- Hanan J. Kisch: Discordant relationship between degree of very low-grade metamorphism and the development of slaty cleavage / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:173-185, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.11 --- J. J. De Yoreo, D. R. Lux, and C. V. Guidotti: The role of crustal anatexis and magma migration in the thermal evolution of regions of thickened continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:187-202, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.12 --- C. P. Chamberlain and Douglas Rumble III: The influence of fluids on the thermal history of a metamorphic terrain: New Hampshire, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:203-213, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.13 --- Howard W. Day and C. Page Chamberlain: Implications of thermal and baric structure for controls on metamorphism: northern New England, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:215-222, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.14 --- L. Aguirre, B. Levi, and J. O. Nyström: The link between metamorphism, volcanism and geotectonic setting during the evolution of the Andes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:223-232, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.15 --- T. M. Gordon: Thermal evolution of the Kisseynew sedimentary gneiss belt, Manitoba: metamorphism at an early Proterozoic accretionary margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:233-243, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.16 --- Peter H. Thompson: An empirical model for metamorphic evolution of the Archaean Slave Province and adjacent Thelon Tectonic Zone, north-western Canadian Shield / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:245-263, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.17 --- Amalbikash Mukherjee: P-T-time history and thermal modelling of an anorthosite-granulite interface, Eastern Ghats metamorphic belt, India / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:265-274, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.18 --- Leonid L. Perchuk: P-T-fluid regimes of metamorphism and related magmatism with specific reference to the granulite-facies Sharyzhalgay complex of Lake Baikal / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:275-291, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.19 --- D. Ackermand, B. F. Windley, and A. Razafiniparany: The Precambrian mobile belt of southern Madagascar / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:293-296, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.20 --- I. Cartwright and A. C. Barnicoat: Evolution of the Scourian complex / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:297-301, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.21 --- M. A. H. Maboko, I. McDougall, and P. K. Zeitler: Metamorphic P-T path of granulites in the Musgrave Ranges, central Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:303-307, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.22 --- Eileen McLellan, Daniel Linder, and Jenny Thomas: Multiple granulite-facies events in the southern Appalachians, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:309-314, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.23 --- James M. McLelland: Pre-granulite-facies metamorphism in the Adirondack Mountains, New York / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:315-317, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.24 --- F. Mengel and T. Rivers: Thermotectonic evolution of proterozoic and reworked Archaean terranes along the Nain-Churchill boundary in the Saglek Area, northern Labrador / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:319-324, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.25 --- Motoyoshi Yoichi, Satoshi Matsubara, and Hiroharu Matsueda: P-T evolution of the granulite-facies rocks of the Lützow-Holm Bay region, East Antarctica / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:325-329, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.26 --- H. R. Rollinson: Garnet—orthopyroxene thermobarometry of granulites from the north marginal zone of the Limpopo belt, Zimbabwe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:331-335, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.27 --- Volker Schenk: P-T-t path of the lower crust in The Hercynian fold belt of southern Calabria / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:337-342, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.28 --- Daniel Vielzeuf and Christian Pin: Geodynamic implications of granulitic rocks in the Hercynian belt / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:343-348, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.29 --- R. G. Warren and B. J. Hensen: The P-T evolution of the Proterozoic Arunta Block, central Australia, and Implications for tectonic evolution / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:349-355, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.30 --- D. J. Waters: Metamorphic evidence for the heating and cooling path of Namaqualand granulites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:357-363, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.31 --- I. S. Buick and T. J. B. Holland: The P-T-t path associated with crustal extension, Naxos, Cyclades, Greece / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:365-369, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.32 --- M. Franceschelli, I. Memmi, F. Pannuti, and C. A. Ricci: Diachronous metamorphic equilibria in the Hercynian basement of northern Sardinia, Italy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:371-375, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.33 --- P. K. Verma: The Himalayan metamorphism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:377-383, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.34 --- A. J. Barker and M. W. Anderson: The Caledonian structural—metamorphic evolution of south Troms, Norway / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:385-390, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.35 --- Kevin W. Burton, Alan P. Boyle, Wendy L. Kirk, and Roger Mason: Pressure, temperature and structural evolution of the Sulitjelma fold-nappe, central Scandinavian Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:391-411, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.36 --- A. H. N. Rice, R.

Note: Contents Preface Prelude 1 The Earth-atmosphere system 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Descriptions of atmospheric behavior 1.1.2 Mechanisms influencing atmospheric behavior 1.2 Composition and structure 1.2.1 Description of air 1.2.2 Stratification of mass 1.2.3 Thermal and dynamical structure 1.2.4 Trace constituents 1.2.5 Cloud 1.3 Radiative equilibrium of the Earth 1.4 The global energy budget 1.4.1 Global-mean energy balance 1.4.2 Horizontal distribution of radiative transfer 1.5 The general circulation 1.6 Historical perspective: Global-mean temperature 1.6.1 The instrumental record 1.6.2 Proxy records Suggested references Problems 2 Thermodynamics of gases 2.1 Thermodynamic concepts 2.1.1 Thermodynamic properties 2.1.2 Expansion work 2.1.3 Heat transfer 2.1.4 State variables and thermodynamic processes 2.2 The First Law 2.2.1 Internal energy 2.2.2 Diabatic changes of state 2.3 Heat capacity 2.4 Adiabatic processes 2.4.1 Potential temperature 2.4.2 Thermodynamic behavior accompanying vertical motion 2.5 Diabatic processes 2.5.1 Polytropic processes Suggested references Problems 3 The Second Law and its implications 3.1 Natural and reversible processes 3.1.1 The Carnot cycle 3.2 Entropy and the Second Law 3.3 Restricted forms of the Second Law 3.4 The fundamental relations 3.4.1 The Maxwell Relations 3.4.2 Noncompensated heat transfer 3.5 Conditions for thermodynamic equilibrium 3.6 Relationship of entropy to potential temperature 3.6.1 Implications for vertical motion Suggested references Problems 4 Heterogeneous systems 4.1 Description of a heterogeneous system 4.2 Chemical equilibrium 4.3 Fundamental relations for a mufti-component system 4.4 Thermodynamic degrees of freedom 4.5 Thermodynamic characteristics of water 4.6 Equilibrium phase transformations 4.6.1 Latent heat 4.6.2 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Suggested references Problems 5 Transformations of moist air 5.1 Description of moist air 5.1.1 Properties of the gas phase 5.1.2 Saturation properties 5.2 Implications for the distribution of water vapor 5.3 State variables of the two-component system 5.3.1 Unsaturated behavior 5.3.2 Saturated behavior 5.4 Thermodynamic behavior accompanying vertical motion 5.4.1 Condensation and the release of latent heat 5.4.2 The pseudo-adiabatic process 5.4.3 The Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate 5.5 The pseudo-adiabatic chart Suggested references Problems 6 Hydrostatic equilibrium 6.1 Effective gravity 6.2 Geopotential coordinates 6.3 Hydrostatic balance 6.3.1 Hypsometric equation 6.3.2 Meteorological Analyses 6.4 Stratification 6.4.1 Idealized stratification 6.5 Lagrangian interpretation of stratification 6.5.1 Adiabatic stratification: A paradigm of the troposphere 6.5.2 Diabatic stratification: A paradigm of the stratosphere Suggested references Problems 7 Static stability 7.1 Reaction to vertical displacement 7.2 Stability categories 7.2.1 Stability in terms of temperature 7.2.2 Stability in terms of potential temperature 7.2.3 Moisture dependence 7.3 Implications for vertical motion 7.4 Finite displacements 7.4.1 Conditional instability 7.4.2 Entrainment 7.4.3 Potential instability 7.4.4 Modification of stability under unsaturated conditions 7.5 Stabilizing and destabilizing influences 7.6 Turbulent dispersion 7.6.1 Convective mixing 7.6.2 Inversions 7.6.3 Life cycle of the nocturnal inversion 7.7 Relationship to observed thermal structure Suggested references Problems 8 Radiative transfer 8.1 Shortwave and longwave radiation 8.1.1 Spectra of observed SW and LW radiation 8.2 Description of radiative transfer 8.2.1 Radiometric quantities 8.2.2 Absorption 8.2.3 Emission 8.2.4 Scattering 8.2.5 The Equation of Radiative Transfer 8.3 Absorption characteristics of gases 8.3.1 Interaction between radiation and molecules 8.3.2 Line broadening 8.4 Radiative transfer in a plane parallel atmosphere 8.4.1 Transmission function 8.4.2 Two-stream approximation 8.5 Thermal equilibrium 8.5.1 Radiative equilibrium in a gray atmosphere 8.5.2 Radiative-convective equilibrium 8.5.3 Radiative heating 8.6 Thermal relaxation 8.7 The greenhouse effect 8.7.1 Feedback in the climate system 8.7.2 Unchecked feedback 8.7.3 Simulation of climate Suggested references Problems 9 Aerosol and cloud 9.1 Morphology of atmospheric aerosol 9.1.1 Continental aerosol 9.1.2 Marine aerosol 9.1.3 Stratospheric aerosol 9.2 Microphysics of cloud 9.2.1 Droplet growth by condensation 9.2.2 Droplet growth by collision 9.2.3 Growth of ice particles 9.3 Macroscopic characteristics of cloud 9.3.1 Formation and classification of cloud 9.3.2 Microphysical properties of cloud 9.3.3 Cloud dissipation 9.3.4 Cumulus detrainment: Influence on the environment 9.4 Radiative transfer in aerosol and cloud 9.4.1 Scattering by molecules and particles 9.4.2 Radiative transfer in a cloudy atmosphere 9.5 Roles of cloud and aerosol in climate 9.5.1 Involvement in the global energy budget 9.5.2 Involvement in chemical processes Suggested references Problems 10 Atmospheric motion 10.1 Description of atmospheric motion 10.2 Kinematics of fluid motion 10.3 The material derivative 10.4 Reynolds'transport theorem 10.5 Conservation of mass 10.6 The momentum budget 10.6.1 Cauchy's Equations of Motion 10.6.2 Momentum equations in a rotating reference frame 1 0.7 The first law of thermodynamics Suggested references Problems 11 Atmospheric equations of motion 11.1 Curvilinear coordinates 11.2 Spherical coordinates 11.2.1 The traditional approximation 11.3 Special forms of motion 11.4 Prevailing balances 11.4.1 Motion-related stratification 11.4.2 Scale analysis 11.5 Thermodynamic coordinates 11.5.1 Isobaric coordinates 11.5.2 Log-pressure coordinates 11.5.3 Isentropic coordinates Suggested references Problems 12 Large-scale motion 12.1 Ceostrophic equilibrium 12.1.1 Motion on an f plane 1 2.2 Vertical shear of the geostrophic wind 12.2.1 Classes of stratification 12.2.2 Thermal wind balance 12.3 Frictional geostrophic motion 1 2.4 Curvilinear motion 12.4.1 Inertial motion 12.4.2 Cyclostrophic motion 12.4.3 Gradient motion 12.5 Weakly divergent motion 12.5.1 Barotropic nondivergent motion 12.5.2 Vorticity budget under baroclinic stratification 12.5.3 Quasi-geostrophic motion Suggested references Problems 13 The planetary boundary layer 13.1 Description of turbulence 13.1.1 Reynolds decomposition 13.1.2 Turbulent diffusion 13.2 Structure of the boundary layer 13.2.1 The Ekman Layer 13.2.2 The surface layer 1 3.3 Influence of stratification 1 3.4 Ekman pumping Suggested references Problems 14 Wave propagation 14.1 Description of wave propagation 14.1.1 Surface water waves 14.1.2 Fourier synthesis 14.1.3 Limiting behavior 14.1.4 Wave dispersion 14.2 Acoustic waves 14.3 Buoyancy waves 14.3.1 Shortwave limit 14.3.2 Propagation of gravity waves in an inhomogeneous medium 14.3.3 The WKB approximation 14.3.4 Method of geometric optics 1 4.4 The Lamb wave 14.5 Rossby waves 14.5.1 Barotropic nondivergent Rossby waves 14.5.2 Rossby wave propagation in three dimensions 14.5.3 Planetary wave propagation in sheared mean flow 14.5.4 Transmission of planetary wave activity 14.6 Wave absorption 14.7 Nonlinear considerations Suggested references Problems 15 The general circulation 15.1 Forms of atmospheric energy 15.1.1 Moist static energy 15.1.2 Total potential energy 15.1.3 Available potential energy 1 5.2 Heat transfer in a zonally symmetric circulation 1 5.3 Heat transfer in a laboratory analogue 1 5.4 Quasi-permanent features 15.4.1 Thermal properties of the Earth's surface 1 5.4.2 Surface pressure and wind systems 1 5.4.3 Tropical circulations 15.5 Fluctuations of the circulation 15.5.1 Interannual changes 15.5.2 Intraseasonal variations Suggested references Problems 16 Dynamic stability 16.1 Inertial instability 16.2 Shear instability 16.2.1 Necessary conditions for instability 16.2.2

Note: Contents: About the author. - About the technical reviewer. - Acknowledgments. - Introduction. - Chapter 1: Getting R and getting started. - Chapter 2: Programming in R. - Chapter 3: Writing reusable functions. - Chapter 4: Summary statistics. - Chapter 5: Creating Tables and graphs. - Chapter 6: Discrete probability distributions. - Chapter 7: Computing normal probabilities. - Chapter 8: Creating confidence intervals. - Chapter 9: Performing t tests. - Chapter 10: One-way analysis of variance. - Chapter 11: Advanced analysis of variance. - Chapter 12: Correlation and regression. - Chapter 13: Multiple regression. - Chapter 14: Logistic regression. - Chapter 15: Chi-square tests. - Chapter 16: Nonparametric tests. - Chapter 17: Using R for simulation. - Chapter 18: The 'new' statistics: resampling and bootstrapping. - Chapter 19: Making an R package. - Chapter 20: The R commander package. - Index

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 1.1 The world cold regions. - 1.2 Water in frozen soils. - 1.3 Permafrost. - 1.3.1 Definitions. - 1.3.2. Distribution. - 1.3.3. Factors influencing permafrost occurence. - 1.4 Permafrost and hydrology. - 1.4.1 Permafrost hydrology. - 1.4.2 Hydrologic behavior of seasonal frost and permafrost. - 1.5 Environments of permafrost regions. - 1.5.1 Hydroclimatology. - 1.5.2 Geology. - 1.5.3 Glaciation. - 1.5.4 Physiography. - 1.5.5 Vegetation. - 1.5.6 Peat cover. - 1.6 Presentation of the book. - 2 Moisture and heat. - 2.1 Precipitation. - 2.1.1 General pattern. - 2.1.2 Cyclones. - 2.1.3 Recycling. - 2.1.4 Trace precipitation. - 2.2 Surface energy balance. - 2.3 Evaporation. - 2.3.1 Eddy Fluctuation Method. - 2.3.2 Aerodynamic method. - 2.3.3 Bowen Ratio Method. - 2.3.4 Priestley and Taylor Method. - 2.4 Energy balance of the active layer. - 2.4.1 Energy Balance. - 2.4.2 Thermal conductivity and heat capacity. - 2.5 Ground temperature. - 2.5.1 Penetration of temperature waves. - 2.5.2 Frost table development. - 2.6 Heat and moisture flows in frozen soils. - 2.6.1 Stefan's Algorithm. - 2.6.2 Near-Surface ground temperature. - 2.6.3 Moisture migration and ice lens formation. - 2.7 Ground ice. - 2.7.1 Types of ground ice. - 2.7.2 Excess ice. - 3 Groundwater. - 3.1 Groundwater occurence in permafrost. - 3.1.1 Suprapermafrost groundwater. - 3.1.2 Intrapermafrost groundwater. - 3.1.3 Subpermafrost groundwater. - 3.2 Groundwater recharge and circulation. - 3.2.1 Recharge. - 3.2.2 Groundwater movement. - 3.3 Groundwater discharge. - 3.3.1 Seeps. - 3.3.2 Springs. - 3.3.3 Baseflow. - 3.3.4 Ponds and lakes. - 3.4 Icings. - 3.4.1 Ground and spring icings. - 3.4.2 River icings. - 3.4.3 Icing dimension. - 3.4.4 Icing problems. - 3.5 Domed ice features. - 3.5.1 Frost mounds and icing mounds. - 3.5.2 Pingos. - References. - 4 Snow cover. - 4.1 Snow accumulation. - 4.1.1 Winter precipitation. - 4.1.2 Blowing snow. - 4.1.3 Terrain heterogeneity. - 4.1.4 Vegetation cover. - 4.2 Characteristics of the snow cover. - 4.2.1 Snow temperature and insulation. - 4.2.2 Snow metamorphism. - 4.2.3 Snow stratigraphy. - 4.3 Snowmelt processes. - 4.3.1 Radiation melt. - 4.3.2 Turbulent fluxes melt. - 4.3.3 Other melt terms. - 4.4 Snowmelt in permafrost areas. - 4.4.1 Tundra and Barren areas. - 4.4.2 Dirty snow. - 4.4.3 Shrub fields. - 4.4.4 Forests. - 4.5 Meltwater movement in snow. - 4.5.1 Dry snow. - 4.5.2 Wet snow. - References. - 5 Active layer dynamics. - 5.1 Freeze-back and winter periods. - 5.1.1 Snow cover and ground freezing. - 5.1.2 Moisture flux and ice formation. - 5.1.3 Vapor flux from soil to snow. - 5.2 Snowmelt period. - 5.2.1 Snowmelt and basal ice. - 5.2.2 Infiltration into frozen soil. - 5.2.3 Soil warming. - 5.2.4 Surface saturation, evaporation and runoff. - 5.3 Summer. - 5.3.1 Active layer thaw. - 5.3.2 Summer precipitation. - 5.3.3 Evaporation. - 5.3.4 Rainwater infiltration. - 5.3.5 Soil moisture. - 5.3.6 Groundwater. - References. - 6 Slope processes. - 6.1 Flow paths. - 6.1.1 Flow paths in snow. - 6.1.2 Surface and subsurface flows. - 6.1.3 Flow in bedrock areas. - 6.1.4 Flow in unconsolidated materials. - 6.2 Water sources. - 6.3 Factors influencing slope runoff generation. - 6.3.1 Microclimatic control. - 6.3.2 Topographic influence. - 6.3.3 Importance of the Frost table. - 6.3.4 Roles of organic materials. - 6.3.5 Bedrock control. - 6.4 Basin slopes in permafrost regions. - 6.4.1 High Arctic slopes. - 6.4.2 Low Arctic slopes. - 6.4.3 Subarctic slopes. - 6.4.4 Alpine permafrost zones. - 6.4.5 Precambrian bedrock terrain. - 6.5 Concepts for basin flow generation. - 6.5.1 Variable source area and fill-and-spill concepts. - 6.5.2 Heterogenous slopes. - References. - 7 Cold lakes. - 7.1 Types of lake. - 7.2 Lake ice. - 7.2.1 Lake ice regime. - 7.2.2 Ice formation and growth. - 7.2.3 Ice decay. - 7.3 Lake circulation. - 7.4 Hydrologic inputs. - 7.5 Lake evaporation. - 7.6 Lake outflow. - 7.6.1 Outflow conditions. - 7.6.2 Fill-and-Spill concept and lake outflow. - 7.7 Lake level. - 7.8 Large lakes. - 7.9 Permafrost and lakes. - References. - 8 Northern wetlands. - 8.1 Wetlands in permafrost regions. - 8.2 Factors favoring wetland occurence. - 8.2.1 Climate. - 8.2.2 Topography. - 8.2.3 Stratigraphy. - 8.2.4 Other factors. - 8.3 Hydrogeomorphic features in wetlands. - 8.3.1 Bog-related features. - 8.3.2 Fen-related features. - 8.3.3 Marshes and swamps. - 8.3.4 Shallow water bodies. - 8.4 Hydrologic behavior of wetlands. - 8.4.1 Seasonality of hydrologic activities. - 8.4.2 Wetland storage. - 8.4.3 Flow paths. - 8.4.4 Application of Fill-and-Spill concept. - 8.5 Patchy arctic wetlands. - 8.5.1 Wetlands maintained by snowmelt. - 8.5.2 Groundwater-fed wetlands. - 8.5.3 Valley bottom fens. - 8.5.4 Wetlands due to lateral inundation. - 8.5.5 Tundra ponds. - 8.5.6 Lake-fed and lake-bed wetlands. - 8.6 Extensive wetlands. - 8.6.1 Wet terrain. - 8.6.2 Ice-wedge polygon fields. - 8.6.3 Coastal plains. - 8.6.4 Deltas. - 8.6.5 Subarctic continental wetlands. - 8.7 Wetlands, permafrost and disturbances. - References. - 9 Rivers in cold regions. - 9.1 Drainage patterns. - 9.2 In-valley conditions. - 9.2.1 Geological setting for channels. - 9.2.2 River ice. - 9.2.3 River icing. - 9.2.4 In-channel snow. - 9.2.5 Permafrost. - 9.2.6 Alluvial environment. - 9.3 In-channel hydrology. - 9.3.1 Lateral inflow. - 9.3.2 Channel inflow. - 9.3.3 Vertical water exchanges. - 9.3.4 Storage in channels. - 9.4 Flow connectivity and delivery. - 9.4.1 Flow network integration. - 9.4.2 Decoupling of flow network. - 9.4.3 Flow delivery. - References. - 10 Basin hydrology. - 10.1 Basin outflow generation. - 10.1.1 The roles of snow. - 10.1.2 Meltwater from glaciers. - 10.1.3 Rainfall contribution. - 10.1.4 Groundwater supply. - 10.1.5 Evaporation losses. - 10.1.6 Permafrost effects. - 10.1.7 Consequences of basin storage. - 10.2 Streamflow hydrograph. - 10.3 Streamflow regimes. - 10.3.1 Nival regime. - 10.3.2 Proglacial regime. - 10.3.3 Pluvial regime. - 10.3.4 Spring-fed Regime. - 10.3.5 Prolacustrine regime. - 10.3.6 Wetland regime. - 10.4 Streamflow in large basins. - 10.4.1 Scaling up to large rivers. - 10.4.2 Flow generation in a large basin: the Liard river. - 10.4.3 Regulated discharge of large rivers. - 10.4.4 Flow in a sub-continental scale basin: Mackenzie basin. - 10.5 Basin water balance. - 10.5.1 Considerations in water balance investigation. - 10.5.2 Regional tendencies. - 10.5.3 Examples from permafrost environments. - 10.6 Permafrost basin hydrology: general remarks. - References. - Appendices. - Index.

Note: CONTENTS: The Antarctic - Present and future / V. Zahariev. - The ice cover and the atmospheric CO2 / K. S. Losev. - 30 Years Research Activities of the German Democratic Republic in the Antarctic / D. Fritzsche. - The bulgarian antarctic society "Antarctica" - aims, activity and prospects in the future / S. Popov. - Features of the Antarctic climate / V. Zahariev, E. Koleva, R. Stoynova. - Features of the atmosphere circulation over the Antarctic continent / V. Zahariev, L. Kristev. - Ice covering of the Antarctuc continent / V. Zahariev, L. Kristev. - Temperature conditions in the Antarctic continent / V. Zahariev, L. Kristev . - Modeling the thermali convection of the Antarctic continent / S. Stoyanov, V. Zahariev. - Gamma locator for investigation of local sources of space photons with ultra high energies / I. Kirov, J. Stamenov, S. Ushev, V. Ianminchev. - Measurements of aerosols in the coastal sone of the Antarctic continent / N. Mihnevsky, K. Velchev. - Defining antropogenic in the show sample collected from the Antarctic continent / L. Adjarova, A. Antonov, N. Mihnevsky. - Ozone holes in the Antarctic / C. Gogosheva. - Measurements of the entire ozone content during the 17th Antarctic trip of the soviet research ship "Michail Somov" / N. Nihnevsky, P. Videnov. - Problems on the polar atmospere and magnetosphere / M. Gogoshev. - On some geomagnetic phenomena / P. Ivanova. - Spectroscopic measurements of small gas quantities in the atmosphere / S. Bogdanov, P. Videnov. - An investigation of electrical properties of the water-ice phase transition for purposes of remote sensing in Antarctic / St. Kolev. - Influence of the thermodinamic interaction in the atmosphere on the ice conditions of the world ocean surface / G. Korchev, A. Korcheva. - Participation of the Bulgarian group in the 33th soviet Antarctic expedition in season 1987/1988 / Z. Vergilov, S. Kaloyanov, N. Mihnevsky, A. Chakirov. - Reconnaissance investigation of the north part of Alexander I island / N. Mihnevsky, Z. Vergilov, S. Kaloyanov, A. Chakirov. - Finding a suitable place for the experimental buildings and mounting them on Livingston island / A. Chakirov, Z. Vergilov, S. Kaloyanov, N. Mihnevsky. - Energetic requirements, energy sources, water supply, transport machinery and building works for the Antarctic scientific stations / A. Chakirov. - Ice conditions and possibilities for navigation in the areas of the islands Alexander I and Livingston / S. Kaloyanov, Z. Vergilov, N. Mihnevsky, A. Chakirov. - Portable automatic meteorological station based on a aerological sonde / H. Brinsov. - Automatic data asquisition system with battery supply for operation in heavy weather conditions / S. Kaloyanov. - Automatic observations on the propagation of the short weves / S. Kaloyanov. - The possibility for utilizing of thermal pumps in polar conditions / S. Todorov, V. Stoyanov, G. Dineva, K. Grancharov. - Working fluids in the hidraulic systems operating in polar conditions / S. Todorov, K. Grancharov, G. Dineva. - Investigation of the operation processes of diesel engines operating electric generators in polar condition / V. H. Janakiev, I. E. Ivanov, E. A. Iliev. - Some problems of human adaptation to the cold in Subantarctic / A. Ketkin. - The first geological research activities of Bulgaria in Antarctic - some new data and preliminary conclusions Alexander Island, West Antarctica / B. Kamenov, B. H. Pimpirev. - A satellite ozonometric apparatus for atmospheric ozone monitoring above the Antarctic / J. St. Jekov, K. D. Valtchev, D. Chr. Ivanova. - Measuring the total ozone content above the Antarctic with the aid of artificial earth satellite / D. Hr. Ivanova, J. St. Jekov. , In kyrillischer Schrift , Beiträge teilweise in englischer, teilweise in bulgarischer Sprache , Mit englischem Inhaltsverzeichnis

Note: POSTER: ODP Leg 122 - Palynostratigraphie und Korrelation von Site 759 und Site 760 / W. Brenner. - Stoffbestand, Genese und Entwicklung gabbroider Gesteine der ozeanischen Unterkruste / R. Emmermann & A. Hoffmann. - Massenspektrometrische Bor-Isotopenbestimmung in Ozeanbodenbasalten und -sedimenten / J. Erzinger & E. Zuleger. - Fazies und Paläozeanographie glazial/interglazialer Sedimente des Europäischen Nordmeers / R. Henrich. - Geochemische Untersuchungen an Aschenlagen der Südatlantik-Legs 113 und 114 / H.-W. Hubberten, W. Morche, F. Westall & D. K, Fütterer. - Heat flow and fluid flow in deep-sea sediments and ocean crust / J. Mienert & R. P. von Herzen. - ODP Leg 114: Bolboforma (Algae, Chrysophyta) im subantarktischen Paläogen / D. Spiegler. - Magnetostratigraphie tertiärer Sedimentfolgen vom Maud Rise, Weddell See - Ergebnisse von ODP Leg 113 / V. Spiess & N. Nowaczyk. - Sedimentologische Untersuchungen an quartären und tertiären Sedimenten von ODP Site 647, Labrador See / R. Stax & R. Stein. - Corg-Gehalt und Sedimentationsrate - ein 'Paleoenvironment-Indikator' in marinen Sedimenten / R. Stein. - Calcareous nannofossils from DSDP Hole 530A: their biostratigraphy and correlation with paleomagnetic reversals / J. C. Steinmetz & H. Stradner. - Eine Methode zur genetischen Unterscheidung der magnetischen Mineralfraktion in Tiefseesedimenten / T. von Dobeneck. - VORTRÄGE : Zur Stabilität der Magnetosomen: typische Magnetofossilien im limnischen und marinen Bereich / G. Amarantidis, H. Vali, G. Morteani, J. Müller, N. Petersen & L. Bachmann. - Austauschprozesse des organischen Materials zwischen Porenwasser und Sediment - Leg 112, Peru Margin / Arbeitsgruppe E. T. Degens. - Planung von Bohrungen in sediment-bedeckten Krustenakkretionszonen / H. Bäcker. - Chemische Stoffbilanzen zwischen Meerwasser, ozeanischer und ophiolithischer (Troodos) Kruste / U. Bednarz & H.-U. Schmincke. - Mikrogefüge, Deformationsmechanismen und Fluids im Barbados-Akkretionskeil / J. H. Behrmann & D. J. Prior. - Organische Geochemie der Sites 767 und 768, ODP Leg 124, Celebes und Sulu See / U. Berner. - Die sedimentären Abfolgen der Celebes und Sulu See (Leg 124) / Ch. Betzler & Leg 124 Shipboard Scientific Party. - Zusammensetzung und Herkunft von Aschenlagen und die Frage magmatischer Episodizität im Nordatlantik / P. R. Bitschene & H.-U. Schmincke. - Die vulkano-tektonische und magmatische Entwicklung des Kerguelen Plateaus (KP, südlicher Indischer Ozean) / P. R. Bitschene, K. Mehl, H.-U. Schmincke & Leg 120 Shipboard Party. - The Toba Ash, older tephra layers and basement rocks of the eastern Indian Ocean - ODP Leg 121 / J. Dehn, H.-U. Schmincke & Leg 121 Shipboard Party. - Schwellen-Becken-Sedimentation im Jura: Vergleich Alpen Atlantik / O. Ebli. - Glaziale Entwicklung der Prydz Bay, Ostantarktis (ODP Leg 119) / W. U. Ehrmann. - Palynologische Untersuchungen in miozänen Sedimenten des Nordatlantiks - erste Ergebnisse von Site 408/Leg 49; Site 554/ Leg 81 und Site 400/ Leg 48 / E. Engel & H. Zankl. - Känozoische Biochronologie und Paläozeanographie der Norwegischen See: Synthese ODP Leg 104 / R. Goll, S. Locker, O. Spiegler, U. Beil, R. Henrich & J. Thiede. - Magnetostratigraphie der Sedimente von Leg 120 / F. Heider, H. Inokuchi & ODP Leg 120 Shipboard Scientific Party. - Flüssigkeitseinschlüsse als Indikator für hochtemperierte Alteration im Sheeted Dike Komplex der ozeanischen Kruste (Bohrung 504B, Leg 111) / P. M. Herzig, D. Schöps & G. Friedrich. - Zum geologischen Aufbau des argentinischen Kontinentalrandes: Ergebnisse einer seismischen Übersichtsmessung der BGR / K. Hinz & H. Meyer. - Zur Ablagerungsgeschichte des Kerguelen Plateaus, südlicher Indischer Ozean (ODP Leg 120) / A. Mackensen & Leg 120 Scientific Party. - Entstehung des Kerguelen - Plateaus: erste Ergebnisse der Legs 119 und 120 / K. Mehl, P. R. Bitschene, H.-U. Schmincke & Leg 119 Shipboard Party. - Ein Modell für globale Plattenbewegungen im Mesozoikum und Känozoikum / R. D. Müller. - Biostratigraphisch-paläontologische Ergebnisse von ODP Leg 123 / J. Mutterlose. - Zyklische Sedimentation in der Mittelkreide von Umbrien / S. Noe. - Compositional variation and internal structure of igneous oceanic crust exposed in the Galapagos Microplate / T. H. Puchel & N. Blum. - Pauschale und molekulare organisch-geochemische Signale in den Sedimenten der Auftriebszone vor Peru (ODP Leg 112) / J. Rullkötter, H. L. Ten Haven, R. Stein, R. Littke & D. H. Welte. - Leg 123 - Multivariate Statistik zur Sedimentologie / M. Schott. - Wird es arktische Tiefseebohrungen geben? / J. Thiede. - Die Geburt des Indischen Ozeans (erste Ergebnisse von ODP-Leg 123/ Argo Abyssal Plain off NW Australia) / J. Thurow & Shipboard Scientific Party ODP-Leg 123. - Die Klimaentwicklung der Sahara und der Sahelzone während der letzten 8 Mill. Jahre (Ergebnisse von ODP-Sites 657-661) / R. Tiedemann, M. Sarnthein, B. Stabell & R. Stein. - HRTEM characterization of single-domain magnetic particles from a deepsea sediment / H. Vali, J. L. Kirschvink, G. Morteani, L. Bachmann & N. Petersen. - Paläoenvironment der Riftphase und des Rift-Drift-Übergang am Exmouth Plateau (NW Australien): Kurzbericht über ODP-Leg 122 und ein BGR-Forschungsprojekt / U. von Rad, W. Brenner & G. Wirsing. - Fluktuationen und Biostratigraphie benthischer Foraminiferen an Site 658 und 659, Leg 108 (Pleistozän, Pliozän) / P. Weinholz & G. F. Lutze.

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Statement of the problem Purpose and scope Background - the physical environment and airport pavements Physical environment of study area Comparison of highway and general aviation airport pavements Types of pavements and surface treatments Pavement distress and condition rating Surveys of airport pavement distress Airport pavement performance problems in cold regions Cracking Distortion and pavement faulting Disintegration Inadequate skid resistance Improper maintenance Stripping Statement of research needs Basis for statement of research needs Performance of overlays Recycling/reconstructing airport pavements Drainage of airport pavement structures Eliminating/accommodating differential frost heave Evaluation of adequacy of design procedures Maintenance products and performance Control of transverse cracking Additives for asphalt concrete Performance documentation Wildlife conservation vs aircraft safety Literature cited Appendix A: Questionnaire and listing of airports contacted Appendix B: Summary listing of questionnaire responses Appendix C: Narrative summary of site visits

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Formation, growth, and structure of sea ice Oceanic frazil production Multiyear ice Equilibrium growth Summer ice decay Annual layering Salinity distribution in sea ice Chemistry of sea ice Study area description Objectives Methodology Sample collection Blanks Chemical analyses Thin sections Data reduction Results and discussion First-year ice Multiyear ice Comparison of first-year and multiyear ice Summary Conclusions Future work References Appendix A: Concentration of chemical species in sea ice as reported in the literature Appendix B: Ice and water data Appendix C: Linear regression data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Pre-field-deployment activities Software development System optimization Improvements of the calibration procedure Real-time processing Small bird design and implementation Other improvements Field activities Snow, ice and seawater data AEM surveys Calibration AEM data processing Post-survey results Processing problem Ground truth data Floe freeboard vs thickness analysis AEM sounding results Concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Blowup of Figure 28

Note: Contents Preface / Minnie Aodla Freeman Foreword / Dr. William E. Taylor, Jr. PART ONE A LAND MOLDED BY ICE / Fred Bruemmer 1 The Northern Vision 2 The Circumpolar Realm Photo Essay: The Surprising Arctic 3 Trial by Ice 4 Hunters and Herders Photo Essay: Arctic Waters 5 Early Exploration 6 The Arctic Route to Cathay Photo Essay: From the Mountains to the Sea 7 Fur Empires of Siberia and Alaska 8 Arctic Knights 9 From Furs to Factories Photo Essay: Polar Animals and Birds PART TWO THE ARCTIC WILDERNESS 10 Wildlife of the Sea and Land / Dr. Thor Larsen 11 Plants of the Arctic and Sub-Arctic / Dr. Frans Wielgolaski Photo Essay: A Brief Flowering PART THREE PEOPLE OF THE FAR NORTH 12 The Ancient Arctic / Dr. Robert McGhee Photo Essay: Traditional Life 13 Polar Exploration / Academician A.F. Treshnikov 14 A Changing World / Dr. Ernest S. Burch, Jr. Photo Essay: Modern Life Index

Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Apparatus and procedures General approach Sled design Sled propulsion Ice sheet preparation Experimental procedure Results General remarks Effect of runner temperature Effect of runner surface Effect of ice surface conditions Effect of velocity Effect of runner materials Observations of replicate surfaces Statistical analysis Discussion Molecular interactions Mechanical deformations Thermal energy dissipation Hydrodynamidc processes Comparison of energy loss mechanisms Summary and conclusions Literature cited

Note: Beilage unter dem Titel: Symposium on Antarctic Research : Potsdam, G.D.R. September 11-14, 1989 ; Second Circular , Beilage unter dem Titel: Morphometrical and ecological differences between South Polar and Brown Skuas of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, South Shetland Islands / H.-U. Peter, M. Kaiser, A. Gebauer (Abstract)

Note: pt. 1. Foundational data integration techniques -- pt. 2. Integration with extended data representations -- pt. 3. Novel integration architectures

Note: Contents Editor's Foreword Contributors' Forewords Acknowledgments Chapter 1 lntroduction and historical background / Grethe R. Hasle and Carmelo R. Tomas Chapter 2 Marine Diatoms / Grethe R. Hasle and Erik E. Syvertsen Introduction General Characteristics Life Cycles Morphology and Terminology Classification Genera Represented in Marine Plankton Centric Diatoms Pennate Diatoms Identification Content Description of Taxa Centric Diatoms Pennate Diatoms Methodology Collection and Concentration Unialgal Cultures as a Means for Species Identification Preservation and Storage Preparation for Light Microscopy Preparation for Electron Microscopy Microscopy What to Look for-General Hints for Identification and Preparation Taxonomic Appendix New Genus New Names Validation of Names New Nomenclatural Combinations Common Diatom Synonyms Index of Diatom Taxa References Chapter 3 Dinoflagelates / Karen A. Steidinger in Collaboration with Karl Tangen Introduction General Characteristics Dinoflagellates: Eukaryotic Unicells Terminology and Morphology Morphological Types General Cell Terms Microanatomy Characters Used in Identifying Prorocentroid Desmokont Cells Characters Used in Identifying Dinokont Cells Identification of Species Techniques for Preparation of Dinoflagellates for Identification Common Dinoflagellate Synonyms Index of Dinoflagellate Taxa References Chapter 4 Introduction / Carmelo R. Tomas Chapter 5 The Planktonic Marine Flagellates / Jahn Throndsen Introduction General Considerations Algal Flagellate Characteristics Flagellate Terminology Phytoflagellate Taxanomy Phytoflagellate Systematics Chromophyta Cryptophyceae Raphidophyceae Chrysophyceae Dictyochophyceae Prymnesiophyceae-Haptophyceae (Exclusive of Coccolithophorids) Chlorophyta Euglenophyceae Prasinophyceae Chlorophyeae Zooflagellates (Phylum Zoomastigophora) Choanoflagellidea Kinetoplastidea Ebriidea Techniques Preparing Samples for Observation Cultivation for Identification Preparation of Samples for Further Studies Specific Problems to Avoid Common Flagellate Synonyms Glossary Index of Flagellate Taxa References Chapter 6 Modern Coccolithophorids / Berit R. Heimdal Introduction General Characteristics Terminology and Morphology Problems in Studying Recent Coccolithophorids Classification Outline for Classification and Arrangement of Genera Systematic Descriptions Holococcolithophorids Heterococcolithophorids Common Coccolithophorid Synonyms Index of Coccolithophorid Taxa References Glossary General Index

Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Note: Contents 1 High elevation treelines 1.1 The task 1.2 Previous works 2 Definitions and conventions 2.1 The life form ‘tree’ 2.2 Lines and transitions 2.3 Limitation, stress and disturbance 2.4 Altitude-related and other environmental drivers 2.5 Treeline nomenclature 3 Treeline patterns 3.1 Treeline taxa 3.2 The summit syndrome and other treeline depressions 3.3 Mass elevation effect 3.4 Treeline elevation 3.5 Time matters 3.6 Forest structure near treeline 4 Treeline climate 4.1 Specific aspects of treeline climatology 4.2 Criteria to define temperature regimes at treeline 4.3 Treeline temperatures in different bioclimatic regions 4.3.1 Subarctic and boreal zone (45–68° N) 4.3.2 Cool temperate zone (45–47° N, 44° S) 4.3.3 Warm temperate zone (28–42° N, 36° S) 4.3.4 Subtropical zone (19° S, 19° N) 4.3.5 Equatorial tropics (6° N to 3° S) 4.3.6 Mediterranean ‘treelines’ (38–42° N) 4.3.7 The Nothofagus and Metrosideros case 4.3.8 Treeline temperatures across bioclimatic zones 4.4 Seedbed and branch temperatures 4.5 Whole forest temperatures 5 Global mountain statistics based on treeline elevation 5.1 Mountain geostatistics 5.2 Elevational belts 5.3 Global treeline ecotones 6 Structure and stature of treeline trees 6.1 Foliage properties 6.2 Wood properties 6.3 Bark properties 6.4 Root traits 6.5 Tree stature 6.6 Dry matter allocation in treeline trees 7 Growth and development 7.1 Tree growth near the treeline 7.1.1 In situ growth of seedlings 7.1.2 In situ growth of saplings and adult trees 7.2 Xylogenesis at the treeline 7.2.1 In situ cambial activity 7.2.2 Apical growth dynamics 7.3 Root growth 7.4 Phenology at the treeline 8 Evolutionary adjustments to life at the treeline 8.1 Phylogenetic selection 8.2 Genotypic responses of growth and development 8.3 Genotypic responses of physiological traits 9 Reproduction, early life stages and tree demography 9.1 Amount and quality of seeds at high elevation 9.2 Germination, seedling and sapling stage 9.3 Tree demography at the treeline 10 Freezing and other forms of stress 10.1 Stress at the treeline in a fitness context 10.2 Mechanisms and principles of freezing resistance 10.3 Freezing resistance in treeline trees 10.4 Other forms of stress at the treeline 10.4.1 Freeze-thaw cycles and hydraulic failure 10.4.2 Winter desiccation 11 Water, nutrient and carbon relations 11.1 Tree water relations during the growing season 11.2 Nutrient relations 11.3 Carbon relations 12 Treeline formation - currently, in the past and in the future 12.1 Causes of current treelines 12.2 Treelines in the recent past 12.3 Treelines in the distant past (Holocene) 12.4 Treelines in the future References Subject Index Taxonomic Index